Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Jude (English → Cantonese)
This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the entire book of Jude (1 chapter, 25 verses; core passage 1:3–23 plus salutation 1:1–2 and doxology 1:24–25). Terms already fixed in the Romans baseline translation_memory.json are marked REUSE and reproduced with their exact baseline rendering and risk tier — these must never be altered. New terms introduced by Jude are proposed here for addition to the project’s translation memory prior to Phase 2 translation, with risk tiers assigned consistently with the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework.
Reused Baseline Terms (Cantonese Romans Translation Memory) — Enforce Exactly
| Term (EN) | Greek | Cantonese | Jyutping | Risk | Jude References | Baseline Note Carried Forward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | 神 | san4 | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:21, 1:25 | Never 天主/上帝/老天爺 |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | 耶穌 | je4 sou1 | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Standard transliteration |
| Christ | Χριστός | 基督 | gei1 duk1 | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Never conflate with Maitreya/wish-granting deity |
| Lord | κύριος | 主 | zyu2 | Critical | 1:4, 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Never 事頭/老爺; exclusive supreme Lordship |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | 聖靈 | sing3 ling4 | Critical | 1:19, 1:20 | Never 靈 alone; never 問米-medium framing |
| Salvation | σωτηρία | 救恩 | gau3 jan1 | Critical | 1:3, 1:5 (σώζω), 1:23 (σῴζετε) | Never 解脫/超度/Guanyin epithet |
| Grace | χάρις | 恩典 | jan1 din2 | Critical | 1:4 | Never Wong Tai Sin transactional-vow framing |
| Glory | δόξα | 榮耀 | wing4 jiu6 | Medium | 1:8, 1:24, 1:25 | Never 面子/威水 |
| Called | κλητός | 蒙召嘅 | mung4 siu6 ge3 | High | 1:1 | Never 命中注定/八字 |
| Saints | ἅγιοι | 聖徒 | sing3 tou4 | High | 1:3 | Never 神仙/得道高人 |
| Holy (adj.) | ἅγιος | 聖潔 | sing3 git3 | High | 1:14 (ἁγίαις), 1:20 (ἁγιωτάτῃ) | Moral/relational, not ritual purity |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | 平安 | ping4 on1 | Medium | 1:2 | Distinguish from 平安符/老黃曆 |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | 使徒 | si2 tou4 | Low | 1:17 | Distinguish from 大師/風水師 |
| Prophesied | προφητεύω | 預言 (verb form) | jyu6 jin4 | Low | 1:14 | Distinguish from 求籤/算命 |
| Moses | Μωϋσῆς | 摩西 | mo1 sai1 | Low | 1:9 | Established proper name |
| Amen | ἀμήν | 阿們 | aa3 mun4 | Low | 1:25 | Established transliteration |
New Terms Introduced by Jude — Proposed for Translation Memory Addition
| Term (EN) | Greek/Transliteration | Cantonese | Jyutping | Risk | Doctrine | Jude References | Alternatives Rejected | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contend (for the faith) | ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι / epagōnizesthai | 竭力爭辯 | kit3 lik6 zaang1 bin6 | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | 打交, 拼命 (physical-combat framing) | Must read as vigorous doctrinal/verbal defense, not physical combat or triad-style loyalty-fighting (義氣 collision already flagged under baseline “righteousness”) |
| The faith (deposit of doctrine) | πίστις (objective sense) / pistis | 真道 | zan1 dou6 | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3, 1:20 | 信心 (baseline’s subjective-trust rendering — wrong sense here), 道 alone (too closely tied to Daoist philosophical “the Way”) | Distinct sense of πίστις from Romans’ subjective-trust usage; must not collapse into 信心 nor be read as an evolving cultural tradition |
| Delivered/handed down | παραδίδωμι / paradidōmi | 交付 | gaau1 fu6 | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | 傳統 (evolving cultural tradition) | Fixed, closed, once-for-all deposit, not an adaptable ancestral/clan tradition |
| Once (for all) | ἅπαξ / hapax | 一次過 / 從前一次 | jat1 ci3 gwo3 / cung4 cin4 jat1 ci3 | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3, 1:5 | N/A (adverb) | Non-repeatable; must not imply ongoing/renewable revelation, cf. temple vow-renewal collision already flagged under baseline “justification” |
| Servant/slave (of Christ) | δοῦλος / doulos | 僕人 | buk6 jan4 | Medium | (introductory self-designation) | 1:1 | 奴隸 (chattel-slave connotation), 事頭/老爺-adjacent feudal framing | Honored total devotion, not oppressive bondage nor feudal social hierarchy |
| Ungodly / ungodliness | ἀσεβής, ἀσέβεια / asebēs, asebeia | 不敬虔 | bat1 ging3 kin4 | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 1:15 (×4), 1:18 | 冇禮貌/失禮 (social impoliteness), 唔孝順 (filial-disrespect framing) | Culpable irreverence toward God specifically, not social etiquette failure or loss of face |
| Master/Sovereign | δεσπότης / despotēs | 主宰 | zyu2 zoi2 | Critical | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers / Lordship of Christ | 1:4 | 主子 (feudal master-slave connotation), 天命/天意 (impersonal fate framing, already flagged under baseline “providence”) | Paired with 主 (κύριος) to express Christ’s/God’s exclusive sovereign ownership; denial of this = the false teachers’ defining sin |
| Licentiousness | ἀσέλγεια / aselgeia | 放縱情慾 | fong3 zung3 cing4 juk6 | Critical | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (grace abused) | 1:4 | N/A | Direct parallel to Romans grace-vs-license passages already flagged Critical/theologian-review in baseline |
| Judgment | κρίσις, κρίμα / krisis, krima | 審判 | sam2 pun3 | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 1:6, 1:9, 1:15 | 報應 (impersonal karmic retribution, already flagged under baseline “sin”) | God’s personal, final, moral verdict; fixed single rendering for both Greek nouns |
| Angels | ἄγγελος / angelos | 天使 | tin1 si2 | Medium | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:6 | 神仙 (Daoist immortal, already rejected under baseline “saints”) | Standard term; note context describes fallen angels under judgment |
| Kept/reserved (for judgment) | τηρέω (judicial sense) / tēreō | 拘留 / 留下等候審判 | keoi1 lau4 / lau4 dai1 dang2 hau6 sam2 pun3 | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers; OT Warnings as Types | 1:6, 1:13 | 保守 (reserved for the opposite, believer-preserving sense — must not conflate) | Same Greek root as “Kept by God” (τηρέω) but requires an opposite-direction Cantonese rendering when the object is judgment rather than blessing |
| Kept (preserved by God) | τηρέω, φυλάσσω (preserving sense) / tēreō, phylassō | 保守 | bou2 sau2 | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:1, 1:21, 1:24 | 平安符-style magical protection (already flagged under baseline “peace”) | Personal, relational, gracious divine preservation, not talismanic protection or impersonal fate |
| Devil | διάβολος / diabolos | 魔鬼 | mo1 gwai2 | Medium | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:9 | 鬼 alone (generic ghost/ancestral-spirit association, reinforced by 盂蘭節 Hungry Ghost Festival culture) | Personal, singular, fallen being; must be distinguished from generic folk-ghost usage |
| Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος / zōē aiōnios | 永生 | wing5 sang1 | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:21 | 長生不老 (Daoist immortality-cultivation) | Resurrection life in God’s presence through Christ, not physical-immortality attainment through spiritual technique |
| Soulish/worldly (without the Spirit) | ψυχικός / psychikos | 屬血氣嘅 | suk6 hyut3 hei3 ge3 | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:19 | N/A (established CUV-tradition rendering) | Risk of collision with TCM/qigong “qi-vitality” framing (already flagged under baseline “sanctification” for 修煉); denotes absence of the Holy Spirit, not weak physiological/energetic vitality |
| Mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | 憐憫 | lyun4 man5 | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:2, 1:21, 1:22 | 恩典 (distinct baseline Critical term — grace ≠ mercy), transactional temple-vow compassion framing | Compassion toward the suffering/needy, distinct from unearned favor toward the guilty (恩典); never transactional |
| Wavering/doubting | διακρίνομαι / diakrinomai | 心存疑惑嘅人 | sam1 cyun4 ji4 waak6 ge3 jan4 | Medium-High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:22 | 求籤/算命/睇相 (folk-divination resolution of uncertainty, already flagged under baseline “faith”) | Spiritual doubt under doctrinal pressure, resolved through community mercy and sound teaching, not divination |
| Snatching (out of the fire) | ἁρπάζω / harpazō | 搶救 | coeng2 gau3 | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | N/A | Urgent rescue by believers as Christ’s instruments; must not imply humans possess independent saving power rivaling Critical σωτηρία/救恩 |
| Blameless | ἄμωμος / amōmos | 無瑕無疵 | mou4 haa4 mou4 ci1 | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | 面子/reputation-framing (already flagged under baseline “glory”) | God-credited moral/spiritual purity, not social reputation; conceptually parallel to baseline Critical term 算為義 |
| Guard/keep from stumbling | φυλάσσω / phylassō | 保守 | bou2 sau2 | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | N/A | Near-synonym of τηρέω; doctrinal climax of the “kept” theme |
| Savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | 救主 | gau3 zyu2 | Critical | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Guanyin/Wong Tai Sin savior-epithets (already flagged under baseline “salvation”) | Personal title, not abstract concept; inherits full Critical weight of baseline 救恩 |
| Majesty | μεγαλωσύνη / megalōsynē | 威嚴 | wai1 jim4 | Medium-High | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | 威水 (colloquial “flashy impressiveness,” forbidden under baseline “glory”) | Divine greatness, not showy human-style success |
| Dominion/might | κράτος / kratos | 權能 | kyun4 nang4 | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | 法力 (medium’s ritual power, already flagged under baseline “power_of_god”) | God’s own sovereign might |
| Authority | ἐξουσία / exousia | 權柄 | kyun4 beng3 | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | N/A | Standard doxological term |
| Example/warning-type | δεῖγμα / deigma | 反面嘅警戒 | faan2 min6 ge3 ging2 gaai3 | High | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:7 | 榜樣 alone (skews positive-model in ordinary Cantonese usage) | Must retain negative warning-example force, not a positive model to emulate |
| Woe | οὐαί / ouai | 有禍了 | jau5 wo1 liu5 | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:11 | N/A | Prophetic judgment-pronouncement, not mere pity |
| Error | πλάνη / planē | 錯謬 | co3 mau6 | Medium-High | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:11 | 睇風水擇日/求籤 (divination-guidance framing, already flagged under baseline “prophecy”) | Doctrinal error pursued for gain, not divination-related “being led” |
| Love feast | ἀγάπη (specialized pl.) / agapē | 愛筵 | oi3 jin4 | Medium | Christian Fellowship (contextual) | 1:12 | 盆菜/clan banquet framing | Covenant-fellowship meal in Christ, not clan-solidarity banquet |
| Flattery for gain | θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα…χάριν | 為利益而阿諛奉承人 | wai4 lei6 jik1 ji4 o1 jyu4 fung6 sing4 jan4 | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | 畀面 read as inherently sinful | Distinguish condemned exploitative flattery-for-gain from benign social face-giving courtesy |
Proper Names (Established Transliterated Forms — Low Risk)
| Name | Greek | Cantonese | Jyutping | Jude Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jude | Ἰούδας | 猶大 (author self-designation “Jude” per established English convention: 猶大書 as book title, personal reference 猶大) | jau4 daai6 | 1:1 |
| James | Ἰάκωβος | 雅各 | aa3 gok3 | 1:1 |
| Michael | Μιχαήλ | 米迦勒 | mai5 kaa1 lak6 | 1:9 |
| Sodom | Σόδομα | 所多瑪 | so2 do1 maa5 | 1:7 |
| Gomorrah | Γόμορρα | 蛾摩拉 | ngo4 mo1 laai1 | 1:7 |
| Cain | Κάϊν | 該隱 | koi1 jan2 | 1:11 |
| Balaam | Βαλαάμ | 巴蘭 | baa1 laan4 | 1:11 |
| Korah | Κόρε | 可拉 | ho2 laai1 | 1:11 |
| Enoch | Ἑνώχ | 以諾 | ji5 nok6 | 1:14 |
| Adam | Ἀδάμ | 亞當 | aa3 dong1 | 1:14 |
| Egypt | Αἴγυπτος | 埃及 | oi1 kap6 | 1:5 |
Note: “Jude” the book title follows established Traditional-character Chinese Bible convention 猶大書 (Jau4 Daai6 Syu1); care must be taken in all cross-references and headers to distinguish the author “Jude/Judas” (猶大) from the betrayer Judas Iscariot (猶大, same Chinese form) — context must always disambiguate, consistent with how 雅各 disambiguates between James the apostle/brother of Jesus and the OT patriarch Jacob.
Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference Summary
| Doctrine (per curriculum parameters) | Primary New Terms | Overall Risk |
|---|---|---|
| Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 竭力爭辯, 真道, 交付, 一次過 | High |
| Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 不敬虔, 主宰, 放縱情慾, 審判, 屬血氣嘅 | Critical/High |
| Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom) | 天使, 拘留/留下等候審判, 反面嘅警戒, 魔鬼, 錯謬 | High |
| Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 憐憫, 心存疑惑嘅人, 搶救 | High |
| Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 保守, 無瑕無疵 | High |
| Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 救主, 威嚴, 權能, 權柄, 保守 | Critical |
All new terms above must be formally added to a Jude-specific extension of translation_memory.json (incrementing the version number per the baseline’s enforcement protocol) before Phase 2 segment translation of Jude begins. Critical and High risk new terms require theologian review before finalization, consistent with the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json review-routing convention.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: san4
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / God the Father
Rejected alternatives: 天主, 上帝, 老天爺
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. In Jude, God is addressed as Father (1:1), the Lord who saved Israel from Egypt (1:5, per the CUV textual tradition), and the object of the closing doxology ‘the only God our Savior’ (1:25), which intensifies the exclusivity already established in the baseline.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 耶穌
Transliteration: je4 sou1
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard transliteration; occurs in Jude 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25.
Christ
Approved rendering: 基督
Transliteration: gei1 duk1
Doctrine: Messianic Promise / Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 彌勒, 黃大仙式嘅救世主
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (matches baseline ‘messiah’ entry’s rendering). Never conflate with Maitreya or a wish-granting temple deity.
Lord
Approved rendering: 主
Transliteration: zyu2
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Denial of Christ’s Exclusive Lordship
Rejected alternatives: 事頭, 老爺
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. In Jude 1:4, paired with the new term 主宰 (δεσπότης) to doubly emphasize exclusive ownership; also used at 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25. See ‘master_sovereign’ below for the pairing rule.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 聖靈
Transliteration: sing3 ling4
Doctrine: Sanctification / Spiritless Conduct and Division
Rejected alternatives: 問米嘅靈, 祖先靈
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never 靈 alone. Jude 1:19’s contrast (false teachers ‘not having the Spirit’) makes this distinction doctrinally load-bearing, not merely stylistic; used again at 1:20 (praying ‘in the Holy Spirit’).
Salvation
Approved rendering: 救恩
Transliteration: gau3 jan1
Doctrine: Salvation / Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 解脫, 超度, 大慈大悲救苦救難
Original: σωτηρία / σώζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Covers σωτηρία/σώζω at Jude 1:3 (‘common salvation’), 1:5 (God saved a people out of Egypt), and 1:23 (σῴζετε — human agents acting as Christ’s instruments of rescue, never an independent saving source rivaling Christ).
Grace
Approved rendering: 恩典
Transliteration: jan1 din2
Doctrine: Grace Perverted into License
Rejected alternatives: 福氣, 有求必應式嘅恩典, 功德
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:4 presents the mirror-image danger to the Romans baseline’s merit-earning collision: false teachers ABUSE true grace into license (放縱情慾), rather than merely misunderstanding it as earned merit. Requires its own additional fencing note distinct from the baseline’s existing grace guidance.
Master Sovereign
Approved rendering: 主宰
Transliteration: zyu2 zoi2
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Exclusive Lordship
Rejected alternatives: 主子, 天命/天意
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. δεσπότης, Jude 1:4, paired with 主 (κύριος). Must never soften toward impersonal fate-Heaven framing (天命/天意) nor a feudal master-slave employment relation (事頭/老爺). Functions as a Critical-tier doubling-down on the baseline’s Lordship-of-Christ doctrine. Always pair with 主, never render standing alone.
Licentiousness
Approved rendering: 放縱情慾
Transliteration: fong3 zung3 cing4 juk6
Doctrine: Grace Perverted into License
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. ἀσέλγεια, Jude 1:4 — what the false teachers turn grace into. Direct doctrinal parallel to the Romans grace-vs-license passages already flagged Critical/theologian-review in the baseline, but inverted in direction: this is a false teacher’s ABUSE of true grace, never a legitimate implication of grace itself.
Savior
Approved rendering: 救主
Transliteration: gau3 zyu2
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: 大慈大悲救苦救難 (Guanyin epithet), 有求必應式嘅救世主
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. σωτήρ, Jude 1:25, ‘to the only God our Savior.’ A personal title inheriting the full Critical weight of the baseline’s 救恩, since it personalizes exactly the concept the baseline most emphatically guards. Must never echo popular wish-granting savior-epithets (Guanyin’s 大慈大悲救苦救難, Wong Tai Sin’s ‘whatever you ask, you shall receive’).
High Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: 蒙召嘅
Transliteration: mung4 siu6 ge3
Doctrine: Divine Calling / Epistolary Identity and Greeting
Rejected alternatives: 命中注定, 八字注定
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:1’s threefold description of believers (beloved, kept, called).
Saints
Approved rendering: 聖徒
Transliteration: sing3 tou4
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 神仙, 得道高人
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:3: recipients of the once-for-all-delivered faith. NOTE: Jude 1:14’s ἁγίαις μυριάσιν (‘holy myriads’) refers to angelic hosts, a related but distinct sense derived from the same ἅγιος root — context must disambiguate from the human ‘saints’ of 1:3.
Holy
Approved rendering: 聖潔
Transliteration: sing3 git3
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 清淨, 戒口修行式嘅潔淨
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:20 intensifies as ‘your most holy faith’ (ἁγιωτάτῃ), modifying 真道 (the doctrinal deposit), not a person — must read as ‘your most holy doctrine’, not ‘you, the most holy ones’.
Father
Approved rendering: 父
Transliteration: fu6
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family / Epistolary Identity and Greeting
Rejected alternatives: 祖先, 老竇式嘅父
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:1: believers are ‘beloved in God the Father’ (θεῷ πατρὶ). Distinguish from ancestor veneration (拜祖先, Ching Ming/Chung Yeung observance) per baseline note — the biblical Father cares for his children, the reverse direction of ancestor veneration.
Sin
Approved rendering: 罪
Transliteration: zeoi6
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability / Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 報應, 唔衰得
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:15: ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀσεβεῖς (‘ungodly sinners’) — 罪人 (罪 + 人) used for ἁμαρτωλός. Distinguish from impersonal karmic retribution (報應).
Faith
Approved rendering: 信心
Transliteration: seon3 sam1
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 虔誠, 睇相算命式嘅相信
Inherited from Romans package EXACTLY, fixed for the SUBJECTIVE, personal-trust sense of πίστις. CRITICAL FENCING NOTE FOR JUDE: this rendering must NEVER be used for Jude 1:3 or 1:20, where πίστις is used in the OBJECTIVE, transmitted-doctrine sense and must instead be rendered 真道 (see new term ‘the_faith_objective’). The two Cantonese words render two distinct senses of one Greek lexeme and must never be treated as interchangeable.
The Faith Objective
Approved rendering: 真道
Transliteration: zan1 dou6
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 信心 (baseline’s subjective-trust sense — wrong sense here), 道 alone (Daoist ‘the Way’ association)
Original: πίστις (objective sense)
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. πίστις in its OBJECTIVE sense (fides quae creditur) — the fixed body of apostolic doctrine, Jude 1:3 (‘the faith once for all delivered’) and 1:20 (‘your most holy faith’). Must never collapse into 信心, and must not be read as an evolving cultural/philosophical ‘Way’.
Contend For The Faith
Approved rendering: 竭力爭辯
Transliteration: kit3 lik6 zaang1 bin6
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 打交, 拼命, 義氣式嘅爭鬥
Original: ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι, Jude 1:3, the epistle’s thesis verb. Must read as vigorous doctrinal/verbal defense of revealed truth, never physical combat, personal vendetta, or triad-film-style loyalty-fighting (義氣).
Delivered Handed Down
Approved rendering: 交付
Transliteration: gaau1 fu6
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 傳統, 家訓/祖訓式嘅傳承
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Doctrine Transmission
NEW TERM. παραδίδωμι, Jude 1:3. A fixed, closed, once-for-all doctrinal deposit, not an adaptable ancestral/clan tradition (家訓, 祖訓) each generation may revise.
Once For All
Approved rendering: 一次過
Transliteration: jat1 ci3 gwo3
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 還神還願式嘅可重複承諾
Original: ἅπαξ
Category: Doctrine Transmission
NEW TERM. ἅπαξ, Jude 1:3 and 1:5. Non-repeatable, completed act; must not imply ongoing/renewable revelation, and must be distinguished from the repeatable ritual-vow-renewal pattern of temple practice (還神還願).
Ungodly Ungodliness
Approved rendering: 不敬虔
Transliteration: bat1 ging3 kin4
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 冇禮貌, 失禮, 唔孝順
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. ἀσεβής/ἀσέβεια, Jude 1:4, 1:15 (×4), 1:18. Culpable irreverence toward God specifically, not social etiquette failure, loss of face, or filial disrespect. The fourfold repetition in 1:15 must not be flattened or abbreviated in translation.
Judgment
Approved rendering: 審判
Transliteration: sam2 pun3
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 報應
Original: κρίσις / κρίμα
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM (fixed single rendering for both κρίσις and κρίμα). Jude 1:4, 1:6, 1:9, 1:15. God’s personal, final, moral verdict; must never be conflated with impersonal karmic retribution (報應, flagged under the baseline’s ‘sin’ entry) nor softened into an ordinary civil-court verdict.
Kept Reserved For Judgment
Approved rendering: 拘留 / 留下等候審判
Transliteration: keoi1 lau4 / lau4 dai1 dang2 hau6 sam2 pun3
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types / Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 保守 (reserved exclusively for the OPPOSITE, believer-preserving sense)
Original: τηρέω (judicial sense)
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. τηρέω in its JUDICIAL-RESERVATION sense, Jude 1:6 (fallen angels) and 1:13 (darkness reserved for false teachers). MUST NEVER share the 保守 rendering used for God’s gracious preservation of believers — same Greek root, opposite theological direction. Treat as functionally Critical in QA: a swapped rendering would invert the doctrine while still reading fluently in Cantonese.
Kept Preserved
Approved rendering: 保守
Transliteration: bou2 sau2
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: 平安符式嘅保護, 修煉/自我完善
Original: τηρέω / φυλάσσω (preserving sense)
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM covering both τηρέω and φυλάσσω in their PRESERVING sense: Jude 1:1 (believers kept for Christ), 1:21 (believers commanded to keep themselves in God’s love), 1:24 (God able to guard believers from stumbling). Personal, relational, gracious divine preservation — never the magical protective efficacy of a 平安符 charm nor impersonal fate. In 1:21, ‘keep yourselves’ is a grace-enabled response, not self-generated moral effort/self-cultivation (修煉). Must never be confused with ‘kept_reserved_for_judgment’ above — see that entry’s hard-rule note.
Blameless
Approved rendering: 無瑕無疵
Transliteration: mou4 haa4 mou4 ci1
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: 面子/名聲完美
Original: ἄμωμος
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. ἄμωμος, Jude 1:24 — believers presented in this state before God’s glory. God-credited moral/spiritual purity, conceptually parallel to the baseline’s Critical 算為義 (imputed righteousness); must be distinguished from social ‘spotless reputation/face’ framing (面子).
Soulish Worldly
Approved rendering: 屬血氣嘅
Transliteration: suk6 hyut3 hei3 ge3
Doctrine: Spiritless Conduct and Division
Original: ψυχικός
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. ψυχικός, Jude 1:19. Genuinely difficult without collision: 血氣 (literally ‘blood-and-qi/vital-energy’) risks being heard through Traditional Chinese Medicine’s qi-vitality framework or qigong/martial-arts self-cultivation culture (修煉, flagged under the baseline’s sanctification entry). Denotes absence of the Holy Spirit’s indwelling presence — a theological, not physiological or energetic, deficiency.
Mercy
Approved rendering: 憐憫
Transliteration: lyun4 man5
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 恩典 (distinct baseline Critical term — grace ≠ mercy), 還神還願式嘅慈悲交換
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. ἔλεος, Jude 1:2, 1:21, 1:22. Compassion shown to the suffering/needy, distinct from unearned favor toward the guilty (恩典), and never a transactional temple-vow-exchange compassion (paralleling the baseline’s grace-vs-Wong-Tai-Sin caution).
Example Warning Type
Approved rendering: 反面嘅警戒
Transliteration: faan2 min6 ge3 ging2 gaai3
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types
Rejected alternatives: 榜樣 (unqualified — skews positive-model in ordinary usage)
Original: δεῖγμα
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. δεῖγμα, Jude 1:7 (Sodom and Gomorrah ‘set forth as an example’). Must retain negative warning force; plain 榜樣 would invert the verse’s meaning.
Destroyed Apollymi
Approved rendering: 毀滅
Transliteration: wai2 mit6
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types
NEW TERM. ἀπόλλυμι, Jude 1:5 — God’s destruction of the unbelieving Exodus wilderness generation. Must retain historical, particular, once-in-history force rather than being generalized into an abstract principle, which would weaken the passage’s function as a τύπος (warning-type).
Snatching Out Of Fire
Approved rendering: 搶救
Transliteration: coeng2 gau3
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
NEW TERM. σῴζετε…ἁρπάζοντες, Jude 1:23. Urgent, decisive rescue action performed by believers as Christ’s instruments; must not be misread as humans possessing independent saving power rivaling the Critical baseline term 救恩.
Medium Risk Terms
Glory
Approved rendering: 榮耀
Transliteration: wing4 jiu6
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: 面子, 威水
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. In Jude 1:8 (slandered angelic ‘glories’) and 1:24-25 (closing doxology, paired with new terms 威嚴/權能/權柄 forming a fourfold ascription that must not be flattened into a single generic ‘greatness’ word).
Peace
Approved rendering: 平安
Transliteration: ping4 on1
Doctrine: Peace with God / Epistolary Identity and Greeting
Rejected alternatives: 平安符式嘅平安, 老黃曆話嘅好日子
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:2, part of the salutation’s threefold blessing (mercy, peace, love).
Servant Slave
Approved rendering: 僕人
Transliteration: buk6 jan4
Doctrine: Epistolary Identity and Greeting
Rejected alternatives: 奴隸, 事頭/老爺式嘅封建關係
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
NEW TERM. δοῦλος, Jude 1:1, the author’s self-designation. Honored total devotion, not chattel slavery (奴隸) nor a feudal master-servant social hierarchy (老爺/事頭).
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: 永生
Transliteration: wing5 sang1
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 長生不老
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (established Chinese-Christian compound). ζωὴ αἰώνιος, Jude 1:21. Resurrection life in God’s presence through Christ, not Daoist/folk-religious physical-immortality attainment (長生不老) through spiritual technique. NEVER echo the Recovery Version’s ‘life-mingling’/‘divine dispensing’ framing.
Angels
Approved rendering: 天使
Transliteration: tin1 si2
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types
Rejected alternatives: 神仙
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. ἄγγελος, Jude 1:6, describing FALLEN angels reserved for judgment. Must be clarified as angelic beings who forfeited their position, not benevolent guardian-spirit figures as sometimes popularly imagined.
Devil
Approved rendering: 魔鬼
Transliteration: mo1 gwai2
Doctrine: Angelic Authority and Restraint
Rejected alternatives: 鬼 (alone — generic ghost/ancestral-spirit association)
Original: διάβολος
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. διάβολος, Jude 1:9. Must be distinguished from bare 鬼, which carries extremely active currency in Cantonese folk speech via ancestral-spirit belief and the Hungry Ghost Festival (盂蘭節). 魔鬼 anchors this as a personal, singular, fallen being.
Woe
Approved rendering: 有禍了
Transliteration: jau5 wo1 liu5
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: οὐαί
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. οὐαί, Jude 1:11. A prophetic judgment-pronouncement, not a mere expression of pity.
Flattery For Gain
Approved rendering: 為利益而阿諛奉承人
Transliteration: wai4 lei6 jik1 ji4 o1 jyu4 fung6 sing4 jan4
Doctrine: False Teachers Motivated by Greed and Error
Rejected alternatives: 畀面 read as inherently sinful
Original: θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα…χάριν
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα…χάριν, Jude 1:16. Distinguish condemned exploitative flattery-for-gain from the ordinarily benign Cantonese social courtesy of face-giving (畀面) — the sin is exploitative insincerity for profit, not politeness itself.
Dominion Might
Approved rendering: 權能
Transliteration: kyun4 nang4
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: 法力
Original: κράτος
Category: God
NEW TERM. κράτος, Jude 1:25. God’s own sovereign might, never 法力 (a medium’s or practitioner’s ritual power, already flagged under the baseline’s ‘power_of_god’ entry).
Authority Exousia
Approved rendering: 權柄
Transliteration: kyun4 beng3
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: God
NEW TERM. ἐξουσία, Jude 1:25. Standard doxological term; part of the fourfold chain (榮耀/威嚴/權能/權柄) ascribing total, exclusive sovereignty to God alone, which must not be diluted into a single generic term.
Dreamers False Visions
Approved rendering: 憑異夢自誇嘅人
Transliteration: pang4 ji6 mung6 zi6 kwaa1 ge3 jan4
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 解夢 framing treated as legitimate
NEW TERM. ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι, Jude 1:8. False teachers’ self-authorizing visionary/dream-revelation claims; distinguish from Cantonese folk dream-interpretation practice (解夢) — these are false, self-serving claims, not legitimate revelation.
Grumblers Complainers
Approved rendering: 發怨言嘅人、埋怨命運嘅人
Transliteration: faat3 jyun3 jin4 ge3 jan4, maai4 jyun3 ming6 wan6 ge3 jan4
Doctrine: False Teachers Motivated by Greed and Error
Rejected alternatives: 埋怨命運 used as a standalone fatalistic-fate framing
NEW TERM. γογγυσταί, μεμψίμοιροι, Jude 1:16, echoing Israel’s wilderness grumbling (cf. 1:5). Discontent with God’s provision/authority specifically, not generic bad-luck grumbling about impersonal fate.
Mockers
Approved rendering: 好譏笑人嘅人
Transliteration: hou3 gei1 siu3 jan4 ge3 jan4
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
NEW TERM. ἐμπαῖκται, Jude 1:18, predicted beforehand by the apostles.
Last Time
Approved rendering: 末世 / 最後嘅時代
Transliteration: mut6 sai3 / zeoi3 hau6 ge3 si4 doi6
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 睇風水擇日式嘅日期推算
NEW TERM. ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτου [τοῦ] χρόνου, Jude 1:18. The NT’s inaugurated-but-not-consummated ‘last days’ era; must not be read as a date-calculation exercise, consistent with the baseline’s wariness of divination/date-selection culture (睇風水擇日).
Love Feast
Approved rendering: 愛筵
Transliteration: oi3 jin4
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship (contextual)
Rejected alternatives: 盆菜式嘅氏族宴會
Original: ἀγάπαι (specialized plural)
Category: Church
NEW TERM (established Chinese-Christian compound). ἀγάπαι (specialized plural), Jude 1:12. Covenant-fellowship meal expressing shared union in Christ, not a clan-solidarity or ancestor-honoring banquet (盆菜 tradition).
Sodom Gomorrah
Approved rendering: 所多瑪同埋蛾摩拉
Transliteration: so2 do1 maa5 tung4 maai4 ngo4 mo1 laai1
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: History
NEW TERM. Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα, Jude 1:7. Third of Jude’s three OT warning-types (with Israel and the fallen angels); requires brief Genesis 19 narrative background given low OT literacy.
Cain Balaam Korah
Approved rendering: 該隱、巴蘭、可拉
Transliteration: koi1 jan2, baa1 laan4, ho2 laai1
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types
Original: Κάϊν, Βαλαάμ, Κόρε
Category: History
NEW TERM. Κάϊν, Βαλαάμ, Κόρε, Jude 1:11. Three further OT warning-types, each a distinct sin-pattern (murderous jealousy/false worship; mercenary false prophecy; rebellion against God-appointed authority); require brief narrative glosses given low OT literacy.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 使徒
Transliteration: si2 tou4
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 風水師, 大師
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:17: source of the apostles’ prior prediction of end-time mockers.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 預言
Transliteration: jyu6 jin4
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture / Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 求籤, 睇風水擇日, 算命
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:14: Enoch ‘prophesied’ concerning the last-day false teachers, quoted from the non-canonical Book of Enoch. Jude treats the utterance as genuine prophecy without thereby canonizing 1 Enoch itself — an explanatory, not lexical, point for teaching notes.
Moses
Approved rendering: 摩西
Transliteration: mo1 sai1
Doctrine: (proper name)
Original: Μωϋσῆς
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:9: referenced in the dispute between Michael and the devil over Moses’ body.
Amen
Approved rendering: 阿們
Transliteration: aa3 mun4
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἀμήν
Category: Worship
Inherited from Romans package. Closes the doxology at Jude 1:25.
Archangel
Approved rendering: 天使長
Transliteration: tin1 si2 zoeng2
Doctrine: Angelic Authority and Restraint
Original: ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. ἀρχάγγελος, Jude 1:9, title of Michael. Established compound; minimal collision risk.
Jude Author
Approved rendering: 猶大
Transliteration: jau4 daai6
Doctrine: (proper name)
Original: Ἰούδας
Category: History
NEW TERM. Ἰούδας, Jude 1:1. Book title follows established convention 猶大書; context must disambiguate the author from Judas Iscariot (same Chinese form), consistent with how 雅各 disambiguates James from Jacob.
James
Approved rendering: 雅各
Transliteration: aa3 gok3
Doctrine: (proper name)
Original: Ἰάκωβος
Category: History
NEW TERM. Ἰάκωβος, Jude 1:1, Jude’s brother. Homographic with OT Jacob, disambiguated by context.
Michael
Approved rendering: 米迦勒
Transliteration: mai5 kaa1 lak6
Doctrine: Angelic Authority and Restraint
Original: Μιχαήλ
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. Μιχαήλ, Jude 1:9. Render as ‘天使長米迦勒’ with NO gloss suggesting or denying any identity claim beyond the text — screens out the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ New World Translation-associated Michael-as-Jesus doctrinal reading; any identity discussion belongs in teaching notes, never the translated text.
Enoch
Approved rendering: 以諾
Transliteration: ji5 nok6
Doctrine: (proper name)
Original: Ἑνώχ
Category: History
NEW TERM. Ἑνώχ, Jude 1:14, ‘the seventh from Adam.’ His non-canonical prophecy is quoted as genuinely prophetic without thereby canonizing 1 Enoch as Scripture.
Adam
Approved rendering: 亞當
Transliteration: aa3 dong1
Doctrine: (proper name)
NEW TERM. Ἀδάμ, Jude 1:14, genealogical reference point (‘the seventh from Adam’).
Egypt
Approved rendering: 埃及
Transliteration: oi1 kap6
Doctrine: (proper name)
NEW TERM. Αἴγυπτος, Jude 1:5, the place from which the Lord saved a people, later destroying those among them who did not believe.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Error Planē
Approved rendering: 錯謬
Transliteration: co3 mau6
Doctrine: False Teachers Motivated by Greed and Error
Rejected alternatives: 睇風水擇日/求籤 (divination-guidance framing)
Original: πλάνη
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. πλάνη, Jude 1:11 (Balaam’s error, pursued for hire/wages). Doctrinal error pursued for financial gain, sharply distinguished from the Cantonese cultural pattern of being ‘led’ by fortune-tellers or feng shui consultants.
Reject Authority
Approved rendering: 藐視掌權者
Transliteration: miu5 si6 zong2 kyun4 ze2
Doctrine: Angelic Authority and Restraint
Original: κυριότητα ἀθετοῦσιν
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. κυριότητα ἀθετοῦσιν, Jude 1:8. Scoped narrowly to contemptuous rejection of divinely-appointed authority/angelic rank; must not be broadened to appear to endorse rejecting all legitimate human civil authority (collision with the Romans baseline’s political-sensitivity flag on Romans 13).
Majesty
Approved rendering: 威嚴
Transliteration: wai1 jim4
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: 威水
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: God
NEW TERM. μεγαλωσύνη, Jude 1:25, part of the fourfold doxological chain. Divine greatness, never the colloquial 威水 (‘flashy impressiveness’), already forbidden under the baseline’s ‘glory’ entry.
Blaspheme Glories
Approved rendering: 毀謗尊榮嘅
Transliteration: wai2 pong3 zyun1 wing4 ge3
Doctrine: Angelic Authority and Restraint
NEW TERM. δόξας…βλασφημοῦσιν, Jude 1:8. False teachers arrogantly mock angelic beings/dignities they do not understand, contrasted with Michael’s restraint in 1:9 (a fortiori logic that must be preserved structurally).
Wavering Doubting
Approved rendering: 心存疑惑嘅人
Transliteration: sam1 cyun4 ji4 waak6 ge3 jan4
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 求籤/算命/睇相 (folk-divination resolution of uncertainty)
Original: διακρίνομαι
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. διακρίνομαι, Jude 1:22. Spiritual doubt under doctrinal pressure, resolved through patient community mercy and sound teaching, never through divination.
Referenced passages