Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Peter (English ⇄ Hebrew)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across all three chapters of 2 Peter, into a single reference table for Phase 2 translation memory construction. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked “Reused (baseline)” and MUST NOT be altered. Terms new to the 2 Peter curriculum are marked “New” and are proposed here for addition to translation memory, pending theologian review for Critical/High items per the baseline’s escalation rules.
Risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly:
- Critical — Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — Human theologian review required.
- Medium — Native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Automated review sufficient.
Part A — Reused Baseline Terms Occurring in 2 Peter
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Risk (baseline) | Primary 2 Peter Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| apostle | שליח | shaliach | Medium | 1:1 | Reused exactly. |
| faith | אמונה | emunah | High | 1:1, 1:5 | Reused exactly; see isotimon pistin note. |
| righteousness | צדק | tzedek | Critical | 1:1, 2:21 | Reused exactly; never צדקה outside a direct Genesis 15:6-style citation. |
| grace | חסד | chesed | High | 1:2, 3:18 | Reused exactly. |
| peace | שלום | shalom | Medium | 1:2 | Reused exactly. |
| called / calling | קרוא / קריאה | karu / keri’ah | High | 1:3, 1:10 | Reused exactly; paired with election at 1:10. |
| election | בחירה | bechirah | High | 1:10 | Reused exactly. |
| lord | אדון | Adon | Critical | 1:2, 1:8, 1:11, 1:14, 1:16, 2:1(*), 2:9,11,20; 3:2,8,9,10,15,18 | Reused exactly. (*) 2:1’s δεσπότης also converges on אדון — flag distinct nuance, see Part B. |
| glory | כבוד | kavod | Medium | 1:3, 1:17, 3:18 | Reused exactly. |
| holy | קדוש | kadosh | High | 1:18 (“holy mountain”), 1:21, 2:21, 3:2,11 | Reused exactly. |
| holy spirit | רוח הקודש | Ruach HaKodesh | Critical | 1:21 | Reused exactly. |
| kingdom of God | מלכות האלוהים | malchut ha-Elohim | Medium | 1:11 (as “eternal kingdom”) | Reused exactly as root; see malchut olam extension. |
| power of God | כוח האלוהים | koach ha-Elohim | Medium | 1:3 (“divine power”) | Reused exactly as root; never גבורה. |
| prophet / prophecy | נביא / נבואה | navi / nevu’ah | Low/Medium | 1:19-21, 2:1, 2:16, 3:2 | Reused exactly. |
| messiah / christ | משיח | mashiach | Critical | Throughout (as “Jesus Christ”) | Reused exactly. |
| jesus | ישוע | Yeshua | Critical | Throughout | Reused exactly; never ישו. |
| god | אלוהים | Elohim | Critical | Throughout | Reused exactly. |
| son of god | בן האלוהים | ben ha-Elohim | Critical | 1:17 (as “בְּנִי”, “my Son”) | Reused exactly as underlying doctrine; see Part B for the direct-speech form בְּנִי. |
| fellowship (root) | שותפות | shutafut | Low | 1:4 (κοινωνοί, “partakers”) | Root reused; see koinōnoi in Part B. |
| gentiles | גויים | goyim | Medium | (implicit; universal-scope passages) | Reused exactly where applicable. |
| church | קהילה | kehilah | Critical | (implicit; community-address passages) | Reused exactly; never עדה. |
| amen | אמן | amen | Low | 3:18 | Reused exactly. |
Part B — New Terms Required for 2 Peter
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Category / Doctrine | Risk | Primary Passages | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| myths | מיתוסים | mitosim | Inspiration of Scripture (contrast) | High | 1:16 | אגדות (collides with Aggadah, the respected rabbinic-narrative category) | Loanword preserves negative “invented fiction” sense. |
| coming / parousia | בואו | bo’o | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Critical | 1:16, 3:4, 3:12 | ביאתו (ביאה = halakhic euphemism for sexual relations) | Must be rendered identically at every occurrence. |
| eyewitnesses | עדי ראייה | edei re’iyah | Inspiration/Reliability of Scripture | Low | 1:16 | — | Positive legal-testimony resonance. |
| majesty | הוד | hod | Deity/Certainty of Return | Low-Medium | 1:16 | — | Cf. Psalm 96:6. |
| honor | יקר | yekar | Deity of Christ | Low | 1:17 | כבוד (reserved for δόξα) | Kept distinct from glory in the same verse. |
| Majestic Glory (title for God) | הדר הכבוד | hadar ha-kavod | Deity of Christ | Low-Medium | 1:17 | — | Cf. Psalm 145:5. |
| my Son (direct divine speech) | בְּנִי | beni | Sonship of Christ | Critical | 1:17 | — | Apply full baseline sonship_of_christ doctrinal scaffolding. |
| beloved | ידיד | yadid | Sonship of Christ | Low | 1:17 | — | Cf. Delitzsch tradition; echoes Yedidyah. |
| well-pleased | רציתי בו | ratziti bo | Sonship of Christ | Low | 1:17 | — | Echoes Isaiah 42:1. |
| holy mountain | ההר הקדוש | ha-har ha-kadosh | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Medium | 1:18 | — | Clarify: not Sinai or Zion. |
| more sure / confirmed | מאושש | me’ushash | Reliability of Scripture | Medium | 1:19 | מאושר (false friend: “happy” in Modern Hebrew) | Journalistic/legal register term for “corroborated.” |
| prophetic word | הדבר הנבואי | ha-davar ha-nevu’i | Reliability of Scripture | Medium | 1:19 | — | Built on reused נבואה root. |
| lamp | נר | ner | Reliability of Scripture | Low | 1:19 | — | Cf. Psalm 119:105. |
| dark place | מקום אפל | makom afel | Reliability of Scripture | Low | 1:19 | — | — |
| morning star | כוכב הבוקר | kokhav ha-boker | Certainty of Christ’s Return | High | 1:19 | כוכב השחר (collides with Isaiah 14:12’s “Helel,” the fallen figure) | — |
| Scripture (singular, a passage) | הכתוב | ha-katuv | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | High | 1:20 | כתובים generically (collides with Ketuvim, the specific Tanakh division) | — |
| private interpretation | פירוש עצמי | perush atzmi | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Medium-High | 1:20 | פשר (collides with Qumran sectarian technical term for prophetic interpretation) | — |
| carried along (by the Spirit) | הובלו | huvlu | Inspiration of Scripture | Medium | 1:21 | נישאו (false friend: “were married” in Modern Hebrew) | Key inspiration verb. |
| servant | עבד | eved | Apostleship/Self-designation | Low-Medium | 1:1 | — | Cf. “Servant of the LORD.” |
| Savior | מושיע | moshi’a | Salvation | High | 1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2,18 | — | Shares root with ישועה/ישוע; teach the pun explicitly. |
| full knowledge (epignōsis) | דעת | da’at | Reliability of Scripture / Faith | High | 1:2,3,8; 2:20 | ידיעה (reserved for gnōsis) | Deliberate distinction from gnōsis. |
| knowledge (gnōsis) | ידיעה | yedi’ah | Growing in Christian Virtue | Medium | 1:5, 3:18 | דעת (reserved for epignōsis) | Deliberate distinction from epignōsis. |
| divine power | כוח אלוהי | koach elohi | Divine Nature | Medium-High | 1:3 | גבורה (Kabbalistic sefirah) | Root reuse from baseline power_of_god. |
| excellence / virtue | מעלה | ma’alah | Growing in Christian Virtue | Medium | 1:3, 1:5 | מידה טובה (viable alternative; strong Mussar resonance, not chosen as primary) | — |
| promises | הבטחות | havtachot | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Low-Medium | 1:4 | — | See also epaggelia singular below. |
| partakers | שותפים | shutafim | Divine Nature | Medium | 1:4 | — | Shares root with baseline שותפות. |
| divine nature | טבע אלוהי | teva elohi | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Critical | 1:4 | הגשמה (rejected elsewhere in baseline for “incarnation”; equally unsuitable here) | Highest-risk new term in the book; risks Hellenistic apotheosis reading and Kabbalistic/Hasidic divine-participation reading. Human theologian review mandatory for every occurrence. |
| corruption | השחתה | hashchatah | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Medium | 1:4, 2:12, 2:19 | — | Echoes Genesis 6:11-12. |
| lust / sinful desire | תאווה | ta’avah | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Medium | 1:4 | — | Echoes Numbers 11:34. |
| self-control | ריסון עצמי | rison atzmi | Growing in Christian Virtue | Low | 1:6 | — | — |
| perseverance / endurance | התמדה | hatmadah | Growing in Christian Virtue | Medium | 1:6 | — | Kept distinct from אֶרֶך אפים (God’s patience, ch.3). |
| godliness | יראת שמים | yirat shamayim | Growing in Christian Virtue | High | 1:6,7; 3:11 | חסידות (now denotes the Hasidic movement specifically) | Teach as flowing from faith, not Torah-observance per se. |
| brotherly affection | אהבת אחים | ahavat achim | Growing in Christian Virtue | Low | 1:7 | — | — |
| love | אהבה | ahavah | Growing in Christian Virtue | Low | 1:7 | — | — |
| eternal kingdom | מלכות עולם | malchut olam | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Medium | 1:11 | — | Extension of baseline kingdom_of_god. |
| tent / tabernacle (body) | אוהל | ohel | Certainty of Christ’s Return (mortality) | Medium | 1:13,14 | משכן (implies sacred cultic Tabernacle status for the body) | — |
| departure / exodus | יציאה | yetzi’ah | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Low | 1:15 | — | Echoes Yetzi’at Mitzrayim; positive typology. |
| false prophets | נביאי שקר | nevi’ei shaker | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Low | 2:1 | — | Established OT category. |
| false teachers | מורי שקר | morei shaker | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Low | 2:1 | — | Formed by analogy. |
| destructive heresies | כפירות הרסניות | kefirot hersaniyot | False Teachers and Their Judgment | High | 2:1 | מינות (collides with the Talmudic term historically used against Jewish-Christian groups) | — |
| Master (despotēs) | אדון | Adon | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Medium | 2:1 | — | Converges with κύριος rendering; footnote the ownership nuance. |
| bought / purchased | קנה | kanah | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Medium-High | 2:1 | — | Handle alongside grace/salvation terms; avoid “charity” drift. |
| Tartarus | טרטרוס | Tartarus | False Teachers and Their Judgment | High | 2:4 | שאול (Sheol denotes the general realm of the dead, not angelic-specific confinement) | Transliterated loanword; requires theological explanation. |
| flood | מבול | mabul | False Teachers and Their Judgment / Day of the Lord | Low | 2:5, 3:6 | — | Genesis 6-9. |
| Noah | נח | Noach | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Low | 2:5 | — | — |
| Sodom and Gomorrah | סדום ועמורה | Sedom ve-Amorah | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Low | 2:6 | — | — |
| righteous (person) | צדיק | tzadik | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Low | 2:7-8 | — | Positive derivational pair with baseline צדק. |
| Balaam | בלעם | Bil’am | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Low | 2:15 | — | — |
| way of truth | דרך האמת | derekh ha-emet | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Low-Medium | 2:2 | — | — |
| way of righteousness | דרך הצדק | derekh ha-tzedek | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Critical | 2:21 | — | Inherits full baseline righteousness risk. |
| destruction / perdition | אבדון | avadon | False Teachers and Their Judgment / Day of the Lord | High | 2:1,3; 3:7,16 | כליון (safer but weaker alternative) | Risk of personified-Abaddon association (cf. Rev 9:11). |
| freedom | חירות | cherut | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Low | 2:19 | — | Positive Passover resonance; ironic context. |
| scoffers | לצים | letzim | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Low | 3:3 | — | Cf. Psalm 1:1. |
| promise (epaggelia) | הבטחה | havtachah | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Medium-High | 3:4, 3:9 | — | — |
| day of judgment | יום הדין | Yom HaDin | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | High | 3:7 | — | Existing Rosh HaShanah/liturgical frame must be explicitly related to final, once-for-all judgment. |
| day of the Lord | יום ה’ | Yom Adonai / Yom HaShem | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Critical | 3:10,12 | יום האדון (loses the direct OT prophetic-citation form) | Direct continuation of Joel/Amos/Zephaniah/Malachi’s “Yom YHWH”; cross-reference baseline lordship_of_christ. Human theologian review mandatory for every occurrence. |
| patience / longsuffering (of God) | אֶרֶך אפים | erech apayim | Patience of God’s Timing | Low-Medium | 3:9 | — | Exodus 34:6; kept distinct from התמדה (human perseverance, ch.1). |
| to perish | לאבוד | la’avod | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Medium | 3:9 | — | Shares semantic field with אבדון. |
| repentance | תשובה | teshuvah | Patience of God’s Timing / Salvation | High | 3:9 | — | Must be taught alongside אמונה per baseline faith/obedience_of_faith notes. |
| elements | יסודות | yesodot | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Medium | 3:10,12 | — | Plain cosmological sense only; avoid “elemental spirits” import. |
| new heavens and a new earth | שמים חדשים וארץ חדשה | shamayim chadashim va-aretz chadashah | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Low | 3:13 | — | Direct citation of Isaiah 65:17; requires citation-verbatim treatment. |
| the other Scriptures (plural) | שְׁאָר כִּתְבֵי הַקּוֹדֶשׁ | she’ar kitvei ha-kodesh | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Critical | 3:16 | bare כתובים (collides with Ketuvim, the specific Tanakh division) | Direct canon-formation claim placing Paul’s letters alongside recognized Scripture. Human theologian review mandatory. |
| stability / steadfastness | יציבות | yatzivut | Growing in Christian Virtue | Low-Medium | 3:17 | — | — |
Risk Summary for 2 Peter New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count (new terms) | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 3 | divine nature (טבע אלוהי), day of the Lord (יום ה’), the other Scriptures (שאר כתבי הקודש), coming/parousia (בואו) — note: parousia is Critical and listed here alongside the three headline Critical terms, totaling 4 Critical items |
| High | 12 | destructive heresies, Tartarus, day of judgment, morning star, godliness, Savior, full knowledge (epignōsis), destruction/perdition, myths, way of righteousness, private interpretation (borderline), repentance |
| Medium | 20 | divine power, perseverance, promises, partakers, corruption, lust, bought/purchased, Master, promise, elements, to perish, stability, more sure/confirmed, carried along, excellence/virtue, tent/tabernacle, eternal kingdom, knowledge (gnōsis), holy mountain, honor |
| Low | 20 | eyewitnesses, majesty, beloved, well-pleased, lamp, dark place, servant, self-control, brotherly affection, love, false prophets, false teachers, flood, Noah, Sodom and Gomorrah, righteous, Balaam, freedom, scoffers, new heavens and new earth |
Note on Critical count: The four Critical-risk new terms (divine nature, coming/parousia, day of the Lord, the other Scriptures) all require mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence, consistent with the baseline’s escalation rules for Incarnation-, Deity-, Sonship-, Resurrection-, Lordship-, and Salvation-class terms. These map respectively onto this curriculum’s own doctrines: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption; The Certainty of Christ’s Return; The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment; and The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture.
This glossary, together with 07_semantic_analysis.md, forms the complete Phase 1 Step 1 deliverable for 2 Peter. It must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before any Phase 2 translation of 2 Peter segments begins. New terms proposed here require formal addition to an updated translation_memory.json (version increment) before Phase 2 processing, per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: צדק
Transliteration: tzedek
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: צדקה
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never צדקה outside a direct Genesis 15:6-style citation. Underlies 2 Peter 1:1 (‘the righteousness of our God and Savior’) and the compound new term דרך הצדק (way of righteousness, 2:21), which inherits this Critical-risk caution in full.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: רוח הקודש
Transliteration: Ruach HaKodesh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Peter 1:21’s claim of ongoing, personal Spirit-superintended inspiration reinforces the case already required against the two mainstream Rabbinic defaults (impersonal influence; departure after the last prophets, Yoma 9b).
Messiah
Approved rendering: משיח
Transliteration: mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Rambam’s messianic job description (Mishneh Torah, Laws of Kings 11-12) remains the interpretive backdrop requiring explicit two-comings teaching, reinforced by 2 Peter’s own emphasis on a still-future, visible Parousia (see new term parousia_coming).
Jesus
Approved rendering: ישוע
Transliteration: Yeshua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ישו
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Always ישוע with the final ayin; never the truncated ישו. Used throughout 2 Peter, always paired with Christ/Lord/Savior titles.
God
Approved rendering: אלוהים
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Peter 1:1’s single-article Greek construction binding ‘God’ and ‘Savior’ into one referent for Jesus presses directly against the Shema’s absolute unity affirmation; must be framed as compatible with, not a departure from, that unity.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: בן האלוהים
Transliteration: ben ha-Elohim
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlying doctrine for 2 Peter 1:17’s direct-speech occurrence; see the new term my_son (בְּנִי) for the Father’s own words, which requires the fullest form of this doctrinal scaffolding.
Church
Approved rendering: קהילה
Transliteration: kehilah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: עדה
Original: ἐκκλησία (implicit, community address)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never עדה, and never in language implying Israel’s replacement. Implicit in the letter’s pastoral address to believers of ‘equal standing’ faith (1:1).
Lord
Approved rendering: אדון
Transliteration: Adon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied to Jesus with unusual density throughout 2 Peter (1:2, 1:8, 1:11, 1:14, 1:16; 2:1(δεσπότης, see master_despotes), 2:9, 2:11, 2:20; 3:2, 3:8-10, 3:15, 3:18). Must never be undershot to the merely mundane ‘sir’ sense once its weight is established.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ישועה
Transliteration: yeshu’ah
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: גאולה
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Peter 3:15’s pairing of salvation with God’s patience adds a distinct emphasis (a present, waiting, individual deliverance) that must not default to the corporate/national deliverance sense Jewish thought otherwise favors for ישועה.
Way Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: דרך הצדק
Transliteration: derekh ha-tzedek
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἡ ὁδὸς τῆς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Salvation
New term for 2 Peter. Built on the Critical-risk term צדק (tzedek); must never drift toward the Modern Hebrew ‘charity’ sense of צדקה, since 2:21’s point is a forfeited righteous standing, not abandoned charitable giving. Describes the path false teachers abandon after once knowing it.
My Son
Approved rendering: בְּנִי
Transliteration: beni
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: Ὁ υἱός μου
Category: Christology
New term for 2 Peter. The Father’s direct-speech declaration at the Transfiguration (2 Peter 1:17). The Tanakh’s existing ‘sons of God’ categories (angelic beings, Genesis 6:2; Israel corporately, Exodus 4:22) never denote an individual sharing God’s own essence. Because this is the Father’s own voice, the ontological claim is maximally direct and requires explicit doctrinal scaffolding identical to Romans 1:4. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Parousia Coming
Approved rendering: בואו
Transliteration: bo’o
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: ביאתו
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
New term for 2 Peter. Renders παρουσία at every occurrence (2 Peter 1:16, 3:4, 3:12); must be rendered identically at each. ביאתו is rejected because the noun ביאה is the standard halakhic term for sexual relations (issurei bi’ah), a serious register collision. The Transfiguration functions as eyewitness proof-of-concept for a still-future, visible return; attach the baseline’s messianic_promise two-comings scaffolding at every occurrence. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Divine Nature
Approved rendering: טבע אלוהי
Transliteration: teva elohi
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: הגשמה
Original: θεία φύσις
Category: Divine Nature
New term for 2 Peter. Renders θεία φύσις (2 Peter 1:4) — a unique NT phrase occurring nowhere else in the New Testament. THE single highest-risk new term in the book: risks (1) a Hellenistic apotheosis (self-deification) reading foreign to biblical categories, and (2) absorption into Kabbalistic/Hasidic mystical categories of the soul’s participation in or nullification (hitkalelut) within the divine. Must be explicitly taught as Spirit-given moral/relational transformation and conformity to Christ’s likeness, paralleling the baseline’s adoption and sanctification doctrines, never as ontological merger with God’s essence. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: יום ה’
Transliteration: Yom Adonai / Yom HaShem
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: יום האדון
Original: ἡμέρα Κυρίου
Category: Day of the Lord
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἡμέρα Κυρίου (2 Peter 3:10, 3:12), the OT prophetic technical term (Joel 2, Amos 5, Zephaniah 1, Malachi 4). Must use the exact traditional written substitute for the Tetragrammaton (never the weaker יום האדון, which loses the direct OT prophetic-citation form). Directly parallels the baseline’s lordship_of_christ Critical-risk entry (Joel 2:32’s YHWH-language applied to Jesus in Romans 10:9,13). Israel’s existing ‘Yom HaShem’ framework must be taught as fulfilled, not replaced, in Christ’s return. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
The Other Scriptures
Approved rendering: שאר כתבי הקודש
Transliteration: she’ar kitvei ha-kodesh
Doctrine: Canon Consciousness: Apostolic Writings as Scripture
Rejected alternatives: כתובים (bare)
Original: αἱ λοιπαὶ γραφαί
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter. Renders αἱ λοιπαὶ γραφαί (2 Peter 3:16), an explicit early canon-consciousness claim placing Paul’s letters alongside recognized Scripture. Extends ‘כִּתְבֵי הַקּוֹדֶשׁ,’ the standard Jewish term for the Hebrew Bible canon, to Paul’s letters — a direct, recognizable canon-boundary claim, not a neutral restatement. Bare ‘כתובים’ is rejected because it collides with כְּתוּבִים (Ketuvim), the specific third division of the Tanakh. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: אמונה
Transliteration: emunah
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ביטחון
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Peter 1:1’s ἰσότιμον πίστιν (‘faith of equal standing’) must be taught as equality in the object of trust (the Messiah), not equality of Torah-observant praxis. Also underlies 1:5’s virtue chain and 3:9’s repentance-and-faith pairing.
Grace
Approved rendering: חסד
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: חן
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Governs 2 Peter 1:2 (‘grace and peace be multiplied to you’) and the letter’s closing exhortation to ‘grow in grace’ (3:18, paired with the new term ידיעה). Must retain favor given apart from Torah-observance merit.
Called
Approved rendering: קרוא
Transliteration: karu
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Peter 1:3 (called to God’s own glory and excellence) and the root of 1:10’s imperative to ‘confirm your calling and election.‘
Calling
Approved rendering: קריאה
Transliteration: keri’ah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paired with election at 2 Peter 1:10; must not be heard as human achievement of, rather than confirmation of, a prior divine choice.
Election
Approved rendering: בחירה
Transliteration: bechirah
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Peter 1:10 ‘confirm your calling and election’; risk of being heard as earning election through works if not carefully framed as evidencing, not securing, a prior divine choice, per the baseline’s individual/corporate election tension.
Holy
Approved rendering: קדוש
Transliteration: kadosh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Recurs more densely in 2 Peter than in Romans (1:18 holy mountain, 1:21 holy prophets, 2:21 holy commandment, 3:2 holy prophets, 3:11 holy conduct); each occurrence must avoid a merely ritual-purity reading in favor of moral/relational set-apartness.
Sin
Approved rendering: חטא
Transliteration: chet
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτάνω
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used of readers’ past sins (2 Peter 1:9), the angels ‘who sinned’ (2:4), and habitual sin (2:14). The baseline’s yetzer hatov/yetzer hara anthropological caution applies especially at 2:4’s judgment-of-fallen-angels context.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: כוכב הבוקר
Transliteration: kokhav ha-boker
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: כוכב השחר
Original: φωσφόρος
Category: Certainty of Return
New term for 2 Peter. Renders φωσφόρος (2 Peter 1:19). כוכב השחר is rejected because it directly evokes Isaiah 14:12’s ‘הֵילֵל בֶּן־שָׁחַר’ (the proud fallen figure later called ‘Lucifer’ in Latin tradition); applying that exact phrase to Christ risks an unintended, confusing association.
Full Knowledge Epignosis
Approved rendering: דעת
Transliteration: da’at
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ידיעה (reserved for gnōsis)
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἐπίγνωσις, the deepening, relational, saving knowledge of God and Christ recurring structurally across the letter (1:2, 1:3, 1:8, 2:20). Strong positive OT resonance (‘דַּעַת אֱלֹהִים,’ Hosea 4:1; ‘עֵץ הַדַּעַת’). Must be deliberately distinguished from γνῶσις (see knowledge_gnosis) at every occurrence, since ordinary Hebrew’s single root י-ד-ע does not naturally preserve the Greek’s two-term technical distinction.
Godliness
Approved rendering: יראת שמים
Transliteration: yirat shamayim
Doctrine: Godliness as a Cultivated Virtue and Required End-Times Posture
Rejected alternatives: חסידות
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
New term for 2 Peter. Renders εὐσέβεια, a virtue-chain link (1:6-7) and required conduct while awaiting the Day of the Lord (3:11). Strong, positive Rabbinic resonance as the standard term for genuine piety, but conventionally bound to Torah-mitzvot observance as its expression; must be taught as flowing from faith in Messiah rather than continued ceremonial observance per se. חסידות is rejected because it now denotes specifically the Hasidic movement in Modern Hebrew.
Savior
Approved rendering: מושיע
Transliteration: moshi’a
Doctrine: Savior as a Title Bound to Christ’s Identity
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
New term for 2 Peter. Renders σωτήρ, a title applied to Jesus throughout the letter (1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18) — a far more structural, repeated use than in Romans. Shares its root (י-שׁ-ע) with both ישועה (salvation) and ישוע (Yeshua), a genuine teaching asset, but must be taught deliberately against the default corporate/national ‘deliverer’ expectation at every occurrence, not just once.
Commandment
Approved rendering: מצווה
Transliteration: mitzvah
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἐντολή
Category: Sanctification
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἐντολή, the authoritative apostolic/dominical instruction for holy living (2 Peter 2:21, 3:2). Carries strong positive Jewish resonance but risks implying the apostolic teaching is simply one more of the 613 Torah mitzvot, rather than authoritative ethical instruction flowing from grace and faith in the Messiah; the risk is entirely in framing, not vocabulary, exactly as the baseline documents for law/Torah.
Destructive Heresies
Approved rendering: כפירות הרסניות
Transliteration: kefirot hersaniyot
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: מינות
Original: αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Renders αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας (2 Peter 2:1). מינות is permanently excluded: it is the Talmudic technical term historically applied by rabbinic authorities against early Jewish-Christian and other heterodox groups (cf. Birkat HaMinim); using it here would be painfully ironic given the target audience’s own faith community’s history.
Tartarus
Approved rendering: טרטרוס
Transliteration: Tartarus
Doctrine: Historical Precedents of Divine Judgment (Angels, Flood, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: שאול
Original: ταρταρώσας (from Τάρταρος)
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ταρταρώσας (2 Peter 2:4), the place of confinement for the fallen angels awaiting judgment. שְׁאוֹל is rejected because it denotes the general realm of the dead for all humanity, not a specific place of angelic confinement; mapping the two would blur a distinction the text intends. Transliterated loanword requiring explicit theological explanation wherever it occurs.
Destruction Perdition
Approved rendering: אבדון
Transliteration: avadon
Doctrine: The Destiny of the Wicked
Rejected alternatives: כליון
Original: ἀπώλεια
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἀπώλεια (2:1, 2:3; also 3:7, 3:16), final eschatological ruin. Carries strong cognate resonance (Job 26:6; Proverbs 15:11, ‘שְׁאוֹל וַאֲבַדּוֹן’) but risks being heard as invoking the personified/quasi-mythic Abaddon figure (cf. Revelation 9:11) rather than the abstract state of final ruin Peter intends; a clarifying note is required at every recurrence.
Day Of Judgment
Approved rendering: יום הדין
Transliteration: Yom HaDin
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα κρίσεως
Category: Day of the Lord
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἡμέρα κρίσεως (2 Peter 3:7). This is the standard Jewish liturgical/High-Holy-Day term for the Day of Judgment (Rosh HaShanah, the Un’taneh Tokef prayer). Strong positive asset for teaching continuity, but its existing annual/covenantal liturgical frame must be explicitly related to 2 Peter’s once-for-all, final, cosmic judgment, not silently assumed identical to it.
Repentance
Approved rendering: תשובה
Transliteration: teshuvah
Doctrine: Repentance as the Goal of God’s Patience
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Patience of God’s Timing
New term for 2 Peter. Renders μετάνοια (2 Peter 3:9), the goal of God’s patience. The central category of Jewish religious life (the Days of Awe) — a strong positive resource, but Jewish teshuvah is comprehensive covenantal-behavioral turning, not inherently bound to faith in the Messiah as its mechanism; must be paired explicitly with אמונה at every occurrence, exactly as required for the baseline’s obedience_of_faith doctrine.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: שליח
Transliteration: shaliach
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Peter’s self-designation at 2 Peter 1:1. Jewish shlichut concept (a shaliach acts with the sender’s full authority) remains a positive asset; context must keep the NT apostolic sense distinct from the everyday Jewish Agency emissary usage.
Peace
Approved rendering: שלום
Transliteration: shalom
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Peter 1:2. Familiarity as an everyday greeting still risks diluting its theological weight.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: מלכות האלוהים
Transliteration: malchut ha-Elohim
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Root term underlying the new compound מלכות עולם (‘eternal kingdom’) at 2 Peter 1:11.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: כוח האלוהים
Transliteration: koach ha-Elohim
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: גבורת האל
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Root term underlying the new compound כוח אלוהי (‘divine power’) at 2 Peter 1:3; never גבורה, to avoid Kabbalistic sefirah associations.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: גויים
Transliteration: goyim
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: עמים
Original: ἔθνη (implicit, universal-scope background)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Relevant background to the letter’s universal address of ‘equal standing’ faith (1:1).
Father
Approved rendering: אבינו
Transliteration: Avinu
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. God the Father, source of the honor and glory bestowed on the Son at the Transfiguration (2 Peter 1:17). ‘Avinu Malkeinu’ liturgical resonance remains a positive asset.
Glory
Approved rendering: כבוד
Transliteration: kavod
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Conferred on the Son at the Transfiguration (2 Peter 1:17) and ascribed to Christ in the closing doxology (3:18); must retain the weighty divine-presence sense over the colloquial ‘kol hakavod’ respect-sense. Kept distinct within 1:17 from the new term honor (יקר, τιμή).
Servant
Approved rendering: עבד
Transliteration: eved
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
New term for 2 Peter. Peter’s self-designation alongside ‘apostle’ (2 Peter 1:1). Carries strong positive resonance with ‘עֶבֶד ה” (Servant of the LORD, applied to Moses and the prophets); must not be rendered with any term implying diminished dignity, since the OT category is one of honor.
Master Despotes
Approved rendering: אדון
Transliteration: Adon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
New term for 2 Peter. Renders δεσπότης (2 Peter 2:1), distinct in Greek from κύριος but converging on the same Hebrew word אדון. Hebrew has no separate lexical slot for the ownership/purchase emphasis of despotēs versus the sovereignty emphasis of the standard lord entry; a translator’s footnote must carry this distinction at every occurrence.
Majestic Glory
Approved rendering: הדר הכבוד
Transliteration: hadar ha-kavod
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ἡ μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα
Category: God
New term for 2 Peter. A reverent periphrasis for God the Father as source of the heavenly voice (2 Peter 1:17), rendering τῆς μεγαλοπρεποῦς δόξης. Draws on Psalm 145:5’s ‘הֲדַר כְּבוֹד הוֹדֶךָ,’ consistent with Jewish circumlocutory conventions for naming God.
Holy Mountain
Approved rendering: ההר הקדוש
Transliteration: ha-har ha-kadosh
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony and the Transfiguration
Original: τὸ ἅγιον ὄρος
Category: Christology
New term for 2 Peter. Renders τὸ ἅγιον ὄρος (2 Peter 1:18), the Mount of Transfiguration. Carries strong OT resonance with Sinai/Zion (‘הר קדשי,’ Isaiah 27:13; Psalm 2:6), a genuine asset, but teaching notes must clarify this is not Sinai or Zion, to avoid conflating distinct sacred-mountain traditions.
More Sure Confirmed
Approved rendering: מאושש
Transliteration: me’ushash
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: מאושר
Original: βεβαιότερον
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter. Renders βεβαιότερον (2 Peter 1:19). מאושר is rejected as a serious false-friend collision, since in Modern Hebrew it overwhelmingly means ‘happy/content,’ unacceptable for a reliability-of-Scripture claim. מאושש is the correct journalistic/legal-register term for ‘corroborated.‘
Prophetic Word
Approved rendering: הדבר הנבואי
Transliteration: ha-davar ha-nevu’i
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ὁ προφητικὸς λόγος
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ὁ προφητικὸς λόγος (2 Peter 1:19), the OT prophetic witness collectively, corroborated by apostolic eyewitness testimony. Built on the reused נבואה/נביא root; care is needed so ‘davar’ does not read as merely ‘a saying’ rather than the whole prophetic witness of Scripture.
Eternal Kingdom
Approved rendering: מלכות עולם
Transliteration: malchut olam
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἡ αἰώνιος βασιλεία
Category: Eschatology
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἡ αἰώνιος βασιλεία (2 Peter 1:11), the believer’s destination. Extension of the baseline kingdom_of_god term; must distinguish from Jewish national/political sovereignty expectations tied to the Land.
Tent Tabernacle Body
Approved rendering: אוהל
Transliteration: ohel
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: משכן
Original: σκήνωμα
Category: Eschatology
New term for 2 Peter. Renders σκήνωμα (2 Peter 1:13-14), Peter’s mortal body as a temporary dwelling. משכן is rejected because it specifically denotes the sacred wilderness Tabernacle structure and risks implying the body itself carries that cultic sacred status; אוהל, the plain word for ‘tent,’ preserves the metaphor without overreach.
Divine Power
Approved rendering: כוח אלוהי
Transliteration: koach elohi
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: גבורה
Original: θεία δύναμις
Category: God
New term for 2 Peter. Renders θεία δύναμις (2 Peter 1:3), the source of all provision ‘for life and godliness.’ Extends the baseline-preferred כוח rather than גבורה, consistent with the baseline’s power_of_god risk notes avoiding Kabbalistic sefirah associations.
Partakers
Approved rendering: שותפים
Transliteration: shutafim
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: κοινωνοί
Category: Divine Nature
New term for 2 Peter. Renders κοινωνοί (2 Peter 1:4). Deliberately shares the root of the baseline term fellowship (שותפות) to preserve the conceptual link, while requiring the same careful scaffolding as divine_nature itself so ‘sharing’ is not misread as ontological merger.
Corruption
Approved rendering: השחתה
Transliteration: hashchatah
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: φθορά
Category: Divine Nature
New term for 2 Peter. Renders φθορά (2 Peter 1:4; also 2:12, 2:19). Carries strong OT resonance with the pre-Flood corruption of Genesis 6:11-12 (‘וַתִּשָּׁחֵת הָאָרֶץ’), reinforcing 2 Peter 2-3’s flood typology.
Lust
Approved rendering: תאווה
Transliteration: ta’avah
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Divine Nature
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἐπιθυμία (2 Peter 1:4), the corrupting force of illicit desire. Carries strong OT resonance (Numbers 11:34, ‘קִבְרוֹת הַתַּאֲוָה’), with correctly negative register.
Promise
Approved rendering: הבטחה
Transliteration: havtachah
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐπαγγελία / ἐπάγγελμα
Category: Certainty of Return
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἐπαγγελία / ἐπάγγελμα — God’s ‘precious and very great promises’ enabling escape from corruption (1:4), and the specific promise of Christ’s return challenged by scoffers (3:4, 3:9). Ties to the broader covenant-promise category; must be taught as certain despite apparent delay.
Knowledge Gnosis
Approved rendering: ידיעה
Transliteration: yedi’ah
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: דעת (reserved for epignōsis)
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
New term for 2 Peter. Renders γνῶσις, a cultivated Christian virtue (1:5) and part of the closing exhortation (3:18). Deliberately distinguished from דעת (epignōsis) to preserve 2 Peter’s own internal vocabulary distinction between deepening relational knowledge and cultivated ordinary knowledge.
Excellence Virtue
Approved rendering: מעלה
Transliteration: ma’alah
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: מידה טובה
Original: ἀρετή
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἀρετή, both an attribute of God’s own glory (1:3) and a Christian virtue to be cultivated (1:5). מעלה is retained as the primary, more classical rendering. מידה טובה, carrying strong positive Mussar-tradition resonance (tikkun ha-middot), is a valuable teaching bridge only, not the base-text rendering.
Perseverance
Approved rendering: התמדה
Transliteration: hatmadah
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ὑπομονή, active patient endurance under trial, a virtue-chain link (2 Peter 1:6). Deliberately kept distinct from אֶרֶך אַפַּיִם (God’s patience, ch.3, see patience_of_god) so the two related doctrines do not collapse into one Hebrew word.
Bought Purchased
Approved rendering: קנה
Transliteration: kanah
Doctrine: Christ’s Ownership of Believers Through Purchase
Original: ἀγοράζω
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἀγοράζω (2 Peter 2:1), Christ’s ownership of believers through the price he paid, denied by the false teachers. Must be handled alongside grace/salvation terms so ‘purchase’ is not confused with a charity/tzedakah-drift reading, by analogy to the baseline’s imputed_righteousness caution.
Way Of Truth
Approved rendering: דרך האמת
Transliteration: derekh ha-emet
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἡ ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἡ ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας (2 Peter 2:2), the true gospel path brought into disrepute by false teaching. Positive resonance with the broad Jewish ‘derekh’ (way-of-life) category underlying halakhah.
Slaves Of Corruption
Approved rendering: עבדי ההשחתה
Transliteration: avdei ha-hashchatah
Doctrine: False Freedom and True Bondage to Corruption
Original: δοῦλοι τῆς φθορᾶς
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Renders δοῦλοι τῆς φθορᾶς (2 Peter 2:19), combining the established terms servant (עבד) and corruption (השחתה).
To Perish
Approved rendering: לאבוד
Transliteration: la’avod
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἀπόλλυμι
Category: Day of the Lord
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἀπόλλυμι (2 Peter 3:9), the negative outcome God’s patience is designed to prevent. Shares the semantic field of destruction_perdition (אבדון) and inherits the same clarifying-note recommendation.
Elements
Approved rendering: יסודות
Transliteration: yesodot
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: στοιχεῖα
Category: Day of the Lord
New term for 2 Peter. Renders στοιχεῖα (2 Peter 3:10, 3:12), the fundamental constituents of the physical cosmos, dissolved at the Day of the Lord. Must retain the plain cosmological sense and avoid importing the ‘elemental spirits’ controversy relevant to Galatians/Colossians but not this passage.
Stability
Approved rendering: יציבות
Transliteration: yatzivut
Doctrine: Steadfastness Against Doctrinal Error
Original: στηριγμός
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
New term for 2 Peter. Renders στηριγμός (2 Peter 3:17), settled, secure doctrinal footing, which readers are warned not to be carried away from by error. Standard, low-to-medium risk rendering.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: נביא
Transliteration: navi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Scripture
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied to OT prophets (2 Peter 1:19-21, 3:2) and, negatively, to false prophets (2:1, 2:16 — see new term false_prophets).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: נבואה
Transliteration: nevu’ah
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Scripture
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Peter 1:20-21, the letter’s central Reliability-of-Scripture verses.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: שותפות
Transliteration: shutafut
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: קהילה
Original: κοινωνία (root of κοινωνοί)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Root of the new term partakers (שותפים, κοινωνοί) at 2 Peter 1:4; kept distinct from קהילה (church) per baseline convention.
Amen
Approved rendering: אמן
Transliteration: amen
Doctrine: Closing Doxology and Affirmation
Original: Ἀμήν
Category: Church
Consistent with the baseline AI requirements’ transliteration convention (already a native Hebrew word, not a foreign loan); added here as an explicit tracked entry for the 2 Peter closing doxology (3:18).
Beloved
Approved rendering: ידיד
Transliteration: yadid
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἀγαπητός (2 Peter 1:17), following the Delitzsch Hebrew NT tradition; positive resonance with יְדִידְיָה (Jedidiah, ‘beloved of the LORD,’ 2 Samuel 12:25).
Well Pleased
Approved rendering: רציתי בו
Transliteration: ratziti bo
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: εὐδόκησα
Category: Christology
New term for 2 Peter. Renders εὐδόκησα (2 Peter 1:17); deliberately echoes Isaiah 42:1’s ‘רָצְתָה נַפְשִׁי,’ a strong positive Servant-Messiah resonance to be taught explicitly alongside the sonship declaration.
Majesty
Approved rendering: הוד
Transliteration: hod
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony and the Transfiguration
Original: μεγαλειότης
Category: Christology
New term for 2 Peter. Renders μεγαλειότης (2 Peter 1:16); carries strong OT resonance (Psalm 96:6), a positive asset applying royal-divine vocabulary directly to Christ.
Honor
Approved rendering: יקר
Transliteration: yekar
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: τιμή
Category: Christology
New term for 2 Peter. Renders τιμή (2 Peter 1:17); must be kept distinct from כבוד (reserved for δόξα in the same verse) to avoid collapsing two distinct Greek terms into one Hebrew word; echoes Esther 1:4’s pairing ‘יְקָר תִּפְאָרְתּוֹ.‘
Lamp
Approved rendering: נר
Transliteration: ner
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: λύχνος
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter. Renders λύχνος (2 Peter 1:19); strong positive OT resonance (Psalm 119:105, ‘נֵר לְרַגְלִי דְבָרֶךָ’), a direct linguistic bridge to teach.
Dark Place
Approved rendering: מקום אפל
Transliteration: makom afel
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: αὐχμηρὸς τόπος
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter. Renders αὐχμηρὸς τόπος (2 Peter 1:19), the present age prior to the full dawning of Christ’s return. Standard, low-risk rendering.
Departure Exodus
Approved rendering: יציאה
Transliteration: yetzi’ah
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἔξοδος
Category: Eschatology
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἔξοδος (2 Peter 1:15), Peter’s coming death. Carries strong positive resonance with יְצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם (the Exodus from Egypt) — an asset worth teaching explicitly as a new ‘exodus’ into freedom, paralleling Christ’s own death per Luke 9:31.
Self Control
Approved rendering: ריסון עצמי
Transliteration: rison atzmi
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἐγκράτεια, a link in the virtue chain (2 Peter 1:6). Standard Modern Hebrew term; low risk.
Brotherly Affection
Approved rendering: אהבת אחים
Transliteration: ahavat achim
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
New term for 2 Peter. Renders φιλαδελφία, a virtue-chain link (2 Peter 1:7). Standard, positive rendering.
Love
Approved rendering: אהבה
Transliteration: ahavah
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἀγάπη, the capstone virtue of the virtue chain (2 Peter 1:7). Standard rendering.
False Prophets
Approved rendering: נביאי שקר
Transliteration: nevi’ei shaker
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ψευδοπροφῆται (2 Peter 2:1), citing the OT category (Deuteronomy 13, Jeremiah 23, Ezekiel 13) as historical precedent. Direct, well-established OT category — strong positive resource, low collision risk.
False Teachers
Approved rendering: מורי שקר
Transliteration: morei shaker
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι (2 Peter 2:1), coined by direct analogy to the established נביאי שקר. Low risk.
Flood
Approved rendering: מבול
Transliteration: mabul
Doctrine: Historical Precedents of Divine Judgment (Angels, Flood, Sodom)
Original: κατακλυσμός
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Renders κατακλυσμός (2 Peter 2:5; also 3:6), the Noahic Flood as historical precedent for judgment. Strong shared OT resource (Genesis 6-9); low risk.
Noah
Approved rendering: נח
Transliteration: Noach
Doctrine: Historical Precedents of Divine Judgment (Angels, Flood, Sodom)
Original: Νῶε
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Proper name (2 Peter 2:5), the preserved righteous remnant amid the Flood judgment. Standard, no collision.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: סדום ועמורה
Transliteration: Sedom ve-Amorah
Doctrine: Historical Precedents of Divine Judgment (Angels, Flood, Sodom)
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Proper names (2 Peter 2:6), historical precedent for God’s judgment on flagrant wickedness. Standard, no collision.
Righteous Person
Approved rendering: צדיק
Transliteration: tzadik
Doctrine: Historical Precedents of Divine Judgment (Angels, Flood, Sodom)
Original: δίκαιος
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Renders δίκαιος, describing Lot as a person of right standing/conduct amid surrounding wickedness (2 Peter 2:7-8). Natural, positive Hebrew derivational pair with the baseline term righteousness (צדק); echoes Noah’s own description as ‘אִישׁ צַדִּיק תָּמִים’ (Genesis 6:9) — an asset, not a collision.
Balaam
Approved rendering: בלעם
Transliteration: Bil’am
Doctrine: Historical Precedents of Divine Judgment (Angels, Flood, Sodom)
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Proper name (2 Peter 2:15), historical precedent for a prophet corrupted by greed (Numbers 22-24). Standard, strong shared OT resource.
Freedom
Approved rendering: חירות
Transliteration: cherut
Doctrine: False Freedom and True Bondage to Corruption
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: False Teachers and Judgment
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἐλευθερία (2 Peter 2:19), the freedom false teachers ironically promise while themselves enslaved to corruption. Strong Passover resonance (‘זְמַן חֵרוּתֵנוּ’), a rich irony-reinforcing asset when the verse’s contrast is taught explicitly.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: לצים
Transliteration: letzim
Doctrine: End-Time Scoffing at the Promise of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Day of the Lord
New term for 2 Peter. Renders ἐμπαῖκται (2 Peter 3:3), predicted end-times mockers of the promise of Christ’s return. Excellent OT resonance — Psalm 1:1’s ‘מוֹשַׁב לֵצִים’ and Proverbs’ repeated warnings against ליצנות as a moral category — but must be explicitly connected to the specific object mocked, the certainty of Christ’s return.
Patience Of God
Approved rendering: ארך אפים
Transliteration: erech apayim
Doctrine: The Patience of God’s Timing
Original: μακροθυμία / μακροθυμεῖ
Category: Patience of God’s Timing
New term for 2 Peter. Renders μακροθυμία / μακροθυμεῖ (2 Peter 3:9, 3:15), God’s purposeful patience in delaying judgment. Direct citation of God’s self-revealed character (Exodus 34:6, already the baseline’s own textual anchor for grace) — one of the strongest positive-overlap terms in the curriculum. Deliberately kept distinct from perseverance (התמדה, ch.1) so the two related doctrines remain lexically distinguished.
New Heavens New Earth
Approved rendering: שמים חדשים וארץ חדשה
Transliteration: shamayim chadashim va-aretz chadashah
Doctrine: The Promised New Heavens and New Earth
Original: καινοὶ οὐρανοὶ καὶ γῆ καινή
Category: Day of the Lord
New term for 2 Peter. Renders καινοὶ οὐρανοὶ καὶ γῆ καινή (2 Peter 3:13), a direct citation of Isaiah 65:17/66:22. Requires citation-verbatim treatment, like Genesis 15:6 in the baseline, rather than free paraphrase, so the OT prophetic anchor remains recognizable.
Paul
Approved rendering: פאולוס
Transliteration: Paulos
Doctrine: Canon Consciousness: Apostolic Writings as Scripture
Original: Παῦλος
Category: Scripture
New term for 2 Peter. ‘Our beloved brother Paul,’ whose letters Peter places alongside Scripture (2 Peter 3:15-16). Use פאולוס in narrative contexts, or שאול (his Hebrew name) where introducing him more formally, per established Delitzsch-tradition convention.
Referenced passages