Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Galatians (English → Russian)
This glossary lists every load-bearing theological term identified in the full-book semantic analysis (07_semantic_analysis.md), organized in two tables:
- Table A — Terms already established in the Romans baseline
translation_memory.json. These renderings are reused exactly, without exception, per the hard rule that the baseline is the language authority. Risk tiers shown are the baseline tiers, with a Galatians-specific note where the risk profile is intensified by this book’s argument. - Table B — New terms introduced by Galatians, not present in the Romans baseline, proposed here for addition to translation memory with a Galatians-specific risk assessment.
All risk tiers use the baseline’s four-tier definitions (Critical / High / Medium / Low) exactly as defined in doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Table A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline Translation Memory
| Term | Greek | Russian (TM-established) | Baseline Risk | Galatians Occurrences | Galatians-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | Евангелие | High | 1:6-11; 2:2,5,7,14; 3:8; 4:13 | Risk elevated to Critical at 1:6-9 due to the ἕτερον/ἄλλο distinction and the anathema pronounced on false-gospel preachers; Synodal renders the verbal/act form as благовествование, matching the baseline’s parallel mission entry (миссия/благовестие) — use both forms per context. |
| Grace | χάρις | благодать | Critical | 1:3,6,15; 2:9,21; 5:4; 6:18 | Unchanged; 2:21 (“if righteousness is through the law, then Christ died for nothing”) and 5:4 (“fallen from grace”) are the sharpest either/or grace-statements in either curriculum — mandatory theologian review. |
| Faith | πίστις | вера | High | 1:23; 2:16(x3),20; 3:2,5,7-9,11-14,22-26; 5:5-6,22; 6:10 | Unchanged; Gal 2:16/2:20/3:11 carry the subjective/objective genitive translation-choice flag (see semantic analysis) — this curriculum follows the objective-genitive “faith in Christ” reading throughout, consistent with Romans. |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | праведность | Critical | 2:21; 3:6,21; 5:5 | Unchanged. |
| Justification | δικαίωσις / δικαιόω | оправдание | Critical | 2:16(x3),17; 3:8,11,24; 5:4 | Unchanged; 2:16’s triple repetition is the single highest-density justification passage in either curriculum — mandatory theologian review. |
| Imputed Righteousness | ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην | вменённая праведность | Critical | 3:6 | Direct lexical match to Romans 4:3’s citation of Genesis 15:6 — must use the identical established phrase, no deviation. |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | апостол | Medium | 1:1,17,19 | Risk elevated to High at 1:1 given the emphatic “not from men” apostleship claim; see separation from institutional succession note in semantic analysis. |
| Called / Calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | призванный / призвание | Medium | 1:6,15; 5:8,13 | Unchanged; note 5:13’s “called to freedom” links calling directly to the ελευθερία new term. |
| Adoption | υἱοθεσία | усыновление | High | 4:5 | Direct lexical match to Romans 8:15/8:23 — exact same Greek word; reinforced here by 4:7’s slave/son/heir contrast. |
| Abba | Ἀββά | Авва | High | 4:6 | Direct lexical/structural match to Romans 8:15 (“Авва, Отче!”) — must be verbatim identical rendering. |
| Father | πατήρ | Отец | Medium | 1:1,3,4; 4:2,6 | Unchanged. |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | Сын Божий | Critical/Medium | 2:20; 4:4,6 (τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ υἱοῦ) | Unchanged; shared settled Nicene ground with Orthodoxy. |
| Incarnation (conceptual) | γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός | воплощение | Medium | 4:4 | Unchanged; low collision risk per baseline icon-theology note. |
| Lord | κύριος | Господь | High | 1:3; 6:14,18 | Unchanged. |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | Иисус | Critical | throughout | Never Исус (Old Believer spelling) — unchanged rule. |
| God | θεός | Бог | Critical | throughout | Unchanged. |
| Holy Spirit / Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα (articular, contextual) | Святой Дух / Дух | Critical | 3:2-5,14; 4:6,29; 5:5,16-25; 6:1,8,18 | Elevated risk note: Galatians 5-6 repeatedly uses bare Πνεῦμα (without ἅγιον) as the default Holy Spirit referent across an extended flesh/Spirit argument. New cross-cutting rule required (see semantic analysis Ch.5): capitalize Дух consistently and gloss at first occurrence per chapter; do not allow drift toward the generic secular sense the baseline warns against (“дух времени”). |
| Law | νόμος | закон | Medium (baseline) → High in Galatians | 2:16(x3),19,21; 3:2,5,10-13,17-19,21,23-24; 4:4-5,21; 5:3-4,14,18,23; 6:2,13 | Risk elevated across this entire book: Galatians is Paul’s single most extended and polemical treatment of law’s relationship to grace; every occurrence in chs. 2-5 should be treated as at least High risk, several (2:16-21; 3:10-13) as Critical. |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | грех | High | 1:4; 2:17; 3:22 | Unchanged. |
| Gentiles / Nations | ἔθνη | язычники (identity sense) / народы (mission-scope sense) | Medium | 2:2,8,9(x2),12,14,15; 3:8,14 | Important application: 3:8’s “all the nations” (Abrahamic covenant-promise sense) should use народы per baseline guidance, not язычники; 2:2-15’s ethnic-identity sense retains язычники. |
| Glory | δόξα | слава | Medium | 1:5 | Unchanged. |
| Fellowship | κοινωνία | общение | Low | 2:9 | Unchanged; “right hand of fellowship” — established Synodal idiom, руку общения. |
| Church | ἐκκλησία | церковь | High | 1:2,13,22 | Unchanged; 1:13’s “persecuted the church of God” requires the same explicit corporate-people-of-God framing the baseline mandates against a default Orthodox-institution reading. |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | Царство Божие | Medium | 5:21 | Unchanged. |
| Covenant | διαθήκη | завет | Medium (baseline) → High in Galatians | 3:15,17; 4:24 | Risk elevated: 4:24’s two-covenant Hagar/Sarah allegory is supersessionist-adjacent and requires the same antisemitism-sensitivity care as Romans 9-11. |
| Election / Calling (conceptual) | κλῆσις | призвание | Medium | 1:6,15; 5:13 | Unchanged. |
| Providence (conceptual) | πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου | (used in exposition; промысел Божий for the broader concept) | High | 4:4 | Conceptual link only, not a direct lexical match. |
| Mission / Gospel-proclamation | ἀποστολή / benevolent sending sense | миссия / благовестие | Medium | 1:11,16,23; 2:2,7-9 | Reused for the verbal/act sense of εὐαγγέλιον, per Synodal precedent at 1:6-9. |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ | Израиль | Low (baseline) → High in Galatians | 6:16 | Risk elevated: “the Israel of God” is a debated, sensitive phrase directly touching Jewish-Gentile unity concerns; mandatory theologian review, consistent with Romans 9-11 routing. |
| Christ / Messiah | Χριστός | Христос / Мессия | High | throughout | Unchanged; note per baseline that Христос functions as Jesus’ effective surname in ordinary usage — the messianic-fulfillment sense should be re-surfaced explicitly, especially at 3:16’s “seed” argument. |
Table B — New Terms Introduced in Galatians (Proposed for Translation Memory Addition)
| Term (English label) | Greek | Transliteration | Proposed Russian | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Key Passages | Rejected Alternatives | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A different/other gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον / ἄλλο | heteron euangelion / allo | иное благовестие (not “другое” for ἄλλο) | Critical | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:6-7 | ”другое благовестие” as if equivalent to ἄλλο | Preserve Paul’s point: the false teaching does not even qualify as “another gospel of the same kind” — it is a different-in-kind counterfeit. |
| Anathema | ἀνάθεμα | anathema | анафема | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:8-9 | — | Strong Orthodox institutional-excommunication association (cf. Tolstoy 1901); frame as apostolic pronouncement on gospel-content, not appeal to church procedure. |
| Revelation (of Christ) | ἀποκάλυψις | apokalypsis | откровение | High | Paul’s Apostleship; Inspiration of Scripture | 1:12 | — | Same East-West tension as Romans baseline’s inspiration_of_scripture; frame as Paul’s unique historical commissioning, not a general sola-revelation principle against Holy Tradition. |
| Judaism (as former way of life) | Ἰουδαϊσμός | Ioudaismos | иудаизм | High | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:13-14 | — | Antisemitism-sensitivity; frame as personal testimony, not polemic against the modern Jewish religion/people. |
| Reputed pillars | δοκοῦντες / στῦλοι | dokountes / styloi | почитаемые / столпы | Medium-High | Paul’s Apostleship | 2:2,6,9 | — | “Столп” risks evoking столпники/“pillars of the faith” honorific, overstating Jerusalem leaders’ authority over Paul’s independent commissioning. |
| False brothers | ψευδάδελφοι | pseudadelphoi | лжебратья | Medium | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:4 | — | Standard лже- compound pattern (cf. лжепророк). |
| Circumcision / Uncircumcision | περιτομή / ἀπερίτμητος | peritomē / aperitmētos | обрезание / необрезанные | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2:3,7-9,12; 5:2-6,11; 6:12-15 | — | Straightforward lexical match; risk is in the underlying principle (no ritual marker added to faith) requiring explicit exposition, not the term itself. |
| Freedom / Yoke of slavery | ἐλευθερία / ζυγῷ δουλείας | eleutheria / zygō douleias | свобода / ярмо (иго) рабства | High | Freedom in Christ | 2:4; 5:1,13 | — | Politically/historically loaded word in Russian (revolutionary, Soviet, 1990s post-Soviet associations); 5:13’s immediate “not license” qualification should be leveraged explicitly. |
| Hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις | hypokrisis | лицемерие | Low-Medium | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:13 | — | Standard term; narrative-practice context (Antioch incident), not abstract doctrinal error. |
| Crucified with Christ | συνεσταύρωμαι | synestaurōmai | сораспялся (Христу) | High | Crucified with Christ | 2:19-20 | — | Established Synodal compound verb. Risk: Orthodox ascetic “co-crucifixion” tradition may soften the perfect tense’s once-for-all positional force into an ongoing ascetic project. Mandatory theologian review. |
| Curse (of the law) | κατάρα | katara | проклятие | Critical | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; Crucified with Christ | 3:10,13 | ”порча” (never use — folk-hex term) | Highest-priority new folk-magic collision risk in the book; direct contact with живое Russian folk belief in familial/personal curses (родовое проклятие). Mandatory theologian review. |
| Redeemed (from the curse) | ἐξαγοράζω | exagorazō | искупил | Medium | Crucified with Christ; Adoption and Sonship | 3:13; 4:5 | — | Slave-market purchase imagery; shared ground with Orthodox atonement theology, low East-West collision, but preserve the purchase/manumission picture. |
| Promise | ἐπαγγελία | epangelia | обетование | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; The Law’s Purpose | 3:14-22,29; 4:23,28 | обещание (too casual/ordinary a register) | Registerial risk: archaic/liturgical word requiring first-use gloss for secular/newer-Christian readers. |
| Seed / Offspring (Abrahamic) | σπέρμα | sperma | семя (Авраамово) | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:16,19,29 | — | Distinct referent from TM’s seed_of_david (от семени Давидова); Russian семя conveniently preserves Paul’s singular-collective grammatical argument. |
| Mediator | μεσίτης | mesitēs | посредник | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:19-20 | заступничество (never use — reserved for saints’/Theotokos intercession) | Risk of flattening into commercial/bureaucratic register; also risk of conflation with Orthodox saint/Theotokos intercession devotion. |
| Guardian / Tutor (of the law) | παιδαγωγός | paidagōgos | детоводитель | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:24-25 | наставник (too generic-positive); учитель (wrong — not a content-teacher role) | Archaic Synodal term requiring first-use gloss; doctrinally sharp statement of the law’s temporary, subordinate, now-superseded custodial role. Mandatory theologian review. |
| Heir(s) | κληρονόμος / κληρονομία | klēronomos / klēronomia | наследник / наследие | Medium | Adoption and Sonship; Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:29; 4:1,7 | наследство (too legal-civil register) | Keep relational-covenantal “full family inheritance” sense, not modern notarial/tax-law inheritance register. |
| Elemental things/spirits of the world | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | stoicheia tou kosmou | стихии мира | High | The Law’s Purpose; Flesh versus Spirit | 4:3,9 | — | Collision with Slavic folk-pagan “стихийные духи” and contemporary esoteric usage; requires explicit exposition and distancing from literal nature-spirit endorsement. Mandatory theologian review. |
| Allegory / Figurative sense | ἀλληγορούμενα | allēgoroumena | иносказание | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 4:24 | — | Distinguish from liberal-critical “just myth” reading and from unrestrained allegorical over-reading; exegetical-method sensitivity. |
| Faith working through love | πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē | вера, действующая любовью | High | Faith Working through Love | 5:6 | — | Pivotal internal safeguard against antinomian misreading of justification-by-faith-alone; must not smuggle works back in as ground of justification. Mandatory theologian review. |
| Love | ἀγάπη | agapē | любовь | Medium | Faith Working through Love; Fruit of the Spirit | 5:6,13-14,22; 6:2,10 | — | Distinguish theological self-giving covenant love from dominant romantic connotation of ordinary usage. |
| Neighbor | πλησίον | plēsion | ближний | Low | Faith Working through Love | 5:14 | — | Standard Synodal/Gospel term. |
| Flesh (morally-loaded) | σάρξ | sarx | плоть | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 3:3; 4:23,29; 5:13,16-17,19,24; 6:8,12-13 | — | Risk of collapsing into body/soul dualism or literal ascetic self-punishment via association with монашеское “умерщвление плоти.” Requires explicit distinction between neutral physical sense (2:20; 4:23) and morally-loaded fallen-orientation sense (5:16-24). Mandatory theologian review. |
| Spirit (bare, Holy-Spirit referent) | Πνεῦμα (articular, unmarked by ἅγιον) | Pneuma | Дух (capitalized) | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit; Fruit of the Spirit | 3:2-5,14; 4:6,29; 5:5,16-25; 6:1,8 | дух (lowercase, never as sole marker) | New cross-cutting rule: capitalize consistently, gloss at first occurrence per chapter, given the baseline’s caution against bare “дух” defaulting to secular “spirit/mood/zeitgeist” sense. Mandatory theologian review. |
| Sorcery / Witchcraft | φαρμακεία | pharmakeia | чародейство (or колдовство) | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:20 | экстрасенсорные способности (never use, per Romans baseline pattern) | Direct collision with living post-Soviet folk-magic culture (экстрасенсы, знахари, “removing” curses/evil eye). Same review priority as Romans baseline’s spiritual_gifts/providence. Mandatory theologian review. |
| Fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος | karpos tou Pneumatos | плод Духа (singular) | High | Fruit of the Spirit | 5:22-23 | плоды (plural — avoid) | Preserve grammatical singular against the plural “works of the flesh”; distinguish clearly from TM’s spiritual_gifts (духовные дары) — character vs. ministry-ability categories. |
| Crucified the flesh (believer’s act) | ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις | estaurōsan… | распяли плоть со страстями и похотями | High | Crucified with Christ; Flesh versus Spirit | 5:24 | — | Distinguish from 2:20’s сораспялся (union with Christ’s death); this is the believer’s Spirit-enabled break with the flesh’s dominion, not a repeatable ascetic technique divorced from 5:25’s Spirit-empowerment. |
| Law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | nomos tou Christou | закон Христов | High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | — | Risk of sounding like a reversal back into legalism after the letter’s sustained critique of law-as-justification-ground; distinguish Mosaic covenant-law (rejected as justification-ground) from love-fulfilled communal obligation (affirmed). Mandatory theologian review. |
| Bear (one another’s) burdens | βάρος βαστάζετε | baros bastazete | носите бремена (друг друга) | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | — | Standard Synodal phrase; practical outworking of “faith working through love.” |
| Sow / Reap | σπείρω / θερίζω | speirō / therizō | сеять / пожинать | Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | 6:7-8 | — | Recapitulates σάρξ/Πνεῦμα risk profile in agricultural-metaphor form. |
| Household of faith | οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως | oikeioi tēs pisteōs | свои по вере | Low-Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:10 | — | Familial-household reinforcement of adoption/sonship theme at communal level. |
| The cross (of Christ) | σταυρός | stauros | крест (Христов) | Medium-High | Crucified with Christ | 6:12,14 | — | Central Orthodox devotional symbol (нательный крест); risk of resonating as reverence for the physical/liturgical symbol rather than Paul’s status-reversing boasting-point. |
| New creation | καινὴ κτίσις | kainē ktisis | новое творение | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:15 | обожение (never use as synonym, per baseline sanctification pattern) | Distinguish decisive, already-accomplished status from Orthodox theosis’s open-ended sacramental transformation process; if theosis is referenced comparatively, name it explicitly. Mandatory theologian review. |
| Rule / Standard | κανών | kanōn | правило | Low | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:16 | — | Refers back to the “new creation” standard. |
| Brand-marks (of Jesus) | στίγματα | stigmata | язвы (Господа Иисуса) | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens; Crucified with Christ | 6:17 | — | Must not be confused with Catholic mystical “stigmata” devotional phenomenon; refers to literal persecution scars marking ownership by Christ. |
Notes for Phase 2 Handoff
- All Table A terms must load from the existing
translation_memory.json(Romans baseline, v1) without modification. - All Table B terms are proposed new entries requiring formal addition to an updated
translation_memory.json(incrementing to v2) andbible_term_registry.jsonbefore any Phase 2 Galatians segment translation begins, per the Pre-flight Checklist and Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in12_ai_translation_requirements.md. - Terms marked Critical in Table B (a different/other gospel [1:6-7 context]; curse; flesh [morally-loaded]; bare Spirit/Дух; sorcery) require the same automatic human-theologian-review escalation the baseline mandates for Critical-risk Romans terms.
- The σάρξ/Πνεῦμα capitalization-and-glossing rule (Table B) is a cross-cutting structural rule, not a single-segment flag, and should be added to the AI system prompt’s escalation rules for any Galatians 3-6 segment.
- This glossary, together with
07_semantic_analysis.md, forms the complete Phase 1 Step 1 deliverable for Galatians and feeds directly into the doctrine risk registry update (Phase 1 Step 2/3) and the updated AI translation requirements document (Phase 1 Step ~12) for this curriculum.
Critical Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Евангелие
Transliteration: Yevangeliye
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: благая весть (informal gloss only), хорошая новость
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: risk elevated from the Romans baseline’s High to Critical specifically at 1:6-9, where Paul pronounces a double анафема on anyone preaching ‘a different gospel.’ Евангелие is recognized by secular Russians chiefly as the name of a book/genre; this letter requires restoring the sense of a single, exclusive, life-or-death proclamation, not a book title or one denominational option among several.
Grace
Approved rendering: благодать
Transliteration: blagodat’
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: милость, дар, везение, удача
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: 2:21 (‘if righteousness is through the law, Christ died for nothing’) and 5:4 (‘fallen from grace’) are the sharpest either/or grace-statements in either curriculum. State the ‘apart from works’ contrast explicitly every time; never allow благодать to default into the Orthodox uncreated-energies/sacramental-cooperation framework without explicit exposition.
Faith
Approved rendering: вера
Transliteration: vera
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: доверие, убеждение
Original: πίστις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: risk elevated from the Romans baseline’s High to Critical because of Galatians 2:16’s triple justification repetition and the subjective/objective genitive translation-choice flag at 2:16, 2:20, 3:11 (‘faith in Christ,’ objective genitive, adopted consistently). Everyday Russian usage equates ‘having faith’ with Orthodox church membership; this individual, Christ-directed sense must be explicit.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: праведность
Transliteration: pravednost’
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: справедливость, честность
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: everyday register (праведник) evokes an Orthodox saint or ascetic elder, biasing toward achieved virtue; Galatians’ sharper either/or framing (2:21; 3:6,21; 5:5) intensifies this risk beyond Romans’ treatment. справедливость remains forbidden.
Justification
Approved rendering: оправдание
Transliteration: opravdaniye
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: прощение грехов, искупление
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: 2:16’s threefold repetition (present passive, subjunctive, future passive) is the single highest-density justification statement in either curriculum. Must not be softened toward ‘forgiveness’ (прощение грехов) or absorbed into synergistic theosis framing.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: вменённая праведность
Transliteration: vmenyonnaya pravednost’
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: заслуженная праведность, дарованная святость (too vague)
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: 3:6 is a direct, word-for-word lexical match to Romans 4:3’s citation of Genesis 15:6; the identical established phrase must be used with zero deviation. No developed Orthodox parallel exists to this imputation framework.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Сын Божий
Transliteration: Syn Bozhiy
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: божественный посланник
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: invoked in Paul’s most personal statement of faith (2:20) and the incarnation formula (4:4,6); shared, settled Nicene ground with Orthodoxy, so the task here is precision of exposition, not defense against a rival framework.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: воплощение
Transliteration: voploshcheniye
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: аватар (never use), явление
Original: γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: applies to 4:4’s ‘born of a woman, born under the law.’ Low East-West collision risk per Orthodox icon theology’s positive incarnation profile; аватар remains explicitly forbidden.
Lord
Approved rendering: Господь
Transliteration: Gospod’
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: хозяин, владыка (reserve for liturgical/poetic register only)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: occurs in the letter’s opening and closing benedictions (1:3; 6:14,18). Risk is registerial, as in Romans: liturgical association can flatten benediction uses into recited formula rather than personal confession.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Иисус
Transliteration: Iisus
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: Исус (Old Believer spelling, avoid)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Never use the Old Believer spelling Исус throughout Galatians.
God
Approved rendering: Бог
Transliteration: Bog
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: Всевышний (acceptable poetic synonym only)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: passages proclaiming God’s personal, decisive action (1:1,15; 4:4-6) should keep the referent vivid and specific against casual secular idiom flattening.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Святой Дух
Transliteration: Svyatoy Dukh
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: дух (never use alone), энергия
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα (bare, articular, contextual)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged for the ἅγιον-marked form). Galatians-specific EXTENSION (see also new entry ‘spirit_bare’ below): Galatians 3-6 repeatedly uses the bare, unmarked Πνεῦμα (without ἅγιον) as the default Holy Spirit referent across an extended flesh/Spirit argument (3:2-5,14; 4:6,29; 5:5,16-25; 6:1,8). This creates unavoidable tension with the baseline’s blanket rule against bare ‘дух.’ Resolution: capitalize Дух consistently throughout chs. 3-6 and gloss the referent explicitly at the first occurrence per chapter.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Мессия
Transliteration: Messiya
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: спаситель мира (as a stand-alone substitute)
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged), used alongside Христос exactly as in Romans. Galatians-specific: risk elevated to Critical; Христос functions as Jesus’ effective surname in ordinary usage, but the messianic-fulfillment sense must be explicitly re-surfaced at 3:16’s singular-‘seed’ argument, where the title’s covenantal weight is doctrinally load-bearing, not incidental.
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: иное благовестие
Transliteration: inoye blagovestiye
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: другое благовестие (as if equivalent to ἄλλο — never use)
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον / ἄλλο
Category: Gospel
NEW term. Galatians 1:6-7 deliberately distinguishes ἕτερον (different-in-kind) from ἄλλο (another of the same kind): the rival teaching does not even qualify as a second gospel option, but a disqualified counterfeit. Render as иное, never другое, and gloss the distinction explicitly at first occurrence, since Russian pluralistic post-Soviet religious discourse (coexisting Orthodox/Catholic/Protestant traditions) predisposes readers to flatten this into ‘a different denominational emphasis.‘
Fallen From Grace
Approved rendering: отпали от благодати
Transliteration: otpali ot blagodati
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἐξεπέσατε τῆς χάριτος
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Galatians 5:4: ‘you have fallen away from grace.’ Creates real tension with Romans 8’s confident assurance language; both the severity of this warning and the settled confidence elsewhere must be preserved without resolving the tension simplistically, and without letting благодать default into a sacramental-participation reading.
Curse
Approved rendering: проклятие
Transliteration: proklyatiye
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: порча (never use — folk-hex term)
Original: κατάρα
Category: Law
NEW term. Galatians 3:10,13: the covenantal, Deuteronomic curse borne substitutionarily by Christ. Single most culturally dangerous term newly introduced by this letter — Russian folk culture holds a strong, living belief in проклятие as a literal familial or personal hex (‘родовое проклятие,’ a widespread contemporary folk-Orthodox and secular superstition). Requires explicit theological framing every occurrence: God’s declared covenantal-legal judgment borne by Christ, never a counter-hex or magical reversal. Mandatory theologian review.
Flesh
Approved rendering: плоть
Transliteration: plot’
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sanctification
NEW term. Galatians (σάρξ) ranges from a neutral physical sense (2:20; 4:23) to the morally-loaded fallen-orientation sense dominant in 5:13-24. Russian religious vocabulary’s positively-regarded practice of умерщвление плоти (‘mortification of the flesh’) risks collapsing Paul’s moral-power contrast into body/soul dualism, or treating 5:24’s ‘crucified the flesh’ as literal ascetic self-punishment rather than the Spirit’s gift-empowered work. The neutral and morally-loaded senses must be explicitly distinguished at every occurrence, never silently blended. Mandatory theologian review.
Spirit Bare
Approved rendering: Дух (без ‘Святой’, с заглавной буквы)
Transliteration: Dukh (bez ‘Svyatoy’, capitalized)
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: дух (lowercase — never as sole marker)
NEW cross-cutting rule entry, extending the inherited ‘holy_spirit’ entry above. Galatians 3:2-5,14; 4:6,29; 5:5,16-25; 6:1,8 repeatedly use bare, unmarked Πνεῦμα (without ἅγιον) as the default Holy Spirit referent through an extended argument. Secular Russian usage defaults bare ‘дух’ to ‘mood/zeitgeist/ghost’ (e.g. ‘дух времени’), never the Third Person of the Trinity. MANDATORY STANDING RULE for chs. 3-6: capitalize Дух consistently and supply an explicit contextual gloss at the first occurrence per chapter (e.g. ‘Дух [Святой Дух Божий]’) before relying on the bare capitalized form for the remainder of the chapter’s argument. Not a single-segment flag — a cross-cutting structural rule.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: чародейство
Transliteration: charodeystvo
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: экстрасенсорные способности (never use, per Romans baseline pattern), колдовство (acceptable contemporary-register alternative)
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Sanctification
NEW term. Galatians 5:20 (φαρμακεία), one of the ‘works of the flesh.’ Direct collision with living post-Soviet folk-magic culture: экстрасенсы (television psychics), знахари (folk healers), and colloquially respected ‘бабки’ who claim to remove curses/the evil eye remain widely consulted even by otherwise secular or nominally Orthodox Russians. Must land with full moral seriousness without trivializing it as quaint superstition or lending the folk-magic worldview more credibility than the biblical text intends. Same review priority as the Romans baseline’s spiritual_gifts and providence entries. Mandatory theologian review.
Israel Of God
Approved rendering: Израиль Божий
Transliteration: Izrail’ Bozhiy
Doctrine: Unity of Jews, Gentiles, and All Believers in Christ
NEW term, distinct from the general ‘israel’ entry above. Galatians 6:16’s debated phrase directly touches the same ‘Unity of Jews and Gentiles’ sensitivity flagged Critical/High throughout the Romans baseline (esp. Romans 9-11), given the historical weight of antisemitism in Russian and Soviet history (pogroms, the Pale of Settlement, Soviet-era anti-Jewish policy). Must not be rendered or taught as a triumphalist ‘replacement’ claim erasing ethnic Israel’s identity; must not obscure the plain sense that Paul extends covenant blessing to a redefined, faith-based people of God. Mandatory theologian review, consistent with Romans baseline routing for all Jewish-Gentile unity material.
High Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: апостол
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: посланник, проповедник
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: risk elevated from the Romans baseline’s Medium to High because 1:1’s emphatic ‘not from men nor through man’ claim collides with Russian Orthodox ecclesiology’s grounding of apostolic authority in unbroken institutional/sacramental succession (апостольское преемство); frame as Paul’s unique historical commissioning, not a general argument against ordained church structure.
Called
Approved rendering: призванный
Transliteration: prizvannyy
Doctrine: Divine Calling / Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: приглашённый
Original: κλητός
Category: Adoption and Sonship
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: risk elevated from Medium to High; 5:13 links calling directly to freedom (ελευθερια), which must not be read as license. приглашённый remains forbidden.
Calling
Approved rendering: призвание
Transliteration: prizvaniye
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: предназначение
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Adoption and Sonship
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: risk elevated from Medium to High given the letter’s polemical context (1:6,15; 5:8,13); предназначение remains forbidden per baseline fatalism caution.
Adoption
Approved rendering: усыновление
Transliteration: usynovleniye
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: принятие в семью
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Adoption and Sonship
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: 4:5 is the identical Greek word (υἱοθεσία) and theological weight as Romans 8:15,23. Reinforced by 4:7’s explicit slave/son/heir contrast, which must land forcefully against negative Soviet/post-Soviet orphanage-culture associations.
Abba
Approved rendering: Авва
Transliteration: Avva
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: 4:6 is a word-for-word identical construction to Romans 8:15; must be rendered verbatim ‘Авва, Отче!’ identically to the Romans rendering, per the cross-document consistency rule.
Father
Approved rendering: Отец
Transliteration: Otets
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: батюшка (reserve exclusively for addressing an Orthodox priest)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: risk elevated from Medium to High given the letter’s intense adoption-and-Abba argument (1:1,3-4; 4:2,6). батюшка remains forbidden as a substitute for God the Father.
Law
Approved rendering: закон
Transliteration: zakon
Doctrine: Law and Grace / The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: правило, заповедь (reserve for individual commandments)
Original: νόμος
Category: Law
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: risk elevated from the Romans baseline’s Medium to High across the entire book, since Galatians is Paul’s single most extended and polemical treatment of law’s relationship to grace; several occurrences (2:16-21; 3:10-13) rise to Critical. The ordinary Russian civil-law sense must not crowd out the covenantal Torah sense.
Sin
Approved rendering: грех
Transliteration: grekh
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ошибка, проступок
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: present at 1:4, 2:17, 3:22; weight of universal scope (3:22) must be restored explicitly against post-Soviet flattening of грех into folk-moral or joking register.
Glory
Approved rendering: слава
Transliteration: slava
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: почёт, величие
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: risk elevated from Medium to High; even the brief doxological formula at 1:5 must retain theological weight against casual ‘слава Богу’-style flattening.
Church
Approved rendering: церковь
Transliteration: tserkov’
Doctrine: Church
Rejected alternatives: храм, собрание (acceptable for local congregation emphasis)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: 1:13’s ‘persecuted the church of God’ requires the same explicit corporate-people-of-God framing the baseline mandates against a default Orthodox-institution reading.
Covenant
Approved rendering: завет
Transliteration: zavet
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: договор, соглашение
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: risk elevated from Medium to High because 4:24’s two-covenant Hagar/Sarah allegory (old/Sinai vs. new/promise) is supersessionist-adjacent, requiring the same antisemitism-sensitivity care mandated for Romans 9-11. Also central to 3:15-18’s covenant-priority argument.
Providence
Approved rendering: промысел Божий
Transliteration: promysel Bozhiy
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: судьба, случай, карма (never use)
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: conceptual link only (not a direct lexical match) to 4:4’s πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου, ‘the fullness of time.’ Must be distinguished from судьба/случай and never rendered карма.
Israel
Approved rendering: Израиль
Transliteration: Izrail’
Doctrine: Unity of Jews, Gentiles, and All Believers in Christ
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: risk elevated from the Romans baseline’s Low to High. See also the separate ‘israel_of_god’ entry below for the specific debated phrase at 6:16.
Anathema
Approved rendering: анафема
Transliteration: anafema
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel
NEW term. Established transliterated loanword. Galatians 1:8-9’s double pronouncement risks being heard through the strong Russian Orthodox cultural association with formal ecclesiastical excommunication procedure (famously pronounced against Leo Tolstoy in 1901, still culturally remembered), rather than Paul’s direct apostolic judgment grounded in gospel content. Frame explicitly as content-based apostolic pronouncement, not institutional church procedure.
Revelation
Approved rendering: откровение
Transliteration: otkroveniye
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Apostleship
NEW term. Galatians 1:12: Paul’s gospel came by direct откровение, not human transmission. Same East-West tension as the Romans baseline’s inspiration_of_scripture entry: Orthodox theology holds that revelation is received and safeguarded within Holy Tradition (Предание) transmitted through the Church. Frame as Paul’s unique historical commissioning, not a general sola-revelation principle against tradition.
Judaism
Approved rendering: иудаизм
Transliteration: iudaizm
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: Ἰουδαϊσμός
Category: Apostleship
NEW term. Galatians 1:13-14: Paul’s autobiographical reference to his former zealous life. Given the historical weight of antisemitism in Russian and Soviet history, must be framed strictly as personal testimony of radical conversion, never as polemic against the modern Jewish religion or people.
Reputed Pillars
Approved rendering: почитаемые / столпы
Transliteration: pochitayemyye / stolpy
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: δοκοῦντες / στῦλοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW term. Galatians 2:2,6,9: Paul’s guarded description of the Jerusalem leaders. Столп in Russian Orthodox devotional tradition evokes столпники (stylite ascetics) and the honorific ‘столпы веры’ (‘pillars of the faith’) customarily applied to venerated Church Fathers/saints, risking overstatement of their authority over Paul’s independently-received gospel. Requires an explicit caveat that this is Paul’s studied, even mildly guarded description, not canonization-language.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: обрезание / необрезанные
Transliteration: obrezaniye / neobrezannyye
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή / ἀπερίτμητος
Category: Circumcision and New Creation
NEW term. Galatians 2:3,7-9,12; 5:2-6,11; 6:12-15. Straightforward lexical match with no East-West doctrinal collision, but the underlying principle — no physical/ritual marker may be added alongside faith — has direct modern application to any tradition’s own ritual-observance requirements (sacraments) and must be drawn out explicitly in exposition.
Freedom
Approved rendering: свобода
Transliteration: svoboda
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
NEW term. Galatians 2:4; 5:1,13. Politically and historically loaded in Russian discourse — 19th-century revolutionary liberation rhetoric, Soviet-era state control versus dissident ‘freedom,’ and the turbulent, often morally-blamed ‘freedom’ of the 1990s post-Soviet transition. This cultural resonance is an asset for 5:13’s immediate ‘not license’ qualification but must be actively leveraged, not treated as theologically neutral.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: ярмо (иго) рабства
Transliteration: yarmo (igo) rabstva
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγῷ δουλείας
Category: Freedom
NEW term. Galatians 5:1: the agricultural image of a beast harnessed for labor, describing a return to law-observance as bondage. Must be paired with свобода’s cultural weight so the warning against ‘submitting again’ lands with full force; рабство carries serious resonance in Russian collective memory (serfdom, forced labor).
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: сораспялся (Христу)
Transliteration: sorasполся (Khristu)
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Christology
NEW term. Galatians 2:19-20. Established Synodal compound verb, perfect-tense, once-for-all, positional. Russian Orthodox monastic/ascetic tradition’s rich, positive co-crucifixion/mortification language (умерщвление плоти) risks softening this completed reality into an ongoing ascetic project readers must continually re-achieve rather than the received ground of the new life described in the rest of 2:20.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: дела закона
Transliteration: dela zakona
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Galatians 2:16 (x3); 3:2,5,10. Covenant-marker Torah observances (circumcision, food laws, calendar), not ‘good deeds’ generically. Russian readers with an Orthodox background, where liturgical practice and moral effort are woven into an ongoing salvific process, may read this as ‘good works/religious observance generally’ rather than the specific Mosaic covenant-identity markers Paul targets; requires explicit exposition.
Died In Vain
Approved rendering: умер напрасно
Transliteration: umer naprasno
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Galatians 2:21: the devastating logical consequence if law-righteousness were possible — Christ’s death would serve no purpose. Established Synodal phrasing; must retain full rhetorical severity, resisting any temptation to soften a conclusion this stark.
Mediator
Approved rendering: посредник
Transliteration: posrednik
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: заступничество (never use — reserved for saints’/Theotokos intercession)
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Law
NEW term. Galatians 3:19-20: Moses as the law’s mediator, contrasted with the unmediated promise given directly to Abraham. Ordinary modern Russian usage is heavily commercial/legal (real-estate or business intermediary), risking a flattened transactional reading; must also never be confused with or borrow theological weight from заступничество, the term Russian Orthodox devotion reserves for saints’/Theotokos intercession.
Guardian Tutor
Approved rendering: детоводитель
Transliteration: detovoditel’
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: наставник (too generic-positive), учитель (wrong — not a content-teacher role)
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
NEW term. Galatians 3:24-25 (παιδαγωγός): a household custodial disciplinarian, not a content-teacher, who supervised a freeborn child only until legal maturity. Established archaic Synodal rendering requiring a first-use gloss for modern/secular readers. Doctrinally the sharpest statement that the law’s authority was temporary and now-superseded, sitting in tension with any framework treating moral law as a permanently binding ongoing disciplinary structure. Mandatory theologian review.
Elemental Spirits
Approved rendering: стихии мира
Transliteration: stikhii mira
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Law
NEW term. Galatians 4:3,9 (στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου): elementary, preparatory religious systems, whether Jewish ritual law or pagan practice, now superseded in Christ. Стихии in ordinary Russian denotes physical natural forces but also carries pre-Christian Slavic folk-pagan associations (стихийные духи) and contemporary esoteric/New Age usage; requires explicit exposition and explicit distancing from any endorsement of literal nature-spirit belief. Mandatory theologian review.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: вера, действующая любовью
Transliteration: vera, deystvuyushchaya lyubov’yu
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Ethics
NEW term. Galatians 5:6 (πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη). No single-word Russian equivalent exists; must be taught as an inseparable compound. Theologically pivotal internal safeguard against an antinomian misreading of justification by faith alone; must not be misread as smuggling works back in as a ground of justification (contradicting 2:16), nor as reducing faith to a private inward disposition with no necessary fruit. Mandatory theologian review.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: плод Духа
Transliteration: plod Dukha
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: плоды (plural — avoid)
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
NEW term. Galatians 5:22-23 (καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος): a single, integrated, Spirit-produced character, deliberately singular against the plural ‘works’ of the flesh (5:19). Must remain grammatically singular in both Scripture citation and exposition. Must also be clearly distinguished from духовные дары (baseline spiritual_gifts/χαρίσματα) — character versus ministry-ability are related but distinct Pauline categories.
Crucified The Flesh
Approved rendering: распяли плоть (со страстями и похотями)
Transliteration: raspyali plot’ (so strastyami i pokhotyami)
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ / Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις
Category: Christology
NEW term. Galatians 5:24 (ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις): the believer’s decisive, Spirit-enabled break with the flesh’s dominion, presented as already accomplished. Must be distinguished from 2:20’s сораспялся (the believer crucified WITH Christ — union with Christ’s death); this verse describes the believer crucifying THE FLESH. Conflating the two either weakens 2:20’s positional claim or turns 5:24 into a repeatable ascetic technique divorced from 5:25’s Spirit-empowerment.
Cross
Approved rendering: крест (Христов)
Transliteration: krest (Khristov)
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: σταυρός
Category: Christology
NEW term. Galatians 6:12,14 (σταυρός): Paul’s sole ground of boasting. The cross is among the most visually and devotionally central symbols in Russian Orthodox piety (the near-universal нательный крест, iconography), a genuine resonance asset, but risks being heard as reverence for the physical/liturgical symbol rather than Paul’s radical status-reversing point — boasting rests exclusively in a crucified, criminally-executed Messiah, not in any religious badge, including cross-veneration itself.
New Creation
Approved rendering: новое творение
Transliteration: novoye tvoreniye
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: обожение (never use as synonym, per baseline sanctification pattern)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Circumcision and New Creation
NEW term. Galatians 6:15 (καινὴ κτίσις): the decisive, already-accomplished status replacing circumcision as the marker of covenant membership. Must be clearly distinguished from Russian Orthodoxy’s обожение (theosis/deification), an open-ended, sacramentally-mediated lifelong process. If theosis is referenced comparatively, it must be named explicitly, never silently blended. Mandatory theologian review.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: закон Христов
Transliteration: zakon Khristov
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law
NEW term. Galatians 6:2 (νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ): the love-command reframed as Christ’s own law, deliberately distinct from Mosaic law as a ground of justification. After the letter’s sustained critique of закон as a justification-ground, this positive reuse of ‘law’ language risks sounding like a contradictory reversal into legalism unless the distinction — Mosaic covenant-law (rejected) vs. love-fulfilled Spirit-empowered communal obligation (affirmed) — is made explicit every occurrence. Mandatory theologian review.
Medium Risk Terms
Gentiles
Approved rendering: язычники
Transliteration: yazychniki
Doctrine: Unity of Jews, Gentiles, and All Believers in Christ
Rejected alternatives: иноземцы, неевреи
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: use язычники for the ethnic-identity sense (2:2-15’s Antioch controversy) but народы for the covenant-promise mission-scope sense (3:8’s ‘all the nations,’ quoting Genesis), per baseline guidance to avoid a pejorative pagan overtone in that specific verse. This dual application is a distinct risk point flagged for this book.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Царство Божие
Transliteration: Tsarstvo Bozhiye
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: государство Божие
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: 5:21 excludes practitioners of the works of the flesh from inheriting it; distinguish from nostalgia for Russia’s own historical tsardom/imperial framing.
Mission
Approved rendering: миссия / благовестие
Transliteration: missiya / blagovestiye
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: пропаганда (never use)
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: reused for the verbal/act sense of εὐαγγέλιον at 1:11,16,23; 2:2,7-9, per Synodal precedent rendering this as благовествование at 1:6-9. пропаганда remains forbidden.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: воскресение
Transliteration: voskreseniye
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: оживление, реинкарнация
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: invoked at 1:1 (‘God the Father, who raised him from the dead’), grounding Paul’s apostolic commissioning in the resurrection event itself. реинкарнация remains forbidden.
Peace
Approved rendering: мир
Transliteration: mir
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: спокойствие, покой
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: appears in the letter’s opening greeting formula (1:3, ‘grace to you and peace’), identical structure to Romans’ greetings; must be distinguished in context from мир’s ‘the world’ and ‘political peace’ senses.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: лжебратья
Transliteration: lzhebrat’ya
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW term. Galatians 2:4. Uses the established productive лже- compound pattern (cf. лжепророк, лжеучитель), fully naturalized in Russian religious vocabulary. Low ambiguity beyond ensuring it registers as a serious accusation of false membership, not casual criticism.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: преступник (закона)
Transliteration: prestupnik (zakona)
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Law
NEW term. Galatians 2:18: Paul’s ironic self-description if he rebuilt the law-based system he tore down. Modern Russian преступник primarily connotes a criminal-code offender; context must keep the covenantal-theological register, not a secular-legal one.
Redeemed
Approved rendering: искупил
Transliteration: iskupil
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose / Adoption and Sonship
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Christology
NEW term. Galatians 3:13; 4:5: Christ’s redemptive act pictured as a slave-market purchase (ἐξαγοράζω). Standard cross-traditional Christian term shared with Orthodox atonement theology, low East-West collision; preserve the slave-market purchase imagery, not a generic ‘saved us’ paraphrase.
Promise
Approved rendering: обетование
Transliteration: obetovaniye
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: обещание (too casual/ordinary a register)
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Galatians 3:14-22,29; 4:23,28. Established Synodal theological-register term for God’s binding covenant pledge. Registerial risk: archaic/liturgical word requiring a first-use gloss for secular or newer-Christian readers given its heavy repetition through chapters 3-4.
Seed Offspring
Approved rendering: семя (Авраамово)
Transliteration: semya (Avraamovo)
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Galatians 3:16,19,29: Abraham’s promised offspring, exploited grammatically by Paul as a singular collective noun to argue the promise is fulfilled in one person, Christ. Distinct in referent from the baseline’s seed_of_david (от семени Давидова). Russian семя conveniently preserves the Greek’s singular-collective grammar, but the subtle argument still requires explicit exposition.
Heir
Approved rendering: наследник / наследие
Transliteration: naslednik / naslediye
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship / The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: наследство (too legal-civil register)
Original: κληρονόμος / κληρονομία
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Galatians 3:29; 4:1,7: full covenant inheritance-status. Must be kept in its relational-covenantal, full-family-inheritance sense rather than drifting toward the modern Russian legal-civil register of наследство (notarial/tax-law estate procedure), a real risk given how prominent formal inheritance procedure is in contemporary Russian civil life.
Allegory
Approved rendering: иносказание
Transliteration: inoskazaniye
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Galatians 4:24 (ἀλληγορούμενα): Paul’s own explicit signal that he reads the Hagar/Sarah narrative typologically. Established Synodal term. Must be distinguished both from a modern liberal-critical ‘this is just myth’ reading and from unrestrained allegorical over-reading historically associated with the Alexandrian patristic tradition and still present in some Orthodox exegetical habits.
Love
Approved rendering: любовь
Transliteration: lyubov’
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love / Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
NEW term. Galatians 5:6,13-14,22; 6:2,10 (ἀγάπη). Everyday Russian usage’s dominant connotation is romantic/interpersonal affection; must be actively distinguished from that register to convey self-giving, covenantal love.
Brand Marks
Approved rendering: язвы (Господа Иисуса)
Transliteration: yazvy (Gospoda Iisusa)
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens / Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: стигматы (never use — imports the Catholic mystical-wounds referent)
Original: στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW term. Galatians 6:17 (στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ): Paul’s literal scars from persecution suffered for Christ’s sake. Established Synodal term. Must not be confused with the Roman Catholic mystical ‘stigmata’ phenomenon (a category foreign to and not affirmed by Orthodox or Protestant tradition); Paul refers to literal historical persecution scars, not a supernatural replication of Christ’s wounds.
Bear Burdens
Approved rendering: носите бремена (друг друга)
Transliteration: nosite bremena (drug druga)
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: βάρος βαστάζετε
Category: Church
NEW term. Galatians 6:2 (βάρος βαστάζετε): the practical outworking of ‘faith working through love’ in restoring one caught in sin. Standard Synodal phrase; low lexical risk.
Sow Reap
Approved rendering: сеять / пожинать
Transliteration: seyat’ / pozhinat’
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Sanctification
NEW term. Galatians 6:7-8 (σπείρω / θερίζω): the agricultural cause-and-effect image recapitulating the flesh/Spirit contrast. The bare-Дух capitalization/glossing rule applies again at 6:8’s bare Πνεῦμα.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: общение
Transliteration: obshcheniye
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: дружба, коллектив (avoid Soviet-collective connotation)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (rendering unchanged). Galatians-specific: 2:9’s ‘right hand of fellowship’ uses the established Synodal idiom руку общения; low risk.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: лицемерие
Transliteration: litsemeriye
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Church
NEW term. Galatians 2:13: Peter’s inconsistent withdrawal from Gentile table fellowship at Antioch, the narrative occasion for Paul’s justification argument. Standard term; ensure the narrative-practice frame is clear, not abstract doctrinal error.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: ближний
Transliteration: blizhniy
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: πλησίον
Category: Ethics
NEW term. Galatians 5:14, quoting Leviticus 19:18. Established Synodal/Gospel term; low risk.
Rule Standard
Approved rendering: правило
Transliteration: pravilo
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: κανών
Category: Circumcision and New Creation
NEW term. Galatians 6:16 (κανών): refers back to the ‘new creation’ standard just stated. Low risk.
Household Of Faith
Approved rendering: свои по вере
Transliteration: svoi po vere
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως
Category: Church
NEW term. Galatians 6:10 (οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως): the believing community described in familial-household terms, reinforcing the adoption/sonship theme communally. Established Synodal phrasing; minor risk only.
Referenced passages