Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Thessalonians (Hebrew)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from all three chapters of 2 Thessalonians. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked Reused (TM) and must be applied exactly as recorded there — no alternatives permitted. New terms discovered in this curriculum are marked New and carry a recommended rendering plus risk tier, pending confirmation into translation_memory.json during Phase 2 per the version-increment procedure in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Legend
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low (definitions per baseline
doctrine_risk_registry.json) - Status: Reused (TM) / New
- Doctrine: one of the five curriculum doctrines, a related baseline doctrine, or “General” for non-anchor vocabulary
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Occurrence(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | אֱלֹהִים | Elohim | Reused (TM) | Critical | God | 1:1-2, throughout | Per baseline; no change. |
| Lord | אָדוֹן | Adon | Reused (TM) | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:1-2, 2:1,8,13, 3:16 | Per baseline; underlies the recommended “יוֹם הָאָדוֹן” phrase. |
| Jesus | יֵשׁוּעַ | Yeshua | Reused (TM) | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Never ישו. |
| Messiah/Christ | הַמָּשִׁיחַ | ha-Mashiach | Reused (TM) | Critical | Messianic Promise | throughout | Per baseline. |
| Father | אָבִינוּ | Avinu | Reused (TM) | Medium | Adoption | 1:1-2, 2:16 | Per baseline. |
| Church | קְהִלָּה | kehilah | Reused (TM) | Critical | Church as God’s People | 1:1 | Never עדה; grafting-in framing applies. |
| Grace | חֶסֶד | chesed | Reused (TM) | High | Grace | 1:2,12, 2:16, 3:18 | Per baseline. |
| Peace | שָׁלוֹם | shalom | Reused (TM) | Medium | Peace with God | 1:2, 3:16 | Per baseline; note 3:16’s “Lord of peace” construct. |
| Faith | אֱמוּנָה | emunah | Reused (TM) | High | Faith | 1:3-4,11, 2:13, 3:2-3 | Per baseline. |
| Thanksgiving | הוֹדָיָה | hodayah | Reused (TM) | Low | Thanksgiving | 1:3, 2:13 | Per baseline. |
| Kingdom of God | מַלְכוּת הָאֱלֹהִים | malchut ha-Elohim | Reused (TM) | High | Kingdom Mission | 1:5 | Per baseline; distinguish from national/political sovereignty expectations. |
| Glory | כָּבוֹד | kavod | Reused (TM) | High | Deity of Christ | 1:9,12, 2:14 | Per baseline; avoid mere “respect” drift. |
| Gospel | הַבְּשׂוֹרָה | ha-besorah | Reused (TM) | Medium | Gospel | 1:8 | Per baseline; must be qualified as the specific proclamation. |
| Calling / Called | קְרִיאָה / קָרוּא | keri’ah / karu | Reused (TM) | High | Divine Calling | 1:11, 2:14 | Per baseline; context-sensitive sense (effectual calling to salvation here). |
| Election (choose) | בְּחִירָה (verb: לִבְחֹר) | bechirah | Reused (TM) | High | Effectual Calling | 2:13 | Per baseline; individual/remnant sense active here, not corporate-only. |
| Salvation | יְשׁוּעָה | yeshu’ah | Reused (TM) | Critical | Salvation | 2:10,13 | Per baseline; individual/eternal sense, not corporate/national. |
| Sanctification | הִתְקַדְּשׁוּת | hitkadshut | Reused (TM) | High | Sanctification | 2:13 | Per baseline; never קידוש. |
| Saints / Holy | קְדוֹשִׁים / קָדוֹשׁ | kedoshim / kadosh | Reused (TM) | High | Sainthood | 1:10 | Per baseline. |
| Obedience (of faith family) | לְצֵיֵּת / לִשְׁמֹעַ בְּקוֹל | letzayet / lishmo’a be-kol | Reused (TM) concept | High | Obedience of Faith | 1:8 | Verb form of the baseline’s ציות האמונה concept. |
| Power of God | כֹּחַ הָאֱלֹהִים | koach ha-Elohim | Reused (TM) | Medium | Power of God for Salvation | 1:7 | Per baseline; never גבורה. |
| Exhort/Admonish | לְעוֹדֵד / לְהוֹכִיחַ | le’oded / lehochiach | Reused (TM) | Low | Mutual Edification | 2:16-17, 3:15 | Context-sensitive per baseline note. |
| Brothers | אַחִים | achim | New | Low | General | 1:3, 2:1,13,15, 3:1,6,13 | Standard inclusive address; no significant risk. |
| Love | אַהֲבָה | ahavah | New | Medium | General / Salvation (2:10) | 1:3, 2:10, 2:16, 3:5 | Higher stakes at 2:10 (“love of the truth” causally linked to salvation); low risk elsewhere. |
| Perseverance / Endurance | הַתְמָדָה | hatmadah | New | High | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4, 3:5 | Recommended over סַבְלָנוּת (rejected: drifted toward mundane “patience” in Modern Hebrew). |
| Persecution | רְדִיפָה | redifah | New | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4 | Positive resource: resonates with Jewish historical memory of persecution; must anchor to the specific NT referent. |
| Affliction / Tribulation | צָרָה | tsarah | New | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4,6-7 | Echoes “צָרַת יַעֲקֹב” (Jeremiah 30:7); positive intertextual asset for eschatological teaching. |
| Righteous judgment / Judgment | מִשְׁפָּט צֶדֶק / מִשְׁפָּט | mishpat tzedek / mishpat | New | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:5-6, 2:12 | Keep מִשְׁפָּט structurally distinct from the צֶדֶק (righteousness) term family. |
| Suffer | לִסְבֹּל | lisbol | New | Low | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:5 | No significant risk. |
| Repay / Recompense | לְשַׁלֵּם גְּמוּל | leshalem gemul | New | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:6 | Keep distinguished from forbidden human vengeance-taking. |
| Relief | מְנוּחָה | menuchah | New | Low | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:7 | No significant risk. |
| Revelation / Unveiling | הִתְגַּלּוּת | hitgalut | New | Critical | The Day of the Lord | 1:7, 2:3,6,8 | Part of the παρουσία/ἀποκάλυψις/ἐπιφάνεια cluster; coordinate rendering required. |
| Angel | מַלְאָךְ | mal’ach | New | Low | General | 1:7 | Strong existing positive resource. |
| Fire | אֵשׁ | esh | New | Low | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:8 | Positive theophanic resonance (Sinai). |
| Vengeance / Retribution | נְקָמָה | nekamah | New | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:8 | Frame as God’s exclusive prerogative, never a model for human action. |
| Penalty | עֹנֶשׁ | onesh | New | Low | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:9 | No significant risk. |
| Eternal destruction | כִּלָּיוֹן עוֹלָם | kilayon olam | New | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:9 | Recommended over חֻרְבָּן עוֹלָם (rejected: collides with the specific Temple-destruction/“Churban” association). |
| Might / Strength | עֹצְמָה | otzmah | New | Low | Deity of Christ | 1:9 | No significant risk. |
| Believe (verb) | לְהַאֲמִין | le-ha’amin | New | Low | Faith | 1:10 | Verb form of established faith root. |
| Testimony | עֵדוּת | edut | New | Low | General | 1:10 | No significant risk. |
| That day | הַיּוֹם הַהוּא | ha-yom ha-hu | New | High | The Day of the Lord | 1:10 | Must cohere with the יוֹם הָאָדוֹן rendering established at 2:2. |
| Pray | לְהִתְפַּלֵּל | lehitpalel | New | Low | Prayer and Intercession | 1:11, 3:1 | No significant risk. |
| Good pleasure | רְצוֹן טוֹב | ratzon tov | New | Low | General | 1:11 | No significant risk. |
| Goodness | טוּב | tuv | New | Low | General | 1:11 | No significant risk. |
| Work (deed) | מַעֲשֶׂה | ma’aseh | New | Low | General | 1:11, 2:17, 3:8-10 | Watch for unintended “works-righteousness” overtone in doctrinally sensitive contexts; low risk here. |
| Name | שֵׁם | shem | New | Low | Deity of Christ | 1:12 | Standard reverential usage. |
| Coming / Arrival (parousia) | בּוֹא | bo | New | Critical | The Day of the Lord | 2:1, 2:8 | Cluster term with ἀποκάλυψις/ἐπιφάνεια; must name a single decisive event. |
| Gathering together | הִתְאַסְּפוּתֵנוּ אֵלָיו | hitasfutenu elav | New | High | The Day of the Lord | 2:1 | Avoid the כנ”ס root (synagogue/Knesset overtones). |
| Shaken / Alarmed | לְהִטַּלְטֵל / לְהִבָּהֵל | lehitaltel / lehibahel | New | Low | General | 2:2 | No significant risk. |
| Day of the Lord | יוֹם הָאָדוֹן | Yom ha-Adon | New | Critical | The Day of the Lord | 2:2 | Deliberate christological continuation of OT יוֹם ה׳ (Yom YHWH) oracle tradition, paralleling the Romans 10:9-13/Joel 2:32 precedent. Reader’s existing Yom YHWH expectations must be explicitly engaged. |
| Apostasy / Rebellion | הַמְּרִידָה | ha-meridah | New | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3 | Recommended over כְּפִירָה (rejected: over-narrows to “leaving Judaism”). Political-revolt connotation must be reframed as spiritual/cosmic. |
| Man of lawlessness / The lawless one | אִישׁ הָרֶשַׁע / הָרָשָׁע | ish ha-resha / ha-rasha | New | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3, 2:8 | Deliberately decoupled from the תּוֹרָה root (never “man without Torah”). Distinct from, but liable to be conflated with, the Jewish apocalyptic figure Armilus — must be explicitly taught as a separate concept. |
| Son of destruction | בֶּן הָאֲבַדּוֹן | ben ha-avadon | New | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3 | Distinguish from the personified Avadon/Apollyon figure of Revelation 9:11. |
| Adversary | הַיָּרִיב / הַצַּר | ha-yariv / ha-tzar | New | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:4 | Conceptually adjacent to, but distinct from, “Satan.” |
| Temple of God | הֵיכַל הָאֱלֹהִים | heichal ha-Elohim | New | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:4 | Recommended over בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ to avoid over-determining a literal-rebuilt-Temple reading; literal/figurative referent question must be flagged for theologian review, not resolved by word choice. |
| Object of worship | עֶצֶם פֻּלְחָן | etzem pulchan | New | Low | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:4 | No significant independent risk. |
| Remember | לִזְכֹּר | lizkor | New | Low | General | 2:5 | Positive resonance with זֵכֶר/remembrance theology. |
| The restrainer | הַמְּעַכֵּב | ha-me’akev | New | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:6-7 | Must preserve the text’s own genuine interpretive ambiguity (identity debated); do not resolve via pronoun/name insertion. |
| Mystery | רָז | raz | New | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:7 | Recommended over סוֹד (too mundane); echoes Daniel’s Aramaic רָז — positive resource. |
| Appointed time | עֵת / מוֹעֵד | et / mo’ed | New | Low | The Day of the Lord | 2:6 | Distinguished from mere chronological time; strong OT precedent. |
| Breath of his mouth | בְּרוּחַ פִּיו | be-ruach piv | New | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness / Messianic Promise | 2:8 | Deliberate echo of Isaiah 11:4; positive teaching asset. |
| Appearing / Manifestation (epiphaneia) | הוֹפָעָה | hofa’ah | New | Critical | The Day of the Lord | 2:8 | Cluster term with בּוֹא/הִתְגַּלּוּת; must intensify, not merely repeat. |
| Nullify / Bring to nothing | לְבַטֵּל | levatel | New | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:8 | Avoid the everyday “cancel a contract” register. |
| Satan | הַשָּׂטָן | ha-Satan | New | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:9 | Jewish “accuser” role (Job, Zechariah) vs. NT’s developed personal archenemy; teach the gap explicitly. |
| Signs and wonders (of falsehood) | אוֹתוֹת וּמוֹפְתִים שֶׁל שֶׁקֶר | otot u-mofetim shel sheker | New | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:9 | Ironic inversion of the Exodus’s positive “signs and wonders” phrase; the qualifier “of falsehood” must remain explicit. |
| Falsehood | שֶׁקֶר | sheker | New | Low | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:9,11-12 | No significant independent risk. |
| Deception | הוֹנָאָה | honaah | New | Low | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:10 | No significant independent risk. |
| Delusion (sent by God) | תַּרְמִית / הַטְעָיָה | tarmit / hat’ayah | New | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness / God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:11 | Judicial-hardening doctrine (cf. Isaiah 6:9-10, Exodus’s Pharaoh, Romans 1:24-28); must be taught within that pattern, not as arbitrary divine deceit. |
| Unrighteousness / Wrongdoing | עַוְלָה / אִי־צֶדֶק | avlah / i-tzedek | New | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:10,12 | Keep visibly opposite in form to צֶדֶק. |
| Perish (those who are perishing) | אֹבְדִים | ovdim | New | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:10 | Shares root with אֲבַדּוֹן (Avadon, 2:3); coordinate rendering. |
| Truth | אֱמֶת | emet | New | Low | The Man of Lawlessness / Faith | 2:10,12,13 | No significant independent risk; strong positive OT resource. |
| Judge (verb) | לִשְׁפֹּט | lishpot | New | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:12 | Keep in the מִשְׁפָּט family, distinct from the צֶדֶק/righteousness family. |
| Firstfruits | בִּכּוּרִים / רֵאשִׁית | bikkurim / reishit | New | Low | Salvation | 2:13 | Strong positive festival resonance; low collision risk. |
| Obtaining / Possession | נְחָלָה | nechalah | New | Low | Salvation | 2:14 | No significant independent risk. |
| Stand firm | לַעֲמֹד אֵיתָן | la’amod eitan | New | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 2:15 | Clear, vivid; low-medium risk. |
| Hold fast | לְהַחֲזִיק חָזָק | lehachzik chazak | New | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 2:15 | No significant independent risk. |
| Tradition | הַמָּסוֹרֶת הַשְּׁלִיחִית (never bare מָסוֹרֶת) | ha-masoret ha-shlichit | New | Critical | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 2:15, 3:6 | MANDATORY qualifying phrase (“apostolic tradition”); bare מָסוֹרֶת risks conflation with, or unintended competition with, Rabbinic Oral Torah tradition/Masorah. Theologian review required at every occurrence. |
| Hope | תִּקְוָה | tikvah | New | Low | General | 2:16 | No significant independent risk. |
| Comfort / Encouragement | נְחָמָה | nechamah | New | Low | Mutual Edification | 2:16 | Distinct from Holy Spirit “Paraclete” title association; low risk if context is clear. |
| Heart | לֵב | lev | New | Low | General | 2:17, 3:5 | No significant independent risk. |
| Strengthen | לְחַזֵּק | lechazek | New | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 2:17 | No significant independent risk. |
| Run (the word runs) | לָרוּץ | larutz | New | Low | General | 3:1 | Metaphor for the gospel’s advance; no significant risk. |
| Be glorified | לְהִתְפָּאֵר | lehitpa’er | New | Low | General | 3:1 | Verb form of כָּבוֹד/glory family. |
| Deliver / Rescue | לְהִנָּצֵל | lehinatzel | New | Low | General | 3:2 | No significant independent risk. |
| Wicked / Evil | מְעֻוָּת / רָשָׁע | me’uvat / rasha | New | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 3:2-3 | רָשָׁע shares root with “man of wickedness” (2:3,8); keep the family visually connected. |
| Faithful | נֶאֱמָן | ne’eman | New | Low | Faith | 3:3 | Adjective form of established faith root. |
| Guard / Protect | לִשְׁמֹר | lishmor | New | Low | General | 3:3 | No significant independent risk. |
| Confident (be confident) | לִבְטֹחַ | livto’ach | New | Low-Medium | General | 3:4 | Distinct usage from the baseline’s rejected בִּטָּחוֹן alternative for “faith” (a different Greek verb here); flag to avoid translator confusion. |
| Command / Instruct | לְהוֹרוֹת | lehorot | New | Low | General | 3:4,6,10,12 | No significant independent risk. |
| Direct / Guide | לְהַנְחוֹת | lehanchot | New | Low | General | 3:5 | No significant independent risk. |
| Disorderly (idleness) | בְּהֶפְקֵרוּת | be-hefkerut | New | Medium | General (church discipline) | 3:6,7,11 | Must convey willful idleness/disruption of communal order, not casual disorganization. |
| Withdraw / Conduct oneself | לְהִתְרַחֵק / לְהִתְהַלֵּךְ | lehitrachek / lehithalech | New | Low | General | 3:6 | No significant independent risk. |
| Receive (tradition) | לְקַבֵּל | lekabel | New | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 3:6 | Paired with the tradition term above. |
| Imitate | לְחַקּוֹת | lechakot | New | Low | General | 3:7,9 | No significant independent risk. |
| Freely / Without cost | חִנָּם | chinam | New | Low | General | 3:8 | No significant independent risk. |
| Labor / Hardship / Work | עָמָל / יְגִיעָה / לַעֲבֹד | amal / yegi’ah / la’avod | New | Low | General | 3:8 | No significant independent risk. |
| Burden | לְהַכְבִּיד | lehachbid | New | Low | General | 3:8 | No significant independent risk. |
| Authority | סַמְכוּת | samchut | New | Medium | Apostleship | 3:9 | Compare baseline’s shaliach/shlichut note on delegated authority; medium risk given Paul’s voluntary non-exercise here. |
| Example / Pattern | דֻּגְמָה | dugmah | New | Low | General | 3:9 | No significant independent risk. |
| Busybody | לְהִתְעַסֵּק בְּעִנְיָנֵי אֲחֵרִים | lehit’asek be-inyanei acherim | New | Low | General | 3:11 | Colorful, low-risk idiom. |
| Quietness | שַׁלְוָה | shalvah | New | Low | General | 3:12 | No significant independent risk. |
| Grow weary | לְהִתְיָאֵשׁ | lehitya’esh | New | Low | General | 3:13 | No significant independent risk. |
| Take note (of a person) | לְסַמֵּן | lesamen | New | Medium | General (church discipline) | 3:14 | Pastoral sensitivity required (corrective, not punitive-exclusionary intent). |
| Associate with | לְהִתְעָרֵב עִם | lehit’arev im | New | Medium | General (church discipline) | 3:14 | See above. |
| Put to shame | לְבַיֵּשׁ | levayesh | New | Medium | General (church discipline) | 3:14 | See above. |
| Enemy | אוֹיֵב | oyev | New | Low | General | 3:15 | No significant independent risk. |
| Greeting | בְּרָכָה | brachah | New | Low | General | 3:17 | No significant independent risk. |
| Sign (authenticating mark) | אוֹת | ot | New | Low | General | 3:17 | Distinct sense from “signs and wonders” (2:9); context disambiguates. |
Doctrine Cross-Reference Summary
| Curriculum Doctrine | Anchor Terms (New) | Anchor Terms (Reused TM) | Overall Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Day of the Lord | יוֹם הָאָדוֹן, בּוֹא, הִתְגַּלּוּת, הוֹפָעָה, הִתְאַסְּפוּתֵנוּ אֵלָיו | אָדוֹן | Critical |
| The Man of Lawlessness | אִישׁ הָרֶשַׁע/הָרָשָׁע, הַמְּרִידָה, בֶּן הָאֲבַדּוֹן, הֵיכַל הָאֱלֹהִים, הַמְּעַכֵּב, הַשָּׂטָן, תַּרְמִית | — | Critical |
| Perseverance under Persecution | הַתְמָדָה, רְדִיפָה, צָרָה | אֱמוּנָה | High |
| God’s Righteous Judgment | מִשְׁפָּט צֶדֶק, נְקָמָה, כִּלָּיוֹן עוֹלָם, תַּרְמִית | כָּבוֹד | Critical |
| Standing Firm in the Traditions | הַמָּסוֹרֶת הַשְּׁלִיחִית, לַעֲמֹד אֵיתָן | קְרִיאָה, אֱמוּנָה | Critical |
Phase 2 Integration Note
All New terms in this glossary require formal entry into translation_memory.json (version increment) before Phase 2 batch processing begins, per the procedure specified in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §“Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.” Terms marked Critical above (יוֹם הָאָדוֹן, אִישׁ הָרֶשַׁע/הָרָשָׁע, הַמְּרִידָה, הֵיכַל הָאֱלֹהִים, הַמְּעַכֵּב [ambiguity-preservation], כִּלָּיוֹן עוֹלָם, תַּרְמִית, הַמָּסוֹרֶת הַשְּׁלִיחִית, הִתְגַּלּוּת/בּוֹא/הוֹפָעָה cluster) must be flagged for human theologian review at every occurrence, consistent with the baseline’s escalation rules.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: אלוהים
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. No viable alternative; risk is entirely in content. Occurs throughout every chapter of this letter.
Lord
Approved rendering: אדון
Transliteration: Adon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs with unusually high density in this short letter’s greeting/closing formulas in every chapter (1:1-2, 1:7-8, 1:12, 2:1, 2:8, 2:13-14, 3:16), and underlies the required ‘יוֹם הָאָדוֹן’ (Day of the Lord) construct. 2:8’s application of Isaiah 11:4’s royal judgment language to ‘the Lord Jesus’ intensifies stakes at that specific occurrence.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ישוע
Transliteration: Yeshua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ישו
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never the truncated ישו under any circumstance.
Messiah
Approved rendering: משיח
Transliteration: mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Definite-article form המשיח is standard grammatical inflection, not a substitute term.
Church
Approved rendering: קהילה
Transliteration: kehilah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: עדה
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never עדה. Paul’s boast about ‘the churches of God’ (plural, 1:4) enduring persecution must be taught through Romans 11’s grafting-in framework, never as displacing or superseding Israel’s own historical experience of persecution and exile.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ישועה
Transliteration: yeshu’ah
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: גאולה
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2:10-13’s direct salvation-versus-perishing contrast presses the corporate/national default in Jewish thought especially hard, requiring the individual, present, eternal sense to be taught explicitly against it.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: רוח הקודש
Transliteration: Ruach HaKodesh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. CAUTION at 2:2: ‘not by spirit’ (μήτε διὰ πνεύματος) refers there to a false claimed prophetic utterance, NOT the Holy Spirit himself; render the indefinite noun רוּחַ without the definite/capitalized form in that verse specifically, reserving רוח הקודש for the distinct, genuine reference at 2:13’s ‘sanctification of the Spirit.’ Context must disambiguate the two referents; they must never be conflated.
Law
Approved rendering: תורה
Transliteration: Torah
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged, but under a NEW and acute pressure in this curriculum: because νόμος/Torah is fixed here as a beloved, non-negotiable covenant term, any rendering of ‘man of lawlessness’ (ἀνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας) built on this root — e.g., ‘a man lacking Torah’ — is FORBIDDEN. See the man_of_lawlessness entry below, which is deliberately decoupled from this root.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: צדק
Transliteration: tzedek
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: צדקה
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In this letter tzedek appears only in compounds — מִשְׁפָּט צֶדֶק (‘righteous judgment,’ 1:5-6) and its negation אִי־צֶדֶק (‘unrighteousness,’ 2:10,12) — never standing alone. Must remain visibly distinct from the משפט (forensic judgment-verdict) term family even where the two co-occur.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: יום האדון
Transliteration: Yom ha-Adon
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: יום ה׳ (as a standalone substitute), אחרית הימים
Original: ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Deliberately parallel to the established κύριος→אדון convention, continuing the same christological reapplication of OT Yom YHWH oracle tradition already flagged at Romans 10:9-13 (Joel 2:32). Not an absent concept but a maximally live OT/Rabbinic category (Joel 2:31; Amos 5:18-20; Zephaniah 1:14-18; Malachi 3:23) being reapplied; the reader’s existing corporate/national deliverance-and-judgment expectations must be explicitly engaged, never assumed to transfer automatically to the NT’s inaugurated/not-yet framework. אחרית הימים is rejected as a substitute because it imports the completed Rabbinic messianic-age package, prematurely resolving the very ‘not yet arrived’ tension 2:2 is written to correct. Theologian review required at every occurrence.
Parousia Coming
Approved rendering: בוא
Transliteration: bo
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The singular, climactic, visible return of Christ (2:1, 2:8, 2:9); rendered in construct with the Lord’s name per Delitzsch-tradition precedent (cf. Isaiah 40:10). Part of a fixed three-term cluster with revelation_apokalypsis and appearing_epiphaneia naming one single event from three angles; must be kept terminologically distinct from, yet coordinated with, both. Confirmed as field consensus across Delitzsch, Salkinson-Ginsburg, and Habrit Hakhadasha.
Revelation Apokalypsis
Approved rendering: התגלות
Transliteration: hitgalut
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The unveiling of the Lord Jesus (1:7) AND, ironically, of the man of lawlessness (2:3, 2:6, 2:8) — the same Hebrew term must be applied consistently to both referents, since the Greek text itself uses the same verb for each. Part of the parousia/apokalypsis/epiphaneia cluster.
Appearing Epiphaneia
Approved rendering: הופעה
Transliteration: hofa’ah
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: התגלות (as an interchangeable synonym)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Doubled with parousia_coming (בוא) in 2:8 for deliberate intensifying effect (‘the appearing of his coming’); the doubling must intensify, not merely repeat, the sense of a decisive visible event. Never collapse into the same word as revelation_apokalypsis; the two must remain visually and lexically distinct.
Apostasy
Approved rendering: המרידה
Transliteration: ha-meridah
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: כפירה
Original: ἀποστασία
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The definite, singular, end-times event of mass defection preceding the revealing of the man of lawlessness (2:3). כפירה is rejected because in Jewish religious usage it denotes specifically renouncing Torah-faith/Judaism (a ‘kofer’), narrowing Paul’s cosmic rebellion into a culturally specific charge against Jews leaving observance. המרידה’s own political-revolt connotation (e.g., the Bar Kokhba Revolt) must itself be explicitly reframed as spiritual/cosmic rebellion against divine authority, not a this-worldly uprising. Theologian review required at every occurrence.
Man Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: איש הרשע / הרשע
Transliteration: ish ha-resha / ha-rasha
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: איש חסר-תורה, איש החטא
Original: ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας / ὁ ἄνομος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The singular end-times figure of concentrated evil and self-deification (2:3, shortened to ‘the lawless one,’ ὁ ἄνομος, at 2:8). Deliberately decoupled from the תורה root — never ‘man lacking Torah,’ which would wrongly identify Torah non-observance itself as the eschatological villain’s mark, directly contrary to this package’s own guarding note on Torah (see the ‘law’ entry above). A second, independent critical risk: Jewish apocalyptic tradition (Sefer Zerubbabel) already contains a developed anti-messiah figure, Armilus, opposing Messiah ben David — a genuine pre-existing collision requiring explicit doctrinal distinction in teaching materials, not merely a translation choice. Field-confirmed: no surveyed Hebrew NT translation uses a תורה-rooted construction here. Theologian review required at every occurrence.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: היכל האלוהים
Transliteration: heichal ha-Elohim
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: בית המקדש
Original: ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The sanctuary in which the lawless one enthrones himself as an object of worship (2:4), echoing Daniel’s abomination-of-desolation pattern. בית המקדש is rejected because it carries the full weight of Jewish Temple hope (destroyed 70 CE; its rebuilding a central messianic-era expectation) and would over-determine a strictly literal-rebuilt-Temple reading, eclipsing the legitimate exegetical question of a literal, rebuilt, or figurative (ecclesial/bodily) referent. This literal/figurative question must be flagged for human theologian review and taught explicitly, never resolved silently by word choice. Field-confirmed as the consensus choice across Delitzsch, Salkinson-Ginsburg, and Habrit Hakhadasha.
Delusion Sent By God
Approved rendering: תרמית / הטעיה
Transliteration: tarmit / hat’ayah
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἐνέργεια πλάνης
Category: Judgment
NEW. God actively ‘sending’ a working of delusion as judgment on those who rejected the truth (2:11). Not primarily a lexical risk but a doctrinal-framing risk: must be taught within the full biblical pattern of judicial hardening (Pharaoh’s heart, Isaiah 6:9-10, Romans 1:24-28’s ‘God gave them over’), never presented as arbitrary divine deception. The Hebrew verb must not be softened toward mere divine ‘allowing.’ Theologian review required at every occurrence.
Eternal Destruction
Approved rendering: כיליון עולם
Transliteration: kilayon olam
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: חורבן עולם
Original: ὄλεθρος αἰώνιος
Category: Judgment
NEW. The final, irreversible fate of those who reject the gospel, described as separation from the Lord’s presence and glory (1:9). חורבן is rejected because it is the specific historical/liturgical term for the Temple’s destruction (‘החורבן’) and would import that particular national-religious catastrophe’s associations into an individual eschatological judgment context. Field-confirmed choice.
Tradition
Approved rendering: המסורת השליחית
Transliteration: ha-masoret ha-shlichit
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Rejected alternatives: מסורת (bare, unqualified)
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Covenant
NEW. Authoritative apostolic teaching delivered orally or by letter, to be held fast (2:15, 3:6). MANDATORY qualifying phrase ‘apostolic’ — never bare מסורת. מסורת in Jewish usage carries the full weight of the Oral Torah/Rabbinic Masorah (and gives its name to the Masorti/Conservative Jewish movement); an unqualified use risks either conflating apostolic teaching with, or appearing to compete with, that entire framework. This is a DELIBERATE, DOCUMENTED DEPARTURE from field consensus — every surveyed Hebrew NT translation (including modern Habrit Hakhadasha) renders this bare. Reviewers must not ‘correct’ this back to the bare form. Theologian review required at every occurrence, on the same order as the baseline’s handling of imputed_righteousness.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: חסד
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: חן
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. This letter’s unusually dense repetition of the grace-formula in nearly every chapter’s opening/closing (1:2, 1:12, 2:16, 3:18) compounds the need for disciplined consistency; must be sharpened toward favor given apart from Torah-observance.
Faith
Approved rendering: אמונה
Transliteration: emunah
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ביטחון
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 3:2’s ‘not all have faith’ (amid a warning about wicked and evil men) risks being heard as ‘not all are Torah-observant’ rather than Paul’s point about trust in Messiah specifically.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: מלכות האלוהים
Transliteration: malchut ha-Elohim
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1:5 ties kingdom-worthiness directly to endurance under persecution, a spiritual-refinement logic distinct from Jewish national/political sovereignty expectations tied to the Land.
Glory
Approved rendering: כבוד
Transliteration: kavod
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Central to the judgment scene (1:9-10) and the calling of 2:14; must retain the weighty manifest-divine-presence sense rather than the colloquial ‘respect’ drift (‘kol hakavod’).
Called
Approved rendering: קרוא
Transliteration: karu
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Context-sensitive; in this letter the effectual calling to obtain Christ’s glory (1:11, 2:14).
Calling
Approved rendering: קריאה
Transliteration: keri’ah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Noun form paired with the same effectual-calling sense as ‘called’ above.
Election
Approved rendering: בחירה
Transliteration: bechirah
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: αἱρέομαι (ἐξελέξατο, cognate concept)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2:13’s election language applied directly to this Gentile congregation ‘from the beginning’ presses toward the individual/remnant sense that must be taught against the automatically-corporate (‘am hanivchar’) default.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: התקדשות
Transliteration: hitkadshut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: קידוש
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never קידוש. Named at 2:13 as the Spirit’s means of realizing the Thessalonians’ election.
Holy
Approved rendering: קדוש
Transliteration: kadosh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
Saints
Approved rendering: קדושים
Transliteration: kedoshim
Doctrine: Sainthood
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1:10: ‘all who believed’ glorified together with Christ; must not imply an elite Torah-observant class.
Gathering Together
Approved rendering: התאספותנו אליו
Transliteration: hitasfutenu elav
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: התכנסותנו אליו (rejected: כ-נ-ס root)
Original: ἐπισυναγωγή
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The gathering of believers to Christ at his coming (2:1). Deliberately built on the א-ס-ף root, not כ-נ-ס, to avoid the unwanted synagogue (בית כנסת) or political/parliamentary (הכנסת) overtone the latter root carries in Modern Hebrew. This follows the older Delitzsch/Salkinson-Ginsburg lineage against a documented drift in some modern print runs toward the כ-נ-ס root; this discipline must be maintained in Phase 2.
That Day
Approved rendering: היום ההוא
Transliteration: ha-yom ha-hu
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: ἡμέρα ἐκείνη
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 1:10’s reference to Christ’s glorification among his saints; must cohere with, and be taught as identical to, the יום האדון event named at 2:2, not a separate or disconnected occasion.
Son Of Destruction
Approved rendering: בן האבדון
Transliteration: ben ha-avadon
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας
Category: Eschatology
NEW. A Hebraic ‘son of X’ idiom (2:3) paralleling John 17:12’s use of Judas, describing the lawless one’s certain catastrophic end. אבדון (Avadon) is a genuine OT term for the place/state of ruin (Job 26:6; Proverbs 15:11) but is also personified as a destroying angel in Revelation 9:11 (Apollyon); a translator note must clarify this names a destiny, not an identification with that angelic figure.
The Restrainer
Approved rendering: המעכב
Transliteration: ha-me’akev
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: τὸ κατέχον / ὁ κατέχων
Category: Eschatology
NEW. A currently operative power or person holding back the full revealing of the lawless one (2:6-7). The Greek’s own neuter-to-masculine grammatical shift (τὸ κατέχον → ὁ κατέχων) has never been definitively resolved in Christian scholarship; המעכב is chosen because Hebrew’s participle form works for both without forcing a premature identification. MUST NOT be resolved via an inserted pronoun or proper noun that forecloses any interpretive option (Roman state, human government, Holy Spirit, an angelic figure, or the restraining effect of apostolic preaching are all attested guesses, none settled). Theologian review required at every occurrence; this is a known and accepted limitation across the entire surveyed Hebrew NT translation landscape, not a translator error to correct.
Satan
Approved rendering: השטן
Transliteration: ha-Satan
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The personal power behind the lawless one’s counterfeit miracles (2:9). The term itself is not foreign — Tanakh precedent exists (Job 1-2, Zechariah 3) — but there the satan functions as a subordinate accusing figure within God’s own heavenly court, not the NT’s unified, personal, actively opposing cosmic archenemy. This theological framework gap must be taught explicitly, never assumed to transfer automatically.
Signs And Wonders False
Approved rendering: אותות ומופתים של שקר
Transliteration: otot u-mofetim shel sheker
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: אותות ומופתים (without the qualifier)
Original: σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα ψεύδους
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The lawless one’s counterfeit, deceptive wonders (2:9). This exact paired phrase is deeply positive OT vocabulary for God’s own Exodus miracles (Exodus 7:3; Deuteronomy 4:34; 6:22); here applied ironically, an inversion that must be taught as intentional, not smoothed over. The qualifying ‘of falsehood’ (של שקר) must always remain explicit — no surveyed Hebrew NT translation leaves this phrase bare, and this curriculum must not either.
Righteous Judgment
Approved rendering: משפט צדק / משפט
Transliteration: mishpat tzedek / mishpat
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: דין (rejected for the general judgment sense)
Original: δίκαιος / κρίσις
Category: Judgment
NEW. God’s just verdict (1:5-6), repaying affliction to the afflicters and relief to the afflicted, and the final judgment of 2:12. דין is rejected because it risks being heard as a specific Beit Din halachic ruling rather than God’s own eschatological verdict. Must be kept structurally distinct from the separate צדק (righteousness) term family even where both appear together.
Judge Verb
Approved rendering: לשפוט
Transliteration: lishpot
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: κρίνω
Category: Judgment
NEW. To pass sentence on all who did not believe the truth (2:12). Must remain in the משפט semantic family, distinct from the צדק/righteousness cluster.
Vengeance
Approved rendering: נקמה
Transliteration: nekamah
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἐκδίκησις
Category: Judgment
NEW. God’s retributive justice against those who do not know God and do not obey the gospel (1:8). Carries strong contemporary Israeli connotations tied to justice against national enemies and historical persecutors — a live cultural nerve, not an abstract term. Must be explicitly framed as God’s own sole eschatological prerogative, never a model or warrant for human vengeance-taking. Mandatory accompanying note at every occurrence.
Perseverance Endurance
Approved rendering: התמדה
Transliteration: hatmadah
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: סבלנות
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance
NEW. Steadfast endurance under persecution, cited as grounds for Paul’s boasting (1:4, 3:5). סבלנות is rejected because it has drifted in Modern Hebrew toward mundane ‘patience’ (waiting in line, patience with a difficult person), undershooting Paul’s weightier sense of active steadfastness under real persecution — a drift parallel to the baseline’s own documented חן/chesed problem.
Church Discipline Vocabulary
Approved rendering: לסמן / להתערב עם / לבייש
Transliteration: lesamen / lehit’arev im / levayesh
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Withdrawal
Original: σημειοῦσθε / συναναμίγνυμαι / ἐντρέπω
Category: Church
NEW. ‘Take note,’ ‘do not associate,’ ‘put to shame’ — the corrective measures prescribed for a disorderly brother (3:14). Risk of being read through the lens of formal Jewish community sanctions (חרם/נידוי, historical excommunication practice) rather than Paul’s corrective, restorative intent, explicitly reinforced by 3:15’s ‘warn him as a brother,’ not an enemy. This corrective, relational framing must remain explicit in the Hebrew rendering.
Medium Risk Terms
Father
Approved rendering: אבינו
Transliteration: Avinu
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked in the letter’s opening greeting (1:1-2) and in the 2:16 prayer-wish.
Peace
Approved rendering: שלום
Transliteration: shalom
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 3:16’s distinct title ‘the Lord of peace himself’ (אֲדוֹן הַשָּׁלוֹם) is at risk of dilution through shalom’s everyday-greeting ubiquity.
Gospel
Approved rendering: הבשורה
Transliteration: ha-besorah
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: חדשות טובות
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Obedience/disobedience to the gospel is the stated ground of judgment in 1:8; must be qualified as the specific proclamation of salvation through the Messiah.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: כוח האלוהים
Transliteration: koach ha-Elohim
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: גבורת האל
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never גבורה, to avoid Kabbalistic sefirot associations. Accompanies the mighty angels at Christ’s revealing (1:7, 1:9).
Apostle
Approved rendering: שליח
Transliteration: shaliach
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος (cf. ἐξουσία, 3:9)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. At 3:9 the risk runs opposite to usual: Paul voluntarily declines to exercise a genuine apostolic right; a mistranslation of the surrounding אֶקְסוּסִיָה/סַמְכוּת language could read as Paul lacking authority rather than graciously forgoing its use.
Adversary
Approved rendering: היריב / הצר
Transliteration: ha-yariv / ha-tzar
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ἀντικείμενος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The one positioned against God and every object of worship (2:4); conceptually adjacent to, but a distinct, unnamed description from, ‘Satan’ (see satan entry).
Mystery
Approved rendering: רז
Transliteration: raz
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: סוד
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The already-operating hidden reality of lawlessness (2:7). סוד is rejected as too mundane a ‘secret’ in Modern Hebrew usage. רז echoes Daniel’s Aramaic usage (Daniel 2:18-19, 47) of a hidden divine plan disclosed to God’s servants — a genuine positive existing resource, not a foreign import.
Breath Of His Mouth
Approved rendering: ברוח פיו
Transliteration: be-ruach piv
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: πνεῦμα τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The means by which the Lord destroys the lawless one (2:8), a direct allusion to Isaiah 11:4’s messianic prophecy (‘וּבְרוּחַ שְׂפָתָיו יָמִית רָשָׁע’). A genuine positive teaching asset, not primarily a risk: the intertextual link should be made explicit, reinforcing Jesus as the promised Davidic judge. Universal field agreement across all surveyed Hebrew NT translations.
Nullify
Approved rendering: לבטל
Transliteration: levatel
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: καταργέω
Category: Eschatology
NEW. To bring to nothing; the decisive destruction of the lawless one’s power (2:8). Must convey decisive destruction, avoiding the everyday ‘cancel a contract’ register.
Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: עוולה / אי-צדק
Transliteration: avlah / i-tzedek
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀδικία
Category: Judgment
NEW. Wrongdoing, the direct antonym of righteousness, in which the deceived delight (2:10, 2:12). Must remain visibly opposite in form to צדק so the contrast is not lost.
Perishing
Approved rendering: אובדים
Transliteration: ovdim
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: οἱ ἀπολλύμενοι
Category: Judgment
NEW. Those on the path of ruin because they refused to love the truth (2:10). Shares its root with אבדון (Avadon, 2:3); coordinate the rendering across both occurrences.
Repay Recompense
Approved rendering: לשלם גמול
Transliteration: leshalem gemul
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀνταποδίδωμι
Category: Judgment
NEW. God’s repaying affliction to the afflicters (1:6). Keep clearly distinguished from human vengeance-taking, which Scripture elsewhere forbids to believers (cf. Romans 12:19).
Persecution
Approved rendering: רדיפה
Transliteration: redifah
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: διωγμός
Category: Perseverance
NEW. Active hostility endured by the Thessalonians for their faith (1:4). Positive resource: already deeply embedded in Jewish historical memory of persecution, aiding empathetic connection, but must be anchored to the specific NT referent (persecution for the faith specifically) rather than left generic.
Affliction Tribulation
Approved rendering: צרה
Transliteration: tsarah
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Perseverance
NEW. The suffering endured by believers, to be repaid with relief at Christ’s revealing (1:4, 1:6-7). The technical term in ‘צרת יעקב’ (Jeremiah 30:7, ‘the time of Jacob’s trouble’), a recognized Jewish eschatological category paralleling the Christian ‘Great Tribulation’ — a positive intertextual asset for teaching alongside the Day of the Lord material.
Stand Firm
Approved rendering: לעמוד איתן
Transliteration: la’amod eitan
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: στήκω
Category: Covenant
NEW. To stand firm in the apostolic teaching (2:15). Clear, vivid; low-medium risk.
Love
Approved rendering: אהבה
Transliteration: ahavah
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
NEW. Self-giving love; low-medium risk generally (1:3, 2:16, 3:5), but higher stakes at 2:10’s ‘the love of the truth,’ whose rejection is presented as the causal reason for susceptibility to deception and non-salvation — this pastoral causal weight must not be flattened.
Disorderly Conduct
Approved rendering: בהפקרות
Transliteration: be-hefkerut
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Withdrawal
Original: ἀτάκτως
Category: Church
NEW. Willful idleness disrupting communal order (3:6-11). Must convey willful idleness/disruption of communal order, not merely casual disorganization.
Authority
Approved rendering: סמכות
Transliteration: samchut
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Church
NEW. Paul’s genuine apostolic right, voluntarily not exercised regarding financial support (3:9). Must convey Paul’s genuine, delegated apostolic authority (compare the baseline apostle/shaliach entry) even as he voluntarily forgoes exercising it here; a mistranslation risks reading as Paul lacking authority rather than graciously declining it.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: הודיה
Transliteration: hodayah
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστεῖν
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Opens both major thanksgiving sections in this letter (1:3, 2:13); strong positive overlap with Jewish liturgical thanksgiving.
Exhort
Approved rendering: לעודד
Transliteration: le’oded
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Context-sensitive between comfort/encouragement (2:16-17) and admonishment (להוכיח, 3:15).
Object Of Worship
Approved rendering: עצם פולחן
Transliteration: etzem pulchan
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: σέβασμα
Category: Eschatology
NEW. An object of veneration over which the lawless one exalts himself (2:4). No significant independent risk.
Penalty
Approved rendering: עונש
Transliteration: onesh
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: δίκη
Category: Judgment
NEW. The penalty of eternal destruction (1:9). Low independent risk.
Fire
Approved rendering: אש
Transliteration: esh
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: πῦρ
Category: Judgment
NEW. The flaming fire accompanying the Lord’s revealing in judgment (1:8). Strong positive OT theophanic resonance (Sinai, the burning bush).
Suffer
Approved rendering: לסבול
Transliteration: lisbol
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: πάσχω
Category: Perseverance
NEW. To undergo suffering for the kingdom (1:5). No significant independent risk.
Hold Fast
Approved rendering: להחזיק חזק
Transliteration: lehachzik chazak
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: κρατέω
Category: Covenant
NEW. To hold fast to the traditions received (2:15). No significant independent risk.
Truth
Approved rendering: אמת
Transliteration: emet
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Faith
NEW. The gospel truth rejected by those who perish (2:10, 2:12-13). No significant independent risk; strong positive OT resource.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: ביכורים / ראשית
Transliteration: bikkurim / reishit
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Salvation
NEW. Describes believers as a firstfruits offering unto salvation (2:13, in some manuscripts). Strong positive festival resonance (Bikkurim); low collision risk.
Obtaining Possession
Approved rendering: נחלה
Transliteration: nechalah
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: περιποίησις
Category: Salvation
NEW. The obtaining of the glory of Christ, the goal of God’s calling (2:14). No significant independent risk.
Brothers
Approved rendering: אחים
Transliteration: achim
Doctrine: General
Original: ἀδελφοί
Category: Church
NEW. Standard inclusive address to fellow believers, used repeatedly throughout the letter. No significant independent risk.
Angel
Approved rendering: מלאך
Transliteration: mal’ach
Doctrine: General
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: God
NEW. The mighty angels accompanying Christ’s revealing in judgment (1:7). Strong existing positive resource.
Might Strength
Approved rendering: עוצמה
Transliteration: otzmah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ἰσχύς
Category: God
NEW. The Lord’s might, paired with glory in the judgment scene (1:9). No significant independent risk.
Example Pattern
Approved rendering: דוגמה
Transliteration: dugmah
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: τύπος
Category: Church
NEW. Paul’s conduct offered as a pattern to imitate (3:9). No significant independent risk.
Referenced passages