Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Revelation (Full Book) for Russian
This glossary extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json. Terms already recorded there (Бог, Господь, Иисус, Христос, Святой Дух, святые, святой, церковь, вера, благодать, слава, спасение, Царство Божие, грех, апостол, воскресение, Сын Божий, Отец, Авва, завет, избрание, пророк, пророчество, мир, закон, язычники) are reused exactly as recorded and are not re-tabled below except where a Revelation-specific nuance is noted; consult the baseline files for their full entries. All NEW terms surfaced by Revelation are tabled below, organized by doctrine cluster, with risk tiers assigned using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Risk Tier Definitions (reused from baseline, unchanged)
- Critical: Mistranslation alters or destroys essential doctrine, or collides with a live, named theological/legal/cultural controversy. Human theologian (and, where noted, legal/cultural) review required for every occurrence.
- High: Mistranslation creates significant theological confusion, unintended sectarian signal, or cultural/political sensitivity. Human theologian review required.
- Medium: Mistranslation reduces clarity or invites a registerial/cultural misreading but preserves essential meaning. Native speaker review recommended.
- Low: Mistranslation causes minor misunderstanding or imprecision. Automated review sufficient.
1. Genre and Interpretive-Method Terms
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| revelation/apocalypse | ἀποκάλυψις / apokalypsis | откровение | Critical | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 1:1 (title) | Rejected: leaving as bare loanword “апокалипсис” for the book’s genre-name without explicit framing — risks priming secular doomsday-film associations rather than “Christ-given unveiling.” Must be introduced explicitly as откровение = disclosure by Christ, in ch.1. |
| signified/made known by signs | ἐσήμανεν / esēmanen | дал знать знамениями (exposition) / показал (Synodal literal) | High | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 1:1 | Synodal “показал” flattens the sign/symbol nuance; exposition must restore it as the book’s stated interpretive key. |
| sign | σημεῖον / sēmeion | знамение | Medium | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 12:1, 12:3, 13:13-14, 15:1 | Parallels the Romans baseline’s пророчество/гороскоп caution: знамение carries folk-omen/astrological connotations in secular Russian; must be anchored to God-given symbolic disclosure, not divination. |
| mystery | μυστήριον / mystērion | тайна | Medium | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation; Judgment of the Wicked | 1:20, 10:7, 17:5,7 | Distinguish from secular “mystery/puzzle” register and from Orthodox sacramental usage (“Святые Тайны” = the Sacraments); referent here is revealed redemptive-historical meaning, not a sacrament. |
2. Titles of God and Christ
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almighty/Pantokrator | παντοκράτωρ / pantokratōr | Вседержитель | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 1:8, 4:8, 11:17, 15:3, 16:7,14, 19:6,15, 21:22 | Strong Orthodox iconographic/liturgical asset (Спас Вседержитель); connect explicitly to Revelation’s sovereignty-over-persecution argument, not left as purely devotional-artistic title. |
| who is, who was, who is to come | ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος | Который есть и был и грядёт | High | Sovereignty of God over History | 1:4,8; 4:8; 11:17; 16:5 | Echoes Exod 3:14 LXX (ὁ ὤν); must be explained, not assumed self-evident. |
| Alpha and Omega | Ἄλφα καὶ Ὦ / Alpha kai Ō | Альфа и Омега | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 1:8, 21:6, 22:13 | Transliteration established; requires one-time gloss explaining Greek-alphabet “A to Z” idiom since Cyrillic’s own edge-letters (А…Я) are not being invoked. |
| the one seated on the throne | ὁ καθήμενος ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ | Сидящий на престоле | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 4:2,9; 5:1,7,13; 6:16; 7:10,15; 19:4; 20:11; 21:5 | Render identically at every occurrence for cross-document consistency, per baseline consistency rule. |
| Faithful and True | ὁ πιστὸς καὶ ἀληθινός | Верный и Истинный | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 3:14, 19:11, 21:5 | Consistency across all occurrences required; connects to baseline вера/faithful root. |
| King of kings and Lord of lords | βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων | Царь царей и Господь господствующих | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ; Sovereignty of God | 17:14, 19:16 | Reuses baseline Господь (High risk); restore personal force per baseline lordship_of_christ note. |
| Word of God | ὁ Λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ | Слово Божие | Low-Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 19:13 | Shared, settled Nicene-heritage Christological ground. |
| Firstborn of the dead | πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν | первенец из мёртвых | Medium | Sovereignty/Resurrection | 1:5 | Extends baseline воскресение (resurrection). |
3. Christ as Lamb / Worship of the Lamb
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lamb | ἀρνίον / arnion | Агнец | High | Worship of the Lamb | 5, 6:1,16; 7:9-17; 12:11; 13:8,11; 14:1-10; 15:3; 17:14; 19:7,9; 21:9,14,22,23,27; 22:1,3 | Strong shared Orthodox/Protestant liturgical asset (Eucharistic “Агнец,” “Агнец Божий”); must be consistently paired with the book’s triumphant register (worthy, wrath of the Lamb, throne of the Lamb) so the title is not domesticated into Eucharistic-object status alone. Rejected: “ягнёнок” (informal diminutive “lambkin”) — too casual/weak for a central Christological title. |
| worthy | ἄξιος / axios | достоин | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 4:11, 5:2,4,9,12 | Established hymnody term; asset. |
| Lion of the tribe of Judah | λέων ἐκ τῆς φυλῆς Ἰούδα | Лев от колена Иудина | Low | Messianic Promise (extends Romans baseline doctrine) | 5:5 | Established OT-continuity phrasing. |
| Root of David | ῥίζα Δαυίδ | корень Давидов | Medium | Davidic Covenant (extends Romans baseline) | 5:5, 22:16 | Draw out human/divine paradox explicitly. |
| slain | ἐσφαγμένον / esphagmenon | как бы закланный | Medium | Worship of the Lamb; Atonement | 5:6,9,12; 13:8 | Connect to atonement/propitiation categories (cf. Romans 3:25, flagged Critical in baseline escalation rules). |
| new song | ᾆσμα καινόν | новая песнь | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 5:9, 14:3 | — |
| marriage of the Lamb | γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου | брак Агнца | High | Church as Bride of Christ | 19:7,9 | See “bride” entry below; also touches Orthodox sacramental-marriage vocabulary (Таинство Брака) — clarify symbolic, not literal-ceremonial, referent. |
| his servants will worship/serve him | λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ | будут служить Ему | Low-Medium | Worship of the Lamb | 22:3 | Note cultic/priestly register of λατρεύω beyond generic “serve.” |
| worship (verb) | προσκυνέω / proskyneō | поклоняться | Medium | Worship of the Lamb (contrast: false worship of the beast/dragon, 13:4,8,12,15) | throughout, e.g. 4:10; 5:14; 7:11; 13:4,8,12,15; 14:9,11; 19:10,20; 22:8-9 | Distinguish true worship of God/Lamb from (a) false worship of beast/image and (b) Orthodox devotional поклонение to icons/saints/relics — the verb is identical in both true and false-object contexts in the Greek text itself (a deliberate irony: the object, not the verb, determines legitimacy), so exposition must make clear which object is in view at each occurrence. |
4. Church as Bride / Church Identity
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bride | νύμφη / nymphē | невеста | High | Church as Bride of Christ | 19:7, 21:2,9, 22:17 | CRITICAL cultural collision: “невеста Христова” is the established Russian Orthodox title for a woman at monastic tonsure (a nun), not the whole church corporately — exposition must state repeatedly and explicitly that the Bride is the whole redeemed church, all believers together, not a consecrated ascetic subset. Parallels the baseline’s “saints” corporate-vs-elite risk exactly. |
| righteous deeds of the saints | δικαιώματα τῶν ἁγίων | праведность святых / праведные дела святых | Critical | Church as Bride of Christ; Salvation (touches baseline имputed righteousness doctrine) | 19:8 | Must be read as granted, credited righteousness (cf. baseline вменённая праведность, Critical), not autonomously earned merit — a key point of contact with the Romans baseline’s grace/works doctrine. |
| twelve apostles of the Lamb | δώδεκα ἀπόστολοι τοῦ ἀρνίου | двенадцать апостолов Агнца | Medium | Church as God’s People (extends Romans baseline apostleship doctrine) | 21:14 | Affirms, rather than needing to soften, the “closed foundational office” sense the baseline otherwise flags as a risk. |
| no temple | ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον | храма я не видел | Medium | Church as God’s People; New Heaven and New Earth | 21:22 | Deliberate climactic contrast with ναός/храм at 11:1-2,19; 15:5-8 — mediating structures replaced by direct divine presence. |
| temple of God | ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ | храм Божий | Medium | Church as God’s People | 3:12; 7:15; 11:1-2,19; 14:15,17; 15:5-8; 16:1,17; 21:22 | Reuses/extends baseline церковь/храм “physical-building” risk; clarify heavenly/symbolic referent. |
5. Perseverance, Witness, and Persecution
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| witness(es)/testimony | μάρτυς, μαρτυρία / martys, martyria | свидетель, свидетельство | Critical | Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution | 1:2,5,9; 2:13; 6:9; 11:3,7; 12:11,17; 17:6; 19:10; 20:4 | CRITICAL, Russia-specific: “Свидетели Иеговы” (Jehovah’s Witnesses) is a legally banned “extremist” organization in the Russian Federation (2017 Supreme Court ruling); this word must never be used without explicit disambiguating context distinguishing the NT category (all believers testifying to Christ, even unto death) from that specific named contemporary organization. Requires human theologian AND legal/cultural review at every occurrence. |
| the one who overcomes | ὁ νικῶν / ho nikōn | побеждающий | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness; Assurance of Final Victory | 2:7,11,17,26; 3:5,12,21; 12:11; 15:2; 21:7 | Render with identical participial form at every occurrence (mandatory cross-document consistency, per baseline rule). Must be framed as Christ-empowered perseverance, not autonomous human heroism — cf. 12:11’s explicit “by the blood of the Lamb and the word of their testimony.” |
| tribulation/affliction | θλῖψις / thlipsis | скорбь (great tribulation: великая скорбь) | Medium | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 1:9; 2:9,10,22; 7:14 | Anchor to actual persecution context (imprisonment, economic exclusion, martyrdom), not generic sadness — parallels the Romans baseline’s грех folk-flattening risk. |
| cowardly | δειλοί / deiloi | боязливые | Medium | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 21:8 | Read as denial-under-persecution (apostasy), not mere personality timidity. |
| synagogue of Satan | συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ | сборище сатанинское | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness; Unity of Jews and Gentiles (baseline sensitivity) | 2:9, 3:9 | Refers to specific local first-century opponents, not Jewish people generally; requires the same antisemitism-sensitivity care the Romans baseline mandates for ch. 9-11. |
| torment | βασανισμός / basanismos | мучение | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 9:5; 14:11; 18:7,10,15; 20:10 | Root-shares with мученик (“martyr,” Orthodox hagiographic category) — be alert to resonance though referents differ. |
6. Judgment, Vindication, and the Wicked
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beast | θηρίον / thērion | зверь | High | Judgment of the Wicked; Sovereignty of God over History | 11:7; 13; 14:9-11; 15:2; 16:2,10,13; 17; 19:19-20; 20:4,10 | Ordinary Russian зверь also carries positive colloquial slang (“beast” = “awesome/powerful”); exposition must consistently reinforce the sinister, anti-God register the text establishes. |
| image of the beast | εἰκὼν τοῦ θηρίου | образ зверя | High | Judgment of the Wicked; Worship of the Lamb | 13:14-15; 14:9,11; 15:2; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4 | ”Образ” collides with Orthodox icon-theology vocabulary (sacred images theologically justified as “образ”); must explicitly frame this as a demonic counterfeit, not analogous to legitimate icon veneration. |
| mark | χάραγμα / charagma | начертание | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 13:16-17; 14:9,11; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4 | Must never overlap lexically with печать (God’s seal, ch. 7) — the book’s central positive/negative mark-contrast depends on strict separation. |
| number of the beast / 666 | ἀριθμὸς τοῦ θηρίου / 666 | число зверя / 666 | Medium | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation; Judgment of the Wicked | 13:18 | Resist both over-literal contemporary numerology and secular pop-culture trivialization. |
| sorcerers | φαρμακοί / pharmakoi | чародеи / волхвы | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 9:21; 18:23; 21:8; 22:15 | Directly intersects live post-Soviet occult-practice culture (экстрасенсы, folk healers) already flagged Medium in the Romans baseline for “spiritual gifts”; make Revelation’s explicit negative judgment pastorally clear. |
| avenge/vindicate | ἐκδικέω / ekdikeō | взыщешь / воздашь по справедливости (avoid plain “мстишь”) | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked; Vindication of the Saints | 6:10; 19:2 | Frame as God’s righteous judicial vindication, not endorsement of personal vengeance-seeking. |
| souls of those slain | ψυχαὶ τῶν ἐσφαγμένων | души убиенных | Medium | Vindication of the Saints | 6:9; 20:4 | убиенный carries appropriately grave, martyr-commemorative register. |
| lake of fire and sulfur | λίμνη πυρὸς καὶ θείου | озеро огненное, горящее огнём и серою | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 19:20; 20:10,14-15; 21:8 | Keep terminologically distinct from ад/Hades (intermediate state) in exposition. |
| second death | ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος | смерть вторая | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 2:11; 20:6,14; 21:8 | Consistency across all four occurrences required; distinct from смерть (physical death). |
| Hades | ᾅδης / hadēs | ад | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 1:18; 6:8; 20:13-14 | Intermediate state; distinguish from final озеро огненное. |
| book of life | βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς | книга жизни | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked; Assurance of Salvation (baseline) | 3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12,15; 21:27 | Present pastorally as believer’s assurance, not fear-inducing uncertainty. |
| great white throne | ὁ θρόνος ὁ μέγας ὁ λευκός | престол великий белый | Low | Judgment of the Wicked | 20:11 | — |
7. Cosmic Adversary Vocabulary
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dragon | δράκων / drakōn | дракон | Medium | Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil | 12; 13:2,4,11; 16:13; 20:2 | Text self-identifies referent (12:9); guard against folkloric-fantastical trivialization. |
| ancient serpent | ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος | древний змий | Low | Assurance of Final Victory | 12:9; 20:2 | Strong Genesis 3 canonical-bracket asset. |
| devil | διάβολος / diabolos | диавол | Low | Assurance of Final Victory | 12:9,12; 20:2,10 | Synodal spelling retained. |
| Satan | Σατανᾶς / Satanas | сатана | Low | Assurance of Final Victory | throughout | — |
| accuser | κατήγορος / katēgoros | обвинитель | Low | Assurance of Final Victory | 12:10 | — |
| abyss | ἄβυσσος / abyssos | бездна | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 9:1-2,11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1,3 | Specific apocalyptic-technical confinement-place, not generic poetic “depths.” |
| Abaddon/Apollyon | Ἀβαδδών / Ἀπολλύων | Аваддон / Аполлион | Low | Sovereignty of God over History | 9:11 | Preserve both Hebrew and Greek forms as text itself does. |
| Gog and Magog | Γὼγ καὶ Μαγώγ | Гог и Магог | Low | Judgment of the Wicked | 20:8 | Established proper-name forms. |
8. New Heaven and New Earth
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new (qualitative) | καινός / kainos | новый | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | 21:1,2,5 | Russian новый doesn’t distinguish qualitative kainos from chronological neos; must state explicitly “fundamentally renewed,” not “next in sequence.” |
| new Jerusalem | Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή | Новый Иерусалим | High | New Heaven and New Earth; Church as Bride of Christ | 3:12; 21:2,10 | Collides with the real, well-known Ново-Иерусалимский монастырь near Moscow; must explicitly distinguish John’s eschatological city from this domestic monastic site. |
| tabernacle/dwell | σκηνή, σκηνόω | скиния / будет обитать | Low-Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | 7:15; 21:3 | Strong OT-continuity asset (Exodus tabernacle); connect to incarnational σκηνόω of John 1:14 if referenced. |
| It is done/accomplished | Γέγοναν / gegonan | Совершилось | Medium | Assurance of Final Victory; New Heaven and New Earth | 16:17; 21:6 | Deliberate echo of John 19:30’s “Совершилось!” — must use the same verbal root to preserve the cross-to-consummation link. |
| spring/water of life | πηγὴ/ὕδωρ τῆς ζωῆς | источник / вода жизни | Low | New Heaven and New Earth | 7:17; 21:6; 22:1,17 | Strong Eden/Ezekiel/John 4,7 canonical-bracket asset. |
| freely/as a gift | δωρεάν / dōrean | даром | High | New Heaven and New Earth; Grace (baseline) | 21:6; 22:17 | Shares root with baseline благодать/дар family; must reinforce, not silently assume, the grace-not-works pattern already Critical in the Romans baseline. |
| tree of life | ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς | древо жизни | Low | New Heaven and New Earth | 2:7; 22:2,14,19 | Genesis-Revelation canonical bracket; asset. |
| no more curse | οὐκ ἔσται κατάρα | не будет уже никакого проклятия | Low | New Heaven and New Earth | 22:3 | Genesis 3 curse formally undone. |
| no more sea | ἡ θάλασσα οὐκ ἔστιν ἔτι | моря уже нет | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth; Symbolic Interpretation | 21:1 | Symbolic (removal of chaos/beast-source), not a literal hydrological claim; must be flagged as apocalyptic symbol. |
9. Sovereignty, Providence, and Reign of Christ
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| throne | θρόνος / thronos | престол | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | throughout (4-5, 7, 19-22) | Also names the Orthodox altar table; keep referent as God’s/Christ’s cosmic throne. |
| kingdom of our Lord | βασιλεία τοῦ κυρίου | Царство Господа нашего | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ; Sovereignty of God | 11:15; 12:10 | Reuses baseline Царство Божие; distinguish from Russian imperial/“Third Rome” political nostalgia per Romans baseline note. |
| thousand years/millennium | χίλια ἔτη | тысяча лет / тысячелетнее царство | Critical | Return and Reign of Christ | 20:1-7 | Direct structural parallel to the baseline’s East-West justification/theosis divergence: historic Orthodox amillennial reading vs. Western premillennial frameworks. Curriculum’s own interpretive stance must be stated explicitly, never assumed as neutral shared ground. |
| first resurrection | ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη | первое воскресение | High | Return and Reign of Christ | 20:5-6 | Entangled with the millennium Critical-risk question above; extends baseline воскресение. |
| they will reign | βασιλεύσουσιν | будут царствовать | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 5:10; 20:4,6; 22:5 | Participation in God’s righteous eternal reign, not political-nationalist “kingdom.” |
| I am coming soon | ἔρχομαι ταχύ | гряду скоро | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 3:11; 22:7,12,20 | Preserve archaic Synodal register; do not modernize. |
| Come, Lord Jesus | ἔρχου κύριε Ἰησοῦ | Гряди, Господи Иисусе! | Low-Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 22:20 | Verbatim Synodal wording; mandatory cross-document consistency. |
| diadem (royal crown) | διάδημα / diadēma | диадима | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ; contrast with false powers | 12:3; 13:1; 19:12 | Must be kept lexically distinct from венец (victor’s wreath) to preserve the deliberate contrast between usurped/true royal diadems and the martyrs’/elders’ victory wreaths. |
| crown/wreath (victor’s) | στέφανος / stephanos | венец | Medium | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 2:10; 3:11; 4:4,10; 6:2; 9:7; 12:1; 14:14 | See диадима note above; do not conflate the two Greek crown-terms into one Russian word. |
10. Worship-Setting and Doxological Vocabulary
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holy, Holy, Holy | Ἅγιος ἅγιος ἅγιος | Свят, Свят, Свят | Low-Medium | Worship of the Lamb | 4:8 | Strong Orthodox Trisagion-liturgy asset; guard against rote-recitation flattening. |
| twenty-four elders | εἴκοσι τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι | двадцать четыре старца | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 4:4,10; 5:8,14; 11:16; 19:4 | старец also names a venerated Orthodox monastic-elder tradition; clarify these are the heavenly elders of the vision. |
| four living creatures | τέσσαρα ζῷα | четыре животных | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 4:6-9; 5:6,8,14; 6:1-7; 7:11; 14:3; 15:7; 19:4 | Established Synodal rendering. |
| glory and honor | δόξα καὶ τιμή | слава и честь | Medium | Worship of the Lamb | 4:9,11; 5:12-13; 7:12; 19:1 | слава reuses baseline Medium-risk term; restore full theological weight against casual-exclamation flattening. |
| Hallelujah | Ἁλληλουϊά | Аллилуия | Low | Assurance of Final Victory; Worship | 19:1,3,4,6 | Strong shared Orthodox/Protestant liturgical asset. |
| Amen | Ἀμήν | Аминь | Low | (general) | throughout | Established loanword. |
| incense/prayers of the saints | θυμιάματα, προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων | фимиам, молитвы святых | Medium | Sovereignty of God; Prayer (baseline) | 5:8; 8:3-4 | святые reuses baseline High-risk “saints” term (corporate, not intercessory-elite; distinguish from Orthodox prayer to saints). |
| bowls | φιάλαι / phialai | чаши | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 5:8; 15:7; 16:1-17; 17:1; 21:9 | Shares lexical form with the Eucharistic chalice (чаша); make the contrast between “cup of wrath” and “cup of blessing” explicit. |
| wrath | θυμός/ὀργή | гнев | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked; Sovereignty | 6:16-17; 14:10,19; 15:1,7; 16:1,19; 19:15 | Present as righteous judicial response, not arbitrary rage. |
11. Seals, Trumpets, and Plague Vocabulary (Symbolic/Apocalyptic Interpretation)
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| seal (positive, God’s) | σφραγίς / sphragis | печать | High | Judgment of the Wicked; contrast with beast’s mark | 5-8 (scroll seals); 7:2-8; 9:4 | Must remain lexically separate from начертание (beast’s mark, ch.13); central positive/negative symbolic contrast. |
| trumpet | σάλπιγξ / salpinx | труба | Low | Sovereignty of God over History | 8-9; 11:15 | — |
| wormwood | ἄψινθος / apsinthos | полынь | Low | Judgment of the Wicked | 8:11 | Plague-symbol, not botanical literalism. |
| locusts | ἀκρίδες / akrides | саранча | Low | Judgment of the Wicked | 9:3,7 | — |
| Armageddon | Ἁρμαγεδών | Армагеддон | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History; Return and Reign of Christ | 16:16 | Secularized pop-culture doomsday cliché in Russian media; recover specific theological meaning. |
| little scroll | βιβλαρίδιον | книжка | Low | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 10:2,9-10 | — |
| plague | πληγή / plēgē | язва / бедствие | Low-Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 9:18,20; 11:6; 15:1,6,8; 16:9,21; 18:4,8; 21:9; 22:18 | Standard Synodal plague-terminology. |
12. Idolatry, Immorality, and Babylon/Harlot Complex
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Babylon the great | Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη | Вавилон великий | High | Judgment of the Wicked; Sovereignty of God over History | 14:8; 16:19; 17-18 | Risk of politically-charged mapping onto “the decadent West” in Russian rhetoric; must be presented strictly as the text’s own symbol for any/every anti-God world-system, not identified with a contemporary nation or bloc. |
| harlot | πόρνη / pornē | блудница | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 17:1,5,15-16; 19:2 | Guard against purely moralistic-sexual reading that misses the systemic political-economic idolatry referent. |
| sexually immoral | πόρνοι / pornoi | блудники | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 21:8; 22:15 | Deliberate literary root-link to блудница (Babylon) worth preserving in exposition. |
| idolaters | εἰδωλολάτραι | идолослужители | Medium | Worship of the Lamb (negative counterpart) | 21:8; 22:15 | Conceptually paired with “image of the beast” (ch.13). |
| sorcerers | φαρμακοί | чародеи/волхвы | High | (see §6 above) | 9:21; 18:23; 21:8; 22:15 | — |
| merchandise/trade | ἐμπόριον | товар / торговля | Low | Judgment of the Wicked | 18:11-19 | — |
| lament | θρῆνος | плач | Low | Judgment of the Wicked | 18:9-19 | Ironic root-echo with 21:4’s плач (mourning abolished). |
13. Numerical and Corporate-Identity Terms
| Term (EN) | Greek / Translit. | Russian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 144,000 | ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες | сто сорок четыре тысячи | Low | Vindication of the Saints; Universal Scope | 7:4-8; 14:1,3 | Symbolic-corporate number (12×12×1000); resist over-literal headcount speculation. |
| great multitude | ὄχλος πολύς | великое множество | Medium | Universal Scope of the Gospel (baseline) | 7:9 | Not limited to any single nation/ethnicity/religious identity. |
| every nation, tribe, people, tongue | πᾶν ἔθνος καὶ φυλὴ καὶ λαὸς καὶ γλῶσσα | всякое племя, и колено, и народ, и язык | Medium | Universal Scope of the Gospel; Unity of Jews and Gentiles (baseline) | 5:9; 7:9; 11:9; 13:7; 14:6; 17:15 | Established Synodal fourfold formula; preserve unqualified universality per baseline mandate. |
| peoples (plural) | λαοί / laoi | народы | Medium | Church as God’s People; New Heaven and New Earth | 21:3 | Preserve plural to retain multi-national scope, not a single ethnic covenant-people reading. |
Cross-Reference to Baseline (Romans) Terms Reused Without Modification
The following baseline terms recur throughout Revelation and are used exactly as recorded in the Romans translation_memory.json: Бог (God), Господь (Lord), Иисус (Jesus), Христос (implied via Мессия/Христос baseline entries), Святой Дух (Holy Spirit), Отец (Father), Сын Божий (Son of God), святой/святые (holy/saints — note: Revelation’s “bride” and “temple” imagery intensifies, but does not alter, the corporate-not-elite risk already flagged Critical/High in the baseline), церковь (church — note: the seven letters of ch. 2-3 are addressed to concrete local церкви, reinforcing rather than complicating the baseline’s church-as-God’s-people doctrine), вера/вера-related (faith, faithful, unbelieving), благодать (grace — closing benediction, 22:21), спасение (salvation), слава (glory), воскресение (resurrection), Царство Божие (kingdom of God), грех (sin), апостол (apostle), завет (covenant — ark of the covenant, 11:19; new covenant background to the whole book), избрание (election — implicit in “written in the book of life from the foundation of the world,” 13:8; 17:8), пророк/пророчество (prophet/prophecy — Revelation repeatedly calls itself προφητεία, 1:3; 22:7,10,18-19; risk profile unchanged from baseline), закон (law), мир (peace/world — both senses recur, e.g. 1:4 “peace to you,” and κόσμος-adjacent “the world” language throughout), David (Давид), Israel (Израиль — the twelve tribes named on the gates, 21:12, and 144,000 “of the tribes of Israel,” 7:4, carry the same contemporary-nation-state-name sensitivity the baseline already flags).
This glossary must be loaded alongside 07_semantic_analysis.md, the baseline translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json before any Phase 2 segment translation of Revelation begins. All new terms above must be added to an updated translation_memory.json (incrementing its version number) before Phase 2 processing, per the existing Language Package’s term-addition protocol.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: благодать
Transliteration: blagodat’
Doctrine: Grace and Imputed Righteousness of the Bride
Rejected alternatives: милость, дар, везение, удача
Inherited from Romans package. Opens (1:4) and closes (22:21) Revelation as epistolary greeting/benediction; the closing benediction must not lose the ‘apart from works, freely given’ force established in the Romans baseline. Directly connected to freely_as_a_gift (даром, 21:6; 22:17) and righteous_deeds_of_the_saints (19:8) — see new terms below.
Justification
Approved rendering: оправдание
Transliteration: opravdaniye
Doctrine: Grace and Imputed Righteousness of the Bride
Rejected alternatives: прощение грехов, искупление
Inherited from Romans package. Not a frequent standalone term in Revelation’s own text, but exposition connecting 19:8 and 21:6/22:17 to the Romans forensic-declaration doctrine must use this term precisely, not let it default to ‘forgiveness of sins’ alone.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: вменённая праведность
Transliteration: vmenyonnaya pravednost’
Doctrine: Grace and Imputed Righteousness of the Bride
Rejected alternatives: заслуженная праведность, дарованная святость (too vague)
Inherited from Romans package. This is the single most important cross-reference term for Revelation 19:8’s ‘righteous deeds of the saints’ (праведность святых) — that verse must be explicitly taught as an instance of this same Critical doctrine: credited, not earned, righteousness.
Salvation
Approved rendering: спасение
Transliteration: spaseniye
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Rejected alternatives: избавление (acceptable narrowly for ‘deliverance’), освобождение
Inherited from Romans package. Celebrated doxologically at 7:10; 12:10; 19:1; must be anchored to Christ’s finished redemptive work, not an open-ended theosis process.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: освящение
Transliteration: osvyashcheniye
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Rejected alternatives: обожение (reserve for explicit theosis discussion only), очищение
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant when connecting Revelation’s call to holy perseverance (chs. 2-3) to the Spirit’s ongoing sanctifying work rather than sacramental theosis alone; do not substitute обожение silently.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Иисус
Transliteration: Iisus
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Исус (Old Believer spelling, avoid)
Inherited from Romans package. Modern Synodal spelling required throughout, including the closing ‘Come, Lord Jesus’ (22:20) — never the Old Believer Исус.
God
Approved rendering: Бог
Transliteration: Bog
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: Всевышний (acceptable poetic synonym only)
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs throughout Revelation as sovereign judge and redeemer; no new Revelation-specific risk beyond the baseline’s registerial-flattening caution.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Святой Дух
Transliteration: Svyatoy Dukh
Doctrine: Christ-Centered Worship Titles and the Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: дух (never use alone), энергия
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed in the seven letters (‘what the Spirit says to the churches’) and depicted symbolically as ‘the seven Spirits’ (1:4; 4:5; 5:6) — this is a symbolic depiction of the one Spirit’s fullness, not seven separate spirits; make this explicit in exposition.
Revelation Apocalypse
Approved rendering: откровение
Transliteration: otkroveniye
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Rejected alternatives: апокалипсис (bare loanword as working term)
The book’s own genre-title (1:1). The Synodal book title ‘Откровение Иоанна Богослова’ must be used. The transliterated loanword ‘апокалипсис’ is extremely productive in secular Russian disaster-media (‘зомби-апокалипсис,’ casual doomsday talk) and risks priming a pop-cultural catastrophe-genre expectation rather than a Christ-given disclosure. Exposition must state plainly in ch.1 that откровение means an unveiling BY Christ, not a doomsday screenplay.
Righteous Deeds Of The Saints
Approved rendering: праведность святых / праведные дела святых
Transliteration: pravednost’ svyatykh / pravednyye dela svyatykh
Doctrine: Grace and Imputed Righteousness of the Bride
Rejected alternatives: заслуженная праведность
19:8. Direct point of contact with the Romans baseline’s Critical вменённая праведность doctrine; must be read as granted/credited righteousness, not autonomously earned through ascetic achievement, preventing this verse from being absorbed into a synergistic merit-framework foreign to Romans’ forensic argument.
Witness Testimony
Approved rendering: свидетель, свидетельство
Transliteration: svidetel’, svidetel’stvo
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
1:2,5,9; 2:13; 6:9; 11:3,7; 12:11,17; 17:6; 19:10; 20:4. CRITICAL, Russia-specific: ‘Свидетели Иеговы’ (Jehovah’s Witnesses) is the official Russian name of an organization the Russian Federation’s Supreme Court declared ‘extremist’ and formally banned in 2017; distributing related literature remains criminally actionable. Every occurrence must include an explicit disambiguating clause distinguishing the NT category (all believers testifying to Christ, sometimes unto death) from this specific banned organization. Requires human theologian AND legal/cultural review at every occurrence.
Thousand Years Millennium
Approved rendering: тысяча лет / тысячелетнее царство
Transliteration: tysyacha let / tysyacheletneye tsarstvo
Doctrine: Millennial Kingdom Interpretation
20:1-7. Direct structural parallel to the Romans baseline’s East-West divergence axis: historic Orthodox amillennial/recapitulation reading (Andrew of Caesarea, patristic consensus) vs. Western premillennial/dispensational frameworks. The curriculum’s own interpretive position must be stated explicitly, never assumed as neutral shared ground.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: вера
Transliteration: vera
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: доверие, убеждение
Inherited from Romans package. In Revelation repeatedly paired with свидетельство (testimony) as the visible fruit of persevering faith under persecution (2:13,19; 13:10; 14:12).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: праведность
Transliteration: pravednost’
Doctrine: Grace and Imputed Righteousness of the Bride
Rejected alternatives: справедливость, честность
Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant to 19:8’s ‘righteous deeds of the saints’ — see righteous_deeds_of_the_saints below; must not collapse into ascetic self-achievement.
Saints
Approved rendering: святые
Transliteration: svyatyye
Doctrine: Intercession and the Prayers of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: праведники
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs throughout Revelation (5:8; 8:3-4; 11:18; 13:7,10; 14:12; 16:6; 17:6; 18:24; 19:8; 20:9); the bride and temple imagery intensifies but does not alter the corporate-not-elite risk already flagged Critical/High in the baseline.
Church
Approved rendering: церковь
Transliteration: tserkov’
Doctrine: The Seven Churches and the Call to Repentance
Rejected alternatives: храм, собрание (acceptable for local congregation emphasis)
Inherited from Romans package. The seven letters (chs. 2-3) address concrete local congregations by name; this should reinforce, not obscure, church-as-gathered-local-body rather than a single Orthodox-institution referent.
Sin
Approved rendering: грех
Transliteration: grekh
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ошибка, проступок
Inherited from Romans package. Christ has ‘freed us from our sins by his blood’ (1:5).
Election
Approved rendering: избрание
Transliteration: izbraniye
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: судьба, рок, предопределение (use only with careful qualification)
Inherited from Romans package. Implicit in the ‘book of life…from the foundation of the world’ (13:8; 17:8); must never be rendered with судьба/рок/карма.
Lord
Approved rendering: Господь
Transliteration: Gospod’
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: хозяин, владыка (reserve for liturgical/poetic register only)
Inherited from Romans package. Reused throughout, including ‘King of kings and Lord of lords’ (17:14; 19:16) — restore personal, decisive force per the baseline’s lordship_of_christ note rather than letting it flatten into ceremonial liturgical titulature.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Мессия
Transliteration: Messiya
Doctrine: Christ-Centered Worship Titles and the Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: спаситель мира (as a stand-alone substitute)
Inherited from Romans package, used alongside Христос throughout Revelation, e.g. ‘his Christ’ (11:15; 12:10; 20:4,6). Revelation’s repeated pairing of Христос with ‘kingdom’/‘reign’ language reinforces the baseline’s messianic_promise doctrine note.
Signified By Signs
Approved rendering: показал / дал знать знамениями
Transliteration: pokazal / dal znat’ znameniyami
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
1:1, root σημαίνω. The Synodal ‘показал’ (showed) flattens the distinctive ‘communicated through signs/symbols’ nuance. If lost at 1:1, readers default to over-literalizing the visions that follow, undermining the book’s own stated interpretive key.
Who Is Who Was Who Is To Come
Approved rendering: Который есть и был и грядёт
Transliteration: Kotoryy yest’ i byl i gryadyot
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
1:4,8; 4:8; 11:17; 16:5. Echoes Exod 3:14 LXX (ὁ ὤν); connection to the Exodus divine-name tradition is not self-evident from the Russian phrase alone and must be explained in exposition.
Lamb
Approved rendering: Агнец
Transliteration: Agnets
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: ягнёнок (informal diminutive, too casual/weak)
~28 occurrences, chs. 5-22. Deeply embedded in Orthodox liturgy (the Eucharistic bread portion is called ‘Агнец’ in the proskomedia) and Protestant hymnody. Must be consistently paired with the book’s triumphant register (worthy, wrath of the Lamb, throne of the Lamb) so the title is not domesticated into Eucharistic-object status alone.
Marriage Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: брак Агнца
Transliteration: brak Agntsa
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
19:7,9. ‘Брак’ carries strong sacramental status in Orthodox theology (Таинство Брака); exposition must clarify this is not a literal future wedding ceremony modeled on human sacramental marriage, but the symbolic consummation of Christ’s covenant union with the whole redeemed church.
Bride
Approved rendering: невеста
Transliteration: nevesta
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
19:7; 21:2,9; 22:17. CRITICAL cultural collision: ‘невеста Христова’ is the established Russian Orthodox title for a woman at monastic tonsure (a nun), not the whole church corporately. Exposition must state repeatedly and explicitly that the Bride is the whole redeemed church, all believers together — parallels the baseline’s ‘saints’ corporate-vs-elite risk exactly.
The One Who Overcomes
Approved rendering: побеждающий
Transliteration: pobezhdayushchiy
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
2:7,11,17,26; 3:5,12,21; 12:11; 15:2; 21:7. Render with the identical participial form at every occurrence (mandatory cross-document consistency). Risk of being heard as autonomous moral heroism rather than Christ-empowered perseverance — cf. 12:11’s explicit definition, ‘by the blood of the Lamb and the word of their testimony.‘
Synagogue Of Satan
Approved rendering: сборище сатанинское
Transliteration: sborishche sataninskoye
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles and the Nations
2:9; 3:9. Given the historical weight of antisemitism in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union already flagged in the Romans baseline, requires careful pastoral framing: refers to specific first-century local opponents in Smyrna/Philadelphia, not to Jewish people as such.
Beast
Approved rendering: зверь
Transliteration: zver’
Doctrine: Counterfeit Worship and the Mark of the Beast
11:7; ch.13; 14:9-11; 15:2; 16:2,10,13; ch.17; 19:19-20; 20:4,10. Ordinary Russian зверь also carries common positive colloquial slang (‘он зверь!’ = ‘he’s amazing/a beast’); exposition must consistently reinforce the sinister, anti-God register the text itself establishes.
Image Of The Beast
Approved rendering: образ зверя
Transliteration: obraz zverya
Doctrine: Counterfeit Worship and the Mark of the Beast
13:14-15; 14:9,11; 15:2; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4. ‘Образ’ is the classical/liturgical Russian term for a sacred icon, theologically central to Orthodox veneration; using it for this idolatrous object creates unintended lexical proximity to icon theology. Must be explicitly framed as a demonic counterfeit, wholly unlike legitimate icon veneration.
Mark Of The Beast
Approved rendering: начертание
Transliteration: nachertaniye
Doctrine: Counterfeit Worship and the Mark of the Beast
13:16-17; 14:9,11; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4. Must never be confused with, or rendered using vocabulary overlapping, печать (God’s seal, ch.7) — the two form the book’s central positive/negative mark-contrast; any lexical bleed destroys the theological point.
Sorcerers
Approved rendering: чародеи / волхвы
Transliteration: charodei / volkhvy
Doctrine: Occult Practices and Idolatry
9:21; 18:23; 21:8; 22:15. Directly intersects live, prominent post-Soviet folk-occult culture already flagged in the Romans baseline for ‘spiritual gifts’ (экстрасенсы, folk healers, television psychics); this verse’s explicit negative judgment should be made pastorally clear as addressing this present reality.
Lake Of Fire And Sulfur
Approved rendering: озеро огненное, горящее огнём и серою
Transliteration: ozero ognennoye, goryashcheye ognyom i seroyu
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
19:20; 20:10,14-15; 21:8. Must be kept terminologically distinct from ад (Hades, the intermediate state) in exposition, since ordinary Russian ‘ад’ flattens both into a single generic ‘hell,’ obscuring the book’s careful two-stage judgment sequence.
Second Death
Approved rendering: смерть вторая
Transliteration: smert’ vtoraya
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
2:11; 20:6,14; 21:8. Established Synodal phrase used identically at all four occurrences — consistency essential; must not be confused with, or substituted by, ordinary смерть (physical death, 21:4).
Sealed Gods Seal
Approved rendering: запечатлённые
Transliteration: zapechatlyonnyye
Doctrine: Counterfeit Worship and the Mark of the Beast
7:2-8; 9:4. God’s own protective ownership-mark; preserve strict lexical separation from начертание (the beast’s mark).
Seal Noun
Approved rendering: печать
Transliteration: pechat’
Doctrine: Counterfeit Worship and the Mark of the Beast
chs. 5-8 (scroll seals); 7:2-8; 9:4. Must remain lexically separate from начертание — the two form the book’s central positive/negative symbolic contrast.
New Jerusalem
Approved rendering: Новый Иерусалим
Transliteration: Novyy Ierusalim
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
3:12; 21:2,10. Collides with the real, well-known Ново-Иерусалимский монастырь near Moscow (built by Patriarch Nikon as a symbolic replica of the Holy Land); must explicitly distinguish John’s eschatological, descending-from-heaven city from this domestic monastic site on first mention per lesson.
Freely As A Gift
Approved rendering: даром
Transliteration: darom
Doctrine: Grace and Imputed Righteousness of the Bride
21:6; 22:17. Shares the semantic root of ‘дар/gift’ with благодать (Critical in the Romans baseline); exposition should explicitly connect this verse’s даром to the grace-not-merit teaching already flagged Critical in Romans, preventing final consummation from being read as a reward earned through sacramental participation or ascetic achievement.
First Resurrection
Approved rendering: первое воскресение
Transliteration: pervoye voskreseniye
Doctrine: Millennial Kingdom Interpretation
20:5-6. Entangled with the Critical millennium interpretive question; requires the same explicit, non-silent theological framing.
Babylon The Great
Approved rendering: Вавилон великий
Transliteration: Vavilon velikiy
Doctrine: Babylon and the Critique of Worldly Power
14:8; 16:19; chs. 17-18. In Russian Orthodox nationalist and some geopolitical rhetoric, ‘decadent Babylon’ imagery is occasionally applied polemically to ‘the West’; must be presented strictly as the text’s own symbol for any anti-God, self-glorifying human power system across history, never a specific contemporary nation or bloc.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Евангелие
Transliteration: Yevangeliye
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: благая весть (informal gloss only), хорошая новость
Inherited from Romans package. Also appears as ‘вечное Евангелие’ (eternal gospel, 14:6) — see new term eternal_gospel below; that compound must be understood as the same single gospel, not a rival revelation.
Apostle
Approved rendering: апостол
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Rejected alternatives: посланник, проповедник
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation’s use (18:20; twelve_apostles_of_the_lamb at 21:14) affirms, rather than complicates, the closed foundational-office sense the Romans baseline otherwise flags as a risk.
Holy
Approved rendering: святой
Transliteration: svyatoy
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: чистый, непорочный
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to God’s own thrice-holy character (4:8, Свят Свят Свят) and to the believers’ calling, city, and garments throughout.
Glory
Approved rendering: слава
Transliteration: slava
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: почёт, величие
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Revelation’s sustained worship scenes (chs. 4-5, 7, 19, 21); restore full theological weight against casual-exclamation flattening given the sheer frequency of worship scenes here. See also glory_and_honor below.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: воскресение
Transliteration: voskreseniye
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: оживление, реинкарнация
Inherited from Romans package. Foundational to Christ’s title ‘firstborn of the dead’ (1:5) and entangled with the Critical millennium question at ‘first resurrection’ (20:5-6) — see first_resurrection below.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Царство Божие
Transliteration: Tsarstvo Bozhiye
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: государство Божие
Inherited from Romans package. Climactically established at 11:15; 12:10; 20:4,6; 22:5. Distinguish from Russian imperial ‘Third Rome’/tsardom political nostalgia — a live risk given царство’s loaded political register.
Covenant
Approved rendering: завет
Transliteration: zavet
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles and the Nations
Rejected alternatives: договор, соглашение
Inherited from Romans package. Symbolized by the ark of the covenant seen in the heavenly temple (11:19).
Law
Approved rendering: закон
Transliteration: zakon
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles and the Nations
Rejected alternatives: правило, заповедь (reserve for individual commandments)
Inherited from Romans package. Background to the ark-of-the-covenant imagery (11:19) and OT allusions throughout.
Peace
Approved rendering: мир
Transliteration: mir
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: спокойствие, покой
Inherited from Romans package. Both the epistolary greeting ‘grace and peace to you’ (1:4) and the recurring κόσμος ‘the world’ sense throughout the book share this Russian word; context must disambiguate at each occurrence.
Israel
Approved rendering: Израиль
Transliteration: Izrail’
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles and the Nations
Inherited from Romans package. The same contemporary-nation-state-name sensitivity flagged in the Romans baseline applies to the twelve tribes named on the New Jerusalem’s gates (21:12) and the 144,000 ‘of the tribes of Israel’ (7:4).
Father
Approved rendering: Отец
Transliteration: Otets
Doctrine: Christ-Centered Worship Titles and the Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: батюшка (reserve exclusively for addressing an Orthodox priest)
Inherited from Romans package. ‘His God and Father’ (1:6; 14:1).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Сын Божий
Transliteration: Syn Bozhiy
Doctrine: Christ-Centered Worship Titles and the Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: божественный посланник
Inherited from Romans package. Invoked at 2:18, ‘the Son of God’.
Sign
Approved rendering: знамение
Transliteration: znameniye
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
12:1,3; 13:13-14; 15:1. Carries folk-omen/astrological connotations in secular Russian, paralleling the Romans baseline’s prophecy-vs-horoscope caution; must be anchored to God-given symbolic disclosure, not divination.
Mystery
Approved rendering: тайна
Transliteration: tayna
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
1:20; 10:7; 17:5,7. Distinguish from secular ‘mystery/puzzle’ register and from Orthodox sacramental usage (‘Святые Тайны’ = the Sacraments, esp. Holy Communion); referent here is revealed redemptive-historical meaning, not a sacrament.
Almighty Pantokrator
Approved rendering: Вседержитель
Transliteration: Vsederzhitel’
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7,14; 19:6,15; 21:22. Strong Orthodox iconographic/liturgical asset (Спас Вседержитель); connect explicitly to Revelation’s own argument (God’s rule over present persecution), not left as purely devotional-artistic reference.
Alpha And Omega
Approved rendering: Альфа и Омега
Transliteration: Al’fa i Omega
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
1:8; 21:6; 22:13. Transliteration established; requires one-time gloss, since Cyrillic’s own first/last letters (А…Я) are not being invoked and the ‘edge-of-alphabet=totality’ idiom logic is not self-evident.
One Seated On Throne
Approved rendering: Сидящий на престоле
Transliteration: Sidyashchiy na prestole
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
4:2,9; 5:1,7,13; 6:16; 7:10,15; 19:4; 20:11; 21:5. Must be rendered identically at every occurrence for cross-document consistency.
Faithful And True
Approved rendering: Верный и Истинный
Transliteration: Verny i Istinnyy
Doctrine: Christ-Centered Worship Titles and the Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: правильны (never, for ἀληθινός)
3:14; 19:11; also of God’s words at 21:5. Consistency required across occurrences; do not let ἀληθινός collapse into bare ‘correct,’ losing the ontological ‘real/genuine, not counterfeit’ contrast central to the beast/dragon counterfeit theme.
King Of Kings Lord Of Lords
Approved rendering: Царь царей и Господь господствующих
Transliteration: Tsar’ tsarey i Gospod’ gospodstvuyushchikh
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
17:14; 19:16. Established, majestic Synodal phrase; reuses baseline Господь (High risk) — restore personal, decisive force, not ceremonial titulature alone.
Word Of God Logos
Approved rendering: Слово Божие
Transliteration: Slovo Bozhiye
Doctrine: Christ-Centered Worship Titles and the Deity of Christ
19:13. Shared, settled Nicene-heritage Christological ground with Russian Orthodoxy; low doctrinal-drift risk, mainly a matter of precise exposition.
Firstborn Of The Dead
Approved rendering: первенец из мёртвых
Transliteration: pervenets iz myortvykh
Doctrine: Christ-Centered Worship Titles and the Deity of Christ
1:5. Extends baseline воскресение; connect explicitly to Romans 6’s resurrection theology already established in the Language Package.
Root Of David
Approved rendering: корень Давидов
Transliteration: koren’ Davidov
Doctrine: Christ-Centered Worship Titles and the Deity of Christ
5:5; 22:16. Extends the Romans baseline’s ‘seed of David’/incarnation doctrine notes; draw out the human/divine paradox (descendant yet source, Isa 11:1,10) explicitly.
Slain
Approved rendering: как бы закланный
Transliteration: kak by zaklannyy
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
5:6,9,12; 13:8. Connect explicitly to atonement/propitiation categories (cf. Romans 3:25, flagged Critical for theologian review in the baseline) rather than left as a purely visual detail.
Servants Will Worship Him
Approved rendering: будут служить Ему
Transliteration: budut sluzhit’ Yemu
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
22:3. служить is generic ‘serve’; note the specifically cultic/priestly worship-service register of λατρεύω, connecting to the book’s sustained worship-liturgy scenes (chs. 4-5, 7, 15, 19).
Worship Verb
Approved rendering: поклоняться
Transliteration: poklonyat’sya
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Used identically of true worship (4:10; 5:14; 7:11; 19:10) and false worship of the beast/image (13:4,8,12,15; 14:9,11; 19:20). The verb itself cannot distinguish legitimacy; the object must always be made explicit in surrounding text, and this must not be conflated with Orthodox devotional поклонение to icons/saints/relics.
Twelve Apostles Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: двенадцать апостолов Агнца
Transliteration: dvenadtsat’ apostolov Agntsa
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
21:14. Affirms, rather than needing to soften, the closed foundational-office sense the Romans baseline otherwise flags as a risk.
No Temple
Approved rendering: храма я не видел в нём
Transliteration: khrama ya ne videl v nyom
Doctrine: Temple and Direct Divine Presence
21:22. Deliberate climactic contrast with ναός/храм elsewhere (11:1-2,19; 15:5-8); highlight as intentional theology — direct divine presence replacing all mediating structures — not incidental detail.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: храм Божий
Transliteration: khram Bozhiy
Doctrine: Temple and Direct Divine Presence
3:12; 7:15; 11:1-2,19; 14:15,17; 15:5-8; 16:1,17; 21:22. Reuses/extends the Romans baseline’s церковь ‘physical-building’ association risk; clarify this is the heavenly sanctuary/symbol of God’s presence, not a parish building.
Tribulation Affliction
Approved rendering: скорбь
Transliteration: skorb’
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
1:9; 2:9,10,22; 7:14. скорбь can sound like ordinary sadness in casual Russian, paralleling the Romans baseline’s грех folk-flattening risk; anchor to actual persecution context (imprisonment, martyrdom, economic exclusion).
Great Tribulation
Approved rendering: великая скорбь
Transliteration: velikaya skorb’
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
7:14. Intensified persecution preceding final vindication; must not be read as a purely future political-crisis label divorced from the pastoral call to endurance.
Cowardly
Approved rendering: боязливые
Transliteration: boyazlivyye
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
21:8. Must be read as denial of Christ under persecution (apostasy) — the negative counterpart to ho nikōn — not ordinary psychological timidity.
Torment
Approved rendering: мучение
Transliteration: mucheniye
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
9:5; 14:11; 18:7,10,15; 20:10. Shares a root with мученик (‘martyr,’ a heavily loaded Orthodox hagiographic category); referents are opposite (torment inflicted on the wicked, not martyrdom of believers) despite the shared root.
Number Of The Beast 666
Approved rendering: число зверя, шестьсот шестьдесят шесть
Transliteration: chislo zverya, shest’sot shest’desyat shest’
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
13:18. ‘666’ is a productive secular pop-culture cliché in Russian (horror-film numerology); exposition must resist both over-literal numerological speculation and pop-cultural trivialization, returning to the book’s own symbolic-interpretive method established at 1:1.
Avenge Vindicate
Approved rendering: взыщешь / воздашь по справедливости
Transliteration: vzyshchesh’ / vozdash’ po spravedlivosti
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: мстишь (plain ‘take revenge’)
6:10; 19:2. Plain ‘мстить’ risks framing this as personal vendetta rather than God’s own righteous judicial vindication of the martyrs — must not be read as endorsement of personal vengeance-seeking by believers.
Souls Of Those Slain
Approved rendering: души убиенных
Transliteration: dushi ubiyennykh
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
6:9; 20:4. убиенный is a liturgically elevated Russian register word (used of martyrs commemorated in Orthodox prayers) — a mild asset conveying appropriate gravity.
Hades
Approved rendering: ад
Transliteration: ad
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
1:18; 6:8; 20:13-14. The intermediate holding-place of the dead, conquered by Christ but distinct from the final lake of fire; ordinary Russian ‘ад’ tends to flatten both into one generic ‘hell’ — distinguish explicitly in exposition.
Book Of Life
Approved rendering: книга жизни
Transliteration: kniga zhizni
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12,15; 21:27. Reinforces the Romans baseline’s assurance_of_salvation doctrine note; present pastorally as assurance for believers, not fear-inducing uncertainty.
Dragon
Approved rendering: дракон
Transliteration: drakon
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
ch.12; 13:2,4,11; 16:13; 20:2. Text explicitly identifies the referent (12:9); guard against folkloric-fantastical trivialization given Russia’s own rich dragon/serpent folklore (Змей Горыныч).
Abyss
Approved rendering: бездна
Transliteration: bezdna
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
9:1-2,11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1,3. Standard, transparent Russian word for ‘abyss/chasm’; main risk is under-recognition as a specific apocalyptic-technical confinement place, not a generic poetic metaphor.
New Qualitative
Approved rendering: новый
Transliteration: novyy
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
21:1,2,5. Standard Russian новый does not lexically distinguish qualitative kainos (‘fundamentally renewed’) from chronological neos (‘next’); state explicitly in exposition, do not rely on the word alone.
Tabernacle Dwell
Approved rendering: скиния / будет обитать
Transliteration: skiniya / budet obitat’
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
7:15; 21:3. скиния is a stable OT-continuity term (Exodus); minor risk that обитать (generic ‘dwell’) loses the incarnational resonance of σκηνόω unless tied explicitly to John 1:14’s ‘tabernacling.‘
It Is Done
Approved rendering: Совершилось
Transliteration: Sovershilos’
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
16:17; 21:6. Synodal renders both this and John 19:30 with the same verbal root — a strong asset that must be preserved so readers hear the deliberate echo: the same divine ‘it is accomplished’ that secured the cross now secures the new creation.
No More Sea
Approved rendering: моря уже нет
Transliteration: morya uzhe net
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
21:1. Symbolic removal of the chaotic, beast-generating abyss of the old order (cf. 13:1’s sea-beast, Dan 7); risk of readers demanding strict hydrological literalism — must be flagged explicitly as apocalyptic symbol.
Throne
Approved rendering: престол
Transliteration: prestol
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Recurring throughout (chs. 4-5, 7, 19-22). Also names the Orthodox altar table inside the sanctuary — a mild asset (conveys sacred, central authority) but keep the referent clearly the cosmic/royal throne of God.
Kingdom Of Our Lord
Approved rendering: Царство Господа нашего
Transliteration: Tsarstvo Gospoda nashego
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
11:15; 12:10. Reuses baseline Царство Божие register; must be kept distinguished from Russian imperial ‘tsardom’/‘Third Rome’ political nostalgia.
They Will Reign
Approved rendering: будут царствовать
Transliteration: budut tsarstvovat’
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
5:10; 20:4,6; 22:5. Must be read as participation in God’s own righteous eternal reign, not political-nationalist ‘kingdom’ framing.
I Am Coming Soon
Approved rendering: гряду скоро
Transliteration: gryadu skoro
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: иду (modernized form, avoid)
3:11; 22:7,12,20. Established Synodal archaic phrasing; must not be modernized, preserving the solemn register.
Come Lord Jesus
Approved rendering: Аминь. Гряди, Господи Иисусе!
Transliteration: Amin’. Gryadi, Gospodi Iisuse!
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
22:20. Exact, established Synodal wording; must be preserved verbatim per cross-document consistency rules given its high devotional/liturgical reuse across lessons.
Diadem
Approved rendering: диадима
Transliteration: diadima
Doctrine: Crowns and Rewards for Perseverance
Rejected alternatives: корона (would collapse the deliberate two-term contrast)
12:3; 13:1; 19:12. Must be kept lexically distinct from венец (στέφανος) — Revelation deliberately contrasts the dragon’s/beast’s usurped royal diadems (and Christ’s own true diadems) against the martyrs’/overcomers’ victory wreaths.
Crown Wreath Stephanos
Approved rendering: венец
Transliteration: venets
Doctrine: Crowns and Rewards for Perseverance
Rejected alternatives: корона (would collapse the deliberate two-term contrast)
2:10; 3:11; 4:4,10; 6:2; 9:7; 12:1; 14:14. Do not conflate with диадима; the two Greek crown-terms are deliberately distinct in the source text.
Holy Holy Holy
Approved rendering: Свят, Свят, Свят
Transliteration: Svyat, Svyat, Svyat
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
4:8. Strong Orthodox Trisagion-liturgy asset (‘Трисвятое’); minor risk is over-familiarity flattening it into rote recitation rather than the living, awe-struck worship depicted in the text.
Glory And Honor
Approved rendering: слава и честь
Transliteration: slava i chest’
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
4:9,11; 5:12-13; 7:12; 19:1. слава reuses the Romans baseline’s Medium-risk term; restore full theological weight against casual-exclamation flattening in this sustained worship-liturgy context.
Incense Prayers Of The Saints
Approved rendering: фимиам, молитвы святых
Transliteration: fimiam, molitvy svyatykh
Doctrine: Intercession and the Prayers of the Saints
5:8; 8:3-4. святые reuses the baseline’s High-risk ‘saints’ term — must be read as all believers’ prayers, not the intercessory prayers of a canonized saintly elite; the text depicts prayers OF ordinary believers being carried to God, distinct from Orthodox devotional prayer TO the saints.
Bowls
Approved rendering: чаши
Transliteration: chashi
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
5:8; 15:7; 16:1-17; 17:1; 21:9. чаша is also the standard Russian word for the Eucharistic chalice; make the contrast between this ‘cup of wrath’ and the ‘cup of blessing’ of communion explicit rather than leaving readers to notice the overlap unassisted.
Wrath
Approved rendering: гнев
Transliteration: gnev
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
6:16-17; 14:10,19; 15:1,7; 16:1,19; 19:15. Russian гнев covers both θυμός/ὀργή without nuance-distinction; present as God’s righteous judicial response to persistent evil, not arbitrary or emotionally unstable rage.
Armageddon
Approved rendering: Армагеддон
Transliteration: Armageddon
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
16:16. Fully secularized Russian pop-culture cliché (disaster-film titles, casual hyperbole for ‘total catastrophe’); recover the specific, sovereign-God-governed theological meaning against the flattened secular-doomsday connotation.
Plague
Approved rendering: язва / бедствие
Transliteration: yazva / bedstviye
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
9:18,20; 11:6; 15:1,6,8; 16:9,21; 18:4,8; 21:9; 22:18. Standard Synodal plague-terminology.
Harlot
Approved rendering: блудница
Transliteration: bludnitsa
Doctrine: Babylon and the Critique of Worldly Power
17:1,5,15-16; 19:2. Guard against a purely moralistic-sexual reading that misses the systemic political-economic idolatry referent (the alliance of commerce, empire, and false religion).
Sexually Immoral
Approved rendering: блудники
Transliteration: bludniki
Doctrine: Occult Practices and Idolatry
21:8; 22:15. Shares the root of блудница (harlot/Babylon) — a deliberate literary link worth preserving so readers connect personal sin with systemic idolatrous allegiance.
Idolaters
Approved rendering: идолослужители
Transliteration: idoloslzhiteli
Doctrine: Occult Practices and Idolatry
21:8; 22:15. Conceptually paired with ‘image of the beast’ (ch.13); this term itself is lower-risk but the pairing requires careful handling given the образ/icon collision.
Eternal Gospel
Approved rendering: вечное Евангелие
Transliteration: vechnoye Yevangeliye
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel
14:6. Reuses baseline Евангелие; clarify this is the same single gospel of Romans, described here as ‘eternal’ for its unchanging finality, guarding against any reading admitting a rival ‘new’ gospel content.
Winepress Of Gods Wrath
Approved rendering: точило гнева Божия
Transliteration: tochilo gneva Bozhiya
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
14:19-20; 19:15. Vivid judgment imagery; frame as righteous judicial response, not capricious anger, per the wrath (гнев) note.
Great Multitude
Approved rendering: великое множество
Transliteration: velikoye mnozhestvo
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel
7:9. Must not be read as limited to, or validating, any single national-ethnic-religious identity, given the historic Russian ‘Third Rome’/Holy Rus’ self-understanding.
Every Nation Tribe People Tongue
Approved rendering: всякое племя, и колено, и народ, и язык
Transliteration: vsyakoye plemya, i koleno, i narod, i yazyk
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles and the Nations
5:9; 7:9; 11:9; 13:7; 14:6; 17:15. Established Synodal fourfold formula; preserve unqualified universality per the baseline’s universal-scope mandate.
Peoples Plural
Approved rendering: народы
Transliteration: narody
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Rejected alternatives: народ (singular, rejected where the plural sense is intended)
21:3. Must render as plural where the text supports it, to preserve the multi-ethnic, multi-national scope of redemption; a singular flattening risks implying a single covenant-ethnic people rather than the ingathered nations.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: пророк
Transliteration: prorok
Doctrine: Inspiration and Prophetic Authority of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: предсказатель, экстрасенс
Inherited from Romans package.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: пророчество
Transliteration: prorochestvo
Doctrine: Inspiration and Prophetic Authority of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: предсказание, гороскоп
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation repeatedly calls itself a προφητεία (1:3; 22:7,10,18-19); risk profile unchanged from baseline.
David
Approved rendering: Давид
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Christ-Centered Worship Titles and the Deity of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Invoked in ‘Root of David’ (5:5; 22:16) and ‘key of David’ (3:7).
Worthy
Approved rendering: достоин
Transliteration: dostoin
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
4:11; 5:2,4,9,12. Already familiar from shared hymnody (‘Достоин Агнец…’).
Lion Of The Tribe Of Judah
Approved rendering: Лев от колена Иудина
Transliteration: Lev ot kolena Iudina
Doctrine: Christ-Centered Worship Titles and the Deity of Christ
5:5. Established Synodal OT-continuity phrasing (Gen 49:9-10).
New Song
Approved rendering: новая песнь
Transliteration: novaya pesn’
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
5:9; 14:3.
Great White Throne
Approved rendering: престол великий белый
Transliteration: prestol velikiy belyy
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
20:11.
White Robes
Approved rendering: белые одежды
Transliteration: belyye odezhdy
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
7:9,13-14. Purity and vindicated righteous standing granted to the redeemed, not self-achieved.
Ancient Serpent
Approved rendering: древний змий
Transliteration: drevniy zmiy
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
12:9; 20:2. Strong Genesis 3 canonical-bracket asset; archaic Synodal змий ties directly to Genesis 3’s serpent.
Devil
Approved rendering: диавол
Transliteration: diavol
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
12:9,12; 20:2,10. Synodal spelling retained.
Satan
Approved rendering: сатана
Transliteration: satana
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Throughout.
Accuser
Approved rendering: обвинитель
Transliteration: obvinitel’
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
12:10.
Abaddon Apollyon
Approved rendering: Аваддон / Аполлион
Transliteration: Avaddon / Apollion
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
9:11. Synodal preserves both the Hebrew and Greek forms exactly as the text does; retain both.
Gog And Magog
Approved rendering: Гог и Магог
Transliteration: Gog i Magog
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
20:8. Established proper-name forms from Ezekiel 38-39.
Spring Water Of Life
Approved rendering: источник / вода жизни
Transliteration: istochnik / voda zhizni
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
7:17; 21:6; 22:1,17. Strong Eden/Ezekiel/John 4,7 canonical-bracket asset.
Tree Of Life
Approved rendering: древо жизни
Transliteration: drevo zhizni
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
2:7; 22:2,14,19. Strong Genesis-to-Revelation canonical bracket; asset, not risk.
No More Curse
Approved rendering: не будет уже никакого проклятия
Transliteration: ne budet uzhe nikakogo proklyatiya
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
22:3. The final undoing of Genesis 3’s curse.
River Of The Water Of Life
Approved rendering: река воды жизни
Transliteration: reka vody zhizni
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
22:1. Final Edenic restoration and expansion (cf. Ezek 47, Gen 2).
Foundations
Approved rendering: основания
Transliteration: osnovaniya
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
21:14,19-20.
Precious Stone
Approved rendering: драгоценный камень
Transliteration: dragotsennyy kamen’
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
21:11,19. Echoes OT temple/high-priestly stone imagery (Exod 28).
Twenty Four Elders
Approved rendering: двадцать четыре старца
Transliteration: dvadtsat’ chetyre startsa
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
4:4,10; 5:8,14; 11:16; 19:4. старец also names a venerated Orthodox monastic spiritual-elder tradition (e.g. the Optina elders); clarify these are the twenty-four heavenly elders of the vision, not an allusion to that historical eldership tradition.
Four Living Creatures
Approved rendering: четыре животных
Transliteration: chetyre zhivotnykh
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
4:6-9; 5:6,8,14; 6:1-7; 7:11; 14:3; 15:7; 19:4. Established Synodal rendering.
Hallelujah
Approved rendering: Аллилуия
Transliteration: Alliluiya
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
19:1,3,4,6. Deeply embedded liturgical loanword in both Orthodox and Protestant Russian worship — a strong asset.
Amen
Approved rendering: Аминь
Transliteration: Amin’
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Throughout. Established loanword.
Trumpet
Approved rendering: труба
Transliteration: truba
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
chs. 8-9; 11:15.
Wormwood
Approved rendering: полынь
Transliteration: polyn’
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
8:11. Plague-symbol, not a literal botanical claim.
Locusts
Approved rendering: саранча
Transliteration: sarancha
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
9:3,7.
Little Scroll
Approved rendering: книжка
Transliteration: knizhka
Doctrine: Inspiration and Prophetic Authority of Scripture
10:2,9-10.
Merchandise Trade
Approved rendering: товар / торговля
Transliteration: tovar / torgovlya
Doctrine: Babylon and the Critique of Worldly Power
18:11-19.
Lament
Approved rendering: плач
Transliteration: plach
Doctrine: Babylon and the Critique of Worldly Power
18:9-19. Shares root with плач at 21:4 (mourning abolished) — a deliberate ironic literary contrast worth noting: worldly lament over lost commerce vs. the final abolition of all godly grief.
Song Of Moses And Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: песнь Моисея… и песнь Агнца
Transliteration: pesn’ Moiseya… i pesn’ Agntsa
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
15:3-4. Deliberate OT-NT canonical bracket uniting the Exodus deliverance-song and the Lamb’s redemption-song as one act of worship.
One Hundred Forty Four Thousand
Approved rendering: сто сорок четыре тысячи
Transliteration: sto sorok chetyre tysyachi
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles and the Nations
7:4-8; 14:1,3. A symbolic-corporate number (12x12x1000); resist over-literal headcount speculation.
Referenced passages