Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Corinthians (English → Hebrew)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering 1 Corinthians chapters 1-16. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE REUSE] and their recorded Hebrew rendering is repeated here unchanged, per the hard rule that established renderings must be reused exactly. New terms proposed for addition to translation memory are marked [NEW] and should be added to translation_memory.json with incremented version number before Phase 2 processing begins.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier definitions (Critical / High / Medium / Low; see doctrine_risk_registry.json).
Part A — Baseline Terms Reused Without Change
| Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine (curriculum) | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | הבשורה | ha-besorah | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 9, 15 | Anchors 15:1-11’s entire content clause |
| grace | חסד | chesed | High (Medium in Romans baseline; escalated here — see Part D) | Christian Liberty; The Cross | 1, 15, 16 | 15:10 — Paul’s apostolic identity wholly attributed to grace |
| faith | אמונה | emunah | High | Resurrection; Love | 2, 12, 13, 15 | 15:2, 11, 14, 17 — belief tied specifically to resurrection facts |
| righteousness | צדק | tzedek | Critical | (background) | — | Not directly thematic in 1 Cor but must remain consistent if cited |
| justification | ההצדקה | ha-hatzdakah | Critical | Church Discipline and Holiness | 6 | 6:11 triad: washed/sanctified/justified |
| salvation | ישועה | yeshu’ah | Critical | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 1, 15 | 15:2 — present, ongoing salvation tied to resurrection gospel |
| apostle | שליח | shaliach | Medium | Christian Unity | 1, 4, 9, 12, 15 | 15:7, 9 — wider “all the apostles” scope |
| called / calling | קרוא / קריאה | karu / keri’ah | High | Christian Unity | 1, 7 | 7:15, 17-24 — calling as life-situation |
| holy | קדוש | kadosh | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 1, 3, 7 | |
| saints | קדושים | kedoshim | Medium | Church Discipline; Order in Worship | 1, 6, 16 | |
| sanctification | התקדשות | hitkadshut | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 1, 6 | |
| church | קהילה | kehilah | Critical | Christian Unity; Body of Christ | 1, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15 | Never עדה; grafting-in framing required with body-of-Christ imagery |
| kingdom of God | מלכות האלוהים | malchut ha-Elohim | Medium | Resurrection of Believers | 4, 6, 15 | |
| law | תורה | Torah | Critical | Christian Liberty | 9, 14, 15 | 9:8-9, 15:56 |
| sin | חטא | chet | High | Church Discipline; Resurrection | 6, 15 | 15:3, 17, 56 |
| gentiles | גויים | goyim | High | Spiritual Gifts / Body of Christ | 1, 5, 10, 12 | |
| glory | כבוד | kavod | Medium | The Cross; Love | 10, 11, 15 | |
| power of God | כוח האלוהים | koach ha-Elohim | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 2, 6 | Never גבורה |
| messiah / Christ | משיח | mashiach | Critical | The Cross; Resurrection | throughout | 1:23, 15:3 pair “crucified Messiah” — see Part D |
| covenant | ברית | brit | High | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | 11:25 “new covenant,” direct Jeremiah 31:31 citation |
| intercession | הפגעה | hafga’ah | High | (background) | — | Not directly thematic; retained for consistency |
| providence | השגחה פרטית | hashgachah pratit | Medium | Spiritual Gifts | 12 | 12:6, 11 |
| mission | שליחות | shlichut | Medium | (background) | 9 | 9:16-23 |
| david | דוד | David | Low/Medium | (background) | — | Not thematic in 1 Cor |
| israel | ישראל | Yisra’el | Critical | The Lord’s Supper (typology) | 10 | 10:18 “Israel according to the flesh” |
| jesus | ישוע | Yeshua | Critical | throughout | throughout | Never ישו |
| god | אלוהים | Elohim | Critical | throughout | throughout | |
| holy spirit | רוח הקודש | Ruach HaKodesh | Critical | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 2, 3, 6, 12, 14 | Central doctrine of chs. 12-14 |
| father | אבינו | Avinu | Medium | (background) | 8 | 8:6 |
| exhort | לעודד | le’oded | Low | Order in Worship | 14 | |
| spiritual gifts | מתנות רוחניות | matanot ruchaniyot | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 7, 12, 14 | 7:7’s personal-calling sense flagged distinct — see Part D |
| fellowship | שותפות | shutafut | Low | Christian Unity | 1, 10 | 10:16 — koinonia of the body/blood |
| thanksgiving | הודיה | hodayah | Low | (background) | 1, 14 | |
| prophet / prophecy | נביא / נבואה | navi / nevu’ah | Low/Medium | Order in Worship | 12, 13, 14 | Verb form “prophesy” used extensively in ch.14 |
Part B — New Terms Proposed for Translation Memory
| Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine (curriculum) | Chapters | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wisdom | חכמה | chochmah | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 2, 3 | — | Must retain irony of “wisdom of God” vs “wisdom of this world” |
| foolishness | סכלות | sichlut | Low-Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1 | אִוֶּלֶת (ivelet) | Ironic sense: perceived, not actual, folly |
| cross | צלב | tzlav | Critical | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1 | — | Historical trauma symbol (pogroms, forced conversion under the cross); requires explicit sensitive framing |
| crucified | נצלב | nitzlav | Critical | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 2 | — | “Crucified Messiah” = central historical point of Jewish-Christian dispute; cf. Deut 21:23 |
| stumbling block | מכשול | mikhshol | High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1 | — | Strong Torah lexical fit (Lev 19:14); theological claim is the friction point |
| divisions/schisms | פילוג / מחלוקת | pilug / machloket | Medium | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 1, 3, 11, 12 | — | Distinguish from positive rabbinic “machloket le-shem shamayim” |
| strife | מריבה | merivah | Low | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 1, 3 | — | |
| boasting | התפארות | hitpa’arut | Low | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 1, 3, 4, 13 | — | Echoes Jeremiah 9:23-24 |
| baptism | טבילה | tevilah | High | Christian Unity; Spiritual Gifts | 1, 10, 12, 15 | — | Distinguish from repeatable mikveh purification; single unrepeated act |
| mystery | רז | raz | Medium | The Cross; Resurrection | 2, 4, 13, 14, 15 | סוד (sod) | Raz preferred to avoid Kabbalistic “Sod” (PaRDeS) association |
| spiritual (person) | רוחני | ruchani | Low | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 2 | — | |
| natural/unspiritual (person) | נפשי | nafshi | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 2 | — | Contrast with pneumatikos must be explicit |
| mind (of Christ) | מחשבה / דעת | machashavah / da’at | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 2 | — | Echoes Isaiah 40:13 |
| discern/examine | לבחון / להבחין | livchon / lehavchin | Low | The Cross; The Lord’s Supper | 2, 4, 11 | — | Distinct Greek roots (anakrinō / diakrinō) share Hebrew field; context-sensitive |
| carnal/fleshly | בשרי | basari | Medium | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 3 | — | Distinct from “sin” (חטא); immaturity, not guilt-status |
| temple | היכל | heichal | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 3, 6 | בית מקדש (beit mikdash) | Applies sacred-space language to believers’ bodies/church; sensitive given ongoing Temple-restoration hope |
| building/edify | בניין / לבנות | binyan / livnot | Low | Christian Unity; Order in Worship | 3, 8, 10, 14 | — | Formalized as governing worship-criterion in ch.14 |
| reward/wages | שכר / גמול | sachar / gemul | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 3, 9 | — | Must not be confused with grace-based justification |
| steward | סוכן | sochen | Medium | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 4 | ממונה (memuneh) | |
| servant | משרת | mesharet | Low | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 4 | — | Distinct from δοῦλος (eved) |
| judge (verb) | לשפוט / לדון | lishpot / la-dun | Low | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 4, 5, 6 | — | |
| sexual immorality | זנות | zenut | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5, 6, 7, 10 | — | Torah-rooted term; church-discipline response is the teaching point |
| leaven | חמץ | chametz | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | — | Metaphorical extension of major halakhic Pesach practice |
| unleavened | מצה / בלי חמץ | matzah / bli chametz | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | — | Paired with Passover typology |
| Passover (Christ our) | פסח | Pesach | Critical | Church Discipline; Resurrection | 5 | — | Central Jewish festival applied typologically to Christ’s death |
| body | גוף | guf | Medium | Church Discipline; Spiritual Gifts | 6, 10, 11, 12, 15 | — | Recurs across individual, sacramental, and corporate senses — track consistency |
| bought (with a price) | נקנה במחיר | nikneh be-mechir | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 6 | נגאל (nig’al) | Kept distinct from ge’ulah/redemption register |
| members | איברים | eivarim | Low | Church Discipline; Body of Christ | 6, 12 | — | |
| one flesh | בשר אחד | basar echad | Low | Church Discipline and Holiness | 6 | — | Direct Gen 2:24 citation |
| washed | נרחצתם | nirchatzetem | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 6 | — | Part of 6:11’s washed/sanctified/justified triad |
| marry | להתחתן / לשאת אישה | lehitchaten / lasat ishah | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | — | Tension with mitzvah of peru u-revu must be taught as situational Pauline counsel |
| virgin | בתולה | betulah | Low-Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | — | |
| unmarried | פנוי / פנויה | panui / panuyah | Low | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | — | |
| divorce/separate | להיפרד / גירושין | lehipared / gerushin | High | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | — | Must not be conflated with, or set against, halakhic get procedure |
| self-control | שליטה עצמית | shlita atzmit | Low | Marriage and Singleness | 7, 9 | — | |
| idol | אליל | elil | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10, 12 | — | Torah-term; Paul’s nuanced permission-with-conscience argument is the friction point |
| food sacrificed to idols | מאכל שנזבח לאלילים | ma’akhal she-nizbach la-elilim | High | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | זבחי אלילים (zivchei elilim) | No exact halakhic category parallel; risk of over-strict or over-lax reading |
| knowledge | דעת | da’at | Low | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 12, 13 | — | |
| conscience | מצפון | matzpun | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | — | Under-theologized category in classical halakhic ethics |
| right/liberty | זכות / סמכות / חירות | zchut / samchut / cheirut | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 9, 10 | — | Context-sensitive rendering |
| weak (conscience) | חלש | chalash | Low | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8 | — | |
| crown | עטרה | atarah | Low | Christian Liberty (apostolic self-restraint) | 9 | כתר (keter) | |
| race/run | מירוץ / לרוץ | merotz / larutz | Low | Christian Liberty (apostolic self-restraint) | 9 | — | |
| discipline (body) | לרסן את גופי | le-rasen et gufi | Low | Christian Liberty (apostolic self-restraint) | 9 | — | |
| type/example | דוגמה / אות מבשר | dugma / ot mevaser | Medium | The Lord’s Supper (typology) | 10 | — | Typological reading of Israel’s history — flag as distinct hermeneutic move |
| idolatry | עבודת אלילים | avodat elilim | Low | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | — | Strong positive Torah resonance |
| demons | שדים | shedim | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | — | Differs somewhat from folk-Jewish demonology in character/function |
| cup of the Lord | כוס האדון | kos ha-Adon | High | The Lord’s Supper | 10, 11 | — | “Adon” component carries baseline’s Lord-risk profile |
| table of the Lord | שולחן האדון | shulchan ha-Adon | High | The Lord’s Supper | 10 | — | |
| head covering | כיסוי ראש | kisui rosh | High | Order in Worship | 11 | — | Risk of conflation with existing but differently-grounded Jewish head-covering practice |
| head/headship | ראש / ראשות | rosh / rashut | High | Order in Worship | 11 | — | Creation-order argument (11:3, 8-9) |
| the Lord’s Supper | סעודת האדון | se’udat ha-Adon | Critical | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | — | Primary term for the ordinance |
| blood (of the covenant) | דם | dam | Critical | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | — | Direct collision with Torah’s blood-consumption prohibition (Lev 17:10-14); requires explicit symbolic/memorial framing |
| new covenant | ברית חדשה | brit chadashah | High | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | — | [BASELINE REUSE of covenant root]; direct Jer 31:31 citation |
| remembrance | זיכרון | zikaron | Medium | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | — | Positive resonance with Passover Haggadah’s memorial language |
| discern (the body) | להבחין | lehavchin | High | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | — | Exegetically ambiguous referent (sacramental vs. ecclesial body); preserve ambiguity, flag for theologian review |
| manifestation | התגלות | hitgalut | Low | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | Keep distinct spelling from baseline’s Critical incarnation term (התגלמות) |
| tongues | לשונות | leshonot | High | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12, 13, 14 | — | Unfamiliar phenomenon; avoid ordinary-multilingualism or purely psychological readings |
| interpretation (of tongues) | פירוש לשונות | peirush leshonot | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12, 14 | תרגום לשונות (targum leshonot) | |
| Greek (ethnic) | יווני | yevani | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | Distinct from גויים; sometimes interchangeable with “Gentile” |
| slave | עבד | eved | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 7, 9, 12 | — | Carries Exodus-bondage resonance |
| free (person) | חופשי | chofshi | Low | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 7, 12 | — | |
| healings | רפואות | refu’ot | Low | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | |
| miracles/works of power | נסים | nissim | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | גבורות (gevurot) | Gevurot rejected per baseline’s power_of_God Kabbalah-avoidance convention |
| body of Christ | גוף המשיח | guf ha-Mashiach | High | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 6, 12 | — | Must cohere with Romans 11’s grafting-in framework, not supersessionism |
| love | אהבה | ahavah | Medium | Love as the Greater Way | 13 (throughout) | — | Rich positive resource; risk is dilution through everyday romantic/casual usage — theological weight carried by context |
| hope | תקווה | tikvah | Low | Love as the Greater Way | 13 | — | Positive resonance with “Hatikvah”; NT-specific resurrection-grounding should be made explicit |
| riddle/dim mirror | בראי, כחידה | be-mar’ah, ke-chidah | Low | Love as the Greater Way | 13 | — | |
| face to face | פנים אל פנים | panim el panim | Low | Love as the Greater Way | 13 | — | Echoes Exodus 33:11 |
| edify/build up | לבנות | livnot | Low | Order in Worship | 14 | — | Governing criterion of ch.14 |
| order | סדר | seder | Low | Order in Worship | 14 | — | Positive resonance with Passover Seder (“order”) |
| silence | לשתוק / דממה | lishtok / demamah | High | Order in Worship | 14 | — | 14:34-35 exegetically contested; flag for theologian review, do not resolve interpretive debate in translation |
| atonement (died for our sins) | כפרה | kapparah | Critical | Resurrection of Christ; The Cross | 15 (core passage v.3) | — | Central Yom Kippur category; conceptual leap from ritual/sacrificial kapparah to a person’s death as final kapparah |
| scriptures | כתבי הקודש | kitvei ha-kodesh | High | Resurrection of Christ (fulfillment) | 15 (core passage v.3-4) | הכתובים (ha-ketuvim) | Ha-ketuvim rejected: collides with “Ketuvim,” the third division of the Tanakh canon |
| firstfruits | ראשית הביכורים / ביכורים | reishit ha-bikurim / bikurim | Medium | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Positive resonance with Torah’s bikurim offering (Shavuot) |
| first Adam / last Adam | האדם הראשון / האדם האחרון | ha-Adam ha-rishon / ha-Adam ha-acharon | High | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Same federal-headship collision as baseline’s “sin”/“universal_human_accountability” entries |
| natural body / spiritual body | גוף נפשי / גוף רוחני | guf nafshi / guf ruchani | High | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Must avoid implying disembodiment; this is bodily transformation, not de-materialization |
| incorruption | אי-כליון | i-kelayon | Medium | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | |
| immortality | אלמוות | almavet | Medium | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Clarify: bodily resurrection-immortality, not Hellenistic disembodied-soul immortality |
| trumpet (last) | שופר | shofar | Medium | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Positive resonance with Rosh Hashanah/ingathering shofar expectation (Isa 27:13) |
| sting (of death) | עוקץ | oketz | Low | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Direct Hosea 13:14 citation |
| victory | ניצחון | nitzachon | Low | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | |
| flesh and blood (idiom) | בשר ודם | basar va-dam | Low | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Existing standard Hebrew idiom for mortal humanity |
| appeared (resurrection witness) | נראה | nir’ah | Medium | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 (core passage v.5-8) | — | LXX theophany resonance; do not overstate into theophany claim |
| fell asleep (death euphemism) | נרדמו / ישנים | nirdemu / yesheinim | Medium | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 (core passage v.6) | — | Positive biblical sleep-euphemism resource; attach resurrection-hope explicitly |
| delivered/tradition | מסרתי / מסורת | masarti / masoret | High | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 (core passage v.3) | — | Positive parallel to Rabbinic mesorah transmission chain; this deposit is closed, not ongoing |
| preach/proclaim | מכריזים | makrizim | Medium | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 (core passage v.11) | קוראים בקול (kor’im be-kol) | Herald-proclamation, not private teaching |
| collection (for saints) | מגבית | megbit | Medium | (closing instructions) | 16 | אסיפת תרומות (asifat trumot) | Deliberately avoids tzedakah lexical family per baseline caution |
| anathema/accursed | חרם | cherem | High | (closing instructions) | 16 | — | Serious rabbinic-ban resonance; connect clearly to its specific textual object |
| holy kiss | נשיקה קדושה | neshikah kedoshah | Low | Christian Fellowship | 16 | — | Cultural-practice note only |
| Maranatha | מרנא תא | Marana tha | Low-Medium | (closing acclamation) | 16 | תרגום לעברית (“בוא אדוננו”) | Preserve untranslated per Abba convention; gloss rather than translate |
Part C — Terms Requiring Cross-Reference to Existing Baseline Doctrine Entries
The following new/expanded terms should be linked, in Phase 2 review routing, to existing baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json entries rather than treated as wholly independent doctrines:
| New/Expanded Term | Linked Baseline Doctrine | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| cross, crucified, stumbling block | (new doctrine needed: “The Cross as Wisdom and Power” — not present in Romans registry; recommend Critical tier) | No Romans equivalent; 1 Corinthians introduces the cross as its own doctrinal locus |
| body of Christ, members, one body | church_as_gods_people (Critical) | Extends existing Critical-risk church doctrine into embodied metaphor |
| first Adam / last Adam | universal_human_accountability (High) | Direct extension of Romans 5’s federal-headship structure |
| new covenant, blood, Lord’s Supper | covenant (High, Romans); recommend new Critical-tier doctrine “The Lord’s Supper” for 1 Corinthians | Blood-consumption collision escalates risk beyond Romans’ covenant entry alone |
| tongues, interpretation, miracles, manifestation | spiritual_gifts (Medium, Romans) | 1 Corinthians 12-14 develops this doctrine far beyond Romans 12:6-8’s brief mention; recommend escalation to High for 1 Corinthians specifically |
| love (agapē) | (new doctrine needed: “Love as the Greater Way” — recommend Medium tier, elevated from Romans’ general absence of a dedicated love doctrine) | Romans registry has no dedicated love doctrine; 1 Corinthians 13 requires one |
| head covering, headship | (new doctrine needed: “Order in Worship” — recommend High tier) | No Romans equivalent |
| resurrection body, firstfruits, last Adam | resurrection_of_christ (Critical, Romans) | Recommend a paired new doctrine “Resurrection of Believers” at Critical tier, distinct from but linked to Christ’s own resurrection |
Part D — Escalation Notes (Risk Tier Changes from Baseline Where Context Warrants)
- grace (חסד): baseline Romans tier is Medium; in 1 Corinthians 15:10’s dense concentration (grace as sole explanation for apostolic identity and labor) combined with the grace/law tension running through chs. 8-10 (liberty) and 9 (apostolic rights forgone), recommend tracking at High for this curriculum specifically.
- faith (אמונה): baseline tier High is retained and reinforced — 1 Corinthians 15 ties faith explicitly and repeatedly to a specific, falsifiable historical claim (bodily resurrection), sharpening the baseline’s concern about praxis-oriented drift.
- messiah/crucified (משיח + נצלב combination): while “messiah” alone is baseline Critical, the specific collocation “crucified Messiah” (1:23) should be flagged as its own high-priority review item distinct from either term standing alone.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: צדק
Transliteration: tzedek
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: צדקה
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly thematic in 1 Corinthians but must remain consistent wherever cited; never tzedakah outside a Genesis 15:6 quotation.
Justification
Approved rendering: ההצדקה
Transliteration: ha-hatzdakah
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness and the Body
Original: δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Corinthians 6:11’s washed/sanctified/justified triad requires this exact rendering, kept distinct from נרחצתם (washed) and התקדשות (sanctified) rather than smoothed into a single generic cleansing gloss.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ישועה
Transliteration: yeshu’ah
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: גאולה
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 15:2’s present-tense ‘you are being saved’ (אתם נושעים, from the same root) must reinforce individual, ongoing salvation against Judaism’s corporate/national default for yeshu’ah, contingent specifically on holding fast to the resurrection gospel.
Church
Approved rendering: קהילה
Transliteration: kehilah
Doctrine: Church as Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: עדה
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never עדה. 15:9’s ‘church of God’ (Paul’s own former persecution target) and ch. 12’s body-of-Christ imagery must be taught through Romans 11’s grafting-in framework, never as Israel’s replacement.
Law
Approved rendering: תורה
Transliteration: Torah
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. 9:8-9’s use of Torah to ground Paul’s right to material support, and 15:56’s ‘the law’ in the death/sin/victory sequence, must never be framed as an attack on Torah itself; no viable substitute word exists.
Messiah
Approved rendering: משיח
Transliteration: mashiach
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. 1:23 and 15:3’s collocation ‘crucified Messiah’ (מָשִׁיחַ נִצְלָב) is the central historical point of Jewish-Christian dispute and must be flagged as its own high-priority review item beyond either term alone.
Israel
Approved rendering: ישראל
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Jew-Gentile Unity in One Body
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (Critical risk retained per baseline). 10:18’s ‘Israel according to the flesh’ (ישראל לפי הבשר) is used typologically within the wilderness-warning argument and carries the same maximal personal weight for a Hebrew-speaking reader that the baseline documents for Romans 9-11.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ישוע
Transliteration: Yeshua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ישו
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Must always be spelled ישוע with the final ayin; never the truncated ישו, throughout all 16 chapters.
God
Approved rendering: אלוהים
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 8:6’s ‘one God, the Father… and one Lord, Jesus Christ’ must be framed as compatible with, not a departure from, the Shema’s absolute divine unity.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: רוח הקודש
Transliteration: Ruach HaKodesh
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 2:10-16, 3:16, 6:19, 12:1-11 present the Spirit as a distinct, personal, permanently-indwelling giver of manifold gifts — teach against both the impersonal-influence default and the ‘departed with the prophets’ default.
Lord
Approved rendering: אדון
Transliteration: Adon
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. 8:6, 12:3 (‘no one can say Jesus is Lord except by the Holy Spirit’), and the Lord’s Supper/Lord’s table language of chs. 10-11 all apply Adon-level lordship to Yeshua, echoing the baseline’s Romans 10:9 sacred-Name-territory concern.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: תחיית המתים
Transliteration: techiyat hametim
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Judaism affirms a future general resurrection (13 Principles); the obstacle is fit with the Rabbinic single-unbroken-reign template, which 1 Corinthians 15’s death-then-resurrection-then-future-return-and-general-resurrection pattern does not match. Always pair with ראשית הביכורים (firstfruits) at 15:20, 23.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: בן האלוהים
Transliteration: ben ha-Elohim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. 1:9’s ‘fellowship of his Son’ and 15:28’s ‘the Son himself will be subjected’ require the same explicit third-sense introduction (beyond angelic ‘sons of God’ or corporate Israel) established in the Romans baseline.
Cross
Approved rendering: צלב
Transliteration: tzlav
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σταυρός
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
The cross as a physical/cultural symbol carries deep historical trauma for Hebrew-speaking Jewish readers (pogroms, forced conversions, Crusades enacted under this sign). Never introduce without explicit acknowledgment that this is not a neutral symbol for this readership; flag every occurrence, not just first use.
Crucified
Approved rendering: נצלב
Transliteration: nitzlav
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: ἐσταυρωμένος
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
‘A crucified Messiah’ (משיח נצלב, 1:23) is the central historical point of Jewish-Christian dispute, sharpened by Deuteronomy 21:23’s ‘cursed is everyone hung on a tree.’ Must be taught with explicit reference to this interpretive history, never asserted as self-evident.
Passover
Approved rendering: פסח
Transliteration: Pesach
Doctrine: Atonement of Christ
Original: πάσχα
Category: Christology
Pesach is the central festival of Jewish national memory and identity. Applying the Passover-lamb typology to Yeshua’s death (5:7) is a foundational NT claim requiring full care for its meaning within, not against, the Seder’s own themes of redemption from bondage.
Lords Supper
Approved rendering: סעודת האדון
Transliteration: se’udat ha-Adon
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: κυριακὸν δεῖπνον
Category: The Lord’s Supper
Primary Hebrew term for the ordinance (11:20); a constructed compound with no continuous native-Hebrew Christian liturgical precedent — fix this exact rendering across all curriculum documents from first use; do not permit stylistic variation.
Blood
Approved rendering: דם
Transliteration: dam
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: αἷμα
Category: The Lord’s Supper
Direct, explicit collision with the Torah’s severe, repeated blood-consumption prohibition (Leviticus 17:10-14; Genesis 9:4). Every occurrence (11:25) must carry explicit symbolic/memorial framing in the immediate context; never allow it to stand in a way that could be read as endorsing literal blood consumption.
Atonement
Approved rendering: כפרה
Transliteration: kapparah
Doctrine: Atonement of Christ
Original: ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Salvation
Kapparah is the central Yom Kippur category — a profound positive resource — but the conceptual leap from ritual/sacrificial kapparah (animal sacrifice, the scapegoat, the High Priest’s mediation) to a single historical person’s death functioning as final kapparah for all sin (15:3, core passage) must be taught explicitly, not assumed. Always pair with ‘once for all’ language.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: חסד
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: חן
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk: Medium). Escalated to High for this curriculum: 15:10’s dense concentration of grace-language as the sole ground of Paul’s apostolic identity, plus the grace/liberty tension across chs. 8-10, heighten the risk chesed is read as compatible with continued Torah-observance rather than favor given wholly apart from it.
Faith
Approved rendering: אמונה
Transliteration: emunah
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ביטחון
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Reinforced for this curriculum: 1 Corinthians 15:2, 11, 14, 17 tie faith explicitly to a specific, falsifiable historical claim (Christ’s bodily resurrection), sharpening the baseline’s concern about emunah’s praxis-oriented drift in ordinary Jewish usage.
Called
Approved rendering: קרוא
Transliteration: karu
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Corinthians 7:15-24 adds a further context-sensitive sense (calling as one’s life-situation at conversion) beyond the baseline’s three senses; verify which sense is active per occurrence.
Calling
Approved rendering: קריאה
Transliteration: keri’ah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must convey a sovereign summons, not human-initiated seeking.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: התקדשות
Transliteration: hitkadshut
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness and the Body
Rejected alternatives: קידוש
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Never קידוש (the Shabbat/holiday wine-blessing ritual). 1:2, 6:11 apply this to a congregation with serious ongoing moral problems, underscoring it as a declared status/process, not a completed ritual achievement.
Sin
Approved rendering: חטא
Transliteration: chet
Doctrine: Federal Headship of Adam and Christ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. 15:3, 17, 56 tie sin directly to Christ’s atoning death and to Adam’s federal headship; mainstream Jewish anthropology (yetzer hatov/yetzer hara, real moral freedom) does not default to inherited corrupted nature, so this must be taught explicitly.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: גויים
Transliteration: goyim
Doctrine: Jew-Gentile Unity in One Body
Rejected alternatives: עמים
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 1:23, 10:20, 12:13 require full Jew-Gentile dignity in the same body; watch the mildly pejorative colloquial shade in everyday Modern Hebrew/Yiddish-inflected usage.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ברית
Transliteration: brit
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. 11:25’s ‘new covenant in my blood’ directly cites Jeremiah 31:31’s own phrase but extends it to uncircumcised Gentiles apart from Torah observance — a live point of difficulty requiring explicit teaching.
Intercession
Approved rendering: הפגעה
Transliteration: hafga’ah
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ὑπερεντυγχάνει / ἔντευξις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly thematic in 1 Corinthians; retained for cross-document consistency.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: מתנות רוחניות
Transliteration: matanot ruchaniyot
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: מתנות
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk: Medium). Escalated to High for this curriculum: chs. 12-14 develop this doctrine across three full chapters, far beyond Romans 12:6-8’s brief mention. Always retain the ruchaniyot qualifier. 7:7’s personal-calling sense (marriage/celibacy as charisma) is distinct from the ch.12-14 ministry-enablement sense; flag for native speaker review to avoid conflation.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: מכשול
Transliteration: mikhshol
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σκάνδαλον
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Mikhshol is the exact Levitical term (Lev 19:14) for a stumbling block placed before the blind — strong lexical fit, but the theological claim that the Messiah’s own death is this stumbling block is the point of maximal friction. Never let it float free of its referent (‘the Messiah crucified, a stumbling block to…’).
Baptism
Approved rendering: טבילה
Transliteration: tevilah
Doctrine: Baptism into Christ
Original: βαπτίζω / βάπτισμα
Category: Church
Tevilah is the established mikveh-immersion word, a genuine positive resource, but Christian baptism (1:13-17, 10:2, 12:13, 15:29) is a single, unrepeated identification act, not an ongoing purity practice, and must be distinguished as such.
Temple
Approved rendering: היכל
Transliteration: heichal
Doctrine: Temple of the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: בית מקדש
Original: ναός
Category: Sanctification
Heichal names the Jerusalem Temple’s inner sanctuary, whose destruction is mourned (Tisha B’Av) and whose rebuilding remains live messianic hope. Applying it to the corporate church (3:16-17) and individual believers’ bodies (6:19) requires explicit ‘…are God’s temple’ framing at every occurrence; do not use bare היכל.
Leaven
Approved rendering: חמץ
Transliteration: chametz
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ζύμη
Category: Sanctification
Chametz-removal before Pesach is one of the most detailed, actively practiced halakhic observances in Jewish life. Risk of over-literalizing to dietary chametz-removal or under-appreciating Paul’s deliberate moral seriousness in choosing this metaphor (5:6-8). Fence: metaphorical extension only, never a dietary instruction.
Unleavened
Approved rendering: מצה / בלי חמץ
Transliteration: matzah / bli chametz
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ἄζυμος
Category: Sanctification
Paired with Passover typology (5:7-8); requires deliberate teaching of the Christ-as-Passover-lamb connection, never assumed automatically transferable.
Divorce
Approved rendering: להיפרד / גירושין
Transliteration: lehipared / gerushin
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: χωρίζω / ἀπολύω
Category: Marriage
Halakhic divorce (get) is a formal, developed legal procedure; Paul’s pastoral instructions (7:10-15) operate in a distinct apostolic-ethical register and must not be presented as either superseding or equivalent to halakhic get procedure.
Food Sacrificed To Idols
Approved rendering: מאכל שנזבח לאלילים
Transliteration: ma’akhal she-nizbach la-elilim
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Rejected alternatives: זבחי אלילים
Original: εἰδωλόθυτον
Category: Christian Liberty
True missing-vocabulary case: no exact halakhic category parallel exists, since kashrut addresses permitted/forbidden substances on different grounds. Risk of importing a strict kashrut-style forbidden-substance framework onto Paul’s conscience-and-conduct-based argument (ch. 8, 10:25-30).
Cup Of The Lord
Approved rendering: כוס האדון
Transliteration: kos ha-Adon
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ποτήριον κυρίου
Category: The Lord’s Supper
The ‘Adon’ component carries the baseline’s Critical-risk lord profile; applying it to a shared cultic/covenantal meal (10:21) requires the same care as the baseline’s Romans 10:9 handling.
Table Of The Lord
Approved rendering: שולחן האדון
Transliteration: shulchan ha-Adon
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: τράπεζα κυρίου
Category: The Lord’s Supper
One cannot partake of both the Lord’s table and the table of demons (10:21); same Adon-related care as cup_of_the_lord.
Head Covering
Approved rendering: כיסוי ראש
Transliteration: kisui rosh
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: κατακαλύπτω
Category: Order in Worship
Head-covering already exists as a well-known Jewish practice (married women’s hair-covering, men’s kippah) for different halakhic reasons (modesty/tzniut); risk that Paul’s creation-order argument (11:3-16) is silently assimilated into that existing but distinct rationale. Disambiguate explicitly in teaching material.
Headship
Approved rendering: ראש / ראשות
Transliteration: rosh / rashut
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: κεφαλή
Category: Order in Worship
The creation-order headship argument (11:3, 8-9) requires retaining the literal ‘head’ sense where the metaphor is active, rather than jumping to an abstract ‘authority’ gloss that would lose the wordplay with the literal head-covering discussion.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: ברית חדשה
Transliteration: brit chadashah
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Genuine positive textual anchor (Jer 31:31’s own phrase, 11:25), but its extension to uncircumcised Gentiles apart from Torah observance remains, per the baseline covenant entry, a live point of difficulty, not settled by the phrase alone.
Discern The Body
Approved rendering: להבחין
Transliteration: lehavchin
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: διακρίνω
Category: The Lord’s Supper
The referent of ‘the body’ at 11:29 is exegetically genuinely ambiguous (sacramental body vs. gathered church community, cf. ch. 12); preserve the ambiguity deliberately rather than resolving it toward one reading, and flag for theologian review at every occurrence.
Tongues
Approved rendering: לשונות
Transliteration: leshonot
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: γλῶσσα / γλῶσσαι
Category: Spiritual Gifts
No lexical collision (plain word for languages), but the specific phenomenon (12:10, 28, 30; ch. 14) is unfamiliar and must not be read as ordinary multilingual ability or as purely psychological expression; always frame with ‘gift of the Spirit’ qualifier.
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: גוף המשיח
Transliteration: guf ha-Mashiach
Doctrine: Church as Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα Χριστοῦ
Category: Church
Builds directly on ch. 6’s individual-body-as-temple language and must cohere with the baseline’s Critical church_as_gods_people doctrine and Romans 11’s grafting-in framework; never let ‘many members, one body’ (12:12-27) drift toward implying the church has replaced or superseded Israel.
Silence
Approved rendering: לשתוק / דממה
Transliteration: lishtok / demamah
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: σιγάω
Category: Order in Worship
14:34-35’s instructions regarding women are among the most exegetically contested passages in the epistle. Render the plain sense accurately; flag for theologian review; do NOT resolve the interpretive debate (scope, context, textual questions) through translation choice.
Scriptures
Approved rendering: כתבי הקודש
Transliteration: kitvei ha-kodesh
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: הכתובים
Original: κατὰ τὰς γραφάς
Category: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Never הכתובים (ha-ketuvim), which collides with ‘Ketuvim,’ the specific third division of the Tanakh canon and would wrongly narrow the reference. Anchors 15:3-4’s contested messianic prooftexts (Isaiah 53; Psalm 16; Hosea 6:2). For the fixed phrase ‘according to the Scriptures,’ follow the Delitzsch-lineage consensus ‘לפי הכתובים’ per analysis/05_translation_landscape.md, while using כתבי הקודש for the general noun elsewhere.
First Adam Last Adam
Approved rendering: האדם הראשון / האדם האחרון
Transliteration: ha-Adam ha-rishon / ha-Adam ha-acharon
Doctrine: Federal Headship of Adam and Christ
Original: ὁ πρῶτος Ἀδάμ / ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ
Category: Eschatology
Extends the same federal-headship collision flagged in the Romans baseline’s sin/universal_human_accountability entries (15:21-22, 45-49); mainstream Jewish anthropology does not default to an inherited nature transmitted through a single federal head. Never introduce ‘last Adam’ without ‘first Adam’ already established in the same unit.
Natural Body Spiritual Body
Approved rendering: גוף נפשי / גוף רוחני
Transliteration: guf nafshi / guf ruchani
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: σῶμα ψυχικόν / σῶμα πνευματικόν
Category: Eschatology
Must avoid implying disembodiment (Paul affirms bodily continuity/transformation, not ghost-like existence) while also going beyond the Rabbinic general-resurrection expectation to affirm bodily transformation into an imperishable mode (15:44). Gloss on first occurrence: ‘not two different substances, but one body transformed.‘
Delivered Tradition
Approved rendering: מסרתי / מסורת
Transliteration: masarti / masoret
Doctrine: Apostolic Tradition and Gospel Transmission
Original: παραδίδωμι / παραλαμβάνω
Category: Resurrection of Christ
Masoret is precisely the word for the chain of Rabbinic transmission (Pirkei Avot); a genuine positive resource if taught explicitly as a real, Sinai-like transmission chain, but must not be conflated with an open, still-developing Oral-Torah process — this deposit (15:1, 3, core passage) is closed and complete.
Anathema
Approved rendering: חרם
Transliteration: cherem
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Excommunication
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Church
Serious, historically weighty rabbinic-ban category (e.g., the cherem pronounced against Spinoza); its gravity means 16:22’s specific object (lack of love for the Lord, in context of the resurrection gospel just expounded) must be clearly connected, never left as an isolated, free-floating severe pronouncement.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: הבשורה
Transliteration: ha-besorah
Doctrine: Apostolic Tradition and Gospel Transmission
Rejected alternatives: חדשות טובות
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Corinthians 15:1-4 the gospel is explicitly defined by its content clauses (died, buried, raised, appeared); besorah must remain tightly bound to that content, never left as generic good news.
Apostle
Approved rendering: שליח
Transliteration: shaliach
Doctrine: Apostolic Tradition and Gospel Transmission
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 15:7, 9 use ‘all the apostles’ as a defined, closed group of resurrection witnesses, a slightly wider technical scope than an individual apostolic calling.
Holy
Approved rendering: קדוש
Transliteration: kadosh
Doctrine: Temple of the Holy Spirit
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Chs. 1, 3, 6, 7 apply holiness as Spirit-wrought moral transformation, not reducible to ritual observance.
Saints
Approved rendering: קדושים
Transliteration: kedoshim
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 1:2, 6:1-2, 16:1 apply this corporately to the whole Corinthian assembly despite its documented moral failures; must not imply an elite class defined by achieved holiness.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: מלכות האלוהים
Transliteration: malchut ha-Elohim
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. 15:24, 50 apply this to the consummated eschatological reign into which resurrected believers are gathered; distinguish from Malchut Shamayim’s present-submission-to-mitzvot sense and from national/political sovereignty expectations.
Glory
Approved rendering: כבוד
Transliteration: kavod
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 10:31, 11:7, 15:40-43 use kavod both for God’s own glory and for the graded glory of resurrection bodies; retain the weighty manifest-presence sense, not Modern Hebrew’s colloquial ‘respect’ usage.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: כוח האלוהים
Transliteration: koach ha-Elohim
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: גבורת האל
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Use koach, never גבורה (Kabbalistic sefirah), for the power manifest paradoxically through the cross’s apparent weakness (1:18, 24; 2:5) and in resurrection (6:14).
Providence
Approved rendering: השגחה פרטית
Transliteration: hashgachah pratit
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: השגחה
Original: πρόνοια
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 12:6, 11 apply this specifically to the sovereign distribution of spiritual gifts; never bare hashgachah (read as kosher-supervision certification).
Mission
Approved rendering: שליחות
Transliteration: shlichut
Doctrine: Apostolic Tradition and Gospel Transmission
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 9:16-23 develops Paul’s self-adapting missionary strategy (‘all things to all people’); distinguish from the modern Israeli usage of shlichut as Jewish Agency emissary work.
Father
Approved rendering: אבינו
Transliteration: Avinu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 8:6 pairs ‘one God, the Father’ with ‘one Lord, Jesus Christ’ in a single confessional formula requiring careful framing against the Shema.
Prophet
Approved rendering: נביא
Transliteration: navi
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. 12:28-29, 14:29-32 use this of a Spirit-given congregational gift, not solely the OT prophetic office; low collision risk.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: חכמה
Transliteration: chochmah
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Chochmah is a rich, positive OT category (Proverbs); Paul’s ironic negative use (‘wisdom of this world/of the age,’ 1:20) must be qualified with ‘of this world’ each time it is used negatively, or it risks devaluing chochmah itself.
Divisions
Approved rendering: פילוג
Transliteration: pilug
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Rejected alternatives: מחלוקת (reserved for neutral disagreement contexts only, never for Corinthian party-spirit)
Original: σχίσμα
Category: Church
Prefer פילוג for the negative Corinthian party-spirit (1:10-17; 3:1-9; 11:18-19). מחלוקת carries a positive rabbinic charge (‘machloket le-shem shamayim’) that would soften Paul’s unambiguous condemnation if used here.
Mystery
Approved rendering: רז
Transliteration: raz
Doctrine: Mystery of God’s Wisdom
Rejected alternatives: סוד
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Raz (cf. Daniel 2’s ‘raza’) is preferred over sod to avoid importing an esoteric-mystical PaRDeS reading frame. Used across 2:6-16, 4:1, 13:2, 14:2, 15:51.
Natural Person
Approved rendering: נפשי
Transliteration: nafshi
Doctrine: Mystery of God’s Wisdom
Original: ψυχικός
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Nafshi’s connection to nefesh (soul) in Jewish anthropology carries no negative connotation on its own; the contrast with pneumatikos/spiritual_person must be made explicit in surrounding phrasing at every occurrence.
Mind Of Christ
Approved rendering: מחשבת המשיח
Transliteration: machshevet ha-Mashiach
Doctrine: Mystery of God’s Wisdom
Original: νοῦς Χριστοῦ
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Echoes Isaiah 40:13’s ‘who has known the mind of YHWH,’ quoted in 2:16; requires careful framing so the claim is not read as believers becoming omniscient.
Carnal
Approved rendering: בשרי
Transliteration: basari
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: σαρκικός
Category: Sanctification
Describes 3:1-3’s immature moral-spiritual state; kept distinct from חטא (sin’s guilt-status) and from the Adamic sin-nature discussion.
Reward
Approved rendering: שכר / גמול
Transliteration: sachar / gemul
Doctrine: Stewardship of Ministry
Original: μισθός
Category: Church
Must be carefully distinguished from justification/salvation-by-grace language (3:8, 14) — this is post-salvation reward for faithful ministry, not the basis of right standing before God.
Steward
Approved rendering: סוכן
Transliteration: sochen
Doctrine: Stewardship of Ministry
Rejected alternatives: ממונה
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Church
Standard Modern Hebrew word for agent/manager (4:1-2); the theological weight (entrusted with God’s own mysteries, accountable to God alone) must be built through context.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: זנות
Transliteration: zenut
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: πορνεία
Category: Sanctification
Established, low-risk Torah-rooted term (Lev 18-20); the more significant teaching point is the corporate church-discipline response Paul demands in ch. 5, not the vocabulary itself.
Body
Approved rendering: גוף
Transliteration: guf
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness and the Body
Original: σῶμα
Category: Sanctification
First major load-bearing use in ch. 6 (body as temple), recurring in chs. 10, 11, 12, 15; the claim that an individual’s ordinary body is sacred space needs consistent handling across all recurrences.
Bought With A Price
Approved rendering: נקנה במחיר
Transliteration: nikneh be-mechir
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness and the Body
Rejected alternatives: נגאל
Original: ἀγοράζω
Category: Salvation
6:20’s commercial purchase-language (echoing the ancient slave-manumission market), kept distinct from ge’ulah (covenantal redemption) per the baseline’s separation of yeshu’ah/ge’ulah registers.
Washed
Approved rendering: נרחצתם
Transliteration: nirchatzetem
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness and the Body
Original: ἀπολούω
Category: Salvation
Part of 6:11’s tight washed/sanctified/justified triad; the three must be kept in their established forms, never smoothed into a single generic ‘cleansed’ gloss.
Marry
Approved rendering: להתחתן / לשאת אישה
Transliteration: lehitchaten / lasat ishah
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: γαμέω
Category: Marriage
Paul’s elevation of singleness (7:1, 7) sits in real tension with the mitzvah-status Jewish emphasis on marriage/procreation (peru u-revu, Gen 1:28); must be taught as situational, eschatologically-motivated apostolic counsel, never as general devaluation of marriage.
Idol
Approved rendering: אליל
Transliteration: elil
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἴδωλον
Category: Christian Liberty
Elil is the standard, strongly negative Torah term; Paul’s nuanced argument (idols are nothing, yet idol-food can still wound a weak conscience, ch. 8) is more permissive than a blanket Torah-style avoidance framing and needs careful teaching so the term’s uniformly negative charge does not flatten this nuance.
Conscience
Approved rendering: מצפון
Transliteration: matzpun
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Christian Liberty
Under-theologized category in classical Rabbinic ethics, which centers more on external halakhic conduct than an internal moral-judgment faculty; Paul’s argument (restrain one’s liberty for another’s conscience) is a genuinely distinct ethical move requiring brief definitional scaffolding at first occurrence (ch. 8).
Liberty Right
Approved rendering: זכות / סמכות / חירות
Transliteration: zchut / samchut / cheirut
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christian Liberty
The ‘right’ believers have (8:9; 9:4-18) that must sometimes be voluntarily set aside for love’s sake; rendering is context-dependent — document each choice’s rationale in the segment cache.
Type Example
Approved rendering: דוגמה / אות מבשר
Transliteration: dugma / ot mevaser
Doctrine: Jew-Gentile Unity in One Body
Original: τύπος
Category: The Lord’s Supper
Israel’s wilderness generation as a typological warning for the church (10:6, 11); flag this as a distinctly Christian hermeneutical move applied to Israel’s own history, not to be assumed uncontroversial.
Demons
Approved rendering: שדים
Transliteration: shedim
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Christian Liberty
Established biblical/Rabbinic category, but folk-Jewish demonology differs somewhat in character/function from the NT’s demonic framework tied specifically to idol-worship (10:20-21); brief clarification recommended.
Remembrance
Approved rendering: זיכרון
Transliteration: zikaron
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀνάμνησις
Category: The Lord’s Supper
Positive Haggadah-memorial resonance is an asset (11:24-25), but the specific referent (Christ’s atoning death) does not transfer automatically from Passover zikaron alone; make explicit in context.
Interpretation Of Tongues
Approved rendering: פירוש לשונות
Transliteration: peirush leshonot
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: תרגום לשונות
Original: ἑρμηνεία γλωσσῶν
Category: Spiritual Gifts
Must stay distinct from ordinary תרגום (translation); ch. 14’s requirement that tongues be interpreted in corporate worship depends on this distinction.
Greek Ethnic
Approved rendering: יווני
Transliteration: yevani
Doctrine: Jew-Gentile Unity in One Body
Original: Ἕλλην
Category: Church
Distinct from גויים (goyim, Gentiles broadly); an ethnic-specific term (12:13) sometimes standing in for the broader Gentile category — keep both available and context-sensitive.
Slave
Approved rendering: עבד
Transliteration: eved
Doctrine: Jew-Gentile Unity in One Body
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
Eved carries deep resonance with the Exodus narrative (Israel’s own bondage and liberation); part of the baptismal unity formula ‘slave or free’ (12:13).
Miracles
Approved rendering: נסים
Transliteration: nissim
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: גבורות
Original: δυνάμεις
Category: Spiritual Gifts
Nissim deliberately preferred over gevurot per the baseline’s power_of_God Kabbalah-avoidance convention (12:10, 28-29).
Love
Approved rendering: אהבה
Transliteration: ahavah
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Love
Rich, positive, central Hebrew word (Shema’s ‘ve-ahavta,’ Deut 6:5); the risk is dilution through everyday romantic/casual usage — let 13:4-7’s descriptive content itself carry the theological weight, structurally identical to the baseline’s שלום caution.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: ראשית הביכורים / ביכורים
Transliteration: reishit ha-bikurim / bikurim
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Eschatology
Strong positive resonance with the Torah’s own bikurim offering (Deut 26; Shavuot); 15:20, 23’s specific application (Christ’s resurrection guarantees the full harvest of believers’ resurrection) must be taught explicitly, not assumed to transfer from the festival association alone.
Incorruption
Approved rendering: אי-כליון
Transliteration: i-kelayon
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
The resurrection body’s new quality (15:42, 50, 53-54).
Immortality
Approved rendering: אלמוות
Transliteration: almavet
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀθανασία
Category: Eschatology
Clarify this is bodily immortality through resurrection (15:53-54), not the disembodied soul-immortality more associated with Hellenistic philosophy.
Trumpet
Approved rendering: שופר
Transliteration: shofar
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: σάλπιγξ
Category: Eschatology
Strong, genuinely positive resonance with the shofar’s role in Jewish eschatological expectation (Rosh Hashanah, Isa 27:13’s ingathering shofar); footnote the distinction that 15:52 is specifically the resurrection trumpet, not a claim about national-ingathering fulfillment.
Appeared
Approved rendering: נראה
Transliteration: nir’ah
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ὤφθη
Category: Resurrection of Christ
LXX theophany resonance (Gen 12:7) lends real weight but should not be overstated into a theophany claim; establishes verifiable, embodied appearance to named witnesses (15:5-8, core passage). Always anchor to a named witness/count in context.
Fell Asleep
Approved rendering: נרדמו / ישנים
Transliteration: nirdemu / yesheinim
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἐκοιμήθησαν
Category: Resurrection of Christ
Biblical Hebrew already uses sleep-euphemisms for death; risk is under-teaching the resurrection-hope specifically attached to this NT usage (15:6, 51-52, core passage) rather than treating it as a generic idiom. Never let it stand alone without co-occurring resurrection-hope language.
Preach Proclaim
Approved rendering: מכריזים
Transliteration: makrizim
Doctrine: Apostolic Tradition and Gospel Transmission
Rejected alternatives: קוראים בקול
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Resurrection of Christ
Distinguish from ‘teach’ (למד/הורה); this is heralding an authoritative announcement (15:11, core passage), matching besorah’s own force as news to be publicly declared.
Collection
Approved rendering: מגבית
Transliteration: megbit
Doctrine: Giving and Generosity
Rejected alternatives: אסיפת תרומות
Original: λογία
Category: Church
Deliberately preferred because it does not touch the tzedek/tzedakah lexical family at all, per the baseline’s caution that tzedakah has narrowed in Modern Hebrew to mean specifically ‘charity’ (16:1-4).
Low Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: דוד
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant (background)
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly thematic in 1 Corinthians; retained for cross-document consistency.
Exhort
Approved rendering: לעודד
Transliteration: le’oded
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. 14:3, 31 use the encouragement sense in the context of edifying prophecy.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: שותפות
Transliteration: shutafut
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Greeting
Rejected alternatives: קהילה
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 1:9, 10:16 (‘the cup of blessing… is it not a participation in the blood of Christ?’) apply this to both fellowship with the Son and Lord’s Supper participation; keep distinct from קהילה (church).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: הודיה
Transliteration: hodayah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Greeting
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. 1:4, 14:16-18, 15:57; strong positive overlap with Jewish liturgy, no significant risk.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: נבואה
Transliteration: nevu’ah
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Chs. 12-14 treat prophecy as an ongoing congregational gift; shares root with navi, low independent risk.
Foolishness
Approved rendering: סכלות
Transliteration: sichlut
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: אִוֶּלֶת
Original: μωρία
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Must retain the ironic force in 1:18-25 — perceived, not actual, folly — never an endorsement of genuine foolishness.
Strife
Approved rendering: מריבה
Transliteration: merivah
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: ἔρις
Category: Church
Named alongside pilug as evidence of Corinthian immaturity (1:11; 3:3). No collision risk.
Boasting
Approved rendering: התפארות
Transliteration: hitpa’arut
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: καύχησις / καυχάομαι
Category: Church
Direct positive resonance with Jeremiah 9:23-24’s own Hebrew wording (‘let him who boasts, boast in the Lord’), cited at 1:29, 31.
Spiritual Person
Approved rendering: רוחני
Transliteration: ruchani
Doctrine: Mystery of God’s Wisdom
Original: πνευματικός
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
The Spirit-indwelt believer able to discern spiritual truth (2:14-15). No collision; must appear paired with natural_person to preserve the antithesis.
Discern
Approved rendering: לבחון / להבחין
Transliteration: livchon / lehavchin
Doctrine: Mystery of God’s Wisdom
Original: ἀνακρίνω
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
Used of the spiritual person’s discernment (2:15) and of Paul’s own conduct being examined (4:3-4); distinct Greek roots (anakrino/diakrino) share this Hebrew field, context-sensitive.
Building Edify
Approved rendering: בניין / לבנות
Transliteration: binyan / livnot
Doctrine: Stewardship of Ministry
Original: οἰκοδομή / οἰκοδομέω
Category: Church
First occurs in ch. 3’s building metaphor, recurring as edification language in chs. 8, 10, 14.
Servant
Approved rendering: משרת
Transliteration: mesharet
Doctrine: Stewardship of Ministry
Original: ὑπηρέτης
Category: Church
Distinct from δοῦλος (עבד, slave); 4:1’s humble-subordination term.
Judge
Approved rendering: לשפוט / לדון
Transliteration: lishpot / la-dun
Doctrine: Stewardship of Ministry
Original: κρίνω
Category: Church
Used of Paul refusing human judgment of his ministry (ch. 4) and of church discipline (ch. 5).
Members
Approved rendering: איברים
Transliteration: eivarim
Doctrine: Church as Body of Christ
Original: μέλος / μέλη
Category: Church
6:15’s ‘your bodies are members of Christ’; foundational for the body-of-Christ imagery fully developed in ch. 12.
One Flesh
Approved rendering: בשר אחד
Transliteration: basar echad
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness and the Body
Original: μία σάρξ
Category: Marriage
Direct citation of Genesis 2:24’s own Hebrew wording (6:16) — a strong positive resource requiring no adaptation.
Virgin
Approved rendering: בתולה / פנוי
Transliteration: betulah / panui
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: παρθένος
Category: Marriage
Specific counsel to ‘virgins’ regarding marriage in light of the present distress (7:25-38).
Unmarried
Approved rendering: פנוי / פנויה
Transliteration: panui / panuyah
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: ἄγαμος
Category: Marriage
The unmarried state as a context for undivided devotion to the Lord (7:8, 32-34).
Self Control
Approved rendering: שליטה עצמית
Transliteration: shlita atzmit
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Marriage
No collision risk; 7:9 and 9:25 both use related self-mastery vocabulary.
Knowledge
Approved rendering: דעת
Transliteration: da’at
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Christian Liberty
‘Knowledge puffs up, but love builds up’ (8:1) — no collision risk.
Weak
Approved rendering: חלש
Transliteration: chalash
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: ἀσθενής
Category: Christian Liberty
The believer whose conscience is not yet settled regarding idol-food (8:7-12).
Crown
Approved rendering: עטרה
Transliteration: atarah
Doctrine: Stewardship of Ministry
Rejected alternatives: כתר
Original: στέφανος
Category: Christian Liberty
Positive resonance with existing Jewish liturgical/poetic use of atarah (crown of glory/Torah); 9:25’s imperishable crown.
Race Run
Approved rendering: מירוץ / לרוץ
Transliteration: merotz / larutz
Doctrine: Stewardship of Ministry
Original: ἀγών / τρέχω
Category: Christian Liberty
Paul’s athletic metaphor for disciplined gospel ministry (9:24-27).
Discipline Body
Approved rendering: לרסן את גופי
Transliteration: le-rasen et gufi
Doctrine: Stewardship of Ministry
Original: ὑπωπιάζω
Category: Christian Liberty
Paul’s rigorous self-discipline to avoid disqualification (9:27).
Idolatry
Approved rendering: עבודת אלילים
Transliteration: avodat elilim
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Christian Liberty
‘Flee from idolatry’ (10:14) — a strong, entirely positive-resonance Torah category, no collision.
Manifestation
Approved rendering: התגלות
Transliteration: hitgalut
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: φανέρωσις
Category: Spiritual Gifts
12:7’s ‘manifestation of the Spirit for the common good’; distinct root from the baseline’s Critical incarnation term (התגלמות) — ensure consistent spelling/distinction across documents.
Free Person
Approved rendering: חופשי
Transliteration: chofshi
Doctrine: Jew-Gentile Unity in One Body
Original: ἐλεύθερος
Category: Church
Paired with slave in the baptismal unity formula (12:13).
Healings
Approved rendering: רפואות
Transliteration: refu’ot
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: ἰάματα
Category: Spiritual Gifts
No collision risk (12:9, 28, 30).
Hope
Approved rendering: תקווה
Transliteration: tikvah
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Love
Positive resonance with Israel’s own ‘Hatikvah’; 13:13’s specifically NT theological content (hope grounded in resurrection, ch. 15) should be made explicit rather than assumed automatically read into the word.
Riddle Mirror
Approved rendering: בראי, כחידה
Transliteration: be-mar’ah, ke-chidah
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: αἴνιγμα / ἔσοπτρον
Category: Love
Present, partial knowledge contrasted with future face-to-face knowledge (13:12).
Face To Face
Approved rendering: פנים אל פנים
Transliteration: panim el panim
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον
Category: Love
Direct echo of Exodus 33:11’s description of Moses speaking with God ‘panim el panim’ — a strong, positive intertextual resource (13:12).
Edify
Approved rendering: לבנות
Transliteration: livnot
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: οἰκοδομέω
Category: Order in Worship
The governing criterion for corporate worship practices throughout ch. 14 (does it build up the church?).
Order
Approved rendering: סדר
Transliteration: seder
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: τάξις
Category: Order in Worship
‘Let all things be done decently and in order’ (14:40); positive resonance with the Passover Seder’s own name (meaning ‘order’) — a genuine, welcome asset.
Sting
Approved rendering: עוקץ
Transliteration: oketz
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: κέντρον
Category: Eschatology
Direct citation of Hosea 13:14 (‘Where, O death, is your sting?’), 15:55-56; strong positive intertextual anchor.
Victory
Approved rendering: ניצחון
Transliteration: nitzachon
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: νῖκος
Category: Eschatology
‘Death is swallowed up in victory… thanks be to God, who gives us the victory’ (15:54, 57).
Flesh And Blood
Approved rendering: בשר ודם
Transliteration: basar va-dam
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα
Category: Eschatology
Standard existing Hebrew idiom for mortal humanity (15:50); genuine positive lexical match, no adaptation needed.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: נשיקה קדושה
Transliteration: neshikah kedoshah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Greeting
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
Cultural-practice note only (16:20); no doctrinal collision.
Maranatha
Approved rendering: מרנא תא
Transliteration: Marana tha
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Greeting
Rejected alternatives: תרגום לעברית (בוא אדוננו)
Original: Μαρανα θά
Category: Church
Preserve as transliterated Aramaic per the baseline’s Abba convention (16:22); its power lies in its untranslated, intimate, liturgical immediacy — gloss in footnotes only, never replace in running text.
Referenced passages