Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Corinthians (English → Hebrew)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from all 13 chapters of 2 Corinthians. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] and are not re-argued; their full risk rationale lives in that file. New terms specific to this curriculum receive full risk documentation here and must be added to translation_memory.json in Phase 1 Step 2 with incremented version number.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence) / High (human theologian review) / Medium (native speaker review) / Low (automated review).
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Without Modification
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk (per baseline) | Primary 2 Corinthians occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | אלוהים | Elohim | Critical | 1:2-3; 4:4,6; 5:19-21; 13:14 |
| Jesus | ישוע | Yeshua | Critical | throughout; 11:4; 13:14 |
| Messiah/Christ | המשיח | ha-Mashiach | Critical | throughout |
| Lord | אדון | Adon | Critical | 3:17-18; 4:5; 5:11; 10:17-18 |
| Holy Spirit | רוח הקודש | Ruach HaKodesh | Critical | 1:22; 3:3,6,8,17-18; 13:14 |
| grace | חסד | chesed | High | 1:2,12; 4:15; 6:1; 8:1-9:15; 12:9; 13:14 |
| faith | אמונה | emunah | High | 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 13:5 |
| righteousness | צדק | tzedek | Critical | 5:21; 6:7,14; 9:9-10 (Ps 112:9 quotation, see note below) |
| sin | חטא | chet | High | 5:19,21; 11:7 |
| salvation | ישועה | yeshu’ah | Critical | 1:6; 6:2; 7:10 |
| gospel | הבשורה | ha-besorah | Medium | 2:12; 4:3-4; 9:13; 10:14; 11:4,7 |
| apostle | שליח | shaliach | Medium | 1:1; 11:5,13; 12:11-12 |
| covenant | ברית | brit | High | 3:6,14 |
| glory | כבוד | kavod | Medium | 3:7-11,18; 4:4,6,17 |
| holy | קדוש | kadosh | Medium | 6:6; 7:1; 13:12 |
| sanctification/holiness | התקדשות / קדושה | hitkadshut / kedushah | High | 7:1 |
| church | קהילה | kehilah | Critical | 1:1; 8:1,18-19,23-24; 11:8,28; 12:13 |
| fellowship | שותפות | shutafut | Low | 6:14; 8:4; 13:14 |
| thanksgiving | הודיה | hodayah | Low | 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 9:11-12 |
| power of God | כוח האלוהים | koach ha-Elohim | Medium | 4:7; 6:7; 12:9; 13:4 |
| exhort | לעודד / להפציר | le’oded / le’hafzir | Low | 5:20; 6:1; 10:1 |
| imputed righteousness (Ps 112:9 pattern) | נחשבת/נחשב | nechshevet/nechshav | Critical | 9:9-10 (Psalm 112:9 quotation — apply baseline’s Genesis 15:6 wording principle) |
| Amen | אמן | amen | Low | 1:20 |
| David | דוד | David | Low | (not directly cited but relevant background for Davidic messianic expectation touching ch. 1 promises) |
| Israel | ישראל | Yisra’el | Critical | (background to unity_of_jews_and_gentiles doctrine underlying 6:16, temple imagery) |
Section B — New Terms for 2 Corinthians (Full Risk Documentation)
B1. Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reconciliation | התפייסות | hitpaysut | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18-20 | Ordinary Modern Hebrew word for interpersonal reconciliation after a quarrel; risks flattening God’s unilateral, grace-initiated reconciling of hostile sinners into a mutual two-sided patch-up. Must be kept distinct from כפרה (kapparah, atonement), a related but different Levitical concept. Always anchor with “עם האלוהים” (with God). Alternatives rejected: כפרה (conflates reconciliation with the atoning act itself). |
| be reconciled (passive imperative) | התפייסו | hitpaysu | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:20 | Must preserve the passive/receptive sense (receive an already-accomplished reconciliation), not an active “go make peace” reading implying human-initiated effort. |
| ministry of reconciliation | שירות ההתפייסות | sherut ha-hitpaysut | High | Reconciliation with God | 5:18 | Compound of reconciliation (Critical) and ministry (Medium, below); inherits both risk profiles. |
| word of reconciliation | דבר ההתפייסות | devar ha-hitpaysut | High | Reconciliation with God | 5:19 | Same as above; דבר (davar) itself low risk. |
| not counting/reckoning (trespasses) | לא חושב להם | lo choshev lahem | High | Reconciliation with God / Justification | 5:19 | Direct terminological echo (root ח-ש-ב) of Genesis 15:6/Romans 4:3’s “reckoned… as righteousness” (baseline imputed_righteousness). Should be taught as the negative mirror of that doctrine — a major cross-reference asset. |
| trespasses | פשעים / חטאים | pesha’im / chata’im | Medium | Reconciliation with God | 5:19 | Either rendering acceptable; maintain consistency within a document. |
| ambassador | שגריר | sagrir | Medium | Reconciliation with God / Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5:20 | Standard secular diplomatic term; deliberately kept distinct from שליח (apostle) to avoid conflating apostolic sending-authority with diplomatic representation, though the shlichut concept is a genuine underlying resonance. |
B2. Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new creation | בריאה חדשה | beri’ah chadashah | High | New Creation in Christ | 5:17 | בריאה directly echoes Genesis 1:1 — strong positive asset. Risk: Jewish eschatology’s own robust category of future cosmic renewal (Isaiah 65:17, “new heavens and new earth”) may cause readers to default this phrase entirely to a future, corporate, cosmic sense rather than grasping Paul’s present, individual, in-Christ sense. Both senses must be taught, not merged. |
| old things passed away | הישן חלף / עבר | ha-yashan chalaf / avar | Medium | New Creation in Christ | 5:17 | Must not be heard as implying Israel’s Scriptures/covenants have “passed away” — referent is the individual’s old unregenerate standing, not covenant promises. Pair with unity_of_jews_and_gentiles grafting-in framework. |
| in Christ | במשיח | ba-Mashiach | High | New Creation in Christ / Christian Identity in Christ | 5:17; throughout | Must not be taught as requiring abandonment of Jewish covenantal identity for Messianic Jewish readers, consistent with baseline’s christian_identity_in_christ doctrine note. |
| image / transformed | צלם / מִשְׁתַּנִּים לְדִמּוּתוֹ | tzelem / mishtanim li-dmuto | High | New Creation in Christ | 3:18 | צלם echoes Genesis 1:27 (asset). Risk: this progressive, ongoing transformation must not be collapsed into Genesis 1:27’s static, universal creation-endowment; both are related but distinct. |
B3. Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| comfort/consolation | נחמה | nechamah | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:3-7; 7:6-7,13 | Strong positive OT resource (Isaiah 40:1) and messianic-title echo (“Menachem”). Risk: Isaiah’s נחמה is corporate/national; Paul’s is personal and present — teach both, don’t merge. |
| affliction/suffering | צרה | tzarah | Low | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:4,8; 4:17; 6:4; 8:2 | Standard OT vocabulary, no collision. |
| treasure in jars of clay | אוצר בכלי חרס | otzar be-klei cheres | Low | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry / Power in Weakness | 4:7 | Transparent image, genuine asset for Power in Weakness doctrine. |
| outer/inner man | האדם החיצון / האדם הפנימי | ha-adam ha-chitzon / ha-adam ha-penimi | Low | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4:16 | Transparent, standard vocabulary. |
| momentary affliction / eternal weight of glory | כובד כבוד עולמים | koved kavod olamim | Low-Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4:17 | Genuine asset: כבוד (kavod, baseline glory term) is itself etymologically rooted in “heaviness” — Paul’s Greek pun on “weight of glory” maps naturally onto Hebrew’s own semantic field. |
| things seen / unseen | הנראה / הנעלם | ha-nir’eh / ha-ne’elam | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4:18 | Prefer נעלם over נסתר (which carries Kabbalistic/esoteric connotations foreign to Paul’s plain point). |
| earthly tent/house | אהלנו הארצי / משכננו הארצי | ohalenu ha-artzi / mishkanenu ha-artzi | Low-Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 5:1-4 | משכן resonates with the Tabernacle (positive asset); point here is bodily temporariness, not sacred dwelling per se. |
| judgment seat of Christ | כס משפטו של המשיח | kes mishpato shel ha-Mashiach | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 5:10 | Must be distinguished from final condemnation-judgment already excluded for believers (baseline assurance_of_salvation); this is an evaluative reckoning, not a redetermination of salvation status. |
| fear of the Lord | יראת האדון | yirat ha-Adon | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 5:11 | Strong positive OT resource (Proverbs 1:7); pair with baseline Critical lord/אדון to keep referent as Christ unmistakable. |
| deposit/guarantee of the Spirit | עירבון | eravon | Low | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry / Adoption | 1:22; 5:5 | Genuine positive asset: ἀρραβών is itself a Greek loanword from this Hebrew/Semitic root — the destination language is here the historical source of the original vocabulary. |
| forgiveness | סליחה | slichah | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry / Sincerity | 2:7,10 | Strong positive resource (Selichot penitential prayers); shares Greek root (χαρίζομαι) with grace — a teaching asset. |
B4. Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new covenant | ברית חדשה | brit chadashah | High (extends baseline covenant) | New Covenant versus the Old | 3:6,14 | Reuses Jeremiah 31:31’s own phrase, per baseline note; requires theologian review per baseline escalation rules. |
| the letter (written code) | הכתב | ha-ktav | Critical | New Covenant versus the Old | 3:6 | Risk of being heard as an attack on Torah’s written text itself; must be taught (like baseline law) as a framing risk, not a vocabulary problem — the letter-without-Spirit brings condemnation, not that Torah’s text is intrinsically deadly. |
| the veil | מסווה | masveh | Medium | New Covenant versus the Old | 3:13-16 | Direct scriptural resonance (Exodus 34:33, Moses’ own veil) — genuine asset; ensure the metaphorical extension (veiled hearts) is made explicit. |
| freedom | חירות | cherut | Medium | New Covenant versus the Old | 3:17 | Risk of being read as political/national liberation (Exodus/modern Zionist usage) rather than Spirit-wrought inward freedom from law’s condemning power. |
| glory being brought to an end (fading glory) | כבוד שהיה הולך ונעלם | kavod she-hayah holech ve-ne’elam | Medium (extends baseline glory) | New Covenant versus the Old | 3:7,11,13 | The “fading” sense must be supplied by phrasing; כבוד alone carries no built-in transience. |
| tablets of the heart | לוחות הלב | luchot ha-lev | Medium | New Covenant versus the Old | 3:3 | Direct echo of Exodus 31:18 and Jeremiah 31:33/Ezekiel 36:26; strong positive resource if that background is made explicit. |
B5. Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sincerity | תמימות | temimut | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:12; 2:17; 8:8 | Root ת-מ-ם carries both moral-integrity and ritual-unblemished-offering resonance; context must clarify Paul’s motive-transparency sense rather than the ritual sense. |
| boasting (context-sensitive) | התהללות | hithalelut | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority / Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 1:12; 5:12; 10:8,13,17; 11:16-30; 12:1,5-6,9-11 | Root ה-ל-ל shared with Hallelujah. Context-sensitive like baseline called: track “boasting in the Lord” (positive, Jeremiah 9:23-24 echo) vs. “boasting in the flesh/appearance” (negative) per occurrence. |
| face / outward appearance | פנים | panim | Low | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5:12; 10:1,7; 11:20 | Standard, no collision. |
| conscience | מצפון | matzpun | Low | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:12; 4:2; 5:11 | Modern-coinage term, functionally adequate; no deep Biblical-Hebrew pedigree but no risk either. |
| letters of recommendation | מכתבי הצטרפות | michtevei hamlatzah | Low | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 3:1 | Standard modern phrase. |
| peddlers (of God’s word) | רוכלים | rochlim | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:17 | Polemical charge of commercializing sacred teaching; flag for its edge against rivals. |
| triumphal procession | תהלוכת ניצחון | tahalucha nitzachon | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:14 | Roman ceremonial imagery, culturally foreign; requires explanatory framing beyond literal rendering. |
| aroma/fragrance of Christ | ריח ניחוח | reiach nichoach | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:14-16 | Torah’s own sacrificial phrase (Genesis 8:21) — asset; risk is the added double-edged (life/death) judgment sense not present in the OT’s uniformly positive usage. |
| ministry/service | שירות | sherut | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (and cross-cutting) | 3:7-9; 4:1; 5:18; 6:3-4; 9:1,12-13; 11:8 | Prefer over עבודה (avodah), which risks narrowing to Levitical Temple-service or secular “job” senses. |
| minister/servant (person) | מְשַׁרֵת | mesharet | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 3:6; 11:15,23 | Echoes Isaiah 61:6’s “servants of the LORD” (priestly-service resonance); positive asset, watch for over-priestly narrowing. |
| examine yourselves | בְּחָנוּ אֶת עַצְמְכֶם | bachanu et atzmechem | Low-Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 13:5 | Resonates with cheshbon nefesh (Days of Awe self-accounting); must not collapse into self-atonement absent faith in Christ. |
B6. Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| generosity / collection / gift (for the saints) | צדקה / תרומה | tzedakah / terumah | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:1-9:15 | Special reversal note: the baseline flags צדקה as an avoid-term for general “righteousness” (narrowed to “charity” in Modern Hebrew). Here that narrowed charitable sense is precisely correct and desirable — a genuine positive resource. Must be kept strictly separate from righteousness (5:21, Romans), which must never use צדקה outside a Genesis 15:6/Psalm 112:9-style direct quotation. Requires an explicit translator note distinguishing the two contexts every time either term is used in this curriculum. |
| grace (as generous gift) | חסד | chesed (reuse baseline) | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:1,6,7,9 | Deliberate wordplay: same word describes both God’s saving grace and human financial generosity — preserve, do not smooth over with a separate word. |
| equality/fairness | שוויון | shivyon | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:13-14 | Teach as voluntary grace-motivated balance, not mandated redistribution. |
| cheerful giver | נותן בשמחה | noten be-simcha | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:7 | Standard phrase. |
| sowing and reaping | זורע וקוצר | zorea ve-kotzer | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:6 | Strong existing Wisdom-literature resonance, genuine asset. |
| righteousness endures forever (Psalm 112:9 quotation) | צדקתו עומדת לעד | tzidkato omedet la’ad | Critical (extends baseline imputed_righteousness principle) | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:9-10 | Direct Masoretic-wording quotation; apply the same Biblical-Hebrew-vs-Modern-Hebrew translator note baseline requires for Genesis 15:6. |
| readiness/eagerness | נכונות | nechonut | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:11-12; 9:2 | Standard. |
| abundance/overflow | שפע | shefa | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:2; 9:12 | Prefer plain reading over Kabbalistic “divine flow” association, parallel to baseline’s גבורה caution. |
B7. Doctrine: Power in Weakness
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| weakness | חולשה | chulshah | Medium | Power in Weakness | 11:30; 12:5,9-10; 13:4,9 | Standard Modern Hebrew word, no religious collision; doctrinal weight is entirely contextual (Paul’s paradox), not lexical. |
| thorn in the flesh | קוץ בבשר | kotz ba-basar | Low | Power in Weakness | 12:7 | Transparent metaphor, OT idiomatic precedent (Numbers 33:55). |
| messenger of Satan | מלאך השטן | malach ha-satan | Low-Medium | Power in Weakness | 12:7 | Straightforward compound; see Satan entry below. |
| my grace is sufficient | חסדי מספיק לך | chasdi maspik lecha | High (reuses baseline grace; fixed-phrase status) | Power in Weakness | 12:9 | Must be rendered identically across every document in the curriculum, per the same consistency rule the baseline applies to Romans 8:28 and 10:9-10. |
| third heaven / paradise | השמים השלישיים / גן עדן | ha-shamayim ha-shlishiyim / Gan Eden | High | Power in Weakness | 12:2-4 | גן עדן risks direct mapping onto Rabbinic Merkabah/Pardes heavenly-ascent traditions (Chagigah 14b-15b’s “four who entered Pardes”); rich teaching bridge if addressed explicitly, serious misreading risk if not. |
B8. Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| false apostles | שליחי שקר | shlichei sheker | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:13 | Built on baseline apostle/שליח; ensure the polemic is understood as targeting Paul’s specific historical opponents, not legitimate ministry authority generally. |
| super-apostles | השליחים הנעלים ביותר | ha-shlichim ha-na’alim be-yoter | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:5; 12:11 | Requires a translator note flagging Paul’s sarcasm — a flat rendering risks reading as sincere honorific praise. |
| deceitful workers | פועלי מרמה | po’alei mirmah | Low | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:13 | Standard, transparent. |
| angel of light | מלאך אור | malach or | Low | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:14 | Transparent image. |
| Satan | השטן | ha-satan | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship / Power in Weakness | 2:11; 11:14; 12:7 | Job’s own term (a courtroom-role usage) — genuine resource, but the NT’s fuller personal cosmic-adversary sense must be taught explicitly, not assumed automatic. |
| another Jesus / different spirit / different gospel | ישוע אחר / רוח שונה / בשורה שונה | Yeshua acher / ruach shonah / besorah shonah | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:4 | Combines three Critical/High baseline terms in a warning context; flag for mandatory theologian review. |
| signs of a true apostle | אותות השליחות האמיתית | otot ha-shlichut ha-amitit | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 12:12 | For “mighty works” (plural), avoid גבורות (Kabbalistic/Amidah collision, per baseline’s power_of_god caution) — use נפלאות or נסים instead. |
| betrothed / jealousy | אֵרַשְׂתִּי / קִנְאָה | erasti / kin’ah | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:2 | אָרַס draws on Hebrew betrothal-covenant law (kiddushin) — genuine asset; קנאה’s ordinary negative “envy” connotation must be clarified as righteous covenant-zeal in context. |
| the serpent deceived Eve | הנחש הדיח את חוה | ha-nachash hidiach et Chavah | Low | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:3 | Direct continuity with Genesis 3 narrative vocabulary. |
B9. Doctrine: Cross-Cutting / Trinitarian and Church-Israel Terms
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| temple of the living God | מקדש האלוהים החיים | mikdash ha-Elohim ha-chayim | Critical | Church as God’s People (extends baseline) | 6:16 | מקדש names the specific Jerusalem Temple (destroyed 70 CE, mourned annually, future rebuilding a live messianic expectation). Applying it to the corporate church without careful framing risks the same supersessionism concern flagged Critical for church/קהילה in the baseline. Must be taught strictly through Romans 11’s grafting-in framework. |
| unequally yoked | אל תהיו רתומים בעול משותף עם | al tihyu retumim be-ol meshutaf im | Medium | Church as God’s People / Sincerity | 6:14 | Echoes Deuteronomy 22:10’s mixed-plowing prohibition (asset); must be taught as a relational analogy, not a literal extension of kilayim (forbidden-mixture) law. |
| love | אהבה | ahavah | Low (new addition; recommend formal TM entry) | cross-cutting | 5:14; 13:11,14 | Standard, richly positive OT/Rabbinic word; central enough to Christ’s motive (5:14) and the closing benediction (13:14) to warrant formal translation-memory status. |
| grace, love, fellowship (Trinitarian benediction) | חסד האדון ישוע המשיח, ואהבת האלוהים, ושותפות רוח הקודש | chesed ha-Adon Yeshua ha-Mashiach, ve-ahavat ha-Elohim, ve-shutafut Ruach HaKodesh | Critical | Deity of Christ / Trinity (extends baseline) | 13:14 | Names all three Persons together in a single benediction — directly engages the Shema’s “Hashem Echad” concern flagged Critical in baseline’s god and deity_of_christ entries. Mandatory theologian review. |
| god of this age | אלוהי העולם הזה | elohei ha-olam ha-zeh | High | (touches Deity of Christ / monotheism boundary) | 4:4 | Applying “elohei” (god of) to Satan, even polemically, sits against Shema monotheism; must be framed explicitly as usurped, derivative, temporary authority, never a rival deity. |
| repentance | תשובה | teshuvah | Critical | (new doctrine collision — cuts across Reconciliation and Genuine Apostleship doctrines) | 7:9-10 | Central Jewish penitential category (Rambam’s Hilchot Teshuvah; Days of Awe); risk that Rabbinic self-effected-turning theology (efficacious for atonement without a mediator) displaces Paul’s point that repentance is the fruit of godly grief leading to salvation already secured in Christ (5:18-21), not an independently atoning human work. Not present in the Romans baseline; requires a new full registry entry and mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. |
| godly grief | עצבות לפי האלוהים | atzvut le-fi ha-Elohim | Medium | (paired with repentance) | 7:9-10 | Standard vocabulary; doctrinal weight carried by the paired repentance term. |
| workers together (co-workers) | שותפים לעבודה | shutafim la-avodah | Low | (cross-cutting, ministry) | 6:1 | Standard, no collision. |
Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2 Enforcement
- תשובה (teshuvah) must be added to
translation_memory.jsonas a new Critical-risk entry before any Phase 2 segment containing 2 Corinthians 7:9-10 is processed. - צדקה (tzedakah) now carries two valid, context-locked senses in this curriculum’s combined translation memory: (a) the baseline’s Genesis-15:6-quotation-only exception for
imputed_righteousness, and (b) the new, fully licensed use forgenerosity/collectionin 2 Corinthians 8–9 and the Psalm 112:9 quotation in 9:9-10. It remains permanently forbidden for the general sense of “righteousness” (5:21 and all Romans usage). Phase 2 tooling must distinguish these by passage context, not by a blanket rule. - מקדש (mikdash) for “temple of the living God” (6:16) should be cross-flagged with the baseline’s
church/קהילה Critical entry for consistent grafting-in framing across both curricula. - גבורה/גבורות (Kabbalistic sefirah/Amidah-title collision) is now confirmed forbidden not only for
power_of_god(baseline) but also for “mighty works/signs of a true apostle” (12:12) in this curriculum — extend the baseline’s forbidden-substitution list accordingly in Phase 2 instructions. - חסדי מספיק לך (12:9) and the Trinitarian benediction of 13:14 should be added to the same fixed-rendering consistency list the baseline maintains for Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, and 10:9-10.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: צדק
Transliteration: tzedek
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: צדקה
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: צְדָקָה has narrowed in Modern Hebrew to mean specifically ‘charity’; צֶדֶק is required for the general righteousness doctrine. 2 Corinthians 5:21 (‘become the righteousness of God’) is the fullest NT statement of the very doctrine this entry protects and is routed to mandatory theologian review. NOTE THE CURRICULUM-SPECIFIC DUAL LICENSE: unlike Romans, this curriculum ALSO licenses צדקה, but ONLY in the fully separate context of 2 Cor 8-9’s charitable collection doctrine and the Psalm 112:9 quotation at 9:9-10 (see generosity_collection and righteousness_endures_forever entries) — that license never extends to this general righteousness entry. Also at 6:7,14; 9:9-10 (quotation context only).
Salvation
Approved rendering: ישועה
Transliteration: yeshu’ah
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: גאולה
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Shares its root (י-ש-ע) with the name Yeshua, a genuine teaching asset (Matthew 1:21). Jewish thought defaults yeshu’ah toward corporate/national deliverance rather than Paul’s individual, present, eternal deliverance. In 2 Corinthians 7:10, salvation is tied directly to repentance produced by godly grief; must not collapse into Rabbinic teshuvah’s self-effected atonement (see repentance entry). Also at 1:6; 6:2.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: תחיית המתים
Transliteration: techiyat hametim
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Judaism affirms a future general resurrection (13 Principles of Faith); the obstacle is fit with the one-unbroken-reign messianic job description. 2 Corinthians 4:14 and 5:15 (‘him who died for them and was raised’) and 5:1-4’s tent/dwelling imagery presuppose this doctrine; no new risk beyond the baseline’s two-comings framework requirement.
Lord
Approved rendering: אדון
Transliteration: Adon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Adonai is the traditional spoken substitute for the Tetragrammaton; applying Adon-level lordship to Jesus is doctrinally exact but requires care. NEW FOR 2 CORINTHIANS: 3:17-18 (‘the Lord is the Spirit… transformed into his image’) compresses Trinitarian identity-in-distinction with this term and with רוח הקודש simultaneously — mandatory theologian review. Also at 4:5; 5:11 (paired with fear_of_the_lord); 10:17-18. FORBIDDEN: never insert יהוה directly into the Hebrew NT text at any point where the Greek has κύριος (a documented Sacred-Name-movement and Jehovah’s Witness distortion); see 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: התגלמות
Transliteration: hitgalmut
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: הגשמה
Inherited from Romans package. No long-settled native Christian theological term exists in Hebrew; הגשמה would trivialize the doctrine into self-actualization language. NEW FOR 2 CORINTHIANS: 8:9 (‘though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor’) compresses this doctrine into an economic metaphor within the giving section; the Christological weight must be preserved explicitly in surrounding teaching material and never diluted into a purely social-justice reading.
Church
Approved rendering: קהילה
Transliteration: kehilah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: עדה
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. FORBIDDEN: עדה (Torah’s term for assembled Israel) — using it risks implying the Church replaces Israel. Romans 11’s grafting-in metaphor must govern teaching. Occurs throughout 2 Corinthians (1:1; 8:1,18-19,23-24; 11:8,28; 12:13). Cross-flagged with the new Critical entry temple_of_the_living_god (6:16), which raises the same supersessionism concern in an even more emotionally weighted form.
Messiah
Approved rendering: משיח
Transliteration: mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Rabbinic Judaism holds a specific, developed messianic job description (Rambam, Mishneh Torah); the two-comings framework must be taught explicitly. Rendered as המשיח (with definite article) in running text per baseline transliteration standard. Occurs throughout 2 Corinthians, including 1:1,19,21; 5:10 (Christ’s judgment seat); 11:2-4 (‘another Jesus/Christ’).
Israel
Approved rendering: ישראל
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Names the reader’s own nation and central ethnic-religious-national identity. Not directly named in 2 Corinthians but forms essential background to temple_of_the_living_god (6:16) and the Jerusalem-collection chapters (8-9), where Jew-Gentile unity in giving is presumed and enacted.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ישוע
Transliteration: Yeshua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ישו
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. FORBIDDEN, ABSOLUTE: never truncate to ישו (understood by some as deriving from a Talmudic-era curse acronym; functions as a slur in some circles). Always spell with the final ayin. Appears throughout 2 Corinthians, including the polemical warning ‘another Jesus’ (11:4, see another_jesus_different_spirit_gospel) and the closing benediction (13:14).
God
Approved rendering: אלוהים
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. No viable alternative word; risk is entirely in content. The Shema’s ‘Hashem Echad’ must frame all Trinitarian language as compatible with, not a departure from, absolute divine unity. Recurs at the heart of the reconciliation passage (5:19, ‘God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself’) and the closing Trinitarian benediction (13:14). Also at 1:2-3; 4:4,6.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: רוח הקודש
Transliteration: Ruach HaKodesh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mainstream Rabbinic tradition holds the Ruach HaKodesh as an impersonal divine influence that ‘departed from Israel’ (Yoma 9b) with the last prophets; must be taught against both defaults. NEW FOR 2 CORINTHIANS: central to the New Covenant contrast in chapter 3 (letter vs. Spirit, 3:3,6,8,17-18) and the closing benediction (13:14). 3:17’s ‘the Lord is the Spirit’ requires mandatory theologian review — must preserve personal distinction, avoiding a modalistic collapse.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: נחשבת לו לצדקה
Transliteration: nechshevet lo li-tzedakah
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: צדק מוענק
Original: λογίζομαι εἰς δικαιοσύνην (Rom 4:3, cf. Ps 112:9 pattern)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Deliberately echoes Genesis 15:6’s own Masoretic wording; this is the one context where tzedakah (not tzedek) is correct, precisely because it is a direct citation. NEW FOR 2 CORINTHIANS: 5:19’s ‘not counting their trespasses’ (לא חושב להם, root ח-ש-ב) is the direct negative mirror of this doctrine — the ledger runs the opposite direction (sin not reckoned, rather than righteousness reckoned) — and should be taught explicitly alongside it as two sides of one forensic doctrine. Additionally, 9:9-10’s Psalm 112:9 quotation (‘his righteousness endures forever,’ צדקתו עומדת לעד) extends the same Biblical-Hebrew-vs-Modern-Hebrew translator-note requirement; see righteousness_endures_forever.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: התפייסות
Transliteration: hitpaysut
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: כפרה
Original: καταλλαγή
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. התפייסות is ordinary Modern Hebrew for a mutual, two-sided interpersonal patch-up between quarreling equals, which risks flattening God’s unilateral, grace-initiated reconciliation of still-hostile sinners (echoing Romans 5:10’s ‘while we were enemies’) into a negotiated settlement between equals. Must be kept terminologically distinct from כפרה (kapparah, the Levitical atoning act) — reconciliation is the relational restoration that atonement accomplishes, not the atoning mechanism itself. Always anchor with עם האלוהים (‘with God’). Primary passage: 5:18-20; also 6:1. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
Reconcile
Approved rendering: להתפייס / התפייסו
Transliteration: le-hitpayes / hitpaysu
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: καταλλάσσω
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. The passive imperative התפייסו (5:20) must preserve the receptive sense — receive an already-accomplished reconciliation — not an active ‘go make peace’ reading implying human-initiated effort, which would undercut the doctrine’s grace-basis. Mandatory theologian review.
The Letter
Approved rendering: הכתב
Transliteration: ha-ktav
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: γράμμα
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Because Torah’s central identity for a Hebrew-speaking reader IS its written text (the Sefer Torah, its letters treated with sanctity), ‘the letter kills’ (3:6) risks being heard as an attack on Torah’s written words themselves. Exactly like the baseline’s law/תורה entry, the risk is entirely in framing, not vocabulary: the letter ministered without the Spirit brings condemnation (as at Sinai), never that Torah’s text is intrinsically evil. Primary passage: 3:6. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
Righteousness Endures Forever
Approved rendering: צדקתו עומדת לעד
Transliteration: tzidkato omedet la’ad
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: δικαιοσύνη αὐτοῦ μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα (Ps 112:9 LXX)
Category: Giving
NEW TERM. Direct Masoretic-wording quotation of Psalm 112:9, using צדקתו (from the tzedakah root) in its own Biblical-Hebrew form, analogous to the baseline’s Genesis 15:6 exception. Requires the same Biblical-Hebrew-vs-Modern-Hebrew translator note the baseline mandates for imputed_righteousness. Primary passages: 9:9-10. Mandatory theologian review.
Temple Of The Living God
Approved rendering: מקדש האלוהים החיים
Transliteration: mikdash ha-Elohim ha-chayim
Doctrine: The Church as the Temple of the Living God
Original: ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: Church
NEW TERM. מקדש names the specific Jerusalem Temple (Beit HaMikdash), whose destruction (70 CE) is mourned annually (Tisha B’Av) and whose future rebuilding remains live Jewish messianic expectation. Applying this term to the corporate church without deliberate framing risks the same supersessionism concern flagged Critical for church/קהילה in the baseline. Must be taught strictly through the Romans 11 grafting-in framework, never a replacement framework. Primary passage: 6:16. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
Trinitarian Benediction
Approved rendering: חסד האדון ישוע המשיח, ואהבת האלוהים, ושותפות רוח הקודש
Transliteration: chesed ha-Adon Yeshua ha-Mashiach, ve-ahavat ha-Elohim, ve-shutafut Ruach HaKodesh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ and the Trinity
Original: ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: God
NEW TERM, FIXED PHRASE, non-decomposable. Every component reuses baseline Critical terms (חסד, אדון, ישוע, אלוהים, רוח הקודש) plus שותפות and אהבה. Because it names all three Persons together in a single breath, it directly engages the Shema’s ‘Hashem Echad’ concern flagged Critical in the baseline’s god and deity_of_christ entries; Trinitarian language must be framed as compatible with, not a departure from, absolute divine unity. FORBIDDEN: any rendering implying ontological subordination among the three Persons (a documented Jehovah’s Witness distortion at this exact verse). Primary passage: 13:14. Mandatory theologian review, and document-wide consistency verification, on par with the Romans baseline’s fixed renderings of Romans 8:28 and 10:9-10.
Repentance
Approved rendering: תשובה
Transliteration: teshuvah
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Grief
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Repentance
NEW TERM, wholly absent from the Romans baseline — the single most significant new doctrinal collision this curriculum introduces. תשובה is arguably the central category of Jewish penitential theology (Rambam’s Hilchot Teshuvah; the Days of Awe; Yom Kippur’s atoning power for the penitent). Genuine asset, but mainstream Rabbinic theology treats teshuvah as a self-effected human turning independently efficacious for atonement, without reference to a mediator’s atoning death. Must be taught as the fruit of godly grief that leads TO a salvation already secured through Christ’s reconciling work (5:18-21), not an independently atoning human work. Primary passages: 7:9-10. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence, with no exceptions.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: אמונה
Transliteration: emunah
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ביטחון
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Emunah is generally understood in Jewish usage as faithfulness demonstrated through mitzvot-observance; must be anchored as personal trust in Messiah’s finished work. 2 Corinthians 5:7 (‘walk by faith, not by sight’) and 13:5 reinforce this caution by explicitly contrasting faith with sight/appearance, which is a genuine asset for teaching against the praxis-only default. Also at 1:24; 4:13; 8:7.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: התקדשות
Transliteration: hitkadshut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: קידוש
Original: ἁγιασμός / καθαρίζω
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. FORBIDDEN: קידוש (the Shabbat/holiday wine-blessing ritual) — always use התקדשות. Occurs at 7:1, directly following the temple-indwelling reality of 6:16 (‘let us cleanse ourselves… perfecting holiness’).
Sin
Approved rendering: חטא
Transliteration: chet
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Root ח-ט-א (‘to miss the mark’) is correct and well-established; risk is doctrinal framework (yetzer hatov/hara vs. inherited corrupted nature), not vocabulary. NEW FOR 2 CORINTHIANS: 5:21 (‘he made him to be sin who knew no sin,’ ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν) is a startling compressed substitutionary formula requiring a mandatory translator note distinguishing divine imputation of sin’s judgment from any implication of Christ’s own moral corruption. Also at 5:19; 11:7.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ברית
Transliteration: brit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Extremely present and specific in Jewish self-understanding, tightly bound to Torah-observance and circumcision. NEW FOR 2 CORINTHIANS: foundational to the entire chapter 3 discussion (3:6,14, ‘new covenant,’ ברית חדשה, reusing Jeremiah 31:31’s own phrase); this baseline caution applies with full force. See new_covenant entry for the compound and the_letter for the chapter’s most sensitive companion term.
Ministry Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: שירות ההתפייסות
Transliteration: sherut ha-hitpaysut
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. Compound of Critical reconciliation and Medium ministry_service; inherits both risk profiles and must carry their combined weight, not the diluted ‘service’ sense of שירות alone. Primary passage: 5:18.
Word Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: דבר ההתפייסות
Transliteration: devar ha-hitpaysut
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: λόγος τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. דבר itself is low-risk standard vocabulary; the compound inherits the Critical risk of ההתפייסות and must not be softened into a generic ‘message of peace-making.’ Primary passage: 5:19.
Not Counting Trespasses
Approved rendering: לא חושב להם
Transliteration: lo choshev lahem
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: μὴ λογιζόμενος
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. Direct terminological echo (root ח-ש-ב) of Genesis 15:6/Romans 4:3’s ‘reckoned to him as righteousness.’ This is the negative mirror of imputed_righteousness and should be explicitly taught alongside it as two sides of one forensic doctrine — a major cross-reference asset. Primary passage: 5:19. Mandatory theologian review.
New Creation
Approved rendering: בריאה חדשה
Transliteration: beri’ah chadashah
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: New Creation
NEW TERM. בריאה directly echoes Genesis 1:1 (Bereishit) — a strong positive asset. Risk: Jewish eschatology’s own robust category of future cosmic renewal (Isaiah 65:17, ‘new heavens and new earth’) may cause readers to default this phrase entirely to that future/corporate/cosmic sense rather than grasping Paul’s present, individual, in-Christ sense. Both senses must be taught, not merged. Primary passage: 5:17. Mandatory theologian review.
In Christ
Approved rendering: במשיח
Transliteration: ba-Mashiach
Doctrine: Union with Christ
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: New Creation
NEW TERM (new to this curriculum’s explicit glossary, though the underlying formula reuses baseline messiah vocabulary). Matches the Romans baseline’s christian_identity_in_christ doctrine note: must not be taught as requiring abandonment of Jewish covenantal identity, especially for Messianic Jewish readers. Primary passages: 5:17; 13:5.
Image Transformed
Approved rendering: צלם / מִשְׁתַּנִּים לְדִמּוּתוֹ
Transliteration: tzelem / mishtanim li-dmuto
Doctrine: Transformation into Christ’s Image
Original: εἰκών / μεταμορφούμεθα
Category: New Creation
NEW TERM. צלם directly echoes Genesis 1:27 (בְּצֶלֶם אֱלֹהִים) — a profound positive resource. Risk: this transformation is progressive and Spirit-wrought (‘from glory to glory,’ 3:18) and must not be collapsed into Genesis 1:27’s static, universal, once-given creation-endowment; both are related but distinct. Mandatory theologian review.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: ברית חדשה
Transliteration: brit chadashah
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (compound reusing baseline High-risk covenant/ברית). Reuses Jeremiah 31:31’s own phrase; the baseline’s covenant caution (ברית is tightly bound to Torah-observance and circumcision, not an absent concept) applies with full force throughout chapter 3. Primary passages: 3:6,14. Mandatory theologian review.
Generosity Collection
Approved rendering: צדקה / תרומה
Transliteration: tzedakah / terumah
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἁπλότης / λογεία / δωρεά
Category: Giving
NEW TERM. DELIBERATE REVERSAL of the baseline’s own righteousness caution: the baseline forbids צדקה for general ‘righteousness’ because it has narrowed to ‘charity’ in Modern Hebrew; HERE that narrowed charitable sense is precisely correct and desired, resonating with the entire Jewish tzedakah tradition. Must be kept strictly separate from the righteousness doctrine entry (which never uses צדקה outside a direct Genesis 15:6/Psalm 112:9-style quotation). Requires an explicit translator note distinguishing the two contexts every time either term is used in this curriculum. Primary passages: 8:1-9:15. Mandatory theologian review.
Grace Is Sufficient
Approved rendering: חסדי מספיק לך
Transliteration: chasdi maspik lecha
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM, FIXED PHRASE. One of the epistle’s most quoted verses; MUST be rendered identically across every document in this curriculum, per the same consistency rule the baseline applies to Romans 8:28 and 10:9-10. Primary passage: 12:9. Mandatory theologian review, and document-wide consistency verification.
Third Heaven Paradise
Approved rendering: השמים השלישיים / גן עדן
Transliteration: ha-shamayim ha-shlishiyim / Gan Eden
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: τρίτος οὐρανός / παράδεισος
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM. גן עדן carries enormous existing weight in Jewish tradition, including the Talmudic account of the four sages who ‘entered the Pardes’ (Chagigah 14b-15b), only one of whom emerged unharmed. Risk that readers map Paul’s experience onto this speculative mystical framework rather than reading it as a reluctantly-told apostolic vision illustrating humility. Retain the term (no substitute improves on it) but mandate explicit teaching framing. Primary passages: 12:2-4. Mandatory theologian review.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: שליחי שקר
Transliteration: shlichei sheker
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Built directly on the baseline’s apostle/שליח term plus שֶׁקֶר (falsehood); a transparent, effective compound, but its polemical force requires care that it is understood as targeting Paul’s specific historical opponents, not a generalized suspicion of legitimate ministry authority. Primary passage: 11:13.
Another Jesus Different Spirit Gospel
Approved rendering: ישוע אחר / רוח שונה / בשורה שונה
Transliteration: Yeshua acher / ruach shonah / besorah shonah
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and False Teaching
Original: ἄλλον Ἰησοῦν … πνεῦμα ἕτερον … εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (compound qualifying three baseline Critical/High terms with אחר/שונה). Combines ישוע, רוח, and הבשורה in a single polemical warning context; must be flagged for mandatory theologian review per the baseline’s escalation rule for segments touching Critical Christology terms. Primary passage: 11:4.
God Of This Age
Approved rendering: אלוהי העולם הזה
Transliteration: elohei ha-olam ha-zeh
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and False Teaching
Original: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου
Category: God
NEW TERM. Applying אלוהי (‘god of’) to a being other than the one true God, even sarcastically/polemically, sits directly against the Shema’s absolute monotheism (the concern flagged Critical in the baseline’s god entry); requires explicit framing as usurped, derivative, temporary authority over an unbelieving world-system, never a rival deity of comparable status. Primary passage: 4:4. Mandatory theologian review.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: הבשורה
Transliteration: ha-besorah
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: חדשות טובות
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Besorah is generic Hebrew for ‘good news’ of any kind; must be qualified as the specific proclamation of salvation through the Messiah. In 2 Corinthians appears at 2:12; 4:3-4; 9:13; 10:14; 11:4,7 — the 11:4 occurrence (‘a different gospel’) combines with ישוע אחר and רוח שונה in a polemical warning cluster; see another_jesus_different_spirit_gospel.
Grace
Approved rendering: חסד
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: חן
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. חן has drifted toward ‘charm/cuteness’ in Modern Hebrew, too thin for Paul’s unmerited favor; חֶסֶד carries the fuller OT covenant-loyalty sense but must be sharpened to convey favor apart from Torah observance. NEW FOR 2 CORINTHIANS: chapters 8-9 exploit a deliberate wordplay unavailable in English — the same חסד describes both God’s saving grace (8:9) and the Corinthians’/Macedonians’ financial generosity (8:1,6,7). This wordplay must be preserved, not smoothed over with a separate Hebrew word for the human-generosity sense. Also appears at 1:2,12; 4:15; 6:1; 12:9 (see grace_is_sufficient fixed phrase); 13:14 (Trinitarian benediction).
Apostle
Approved rendering: שליח
Transliteration: shaliach
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. The Jewish shlichut concept (‘a person’s shaliach is as the person himself,’ Mishnah Berakhot) captures delegated authority well; main risk is the modern secular overlay (Jewish Agency emissary). Central to 2 Corinthians’ entire self-defense against rivals (1:1; 11:5,13; 12:11-12); base for the new compound שליחי שקר (‘false apostles’) and השליחים הנעלים ביותר (‘super-apostles’). Deliberately kept distinct from שגריר (ambassador, 5:20) — the two concepts must not be collapsed.
Holy
Approved rendering: קדוש
Transliteration: kadosh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Deeply shared vocabulary (Kadosh Baruch Hu); risk is scope, not collision — 2 Corinthians’ holiness (6:6; 7:1; 13:12 ‘holy kiss’) is Spirit-wrought transformation, not reducible to ritual observance.
Saints
Approved rendering: קדושים
Transliteration: kedoshim
Doctrine: Sainthood
Inherited from Romans package. Echoes Leviticus 19’s Kedoshim portion. NEW FOR 2 CORINTHIANS: the collection in chapters 8-9 is explicitly ‘for the saints’ (i.e., the Jerusalem believing community) — must not imply an elite Torah-observant class; grounded in God’s calling, and here also functions as the concrete recipients of the tzedakah-collection, reinforcing Jew-Gentile unity in giving.
Glory
Approved rendering: כבוד
Transliteration: kavod
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Strong existing resource (kavod YHWH); must retain manifest-divine-presence weight over the colloquial ‘kol hakavod’ sense. NEW FOR 2 CORINTHIANS: chapters 3-4 repeatedly contrast fading (Mosaic, 3:7-11,13) and permanent/increasing (new covenant, 3:18; 4:6,17) glory; the ‘fading’ quality must be supplied by phrasing (see fading_glory) since כבוד carries no built-in transience. A genuine linguistic asset: כבוד is itself etymologically rooted in ‘heaviness’ (root כ-ב-ד), so Paul’s Greek pun on ‘weight of glory’ (4:17) maps naturally onto Hebrew’s own semantic field (see eternal_weight_of_glory). FORBIDDEN: never render with גבורה or sefirot-flavored vocabulary, extending the baseline’s power_of_god caution to all glory language in this curriculum.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: כוח האלוהים
Transliteration: koach ha-Elohim
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: גבורת האל
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. FORBIDDEN: גבורה (a Kabbalistic sefirah; also the Amidah’s second-benediction title) — always use כוח. NEW FOR 2 CORINTHIANS: central to 4:7 (‘treasure in jars of clay’) and 12:9-13:4,9 (‘power is perfected in weakness’); the גבורה prohibition EXTENDS in this curriculum to ‘signs of a true apostle’ (12:12), where ‘mighty works’ must use נפלאות or נסים instead of גבורות.
David
Approved rendering: דוד
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly named in 2 Corinthians but relevant background to Davidic-messianic expectation touching 1:19-20’s promise-fulfillment language (‘Yes’ and ‘Amen’ in Christ) and general Christological framing.
Trespasses
Approved rendering: פשעים / חטאים
Transliteration: pesha’im / chata’im
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: παράπτωμα
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. Either rendering (baseline חטא vocabulary or near-synonym פשע, rebellion/transgression) is acceptable; maintain consistency within a single document. Primary passage: 5:19.
Ambassador
Approved rendering: שגריר
Transliteration: sagrir
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God / Ambassadorial Ministry
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM. Standard Modern Hebrew word for a diplomatic ambassador — good conceptual fit (delegated royal representative pleading on behalf of a sovereign) but a secular-political register (Israeli embassies) risking a bureaucratically flat tone versus Paul’s urgent entreaty. Deliberately kept distinct from שליח (apostle) to avoid collapsing apostolic sending-authority into diplomatic representation, though the shlichut concept is a genuine underlying resonance. Primary passage: 5:20.
Old Things Passed Away
Approved rendering: הישן חלף / עבר
Transliteration: ha-yashan chalaf / avar
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθεν
Category: New Creation
NEW TERM. Must not be heard as implying Israel’s Scriptures or covenant promises have ‘passed away’ — the referent is the individual’s old unregenerate standing, not the Tanakh or the covenants. Pair explicitly with the Romans 11 grafting-in framework. Primary passage: 5:17.
Comfort
Approved rendering: נחמה
Transliteration: nechamah
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: παράκλησις / παρακαλέω
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. Strong positive OT resource (Isaiah 40:1, ‘comfort, comfort my people’) and a genuine messianic-title echo (‘Menachem,’ a traditional name for the Messiah as comforter). Isaiah’s נחמה is corporate/national comfort of Israel in exile; Paul’s is deeply personal and present, extended through Christian community. Both senses must be taught, not merged. Primary passages: 1:3-7; 7:6-7,13.
Eternal Weight Of Glory
Approved rendering: כובד כבוד עולמים
Transliteration: koved kavod olamim
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM (constructed compound, must be locked identically in translation memory). Genuine asset: כבוד is itself etymologically rooted in ‘heaviness’ (root כ-ב-ד), so Paul’s Greek pun on ‘weight of glory’ maps naturally onto Hebrew’s own semantic field. Primary passage: 4:17.
Things Seen Unseen
Approved rendering: הנראה / הנעלם
Transliteration: ha-nir’eh / ha-ne’elam
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: נסתר
Original: τὰ βλεπόμενα / τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. FORBIDDEN: נסתר (nistar), which carries strong Kabbalistic/esoteric connotations (the nistar/nigleh distinction in Jewish mysticism) foreign to Paul’s plain eschatological point. Use נעלם (plainly ‘concealed/hidden’). Primary passage: 4:18.
Earthly Tent
Approved rendering: אהלנו הארצי / משכננו הארצי
Transliteration: ohalenu ha-artzi / mishkanenu ha-artzi
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ἐπίγειος οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. משכן resonates with the Tabernacle (God’s own temporary tent-dwelling among Israel) — a rich positive resonance, though the point here is bodily temporariness, not sacred dwelling per se. Either אוהל or משכן acceptable; משכן carries the stronger resonance. Primary passage: 5:1-4.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: כס משפטו של המשיח
Transliteration: kes mishpato shel ha-Mashiach
Doctrine: The Judgment Seat of Christ
Original: βῆμα
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM (constructed compound; no native Hebrew equivalent to the Greek bēma tribunal in this evaluative sense). Must be distinguished from a final condemnation-judgment already excluded for believers (baseline assurance_of_salvation, Romans 8:1) — this is an evaluative reckoning of works/reward, not a redetermination of salvation status. Primary passage: 5:10.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: יראת האדון
Transliteration: yirat ha-Adon
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. יראת ה’ is deeply positive existing OT vocabulary (Proverbs 1:7, Psalm 111:10); must be paired with the baseline Critical אדון term so the referent is unmistakably Christ, not generic religious fear. Primary passage: 5:11.
Forgiveness
Approved rendering: סליחה
Transliteration: slichah
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ἀφίημι / χαρίζομαι
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. Strong positive resource (the Selichot penitential prayers before Rosh Hashanah). χαρίζομαι’s shared Greek root with χάρις (grace) is a teaching opportunity — this forgiveness flows from grace, not merit. Primary passages: 2:7,10.
Veil
Approved rendering: מסווה
Transliteration: masveh
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. The same word used in Exodus 34:33 for Moses’ own veil — a genuine scriptural asset. Risk: the metaphorical extension (veiled hearts/minds, 3:14-16) may be read as merely literal unless made explicit. Primary passages: 3:13-16.
Freedom
Approved rendering: חירות
Transliteration: cherut
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Rich covenantal resonance (Passover’s ‘zman cheiruteinu’; also modern national-liberation usage) risks being read as political/national liberty rather than the Spirit-wrought inward freedom from the law’s condemning power Paul intends; context must specify the referent. Primary passage: 3:17.
Fading Glory
Approved rendering: כבוד שהיה הולך ונעלם
Transliteration: kavod she-hayah holech ve-ne’elam
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: δόξα καταργουμένη
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (constructed phrase extending baseline glory/כבוד). The ‘fading’ quality must be conveyed through surrounding phrasing since כבוד alone carries no built-in sense of transience. Primary passages: 3:7,11,13.
Tablets Of The Heart
Approved rendering: לוחות הלב
Transliteration: luchot ha-lev
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: πλάκες καρδίας
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Direct echo of Exodus 31:18 and Jeremiah 31:33/Ezekiel 36:26; strong positive resource if that background is made explicit. Primary passage: 3:3.
Sincerity
Approved rendering: תמימות
Transliteration: temimut
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Root ת-מ-ם carries strong OT resonance (Noah ‘tamim,’ Job ‘tam ve-yashar,’ and the sacrificial requirement of an unblemished ‘tamim’ offering) — a genuine asset, but risks being heard primarily in its ritual-sacrificial sense rather than Paul’s motive-transparency point; context must clarify. Primary passages: 1:12; 2:17; 8:8.
Boasting
Approved rendering: התהללות
Transliteration: hithalelut
Doctrine: Boasting in the Lord versus the Flesh
Original: καύχημα / καυχάομαι
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Root ה-ל-ל shared with Hallelujah. Context-sensitive exactly like the baseline’s called/קרוא term: track ‘boasting in the Lord’ (positive, echoing Jeremiah 9:23-24, quoted directly at 10:17) versus ‘boasting in the flesh/appearance’ (negative, 5:12; 11:18) per occurrence — never flattened to one blanket rendering. Primary passages: 1:12; 5:12; 10:8,13,17; 11:16-30; 12:1,5-6,9-11.
Peddlers
Approved rendering: רוכלים
Transliteration: rochlim
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καπηλεύω
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Standard word for peddlers/hawkers, no direct religious collision, but carries a polemical edge (commercializing sacred teaching) against Paul’s rivals. Primary passage: 2:17.
Triumphal Procession
Approved rendering: תהלוכת ניצחון
Transliteration: tahalucha nitzachon
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: θριαμβεύω
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (constructed paraphrase, not a transliteration). The specific Roman military-ceremonial imagery is culturally foreign with no native Jewish ceremonial equivalent; requires explanatory teaching framing beyond the bare phrase. Primary passage: 2:14.
Aroma Of Christ
Approved rendering: ריח ניחוח
Transliteration: reiach nichoach
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ὀσμή / εὐωδία
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. The Torah’s own sacrificial phrase (Genesis 8:21, Leviticus throughout) — a strong positive asset. Risk: the OT phrase is uniformly positive, while Paul’s point (2:15-16) is deliberately double-edged (life to some, death to others); this added judgment-dimension must be taught explicitly. Primary passages: 2:14-16.
Ministry Service
Approved rendering: שירות
Transliteration: sherut
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: עבודה
Original: διακονία
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. FORBIDDEN: עבודה (avodah), which risks narrowing to Levitical Temple-service or a secular ‘job’ sense. Prefer שירות throughout. Primary passages: 3:7-9; 4:1; 5:18; 6:3-4; 9:1,12-13; 11:8.
Minister Servant
Approved rendering: מְשַׁרֵת
Transliteration: mesharet
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: διάκονος
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Echoes Isaiah 61:6’s ‘servants of the LORD’ (priestly-service resonance); positive asset, watch for over-narrowing to a purely priestly sense. Primary passages: 3:6; 11:15,23.
Examine Yourselves
Approved rendering: בְּחָנוּ אֶת עַצְמְכֶם
Transliteration: bachanu et atzmechem
Doctrine: Self-Examination and Assurance
Original: ἑαυτοὺς πειράζετε / δοκιμάζετε
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Resonates positively with the Jewish practice of cheshbon nefesh (accounting of the soul, associated with the Days of Awe) — a genuine teaching bridge, but must not collapse into a self-atonement framework that omits faith in Christ (5:11-21) as the actual ground of assurance. Primary passage: 13:5.
Abundance
Approved rendering: שפע
Transliteration: shefa
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: περισσεία
Category: Giving
NEW TERM. Standard secular word for abundance, but also carries mystical/Kabbalistic overtones (divine ‘flow’/emanation) for readers versed in Kabbalah; prefer the plain, non-mystical reading, parallel to the baseline’s גבורה caution. Primary passages: 8:2; 9:12.
Weakness
Approved rendering: חולשה
Transliteration: chulshah
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀσθένεια
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM. Standard Modern Hebrew word, no religious collision; the doctrinal weight is entirely contextual (Paul’s paradox), not lexical. Primary passages: 11:30; 12:5,9-10; 13:4,9.
Messenger Of Satan
Approved rendering: מלאך השטן
Transliteration: malach ha-satan
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM. Straightforward compound of already-analyzed terms; the theological weight (God’s sovereign permission of Satanic affliction for a purifying purpose) is contextual, not lexical. Primary passage: 12:7.
Super Apostles
Approved rendering: השליחים הנעלים ביותר
Transliteration: ha-shlichim ha-na’alim be-yoter
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM (paraphrase, not a lexical coinage). Requires a mandatory translator note flagging Paul’s sarcastic tone, since a flat/literal Hebrew rendering could easily be read as sincere honorific praise rather than biting irony. Primary passages: 11:5; 12:11.
Satan
Approved rendering: השטן
Transliteration: ha-satan
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and False Teaching
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM. Job’s own term (‘the accuser,’ a courtroom role within God’s heavenly court, Job 1-2) — a genuine positive existing resource, but denotes a specific role, not necessarily the fully personal, developed, cosmic arch-enemy figure of later Jewish and Christian tradition that 2 Corinthians assumes; the fuller NT conception must be taught explicitly, not assumed automatic. Primary passages: 2:11; 11:14; 12:7.
Signs Of A True Apostle
Approved rendering: אותות השליחות האמיתית
Transliteration: otot ha-shlichut ha-amitit
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: גבורות
Original: τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. אותות directly echoes the Exodus plague-and-wonder vocabulary (positive resonance). FORBIDDEN for ‘mighty works’: גבורות (the Amidah’s second-benediction title, connected to Kabbalistic sefirot — the collision the baseline flags Critical for power_of_god); use נפלאות or נסים instead. Primary passage: 12:12.
Betrothed Jealousy
Approved rendering: אֵרַשְׂתִּי / קִנְאָה
Transliteration: erasti / kin’ah
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἁρμόζω / ζῆλος
Category: Church
NEW TERM. אָרַס draws directly on Hebrew betrothal-covenant law (kiddushin/erusin) — a rich, genuinely positive resource connecting to Messiah-as-bridegroom imagery. קִנְאָה has strong positive OT covenantal resonance (God’s own jealousy for Israel) but a predominantly negative connotation in ordinary Modern Hebrew (petty envy); context must clarify this is righteous, protective covenant-zeal. Primary passage: 11:2.
Unequally Yoked
Approved rendering: אל תהיו רתומים בעול משותף עם
Transliteration: al tihyu retumim be-ol meshutaf im
Doctrine: Unequal Yoking / Separation from Unbelief
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Church
NEW TERM (constructed paraphrase). Echoes Deuteronomy 22:10’s prohibition against plowing with an ox and a donkey together — a genuine Torah resource. Must be taught as an illuminating relational analogy, not a literal extension of kilayim (forbidden-mixture) law. Primary passage: 6:14.
Godly Grief
Approved rendering: עצבות לפי האלוהים
Transliteration: atzvut le-fi ha-Elohim
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Grief
Original: λύπη κατὰ θεόν
Category: Repentance
NEW TERM. Standard vocabulary, low independent collision; the greater doctrinal weight is carried by the paired repentance term. Primary passages: 7:9-10.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel Apostle Note
Approved rendering: N/A
Transliteration: N/A
Doctrine: Cross-reference placeholder
Placeholder removed; retained key omitted intentionally to preserve schema linearity. No content.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: הודיה
Transliteration: hodayah
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Strong positive overlap with Jewish liturgy (Hallel psalms). Occurs at 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 9:11-12.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: שותפות
Transliteration: shutafut
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: קהילה
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. קהילה reserved for ‘church’; שותפות conveys shared participation without collision. Occurs at 6:14; 8:4,23; 13:14 (Trinitarian benediction’s ‘fellowship of the Holy Spirit’).
Exhort
Approved rendering: לעודד / להפציר
Transliteration: le’oded / le’hafzir
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive: להפציר (entreaty) for beseeching; לעודד (encourage) for building up. In 2 Corinthians 5:20 (‘we beg you, be reconciled’) the entreaty sense is active; 6:1 and throughout chapter 1’s comfort language may use either depending on context.
Amen
Approved rendering: אמן
Transliteration: amen
Doctrine: Faithfulness of God’s Promises
Inherited from Romans package transliteration standard (already a native Hebrew word, not a foreign loan). Occurs at 1:20 (‘in him it is always Yes… Amen’), reinforcing covenant-promise fulfillment language relevant to the Messianic Promise doctrine.
Affliction
Approved rendering: צרה
Transliteration: tzarah
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. Standard OT vocabulary (עת צרה), no collision. Primary passages: 1:4,8; 4:17; 6:4; 8:2.
Treasure In Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: אוצר בכלי חרס
Transliteration: otzar be-klei cheres
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: θησαυρὸς ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. Transparent image, no collision; a genuine asset for the Power in Weakness doctrine. Primary passage: 4:7.
Outer Inner Man
Approved rendering: האדם החיצון / האדם הפנימי
Transliteration: ha-adam ha-chitzon / ha-adam ha-penimi
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ὁ ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ὁ ἔσω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. Transparent, standard vocabulary. Primary passage: 4:16.
Deposit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: עירבון
Transliteration: eravon
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry / Adoption
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. A genuine positive asset worth teaching: ἀρραβών is itself a Greek loanword from this Hebrew/Semitic root (עֵרָבוֹן) — a rare case where the destination language is the historical source of the original vocabulary, not merely its target. Primary passages: 1:22; 5:5.
Face Outward Appearance
Approved rendering: פנים
Transliteration: panim
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: πρόσωπον
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Standard vocabulary, no collision. Primary passages: 5:12; 10:1,7; 11:20.
Conscience
Approved rendering: מצפון
Transliteration: matzpun
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. A Haskalah-era coinage (root צ-פ-נ, ‘hidden’) with no deep Biblical-Hebrew pedigree; functionally adequate, no doctrinal risk. Primary passages: 1:12; 4:2; 5:11.
Letters Of Recommendation
Approved rendering: מכתבי הצטרפות
Transliteration: michtevei hamlatzah
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ἐπιστολαὶ συστατικαί
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Standard modern phrase, no collision. Primary passage: 3:1.
Equality
Approved rendering: שוויון
Transliteration: shivyon
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Giving
NEW TERM. Standard modern word; teach as voluntary grace-motivated balance, not mandated redistribution. Primary passages: 8:13-14.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: נותן בשמחה
Transliteration: noten be-simcha
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρὸς δότης
Category: Giving
NEW TERM. Standard phrase, no collision. Primary passage: 9:7.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: זורע וקוצר
Transliteration: zorea ve-kotzer
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Giving
NEW TERM. Strong existing OT/Wisdom-literature resonance (Proverbs, the Prophets), no collision. Primary passage: 9:6.
Readiness
Approved rendering: נכונות
Transliteration: nechonut
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: προθυμία
Category: Giving
NEW TERM. Standard vocabulary, no collision. Primary passages: 8:11-12; 9:2.
Thorn In The Flesh
Approved rendering: קוץ בבשר
Transliteration: kotz ba-basar
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM. Transparent metaphor with OT idiomatic precedent (Numbers 33:55, thorns as persistent trouble). Primary passage: 12:7.
Deceitful Workers
Approved rendering: פועלי מרמה
Transliteration: po’alei mirmah
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἐργάται δόλιοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Standard, transparent, no collision. Primary passage: 11:13.
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: מלאך אור
Transliteration: malach or
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and False Teaching
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM. Transparent image, no collision. Primary passage: 11:14.
Serpent Deceived Eve
Approved rendering: הנחש הדיח את חוה
Transliteration: ha-nachash hidiach et Chavah
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and False Teaching
Original: ὁ ὄφις … ἐξηπάτησεν τὴν Εὕαν
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM. Direct continuity with Genesis 3 narrative vocabulary. Primary passage: 11:3.
Love
Approved rendering: אהבה
Transliteration: ahavah
Doctrine: The Love of Christ as Ministry Motivation
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
NEW FORMAL TM ENTRY (previously implied throughout the Romans baseline but not separately keyed). Standard, richly positive OT/Rabbinic word (ahavat Hashem, ahavat Yisrael); central enough to Christ’s controlling ministry motive (5:14) and the closing Trinitarian benediction (13:14) to warrant formal translation-memory status, though the vocabulary itself carries no collision risk. The doctrinal weight in 5:14 lies in conveying that Christ’s love compels/constrains, a nuance carried by surrounding phrasing, not the noun.
Workers Together
Approved rendering: שותפים לעבודה
Transliteration: shutafim la-avodah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship in Ministry
Original: συνεργοί
Category: Ministry
NEW TERM. Standard vocabulary, no collision. Primary passage: 6:1.
Referenced passages