Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Titus (English–Greek–Cantonese)
This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across all three chapters of Titus. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] and their Cantonese rendering must not be altered. Terms new to this curriculum are marked [NEW — ADD TO TM] and must be added to translation memory with the risk tier shown before Phase 2 processing begins, per the Instruction Set’s new-term protocol.
Table Legend
- Status: BASELINE (reuse exactly, unchanged) / NEW (propose for addition to TM)
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low, per
doctrine_risk_registry.jsonconventions - Doctrine(s): which of the seven curriculum doctrines the term anchors
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Cantonese Rendering | Jyutping | Status | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Key Passages | Forbidden/Rejected Alternatives | Risk Note Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Grace | χάρις (charis) | 恩典 | jan1 din2 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Critical | Grace That Trains for Godly Living; Salvation by Grace not Works | 2:11; 3:7 | 福氣, 功德, Wong Tai Sin-style vow-favor | Grace personified as trainer/agent in Titus, not a granted reward for offering/vow. |
| 2 | Appeared / Appearing | ἐπιφαίνω / ἐπιφάνεια (epiphainō / epiphaneia) | 顯現 | hin2 jin6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Critical | Grace That Trains; Salvation by Grace not Works | 2:11; 2:13; 3:4 | 顯靈, 化身 | The letter’s key structural verb (used of grace, Christ’s future glory, and God’s kindness). Never a repeatable/ritual manifestation. |
| 3 | Training / Disciplining | παιδεύω (paideuō) | 教導 / 訓練 | gaau3 dou6 / fan3 lin6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 2:12 | 修煉 (self-cultivation) | Grace is the personal agent training the believer; not self-directed spiritual cultivation. |
| 4 | Godliness | εὐσέβεια (eusebeia) | 敬虔 | ging3 kin4 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 1:1; 2:12 | 虔誠 (generic piety toward any deity) | Must be anchored explicitly to the true God, not generic religious devotion. |
| 5 | Ungodliness | ἀσέβεια (asebeia) | 不敬虔 | bat1 ging3 kin4 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 2:12 | — | Paired opposite of 敬虔; irreverence toward the true God specifically. |
| 6 | Self-controlled / Sensible | σώφρων / σωφρόνως (sōphrōn/-ōs) | 自律 / 節制 | zi6 leot6 / zit3 zai3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 2:2,5,6,12 | — | Recurring motif across all household-code categories; standard term, low collision. |
| 7 | Worldly desires | κοσμικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι (kosmikai epithymiai) | 世俗嘅私慾 | sai3 zuk6 ge3 si1 juk6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 2:12 | — | Present-age value-oriented desires, not necessarily only sexual. |
| 8 | Blessed hope | μακαρία ἐλπίς (makaria elpis) | 有福嘅盼望 | jau5 fuk1 ge3 pong6 mong6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 2:13 | 求籤/占卜式嘅好運 | Hope grounded in Christ’s return, not fortune/luck. |
| 9 | Glory | δόξα (doxa) | 榮耀 | wing4 jiu6 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Medium | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 2:13 | 面子, 威水 | Reused from baseline unchanged. |
| 10 | Great God and Savior Jesus Christ | ὁ μέγας θεὸς καὶ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστός (ho megas theos kai sōtēr hēmōn Iēsous Christos) | 我哋偉大嘅神同救主耶穌基督 | ngo5 dei6 wai5 daai6 ge3 san4 tung4 gau3 zyu2 je4 sou1 gei1 duk1 | Compound: 神/耶穌/基督 BASELINE; 救主 NEW | Critical | Grace That Trains; Salvation by Grace not Works | 2:13 | any rendering splitting God and Savior into two separate referents | Direct affirmation of Christ’s full deity; mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| 11 | Savior | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | 救主 | gau3 zyu2 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Critical | Salvation by Grace not Works; Grace That Trains | 1:3,4; 2:10,13; 3:4,6 | — | Applied to both Father and Son across the letter — Trinitarian pattern in saving identity. |
| 12 | Redeem / Redemption | λυτρόω / λύτρωσις (lytroō/lytrōsis) | 救贖 | gau3 suk6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Critical | Salvation by Grace not Works | 2:14 | 還神還願式嘅贖罪, ritual debt-clearing | Once-for-all, Christ-accomplished; never a ritual/vow-fulfillment transaction. |
| 13 | Lawlessness | ἀνομία (anomia) | 罪惡 | zeoi6 ok3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Salvation by Grace not Works | 2:14 | 不法 (secular-legal connotation), conflation with 律法 | General moral rebellion, not specifically Mosaic-law violation in this context. |
| 14 | Purify / Cleanse | καθαρίζω (katharizō) | 潔淨 | git3 zeng6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Salvation by Grace not Works; Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 2:14 | 清淨 (Daoist/Buddhist ritual purity) | Moral/Spirit-effected cleansing, not ritual observance. |
| 15 | A people for his own possession | λαὸς περιούσιος (laos periousios) | 屬神嘅子民 | suk6 san4 ge3 zi2 man4 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Salvation by Grace not Works; (Unity of Jews/Gentiles, cross-ref) | 2:14 | — | LXX covenant-possession language (Exodus 19:5); distinct from, related to, 揀選 (election). |
| 16 | Good works | ἀγαθὰ/καλὰ ἔργα (agatha/kala erga) | 善行 | sin6 hang4 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works; Salvation by Grace not Works | 2:14; 3:1,8,14 | as a ground/cause of salvation | 善行 was explicitly rejected as a gloss for 義 (righteousness) in baseline; here it names the FRUIT, never the ROOT, of salvation. Requires footnote every occurrence. |
| 17 | Works (general) | ἔργα (erga) | 行為 | hang4 wai4 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Salvation by Grace not Works | 3:5 | earned/meritorious works as salvation’s basis | Explicitly excluded as the ground of salvation in 3:5’s central soteriological statement. |
| 18 | Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | 義 | ji6 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Critical | Salvation by Grace not Works | 2:12; 3:5 | 道德, 善行, 義氣 (Confucian loyalty-honor code) | Reused from baseline; requires distinguishing note between ethical (2:12) and forensic (3:5) senses within the same letter. |
| 19 | Justification / Justified | δικαιόω (dikaioō) | 稱義 | cing1 ji6 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Critical | Salvation by Grace not Works | 3:7 | 修成正果, 還神還願 | Reused from baseline unchanged. |
| 20 | Mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | 憐憫 | lin4 man5 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Salvation by Grace not Works | 3:5 | 超度 (Buddhist compassionate-release rite) | Personal God’s mercy toward the guilty, not ritual release from suffering. |
| 21 | Saved / Salvation (verb) | σῴζω (sōzō) | 拯救 | zing2 gau3 | NEW — ADD TO TM (verb form; noun 救恩 already BASELINE) | Critical | Salvation by Grace not Works | 3:5 | 解脫, 超度 | Verb form of baseline noun 救恩; keep noun/verb pair transparent. |
| 22 | Salvation (noun) | σωτηρία (sōtēria) | 救恩 | gau3 jan1 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Critical | Salvation by Grace not Works | 2:11 (adj. form); throughout | 解脫, 超度, Guanyin epithet | Reused from baseline unchanged. |
| 23 | Regeneration / Washing of regeneration | παλιγγενεσία / λουτρὸν παλιγγενεσίας (palingenesia / loutron palingenesias) | 重生 (嘅洗滌) | cung4 sang1 (ge3 sai2 dik6) | NEW — ADD TO TM | Critical | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit | 3:5 | 投胎轉世 (reincarnation), 問米 spirit-medium framing | Highest syncretism risk in the letter: one-time, Spirit-wrought new birth, never a cycle or repeatable rebirth. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| 24 | Renewal (of the Holy Spirit) | ἀνακαίνωσις (anakainōsis) | 更新 | gang1 san1 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit | 3:5 | 修煉 (self-cultivation renewal), New Year self-improvement framing | Ongoing Spirit-wrought renewal, complementary to one-time regeneration. |
| 25 | Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον (pneuma hagion) | 聖靈 | sing3 ling4 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Critical | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit | 3:5 | 問米嘅靈, 祖先靈, 靈 alone | Reused from baseline unchanged. |
| 26 | Poured out | ἐκχέω (ekcheō) | 澈落 / 傾降 | dou3 lok6 / king1 gong3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit | 3:6 | — | Echoes Pentecost/Joel outpouring imagery; abundant, not rationed. |
| 27 | Heir | κληρονόμος (klēronomos) | 後嗣 | hau6 si6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Salvation by Grace not Works; (Adoption, cross-ref) | 3:7 | 過繼 (clan-succession adoption) | Relational, grace-based heirship, not a clan-lineage-transfer arrangement. |
| 28 | Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | 永生 | wing5 sang1 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Salvation by Grace not Works | 1:2; 3:7 | — | Standard established Chinese Christian term; low collision risk. |
| 29 | Hope | ἐλπίς (elpis) | 盼望 | pong6 mong6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Grace That Trains; Salvation by Grace not Works | 1:2; 2:13; 3:7 | 好運 (luck-based hope) | Confident expectation grounded in God’s promise, not fortune. |
| 30 | Trustworthy saying (formula) | πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (pistos ho logos) | 呢話係可信嘅 | ni1 wa2 hai6 ho2 seon3 ge3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Low-Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 3:8 | — | Recurring Pastoral Epistles formula; render identically across the corpus. |
| 31 | Faith / Believe | πίστις / πιστεύω (pistis/pisteuō) | 信心 / 信 | seon3 sam1 / seon3 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | High | Salvation by Grace not Works | 1:1; 3:8 | 虔誠, 睇相算命式嘅相信 | Reused from baseline unchanged. |
| 32 | Elder | πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros) | 長老 | zoeng2 lou5 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Qualifications for Elders | 1:5 | clan-elder / village-patriarch office (村中長老) | Appointed spiritual overseer for doctrinal/moral qualification, not inherited clan authority. |
| 33 | Overseer / Bishop | ἐπίσκοπος (episkopos) | 監督 | gaam1 duk1 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Qualifications for Elders | 1:7 | 主教 (later hierarchical Bishop office) | Same local-congregation office as πρεσβύτερος; not a diocesan bishop. |
| 34 | Older man / Older woman (age, not office) | πρεσβύτης / πρεσβῦτις (presbytēs/presbytis) | 年長嘅男人 / 年長嘅女人 | nin4 zoeng2 ge3 naam4/neoi5 jan2 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Qualifications for Elders (contrast) | 2:2-3 | conflation with 長老 (elder office) | Must be kept distinct from the office-term 長老. |
| 35 | Blameless | ἀνέγκλητος (anenklētos) | 無可指摘 | mou4 ho2 zi2 zaak3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Elders | 1:6 | — | Standard qualification-list term. |
| 36 | Husband of one wife | μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ (mias gynaikos anēr) | 只有一個妻子嘅丈夫 | zi2 jau5 jat1 go3 cai1 zi2 ge3 zoeng2 fu1 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium-High | Qualifications for Elders | 1:6 | — | Historical note: pre-1971 Hong Kong concubinage (妾) practice provides cultural backdrop. |
| 37 | Believing children | τέκνα πιστά (tekna pista) | 信主嘅子女 | seon3 zyu2 ge3 zi2 neoi5 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | 1:6 | — | Household spiritual oversight, not merely behavioral. |
| 38 | Insubordinate / Rebellious | ἀνυπότακτος (anypotaktos) | 唔受管教 / 悖逆 | m4 sau6 gun2 gaau3 / bui6 jik6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium-High | Qualifications for Elders; Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 1:6,10 | — | Links disqualifying trait in children with false-teacher critique. |
| 39 | Holy / Devout | ὅσιος (hosios) | 虔敬 | kin4 ging3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | 1:8 | conflation with 聖潔 or 敬虔 | Near-synonym of εὐσέβεια/ἅγιος; requires distinguishing note. |
| 40 | Self-disciplined | ἐγκρατής (egkratēs) | 有節制 | jau5 zit3 zai3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Elders | 1:8 | — | Near-synonym of σώφρων. |
| 41 | Holding fast the trustworthy word | ἀντεχόμενος τοῦ πιστοῦ λόγου (antechomenos tou pistou logou) | 堅守合乎教義嘅真道 | gin1 sau2 hap6 fu4 gaau3 ji6 ge3 zan1 dou6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium-High | Qualifications for Elders; Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 1:9 | — | Links elder qualification directly to doctrinal soundness. |
| 42 | Sound doctrine / Sound teaching | διδασκαλία ὑγιαίνουσα / λόγος ὑγιής (didaskalia hygiainousa / logos hygiēs) | 純正嘅教義 | seon4 zing3 ge3 gaau3 ji6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 1:9,13; 2:1,2,8 | 合乎規矩/合乎老黃曆 (correct-ritual-procedure framing) | Structurally central term; render identically at every occurrence. Medical “health” metaphor = life-giving revealed truth, not correct technique. |
| 43 | Rebuke those who contradict | ἐλέγχειν τοὺς ἀντιλέγοντας (elenchein tous antilegontas) | 責備反對嘅人 | zaak3 bei6 faan2 deoi3 ge3 jan4 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Elders | 1:9 | — | Elder’s doctrinal-defense function. |
| 44 | Empty talkers / Mind-deceivers | ματαιολόγοι / φρεναπάται (mataiologoi/phrenapatai) | 講廢話嘅人 / 欺騙人心嘅人 | gong2 fai3 waa2 ge3 jan4 / hei1 pin3 jan4 sam1 ge3 jan4 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 1:10 | — | Describes false teachers, esp. circumcision-party faction. |
| 45 | Circumcision party | οἱ ἐκ περιτομῆς (hoi ek peritomēs) | 割禮派 | got3 lai5 paai3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Low-Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 1:10 | — | Requires OT/Second Temple background footnote for low-OT-literacy audience. |
| 46 | Their own prophet (Epimenides, quoted ironically) | ἴδιος προφήτης (idios prophētēs) | 佢哋自己嘅「先知」 | keoi5 dei6 zi6 gei2 ge3 sin1 zi1 | NEW — ADD TO TM (contextual note only) | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 1:12 | conflation with baseline prophet (先知, true biblical office) | Ironic quotation of a pagan poet; must not be confused with genuine prophetic office. |
| 47 | Prophet | προφήτης (prophētēs) | 先知 | sin1 zi1 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Low | (contrast with #46) | 1:12 (contrastive) | 風水師, 算命佬 | Reused from baseline; note contrastive ironic use above at #46. |
| 48 | Disqualified / Unfit (lit. “failed the test”) | ἀδόκιμος (adokimos) | 經不起考驗 | ging1 bat1 hei2 haau2 jim6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 1:16 | secular “failing an exam” | Metal-testing/approval metaphor; spiritual genuineness, not academic performance. |
| 49 | Reverent (temple-appropriate demeanor) | ἱεροπρεπής (hieroprepēs) | 莊重聖潔 | zong1 zung6 sing3 git3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium-High | Qualifications for Elders (household extension) | 2:3 | 合乎廟堂規矩 (literal temple-ritual propriety) | Root evokes “temple-fitting” behavior; must not literalize into actual temple-etiquette language. |
| 50 | Slanderer (adjective, not “the devil”) | διάβολος (diabolos, adjectival use) | 讒謗人嘅 | caam4 pong3 jan4 ge3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 2:3 | confusion with “the devil” title | Common adjective here, distinct from the Satan-title usage elsewhere in NT. |
| 51 | Train / Admonish (to self-control) | σωφρονίζω (sōphronizō) | 教導…節制 | gaau3 dou6…zit3 zai3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Grace That Trains for Godly Living (human-mentoring form) | 2:4 | conflation with 2:12’s παιδεύω | Human-to-human mentoring, distinct from grace’s own training work in 2:12. |
| 52 | Pure / Chaste | ἁγνός (hagnos) | 純潔 | seon4 git3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Qualifications for Elders (household extension) | 2:5 | 清淨 (ritual purity) | Moral/sexual purity specifically; cognate with, but distinct emphasis from, 聖潔. |
| 53 | Home-worker / Home-keeper | οἰκουρός (oikouros) | 顧家 | gu3 gaa1 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium-High | Qualifications for Elders (household extension); Submission to Authority | 2:5 | 賢妻良母 (as universal prescriptive ideal) | Present as one biblical picture in its first-century setting, not a universal prescriptive template; sensitive given contemporary gender-role discourse. |
| 54 | Submit / Submission | ὑποτάσσω (hypotassō) | 順服 | seon6 fuk6 | NEW — ADD TO TM (root already embedded in BASELINE compound term obedience_of_faith) | High | Submission to Authority | 2:5; 2:9; 3:1 | coercive/absolute-obedience framing; conflation across the three distinct submission-contexts | Requires human theologian review; must be distinguished from baseline’s obedience_of_faith compound (順服 toward God) and applied carefully across marital (2:5), household-slave (2:9), and civic (3:1) contexts without collapsing all three into one undifferentiated command. |
| 55 | Word of God blasphemed / reviled | βλασφημέω (of God’s word) (blasphēmeō) | 神嘅道被褻瀆 | san4 ge3 dou6 bei6 sit3 duk6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium-High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 2:5 | — | Theologically weightier sense; distinguish from #61 (slander of people). |
| 56 | Example / Pattern | τύπος (typos) | 榜樣 | bong2 joeng6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Low-Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 2:7 | — | Titus is to model, not merely teach, sound conduct. |
| 57 | Integrity / Dignity / Sound speech beyond reproach | ἀφθορία, σεμνότης, λόγος ὑγιὴς ἀκατάγνωστος | 廉正、莊重、無可指摘嘅純正說話 | lim4 zing3, zong1 zung6, mou4 ho2 zi2 zaak3 ge3 seon4 zing3 syut3 waa2 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium-High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 2:7-8 | — | Reuses the 純正 (sound) rendering pattern established at #42. |
| 58 | Slave / Bondservant (household code) | δοῦλος (doulos, household-code sense) | 奴僕 | nou4 buk6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Submission to Authority | 2:9-10 | Application to modern employer–domestic-helper relations | First-century chattel slavery instruction; requires explicit historical contextualization given Hong Kong’s foreign domestic helper population. |
| 59 | Adorn the doctrine | κοσμέω τὴν διδασκαλίαν (kosmeō tēn didaskalian) | 使教義更加美好 | si2 gaau3 ji6 gang3 gaa1 mei5 hou2 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 2:10 | external ritual ornamentation framing | Life visibly matching doctrine’s content, not decorative/ritual display. |
| 60 | Kindness (of God) | χρηστότης (chrēstotēs) | 慈愛 | ci4 oi3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Critical | Salvation by Grace not Works | 3:4 | 慈悲 (Guanyin’s “great compassion” epithet) | Direct syncretism risk with popular Guanyin devotion; must never use 慈悲. |
| 61 | Love for mankind / Philanthropy | φιλανθρωπία (philanthrōpia) | 愛人嘅心 | oi3 jan4 ge3 sam1 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Salvation by Grace not Works | 3:4 | 仁愛 (Confucian 仁 collision) | God’s saving disposition, not a cultivated Confucian social virtue. |
| 62 | Blaspheme / Slander (of people) | βλασφημέω (of people) (blasphēmeō) | 講人壞話 / 毀謗 | gong2 jan4 waai6 waa2 / wai2 pong3 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 3:2 | conflation with #55 | Interpersonal slander, distinguish from the weightier “blasphemed word of God” sense. |
| 63 | Disobedient | ἀπειθής (apeithēs) | 悖逆 | bui6 jik6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium-High | Salvation by Grace not Works (pre-conversion contrast) | 1:16; 3:3 | — | Reused consistently across chapters for consistency. |
| 64 | Led astray / Deceived | πλανάω (planaō) | 被迷惑 | bei6 mai4 waak6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Salvation by Grace not Works (pre-conversion contrast) | 3:3 | occult/medium-specific over-reading | General pre-conversion human condition, not a specific occult-practice critique. |
| 65 | Enslaved to passions and pleasures | δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς (douleuontes epithymiais kai hēdonais) | 被各種私慾同享樂所奴役 | bei6 gok3 zung2 si1 juk6 tung4 hoeng2 lok6 so2 nou4 jik6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium-High | Salvation by Grace not Works (pre-conversion contrast) | 3:3 | conflation with #58’s positive δοῦλος usage | Deliberate contrast within the letter with Paul’s positive self-identification as God’s δοῦλος (1:1). |
| 66 | Rulers and authorities | ἀρχαὶ καὶ ἐξουσίαι (archai kai exousiai) | 執政掌權者 | zap1 zing3 zoeng2 kyun4 ze2 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Submission to Authority | 3:1 | political-loyalty-statement framing | Political-sensitivity flag, per baseline’s Romans 13 precedent for Hong Kong context. |
| 67 | Obey (civil authority) | πειθαρχέω (peitharcheō) | 服從 | fuk6 cung4 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Submission to Authority | 3:1 | — | Same political-sensitivity flag as #66. |
| 68 | Gentleness / Considerate | ἐπιεικής / πραΰτης (epieikēs/prautēs) | 謙和 / 溫柔 | him1 wo4 / wan1 jau4 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Low | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 3:2 | — | Standard virtue term. |
| 69 | Foolish controversies | μωραὶ ζητήσεις (mōrai zētēseis) | 愚昧嘅爭論 | jyu4 mui6 ge3 zaang1 leon6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 3:9 | — | Names the negative behavior the community avoids. |
| 70 | Genealogies | γενεαλογία (genealogia) | 族譜 | zuk6 pou2 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 3:9 | overapplication to Cantonese ancestral-genealogy/clan culture in general | Requires strong clarifying note distinguishing Paul’s specific first-century controversy from general family-history/ancestry interest, given strong Cantonese clan-culture resonance. |
| 71 | Quarrels about the law | ἔρις, μάχαι νομικαί (eris, machai nomikai) | 紛爭、為律法而爭論 | fan1 zang1, wai6 leot6 faat3 ji4 zaang1 leon6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium-High | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 3:9 | — | Reuses 律法 [BASELINE]; disputes about the Mosaic law’s requirements specifically. |
| 72 | Law | νόμος (nomos) | 律法 | leot6 faat3 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | High | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 3:9 | 禮, 規矩, 法律 | Reused from baseline unchanged. |
| 73 | Unprofitable / Worthless | ἀνωφελής, μάταιος (anōphelēs, mataios) | 無益、虛空 | mou4 jik1, heoi1 hung1 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Low-Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 3:9 | — | Direct antonym-pairing with #74 (profitable). |
| 74 | Profitable / Beneficial | ὠφέλιμος (ōphelimos) | 有益 | jau5 jik1 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Low | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 3:8 | — | Practical benefit of sound doctrine. |
| 75 | Divisive person | αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος (hairetikos anthrōpos) | 引起紛爭分裂嘅人 | jan5 hei2 fan1 zang1 fan1 lit6 ge3 jan4 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 3:10 | 異端 (fully-loaded later “heretic” sense) | Semantic-development flag: early usage names divisive behavior, not the later formal heresy-condemnation category. |
| 76 | Self-condemned | αὐτοκατάκριτος (autokatakritos) | 自我定罪 | zi6 ngo5 ding6 zeoi6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 3:11 | — | Legal metaphor: own actions constitute the verdict. |
| 77 | Servant/Slave of God (positive) | δοῦλος θεοῦ (doulos theou) | 神嘅奴僕 | san4 ge3 nou4 buk6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | High | (Introductory self-designation; cross-ref #58, #65) | 1:1 | conflation with negative slavery-to-sin sense | Deliberate positive/negative wordplay across the letter with 3:3 and 2:9-10; footnote required. |
| 78 | Apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | 使徒 | si2 tou4 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Low | (Apostolic authority undergirding the letter) | 1:1 | 風水師, 大師 | Reused from baseline unchanged. |
| 79 | God’s elect / chosen ones | ἐκλεκτοὶ θεοῦ (eklektoi theou) | 神所揀選嘅人 | san4 so2 gaan2 syun2 ge3 jan4 | BASELINE ROOT — REUSE 揀選 EXACTLY | Critical | (Election, cross-ref baseline) | 1:1 | 命運, 八字注定 | Reuses baseline election root exactly. |
| 80 | Truth | ἀλήθεια (alētheia) | 真理 | zan1 lei5 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 1:1 | relativistic “your truth” framing | Objective, revealed truth, not one option in a pluralistic spiritual marketplace. |
| 81 | God who does not lie | ἀψευδὴς θεός (apseudēs theos) | 唔會講大話嘅神 | m4 wui5 gong2 daai6 waa2 ge3 san4 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium-High | Salvation by Grace not Works (assurance backdrop) | 1:2 | contrast with unpredictable/conditional folk-deity favor | Positive contrast against perceived unpredictability of folk-deity favor (e.g., Wong Tai Sin). |
| 82 | Proclamation / Preaching | κήρυγμα (kērygma) | 宣講 | cyun4 gong2 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Low-Medium | (Mission, cross-ref baseline 宣教) | 1:3 | — | Related to baseline mission (宣教). |
| 83 | God | θεός (theos) | 神 | san4 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Critical | (all doctrines) | throughout | 天主, 上帝, 老天爺 | Reused from baseline unchanged. |
| 84 | Jesus | Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) | 耶穌 | je4 sou1 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Critical | (all Christological doctrines) | throughout | — | Reused from baseline unchanged. |
| 85 | Christ / Messiah | Χριστός (Christos) | 基督 | gei1 duk1 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Critical | (all Christological doctrines) | throughout | 彌勒, Wong Tai Sin-style savior framing | Reused from baseline unchanged. |
| 86 | Exhort | παρακαλέω (parakaleō) | 勸勉 | hyun3 min5 | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Low | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 2:15 | — | Reused from baseline unchanged. |
| 87 | Rebuke | ἐλέγχω (elenchō) | 責備 | zaak3 bei6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Low-Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works; Qualifications for Elders | 1:9; 1:13; 2:15 | — | Standard corrective-authority term. |
| 88 | Authority / Command | ἐπιταγή (epitagē) | 權柄 / 命令 | kyun4 beng3 / ming6 ling6 | NEW — ADD TO TM | Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 2:15 | conflation with civic ἀρχαί/ἐξουσίαι (#66) | Derivative apostolic/teaching authority, distinct from civil governmental authority. |
Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2 Enforcement
- Sound doctrine (純正嘅教義) is the single most frequently recurring new term in Titus (5 occurrences: 1:9, 1:13, 2:1, 2:2, 2:8) and must be rendered identically every time — this is the Titus-specific parallel to the baseline’s requirement for identical rendering of Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, and 10:9-10.
- Submission (順服) and its civic (服從) and household forms appear across three distinct contexts (marital 2:5, household-slave 2:9, civic 3:1) and require careful, context-aware handling per the escalation rules — flag all three for human theologian review, with particular attention to Hong Kong’s contemporary political and gender-discourse sensitivities.
- Good works (善行) must be footnoted in every occurrence (2:14; 3:1; 3:8; 3:14) with the fruit-not-root clarification, directly reinforcing the “Salvation by Grace not Works” doctrine and guarding the letter’s central 3:5-8 argument from inversion.
- Regeneration (重生) is this curriculum’s highest-novelty, highest-risk term and requires a dedicated standalone teaching note wherever it occurs, distinguishing it absolutely from 投胎轉世 (reincarnation).
- All Critical/High terms above must be escalated per the baseline Instruction Set’s escalation rules (human theologian review) before any Phase 2 segment containing them is marked approved.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: 恩典
Transliteration: jan1 din2
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living / Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 福氣, 功德, Wong Tai Sin-style vow-favor
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Titus, grace itself is grammatically personified as the acting subject that ‘appears’ (2:11) and ‘trains’ (2:12) the believer - the Cantonese rendering must sustain this personified-agent sense, not reduce grace to a static gift.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 義
Transliteration: ji6
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 道德, 善行, 義氣
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Titus uses this root in two senses within the same letter: ethical uprightness (2:12) and forensic ‘works done in righteousness’ explicitly excluded from salvation’s basis (3:5) - requires a distinguishing note at both occurrences.
Justification
Approved rendering: 稱義
Transliteration: cing1 ji6
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 修成正果, 還神還願
Original: δικαιόω (δικαιωθέντες)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Closes the argument opened at Titus 3:5 (3:7).
Salvation Noun
Approved rendering: 救恩
Transliteration: gau3 jan1
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 解脫, 超度, 大慈大悲救苦救難
Original: σωτηρία (adj. σωτήριος)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 2:11 uses the adjectival form (σωτήριος) describing grace itself as ‘saving’ - the Cantonese rendering must retain the grammatical link to this noun.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 聖靈
Transliteration: sing3 ling4
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 問米嘅靈, 祖先靈, 靈 alone
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Agent of regeneration and renewal (3:5) and richly poured out through Christ (3:6).
God
Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: san4
Doctrine: all doctrines
Rejected alternatives: 天主, 上帝, 老天爺, 耶和華 (NWT-style transliterated divine-name substitution)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. This package standardizes on 神 for Protestant curriculum consistency.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 耶穌
Transliteration: je4 sou1
Doctrine: Christological doctrines
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged.
Messiah
Approved rendering: 基督
Transliteration: gei1 duk1
Doctrine: Deity and Saviorhood of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 彌勒, 黃大仙式嘅救世主
Inherited from Romans package unchanged.
Election
Approved rendering: 揀選
Transliteration: gaan2 syun2
Doctrine: Divine Election (in Titus)
Rejected alternatives: 命運, 八字注定
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Root of Titus 1:1’s ‘God’s elect’ (see gods_elect entry below).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: 復活
Transliteration: fuk6 wut6
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit (forbidden-substitution cross-reference)
Rejected alternatives: 投胎轉世, 問米式嘅還魂
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. The forbidden substitution 投胎轉世 (reincarnation) already absolute for this baseline term is the SAME forbidden substitution that must never be used for Titus’s new term 重生 (regeneration, 3:5) - the two doctrines share this critical fence.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: 算為義
Transliteration: syun3 wai4 ji6
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 修成正果嘅義, 自義
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Background doctrinal anchor for Titus 3:5’s works/mercy contrast.
Epiphany Appearing
Approved rendering: 顯現
Transliteration: hin2 jin6
Doctrine: Deity and Saviorhood of Christ / Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: 顯靈, 化身
Original: ἐπιφαίνω / ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
New term. The letter’s structural keyword, recurring at 2:11 (grace), 2:13 (Christ’s future glory), and 3:4 (God’s kindness). NEVER 顯靈 (a deity ‘manifesting power’ at a Hong Kong shrine such as Wong Tai Sin) or 化身 (Guanyin’s popularly attributed repeatable manifestation-form). Each occurrence is a singular, historical, non-repeatable event.
Great God And Savior
Approved rendering: 我哋偉大嘅神同救主耶穌基督
Transliteration: ngo5 dei6 wai5 daai6 ge3 san4 tung4 gau3 zyu2 je4 sou1 gei1 duk1
Doctrine: Deity and Saviorhood of Christ
Rejected alternatives: splitting God and Savior into two separate referents (NWT-style)
Original: ὁ μέγας θεὸς καὶ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστός
Category: Christology
New term. Titus 2:13’s Granville Sharp construction identifies Jesus as both ‘great God’ and ‘Savior’ - one Person. Must never be rendered in a way that splits these into two referents (the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ New World Translation does exactly this and must never be echoed). Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Savior
Approved rendering: 救主
Transliteration: gau3 zyu2
Doctrine: Deity and Saviorhood of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Wong Tai Sin-style wish-granting savior framing
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New term. Applied to both the Father (1:3; 2:10; 3:4) and the Son (1:4; 2:13; 3:6) - a deliberate Trinitarian pattern of shared saving identity. Must never be conflated with a temple wish-granting deity’s savior-framing, already forbidden under baseline’s messiah entry.
Redemption
Approved rendering: 救贖
Transliteration: gau3 suk6
Doctrine: Redemption and Purification through Christ
Rejected alternatives: 還神還願式嘅贖罪, ritual debt-clearing ceremony
Original: λυτρόω / λύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
New term. Christ’s death (2:14) as a completed, once-for-all transaction accomplished entirely by Christ and received without payment from the believer - must never be framed as a temple vow-fulfillment ritual (還神還願).
Saved Verb
Approved rendering: 拯救
Transliteration: zing2 gau3
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 解脫, 超度
Original: σῴζω (ἔσωσεν)
Category: Salvation
New term (verb form; noun 救恩 already baseline). Titus 3:5’s decisive past-tense saving act - must render consistently across occurrences so the noun/verb pair stays transparent.
Regeneration
Approved rendering: 重生
Transliteration: cung4 sang1
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 投胎轉世 (reincarnation), 問米 spirit-medium framing, Recovery Version ‘mingling of divine and human natures’ framing, Catholic sacramental-efficacy-only framing where the physical washing itself causes regeneration
Original: παλιγγενεσία (λουτρὸν παλιγγενεσίας)
Category: Regeneration
New term. The single highest syncretism risk in this curriculum: its literal ‘born again’ sense collides directly with 投胎轉世, already forbidden absolutely under baseline’s resurrection. Must always be taught as a one-time, Spirit-wrought, non-repeatable new birth (3:5). Mandatory theologian review and dedicated anchoring language at every occurrence.
Kindness Of God
Approved rendering: 慈愛
Transliteration: ci4 oi3
Doctrine: Mercy and Kindness of God
Rejected alternatives: 慈悲 (Guanyin’s stock epithet 大慈大悲)
Original: χρηστότης
Category: God
New term. God’s benevolent disposition, the turning point of the letter’s argument (3:4). Must NEVER be rendered 慈悲, which is inseparably associated with Guanyin devotion and already forbidden by the baseline as a salvation synonym. Single-character-swap risk (愛 vs 悲) - flag for careful QA.
Gods Elect
Approved rendering: 神所揀選嘅人
Transliteration: san4 so2 gaan2 syun2 ge3 jan4
Doctrine: Divine Election (in Titus)
Rejected alternatives: 命運, 八字注定
Original: ἐκλεκτοὶ θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
New term (reuses baseline election root 揀選 exactly). Those personally, graciously chosen by God, whom Paul’s ministry serves (1:1) - never impersonal fate or birth-chart-determined destiny.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: 信心 / 信
Transliteration: seon3 sam1 / seon3
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 虔誠, 睇相算命式嘅相信
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package unchanged.
Law
Approved rendering: 律法
Transliteration: leot6 faat3
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: 禮, 規矩, 法律
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Background referent for the ‘quarrels about the law’ controversy at 3:9.
Holy
Approved rendering: 聖潔
Transliteration: sing3 git3
Doctrine: Redemption and Purification through Christ / Household Order and Family Roles (cross-reference anchor)
Rejected alternatives: 清淨, 戒口修行式嘅潔淨
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Cognate anchor for Titus’s new terms καθαρίζω (潔淨, purify_cleanse), ἁγνός (純潔, pure_chaste), and ἱεροπρεπής (莊重聖潔, reverent_temple_appropriate) - all must avoid the ritual-purity resonance of 清淨 flagged here.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: 成聖
Transliteration: sing4 sing3
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: 修煉, 戒除惡習
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Cross-referenced by Titus’s παιδεύω (訓練, training_paideuo, 2:12) and ἀνακαίνωσις (更新, renewal, 3:5).
Adoption
Approved rendering: 兒子嘅名分
Transliteration: ji4 zi2 ge3 ming4 fan6
Doctrine: Inheritance and Hope of Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: 過繼, 認契仔
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Cross-referenced by Titus’s κληρονόμος (後嗣, heir, 3:7) - biblical heirship is relational and grace-based, distinct from clan-succession adoption practice.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: 因信而生嘅順服
Transliteration: jan1 seon3 ji4 sang1 ge3 seon6 fuk6
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Rejected alternatives: 孝順, 還神還願式嘅順服
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Must be kept distinct from Titus’s three context-specific human-relational submission terms (marital 2:5, household-slave 2:9, civic 3:1), which use 順服/服從 for submission toward other people, not toward God.
Training Paideuo
Approved rendering: 教導 / 訓練
Transliteration: gaau3 dou6 / fan3 lin6
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: 修煉 (self-cultivation)
Original: παιδεύω
Category: Sanctification
New term. Grace itself is the personal trainer in 2:12 - must be distinguished from self-directed spiritual cultivation regimens (修煉), already flagged under baseline’s sanctification for its qigong/martial-arts training resonance.
Godliness
Approved rendering: 敬虔
Transliteration: ging3 kin4
Doctrine: Godliness and Ungodliness
Rejected alternatives: 虔誠 (generic piety toward any deity)
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Sanctification
New term. Structural keyword recurring at 1:1 and 2:12. Shares the character 虔 with baseline-rejected 虔誠; must always be explicitly anchored to the true God in teaching materials.
Ungodliness
Approved rendering: 不敬虔
Transliteration: bat1 ging3 kin4
Doctrine: Godliness and Ungodliness
Original: ἀσέβεια
Category: Sanctification
New term. Paired opposite of 敬虔 (2:12); irreverence toward the true God specifically, not generic impoliteness.
Lawlessness
Approved rendering: 罪惡
Transliteration: zeoi6 ok3
Doctrine: Redemption and Purification through Christ
Rejected alternatives: 不法 (secular-legal connotation)
Original: ἀνομία
Category: Sin
New term. General moral rebellion (2:14), not specifically Mosaic-Law violation - must be distinguished from baseline’s Critical law term (律法).
Purify Cleanse
Approved rendering: 潔淨
Transliteration: git3 zeng6
Doctrine: Redemption and Purification through Christ
Rejected alternatives: 清淨 (Daoist/Buddhist ritual purity)
Original: καθαρίζω
Category: Sanctification
New term. Christ’s purifying work (2:14) is moral, Spirit-effected cleansing, not ritual observance. Cognate with baseline’s holy (聖潔).
People For Possession
Approved rendering: 屬神嘅子民
Transliteration: suk6 san4 ge3 zi2 man4
Doctrine: Redemption and Purification through Christ
Original: λαὸς περιούσιον
Category: Church
New term. LXX covenant-possession language (Exodus 19:5) applied to the church (2:14); related to, but distinct from, baseline’s Critical election (揀選) - emphasizes ownership, not the act of choosing. Requires an OT-background footnote given low OT narrative literacy.
Good Works
Approved rendering: 善行
Transliteration: sin6 hang4
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works / Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: as a ground/cause of salvation
Original: ἀγαθὰ / καλὰ ἔργα
Category: Salvation
New term. Explicitly rejected in the baseline as a gloss for 義 (righteousness) precisely because it risks collapsing forensic righteousness into merit. Here it legitimately names the FRUIT, never the ROOT, of salvation (2:14; 3:1; 3:8; 3:14) - requires a footnote at every occurrence.
Works General
Approved rendering: 行為
Transliteration: hang4 wai4
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: earned/meritorious works as salvation’s basis
Original: ἔργα
Category: Salvation
New term. Explicitly excluded as the ground of salvation in the letter’s central soteriological statement (3:5) - guards against the Wong Tai Sin vow-and-offering model and Buddhist merit concepts (功德/修成正果) already forbidden in baseline.
Mercy
Approved rendering: 憐憫
Transliteration: lin4 man5
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: 超度 (Buddhist compassionate-release rite)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
New term. God’s compassion toward the guilty (3:5) - a personal God’s mercy, not a ritual release from suffering.
Renewal
Approved rendering: 更新
Transliteration: gang1 san1
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 修煉 (self-cultivation renewal), New Year self-improvement framing
Original: ἀνακαίνωσις
Category: Sanctification
New term. Ongoing Spirit-wrought renewal (3:5), complementary to one-time regeneration; links to baseline’s High-risk sanctification.
Heir
Approved rendering: 後嗣
Transliteration: hau6 si6
Doctrine: Inheritance and Hope of Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: 過繼 (clan-succession adoption)
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
New term. Relational, grace-based heirship through justification (3:7), distinct from Pearl River Delta clan-succession adoption arrangements already flagged in baseline under adoption.
Elder
Approved rendering: 長老
Transliteration: zoeng2 lou5
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Rejected alternatives: 村中長老 (clan-elder/village-patriarch office), 敬老 (generic age-respect)
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church
New term. Appointed, doctrinally- and morally-qualified congregational office (1:5) - must be distinguished from the Pearl River Delta village clan-elder figure who presides over ancestor-worship rites and inherited authority.
Overseer
Approved rendering: 監督
Transliteration: gaam1 duk1
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Rejected alternatives: 主教 (later hierarchical Bishop office)
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Church
New term. Same local-congregation office as πρεσβύτερος (1:7) - must not be confused with the later, translocal, sacramental ‘Bishop’ office of Catholic/Anglican tradition, given Hong Kong’s significant Catholic population.
Husband Of One Wife
Approved rendering: 只有一個妻子嘅丈夫
Transliteration: zi2 jau5 jat1 go3 cai1 zi2 ge3 zoeng2 fu1
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ
Category: Church
New term. Marital-fidelity qualification (1:6); historical note required: pre-modern Chinese elite culture permitted concubinage (妾), legally abolished in Hong Kong only in 1971 - render descriptively without silently resolving the underlying interpretive ambiguity.
Insubordinate
Approved rendering: 唔受管教 / 悖逆
Transliteration: m4 sau6 gun2 gaau3 / bui6 jik6
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders / Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: ἀνυπότακτος
Category: Church
New term. Describes a disqualifying trait in an elder’s children (1:6) and, later, false teachers (1:10) - render consistently across both occurrences to preserve the letter’s intended link.
Holding Fast Word
Approved rendering: 堅守合乎教義嘅真道
Transliteration: gin1 sau2 hap6 fu4 gaau3 ji6 ge3 zan1 dou6
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders / Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: ἀντεχόμενος τοῦ κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν πιστοῦ λόγου
Category: Church
New term. Directly links the elder-qualification doctrine to the sound-doctrine doctrine (1:9) - an elder must be doctrinally anchored, not merely morally upright.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: 純正嘅教義
Transliteration: seon4 zing3 ge3 gaau3 ji6
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Rejected alternatives: 合乎規矩/合乎老黃曆 (correct-ritual-procedure framing)
Original: διδασκαλία ὑγιαίνουσα / λόγος ὑγιής
Category: Church
New term. The letter’s most frequently recurring structural keyword (1:9, 1:13, 2:1, 2:2, 2:8) - must render identically at every occurrence. The medical ‘healthy teaching’ metaphor is life-giving revealed truth, not correct technique or auspicious timing.
Reverent Temple Appropriate
Approved rendering: 莊重聖潔
Transliteration: zong1 zung6 sing3 git3
Doctrine: Household Order and Family Roles
Rejected alternatives: 合乎廟堂規矩 (literal temple-ritual propriety)
Original: ἱεροπρεπής
Category: Sanctification
New term. Built on ἱερός (sacred/temple), describing dignified, holiness-befitting conduct for older women (2:3) - must not literalize into actual temple-etiquette language.
Home Worker
Approved rendering: 顧家
Transliteration: gu3 gaa1
Doctrine: Household Order and Family Roles / Submission to Authority
Rejected alternatives: 賢妻良母 as a universal prescriptive ideal
Original: οἰκουρός
Category: Authority
New term. Present as one biblical picture of household order in its first-century setting (2:5), not a universal, exhaustive template for women’s roles, given contemporary Hong Kong gender-role discourse.
Submission
Approved rendering: 順服
Transliteration: seon6 fuk6
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Rejected alternatives: coercive/absolute-obedience framing, 孝順 (Confucian filial duty, categorically different from peer-household submission)
Original: ὑποτάσσω / ὑποτάσσεσθαι
Category: Authority
New term (root already embedded in baseline’s compound obedience_of_faith). Applied across marital (2:5) and household-slave (2:9) contexts - must be distinguished from that baseline compound and from the civic-specific 服從 (obey_civil, 3:1). Mandatory theologian review.
Word Of God Blasphemed
Approved rendering: 神嘅道被褻瀆
Transliteration: san4 ge3 dou6 bei6 sit3 duk6
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: βλασφημέω (of God’s word)
Category: Church
New term. The theologically weightier sense of βλασφημέω applied to God’s word (2:5) - distinguish from the interpersonal-slander sense at 3:2 (see blaspheme_of_people).
Integrity Dignity Speech
Approved rendering: 廉正、莊重、無可指摘嘅純正說話
Transliteration: lim4 zing3, zong1 zung6, mou4 ho2 zi2 zaak3 ge3 seon4 zing3 syut3 waa2
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: ἀφθορία, σεμνότης, λόγος ὑγιὴς ἀκατάγνωστος
Category: Church
New term. Reuses the 純正 (sound) rendering pattern established for the letter’s keyword, reinforcing that Titus’s own speech, not only his formal teaching content, must exhibit this soundness (2:7-8).
Slave Household
Approved rendering: 奴僕
Transliteration: nou4 buk6
Doctrine: Household Slave Code
Rejected alternatives: application to modern employer-domestic-helper relations
Original: δοῦλος (household-code sense)
Category: Authority
New term. First-century Greco-Roman chattel slavery instruction (2:9-10) - requires explicit historical contextualization given Hong Kong’s significant foreign domestic helper population; never applied as a template for modern domestic employment.
Love For Mankind
Approved rendering: 愛人嘅心
Transliteration: oi3 jan4 ge3 sam1
Doctrine: Mercy and Kindness of God
Rejected alternatives: 仁愛 (Confucian 仁 collision)
Original: φιλανθρωπία
Category: God
New term. God’s saving disposition (3:4), not a cultivated Confucian social virtue; avoid 仁愛, which risks resonance with 仁, already flagged Critical under baseline’s righteousness.
Disobedient
Approved rendering: 悖逆
Transliteration: bui6 jik6
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works (pre-conversion contrast)
Original: ἀπειθής
Category: Sin
New term. Used of false teachers (1:16) and of believers’ own pre-conversion condition (3:3) - render consistently across both occurrences.
Enslaved To Passions
Approved rendering: 被各種私慾同享樂所奴役
Transliteration: bei6 gok3 zung2 si1 juk6 tung4 hoeng2 lok6 so2 nou4 jik6
Doctrine: Christian Identity Contrasted with the Former Life
Rejected alternatives: conflation with the positive δοῦλος usage at 1:1
Original: δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις
Category: Sin
New term. Describes pre-conversion life (3:3) - deliberately contrasts with Paul’s positive self-identification as God’s δοῦλος (1:1); footnote required at both occurrences.
Rulers And Authorities
Approved rendering: 執政掌權者
Transliteration: zap1 zing3 zoeng2 kyun4 ze2
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Rejected alternatives: political-loyalty-statement framing
Original: ἀρχαὶ καὶ ἐξουσίαι
Category: Authority
New term. Civil governmental powers (3:1), Titus’s version of Romans 13’s civic-submission instruction - keep strictly doctrinal given Hong Kong’s political sensitivities.
Obey Civil
Approved rendering: 服從
Transliteration: fuk6 cung4
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: πειθαρχέω
Category: Authority
New term. Active compliance with legitimate civil authority’s directives (3:1), reinforcing ὑποτάσσω; same political-sensitivity flag as rulers_and_authorities.
Genealogies
Approved rendering: 族譜
Transliteration: zuk6 pou2
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: overapplication to Cantonese ancestral-genealogy/clan culture in general
Original: γενεαλογία
Category: Covenant
New term. Speculative genealogical disputes tied to the false teachers of chapter 1 (3:9) - requires a strong clarifying note, since 族譜 carries deep positive cultural weight in Cantonese/Pearl River Delta clan culture (ancestral hall records, Ching Ming/Chung Yeung observance). Paul warns against a specific first-century controversy, not against valuing family history generally.
Quarrels About Law
Approved rendering: 紛爭、為律法而爭論
Transliteration: fan1 zang1, wai6 leot6 faat3 ji4 zaang1 leon6
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: ἔρις, μάχαι νομικαί
Category: Covenant
New term. Reuses baseline’s Critical law root (律法); disputes about the Mosaic Law’s requirements specifically (3:9), likely tied to the circumcision-party controversy of chapter 1.
Divisive Person
Approved rendering: 引起紛爭分裂嘅人
Transliteration: jan5 hei2 fan1 zang1 fan1 lit6 ge3 jan4
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: 異端 (fully-loaded later ‘heretic’ sense)
Original: αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Church
New term. Early, behavioral usage (3:10) narrower than the later technical church-historical term 異端 (heretic) - must never be rendered with that fully-loaded term.
Servant Of God Positive
Approved rendering: 神嘅奴僕
Transliteration: san4 ge3 nou4 buk6
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Mission to Crete
Rejected alternatives: conflation with the negative slavery-to-sin sense at 3:3
Original: δοῦλος θεοῦ
Category: Church
New term. Paul’s voluntary, devoted self-designation (1:1) - must be footnoted alongside 3:3’s negative δουλεύω usage to show Titus’s deliberate positive/negative wordplay across the letter.
God Who Does Not Lie
Approved rendering: 唔會講大話嘅神
Transliteration: m4 wui5 gong2 daai6 waa2 ge3 san4
Doctrine: Truthfulness of God and Reliability of His Word
Original: ἀψευδὴς θεός
Category: God
New term. Grounds the certainty of the promise of eternal life (1:2) - a useful positive contrast against the perceived conditional unpredictability of folk-deity favor (e.g. Wong Tai Sin’s request-granting).
Medium Risk Terms
Glory
Approved rendering: 榮耀
Transliteration: wing4 jiu6
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: 面子, 威水
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Describes Christ’s future glorious appearing at 2:13.
Mission
Approved rendering: 宣教
Transliteration: syun1 gaau3
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Mission to Crete
Rejected alternatives: 洋教傳播
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Related to Titus’s new term κήρυγμα (宣講, proclamation).
Self Controlled
Approved rendering: 自律 / 節制
Transliteration: zi6 leot6 / zit3 zai3
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: σώφρων / σωφρόνως
Category: Sanctification
New term. Recurring motif across every household-code category (2:2, 2:5, 2:6, 2:12) - render consistently.
Worldly Desires
Approved rendering: 世俗嘅私慾
Transliteration: sai3 zuk6 ge3 si1 juk6
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: κοσμικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι
Category: Sin
New term. Present-age value-oriented desires (2:12), not necessarily only sexual.
Blessed Hope
Approved rendering: 有福嘅盼望
Transliteration: jau5 fuk1 ge3 pong6 mong6
Doctrine: Blessed Hope and the Second Coming of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 求籤/占卜式嘅好運
Original: μακαρία ἐλπίς
Category: Eschatology
New term. Hope grounded in Christ’s return (2:13), not fortune/luck-seeking practice.
Poured Out
Approved rendering: 澈落 / 傾降
Transliteration: dou3 lok6 / king1 gong3
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Original: ἐκχέω (ἐξέχεεν)
Category: Regeneration
New term. Abundant, deliberate outpouring of the Spirit (3:6), echoing Joel 2:28/Acts 2:17 - unrationed generosity, not favor doled out in a vow-exchange.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: 永生
Transliteration: wing5 sang1
Doctrine: Inheritance and Hope of Eternal Life
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
New term (formally added for cross-curriculum consistency). Standard established Chinese Christian term (1:2; 3:7); low collision risk.
Hope
Approved rendering: 盼望
Transliteration: pong6 mong6
Doctrine: Inheritance and Hope of Eternal Life / Blessed Hope and the Second Coming of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 好運 (luck-based hope)
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
New term. Confident expectation grounded in God’s promise (1:2; 2:13; 3:7), not fortune.
Trustworthy Saying
Approved rendering: 呢話係可信嘅
Transliteration: ni1 wa2 hai6 ho2 seon3 ge3
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Faith
New term. Recurring Pastoral Epistles literary formula (3:8; cf. 1 Timothy 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; 2 Timothy 2:11) - render identically wherever the formula recurs across the corpus.
Older Man Woman
Approved rendering: 年長嘅男人 / 年長嘅女人
Transliteration: nin4 zoeng2 ge3 naam4/neoi5 jan2
Doctrine: Household Order and Family Roles
Rejected alternatives: conflation with 長老 (elder office)
Original: πρεσβύτης / πρεσβῦτις
Category: Church
New term. Age-based household categories (2:2-3), a different word-sense from the office-term 長老 - must be kept clearly distinct.
Blameless
Approved rendering: 無可指摘
Transliteration: mou4 ho2 zi2 zaak3
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Church
New term. Standard qualification-list term (1:6); no valid accusation can be sustained.
Believing Children
Approved rendering: 信主嘅子女
Transliteration: seon3 zyu2 ge3 zi2 neoi5
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: τέκνα πιστά
Category: Church
New term. Household management extends to spiritual, not merely behavioral, oversight (1:6).
Holy Devout
Approved rendering: 虔敬
Transliteration: kin4 ging3
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Rejected alternatives: conflation with 聖潔 or 敬虔
Original: ὅσιος
Category: Sanctification
New term. Near-synonym of εὐσέβεια/ἅγιος in the elder-qualification virtue list (1:8) - requires a distinguishing note from both 敬虔 and 聖潔 within the same list.
Self Disciplined
Approved rendering: 有節制
Transliteration: jau5 zit3 zai3
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: ἐγκρατής
Category: Sanctification
New term. Near-synonym of σώφρων in the elder-qualification virtue list (1:8).
Rebuke Contradictors
Approved rendering: 責備反對嘅人
Transliteration: zaak3 bei6 faan2 deoi3 ge3 jan4
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: ἐλέγχειν τοὺς ἀντιλέγοντας
Category: Church
New term. An elder’s doctrinal-defense function (1:9).
Empty Talkers
Approved rendering: 講廢話嘅人 / 欺騙人心嘅人
Transliteration: gong2 fai3 waa2 ge3 jan4 / hei1 pin3 jan4 sam1 ge3 jan4
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: ματαιολόγοι / φρεναπάται
Category: Sin
New term. Describes false teachers, especially the circumcision-party faction (1:10).
Circumcision Party
Approved rendering: 割禮派
Transliteration: got3 lai5 paai3
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: οἱ ἐκ περιτομῆς
Category: Covenant
New term. Jewish-Christian faction insisting on circumcision/Mosaic observance (1:10) - requires an OT/Second Temple background footnote given low OT narrative literacy.
Their Own Prophet
Approved rendering: 佢哋自己嘅「先知」
Transliteration: keoi5 dei6 zi6 gei2 ge3 sin1 zi1
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: conflation with baseline prophet (先知)
Original: ἴδιος προφήτης
Category: Covenant
New term (contextual-note only). Paul’s ironic reference to a pagan Greek poet (Epimenides, 1:12) - must not be confused with genuine biblical prophetic office.
Disqualified
Approved rendering: 經不起考驗
Transliteration: ging1 bat1 hei2 haau2 jim6
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: secular ‘failing an exam’ sense
Original: ἀδόκιμος
Category: Sin
New term. A metal-testing/approval metaphor (1:16) describing spiritual genuineness, not academic performance.
Slanderer Adjective
Approved rendering: 讒謗人嘅
Transliteration: caam4 pong3 jan4 ge3
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: confusion with ‘the devil’ as a proper title
Original: διάβολος (adjectival)
Category: Sin
New term. Common adjective (2:3), not the title ‘the devil’ used elsewhere in the NT for the same Greek root.
Train Admonish
Approved rendering: 教導…節制
Transliteration: gaau3 dou6…zit3 zai3
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living (human-mentoring form)
Rejected alternatives: conflation with 2:12’s παιδεύω
Original: σωφρονίζω
Category: Sanctification
New term. Older women’s human-to-human mentoring of younger women (2:4), distinct from grace’s own training work at 2:12.
Pure Chaste
Approved rendering: 純潔
Transliteration: seon4 git3
Doctrine: Household Order and Family Roles
Rejected alternatives: 清淨 (ritual purity)
Original: ἁγνός
Category: Sanctification
New term. Moral/sexual purity specifically (2:5); cognate with, but a distinct emphasis from, baseline’s holy (聖潔).
Example Pattern
Approved rendering: 榜樣
Transliteration: bong2 joeng6
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: τύπος
Category: Church
New term. Titus is to model, not merely teach, sound conduct (2:7).
Adorn Doctrine
Approved rendering: 使教義更加美好
Transliteration: si2 gaau3 ji6 gang3 gaa1 mei5 hou2
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Rejected alternatives: external ritual ornamentation framing
Original: κοσμέω τὴν διδασκαλίαν
Category: Church
New term. Good conduct visibly matching doctrine’s content (2:10), not decorative/ritual display.
Blaspheme Of People
Approved rendering: 講人壞話 / 毀謗
Transliteration: gong2 jan4 waai6 waa2 / wai2 pong3
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: βλασφημέω (of people)
Category: Sin
New term. Interpersonal slander (3:2) - must be distinguished in rendering from the weightier ‘blasphemed word of God’ sense at 2:5 (see word_of_god_blasphemed).
Led Astray
Approved rendering: 被迷惑
Transliteration: bei6 mai4 waak6
Doctrine: Christian Identity Contrasted with the Former Life
Rejected alternatives: occult/medium-specific over-reading
Original: πλανάω
Category: Sin
New term. Describes the general pre-conversion human condition (3:3), not a specific occult-practice critique - do not over-narrow toward fortune-telling/mediumship imagery.
Foolish Controversies
Approved rendering: 愚昧嘅爭論
Transliteration: jyu4 mui6 ge3 zaang1 leon6
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: μωραὶ ζητήσεις
Category: Church
New term. Unproductive speculative debates the community must avoid (3:9).
Unprofitable Worthless
Approved rendering: 無益、虛空
Transliteration: mou4 jik1, heoi1 hung1
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: ἀνωφελεῖς καὶ μάταιοι
Category: Church
New term. Direct antonym-pairing with 3:8’s ‘profitable’ (see proclamation/authority_command context; ties to 有益).
Self Condemned
Approved rendering: 自我定罪
Transliteration: zi6 ngo5 ding6 zeoi6
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: αὐτοκατάκριτος
Category: Church
New term. Legal metaphor: the divisive person’s own actions constitute their own verdict (3:11).
Truth
Approved rendering: 真理
Transliteration: zan1 lei5
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Rejected alternatives: relativistic ‘your truth is valid for you’ framing
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Church
New term. Objective, revealed truth bound to godliness (1:1) - not one option in a pluralistic religious marketplace.
Proclamation
Approved rendering: 宣講
Transliteration: cyun4 gong2
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Mission to Crete
Original: κήρυγμα
Category: Church
New term. The authoritative public announcement of the gospel entrusted to Paul (1:3); related to baseline’s mission (宣教).
Authority Command
Approved rendering: 權柄 / 命令
Transliteration: kyun4 beng3 / ming6 ling6
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Rejected alternatives: conflation with civic ἀρχαί/ἐξουσίαι
Original: ἐπιταγή
Category: Church
New term. Derivative apostolic/teaching authority with which Titus is to teach (2:15) - distinct from the civic 執政掌權者 (rulers_and_authorities).
Rebuke
Approved rendering: 責備
Transliteration: zaak3 bei6
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works / Qualifications for Elders
Original: ἐλέγχω
Category: Church
New term. Standard corrective-authority verb recurring across the letter (1:9, 1:13, 2:15) - distinguish rebuke from harsh or shaming correction in Cantonese pastoral usage.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 使徒
Transliteration: si2 tou4
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Mission to Crete
Rejected alternatives: 風水師, 大師
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged.
Prophet
Approved rendering: 先知
Transliteration: sin1 zi1
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies (contrastive use)
Rejected alternatives: 風水師, 算命佬
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Contrast with Titus 1:12’s ironic ‘their own prophet’ quotation of Epimenides (see their_own_prophet entry below).
Exhort
Approved rendering: 勸勉
Transliteration: hyun3 min5
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Titus 2:15.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: 團契
Transliteration: tyun4 kai3
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship among Gospel Coworkers
Rejected alternatives: 同鄉會, 結拜
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Titus 3:12-15 closing greetings.
Gentleness Considerate
Approved rendering: 謙和 / 溫柔
Transliteration: him1 wo4 / wan1 jau4
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: ἐπιεικής / πραΰτης
Category: Sanctification
New term. Gentle, considerate disposition toward all people (3:2).
Referenced passages