Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Peter (Hebrew Language Package Extension)
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json for the 1 Peter curriculum. It does not override any baseline entry. Section A lists baseline terms reused verbatim in 1 Peter. Section B lists new terms proposed for 1 Peter, to be added to translation memory before Phase 2 processing begins, per the Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No Deviation Permitted)
| English Term | Hebrew (Baseline TM) | Transliteration | Risk (Baseline) | Occurs in 1 Peter | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | אלוהים | Elohim | Critical | 1:2,3,5,21; 2:4-5,10; 3:4,18,21-22; 4:2,10-11,14,17,19; 5:2,5-6,10,12 | No deviation |
| Jesus | ישוע | Yeshua | Critical | 1:1,3,7,13; 2:5,21; 3:21; 4:11 | Never ישו; final ayin mandatory |
| Messiah/Christ | משיח | Mashiach | Critical | throughout | Reuse exactly |
| Lord | אדון | Adon | Critical | 1:3,25; 2:3,13; 3:6,12,15 | Distinguish sharply from δεσπότης (human master, 2:18) and κατακυριεύω (domineering, 5:3) — see Section B |
| Father | אבינו | Avinu | Medium | 1:2-3,17 | Reuse exactly |
| Holy Spirit | רוח הקודש | Ruach HaKodesh | Critical | 1:2,11-12; 3:18-19 (disputed); 4:14 | See Section B “Spirit of glory” for a related but distinct descriptive title of the same Person |
| Grace | חסד | Chesed | High | 1:2,10,13; 2:19-20; 3:7; 4:10; 5:5,10,12 | Exception: Proverbs 3:34 citation at 5:5 legitimately uses חֵן — see Section B |
| Faith | אמונה | Emunah | High | 1:5,7-9,21; 5:9 | Reuse exactly |
| Salvation | ישועה | Yeshu’ah | Critical | 1:5,9-10; 2:2; 3:21 (typological) | Reuse exactly |
| Righteousness | צדק | Tzedek | Critical | 2:24; 3:14,18 | Reuse exactly except within a direct Genesis 15:6-style citation |
| Holy | קדוש | Kadosh | High | 1:15-16; 2:5,9; 3:5 | Reuse exactly; 1:16 is a direct Leviticus 19:2 citation |
| Sanctification | התקדשות | Hitkadshut | High | 1:2 | Never קידוש |
| Glory | כבוד | Kavod | High | 1:7-8,11,21,24; 4:11,13-14; 5:1,4,10 | Reuse exactly; keep distinct from הוד (honor, τιμή) — see Section B |
| Resurrection | תחיית המתים | Techiyat HaMetim | Critical | 1:3,21; 3:21 | Reuse exactly |
| Election/Chosen | בחירה (root) | Bechirah | High | 1:1-2; 2:4,6,9,20 | Reuse root; note corporate-vs-individual scope caution applies as in Romans 9 |
| Church (concept, not the word ἐκκλησία, which does not occur in 1 Peter) | קהילה | Kehilah | Critical | conceptually throughout ch. 2, 4:17, 5:1-4 | 1 Peter never uses ἐκκλησία itself, favoring priesthood/house/flock imagery instead — see Section B for these new terms; the “no replacement of Israel” caution applies with even greater force given 1 Peter’s direct reuse of Israel’s own covenant titles |
| Gentiles | גויים | Goyim | Medium | not directly named as such, but structurally relevant to 2:9’s גוי קדוש — see Section B for the critical collision this creates | — |
| Spiritual Gifts | מתנות רוחניות | Matanot Ruchaniyot | Medium | 4:10 | Reuse exactly |
| Fellowship | שותפות | Shutafut | Low | 4:13 | Applied here specifically to shared suffering — see Section B |
| Prophet/Prophecy | נביא / נבואה | Navi / Nevu’ah | Low-Medium | 1:10-12 | Reuse exactly |
| Peace | שלום | Shalom | Medium | 3:11 (Ps 34 citation); 5:14 | Reuse exactly |
| Covenant (conceptual background) | ברית | Brit | High | conceptually behind 1:2’s “sprinkling of blood” and 2:9’s Exodus 19:6 citation | See Section B for the specific new term “sprinkling of blood” |
Section B — New Terms Proposed for the 1 Peter Language Package
B.1 — Living Hope and Resurrection (Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection)
| English Term | Greek Original | Transliteration | Hebrew Rendering | Hebrew Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Living hope | ἐλπὶς ζῶσα | elpis zōsa | תקווה חיה | tikvah chayah | Medium | 1:3 | Risk of dilution through familiarity with everyday תקווה; distinguish individual resurrection-hope from national-messianic tikvah |
| Born again / regenerated | ἀναγεννάω | anagennaō | הוליד אותנו מחדש / לידה מחדש | holid otanu mechadash / leidah mechadash | High | 1:3, 1:23 | No settled Hebrew Christian precedent; partial resource in Yevamot 22a’s convert-as-newborn dictum, but must be distinguished from Torah-conversion procedure |
| Inheritance | κληρονομία | klēronomia | נחלה | nachalah | High | 1:4 | Strong Land-covenant resonance; must be explicitly reframed as heavenly, not territorial |
| Imperishable | ἄφθαρτος | aphthartos | בלתי נשחת | bilti nishchat | Medium | 1:4, 1:18, 1:23 | Keep root consistent across all three occurrences |
| Undefiled | ἀμίαντος | amiantos | טהורה מכל רבב | tehorah mikol ravav | Medium | 1:4 | Risk of a ritual-purity (not moral) reading |
| Unfading | ἀμάραντος / ἀμαράντινος | amarantos / amarantinos | בלתי קמלה / שאינה קמלה | bilti kamelah | Low-Medium | 1:4, 5:4 | Keep root consistent between both occurrences |
| Guarded (by God’s power) | φρουρέω | phroureō | נשמרים | nishmarim | Low-Medium | 1:5 | Martial force of Greek stronger than plain Hebrew verb; consider supplementary phrasing |
| Revelation (of Christ/salvation) | ἀποκάλυψις / ἀποκαλύπτω | apokalypsis / apokalyptō | התגלות | hitgalut | Medium | 1:5, 1:7, 1:12-13, 4:13, 5:1 | MUST remain phonetically/conceptually distinct from baseline’s התגלמות (incarnation) |
| Trials | πειρασμός | peirasmos | נסיונות | nisyonot | Medium | 1:6 | Positive Akedah resonance (Genesis 22); teach as refining, not punitive |
| Tested genuineness (of faith) | δοκίμιον | dokimion | צירוף אמונתכם | tzeruf emunatchem | High | 1:7 | Metallurgical refining image must remain visible; shares root with 2:4’s “rejected” (tested-and-rejected) stone |
| Praise / Honor (triad with glory) | ἔπαινος / τιμή | epainos / timē | תהילה / הוד | tehilah / hod | Low / Low-Medium | 1:7 | הוד chosen deliberately distinct from כבוד to preserve the three-term Greek triad |
| Foreknowledge | πρόγνωσις | prognōsis | ידיעה מוקדמת | yedi’ah mukdamat | High | 1:2, 1:20 | Touches predestination debates flagged for “election” in baseline |
| Sprinkling of blood | ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος | rantismos haimatos | הזיית דם | hazayat dam | High | 1:2 | Evokes Exodus 24:8 covenant-ratification rite; risk of a literal-repeatable-ritual reading |
| Spirit of Christ | Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ | Pneuma Christou | רוח המשיח | ruach ha-Mashiach | Critical | 1:11 | Asserts Christ’s pre-existence and activity in inspiring OT prophets |
| Sufferings and glories (of Christ) | παθήματα…δόξαι | pathēmata…doxai | יסורי המשיח וכבודו שלאחריהם | yisurei ha-Mashiach ve-kevodo she-le’achareihem | High | 1:11 | Engages the Isaiah 53 individual-vs-collective interpretive dispute |
| Ransomed / redeemed | λυτρόω | lytroō | נגאלתם | nig’altem | High | 1:18 | Uses baseline’s reserved גאולה root (kept distinct from ישועה); must be re-anchored to individual blood-ransom sense, not corporate/national deliverance |
| Lamb without blemish | ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος | amnos amōmos kai aspilos | כשה תמים ובלי מום | keseh tamim uvli mum | Critical | 1:19 | Fuses Exodus 12 Passover-lamb and Isaiah 53 imagery |
| Foreknown before the foundation of the world | προγινώσκω πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου | proginōskō pro katabolēs kosmou | נודע מראש לפני בריאת העולם | noda me-rosh lifnei beriat ha-olam | Critical | 1:20 | Asserts Christ’s eternal pre-existence |
| Isaiah 40 citation: word of the Lord stands forever | ῥῆμα Κυρίου μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα | rhēma Kyriou menei eis ton aiōna | וּדְבַר יְהוָה יָקוּם לְעוֹלָם | u-dvar Adonai yakum le-olam | Low-Medium | 1:24-25 | Quote Isaiah 40:8 MT precisely |
B.2 — Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood (Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood)
| English Term | Greek Original | Transliteration | Hebrew Rendering | Hebrew Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milk of the word | λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα | logikon adolon gala | חלב דבר האלוהים הטהור | chalav dvar ha-Elohim ha-tahor | Medium | 2:2 | Preserve λόγος wordplay (“milk of the word”), not generic “spiritual milk” |
| Taste that the Lord is good | γεύομαι ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος | geuomai…chrēstos ho Kyrios | טַעֲמוּ וּרְאוּ כִּי־טוֹב יְהוָה | ta’amu u-re’u ki tov Adonai | Critical | 2:3 | Psalm 34:8 MT applied directly to Christ; same class as baseline’s “Lord” entry |
| Living stone | λίθος ζῶν | lithos zōn | אבן חיה | even chayah | Medium | 2:4 | Preserve the “living stone” paradox |
| Stone catena (rejected/chosen/precious) | ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον / ἐκλεκτόν / ἔντιμον | apodedokimasmenon / eklekton / entimon | Psalm 118:22, Isaiah 28:16, Isaiah 8:14 (each MT) | — | Critical | 2:4, 6-8 | Triple direct-citation catena; each text has independent Jewish exegetical history distinct from individual-Messiah reading |
| Spiritual house | οἶκος πνευματικός | oikos pneumatikos | בית רוחני | bayit ruchani | High | 2:5 | Same “no Temple/Israel replacement” caution as baseline’s “church” entry |
| Holy priesthood / royal priesthood | ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον / βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα | hierateuma hagion / basileion hierateuma | כהונה קדושה / כהונת מלכים | kehunah kedushah / kehunat melachim | Critical | 2:5, 2:9 | Echoes Exodus 19:6; extends Israel’s own priesthood/covenant identity, unlike a generic hereditary Kohanim class, to all believers — theological anchor of the doctrine; theologian review required every occurrence |
| Chosen race | γένος ἐκλεκτόν | genos eklekton | זרע נבחר | zera nivchar | Critical | 2:9 | Avoid גזע (racial connotation); teach against automatic displacement of ethnic Israel’s chosenness |
| Holy nation | ἔθνος ἅγιον | ethnos hagion | גוי קדוש | goy kadosh | Critical | 2:9 | Direct Exodus 19:6 citation; SAME ROOT as baseline’s גויים (Gentiles, mildly pejorative colloquially) used in the opposite direction — flag this collision explicitly every occurrence |
| People for God’s possession | λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν | laos eis peripoiēsin | עם סגולה | am segulah | Critical | 2:9 | Direct Deuteronomy 7:6 citation; Israel’s own “treasured people” title extended to the church |
| Sojourners and exiles | πάροικοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι | paroikoi kai parepidēmoi | גרים ותושבים | gerim ve-toshavim | High | 1:1, 2:11 | גר evokes Jewish conversion-law categories; must be reframed as eschatological-exile identity |
| Diaspora | διασπορά | diaspora | תפוצה / גולה | tefutzah / golah | High | 1:1 | Applies Israel’s own historic exile-identity term to a mixed Jewish-Gentile readership |
| Submit / be subject | ὑποτάγητε | hypotagēte | הכנעו / התכפפו | hikan’u / hitkafefu | Medium | 2:13, 3:1, 5:5 | Render consistently across all three occurrences (civil authorities, wives, younger believers) |
| Human master (disambiguated from “Lord”) | δεσπότης | despotēs | בעלים | ba’alim | Medium | 2:18 | Deliberately NOT אדון, to avoid confusing the human slave-master relationship with Christ’s Critical-risk Lordship title |
| Bore our sins on the tree | φέρω τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον | pherō tas hamartias epi to xylon | נשא את חטאינו בגופו על העץ | nasa et chataeinu be-gufo al ha-etz | Critical | 2:24 | Fuses Isaiah 53 and Deuteronomy 21:23 (“cursed is everyone hung on a tree”) |
| By his wounds healed | τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε | tō mōlōpi iathēte | וּבַחֲבֻרָתוֹ נִרְפָּא־לָנוּ | u-vachavurato nirpa lanu | Critical | 2:24 | Isaiah 53:5 MT exact; doctrinal and textual center of Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering |
| Shepherd and overseer of souls | ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν | poimēn kai episkopos tōn psychōn | רועה ופקיד הנפשות | ro’eh u-paqid ha-nefashot | Medium | 2:25 | Reuse פקד root consistently at 2:12 and 5:2 |
B.3 — Submission, Suffering, and Christ’s Proclamation (Doctrines: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance; Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake; Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering; Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits)
| English Term | Greek Original | Transliteration | Hebrew Rendering | Hebrew Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gentle and quiet spirit | πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα | prau kai hēsychion pneuma | רוח ענווה ושלווה | ruach anavah ve-shluvah | Medium | 3:4 | Inner disposition, not enforced silence; gender-sensitive framing required |
| Joint heirs of the grace of life | συγκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς | synklēronomoi charitos zōēs | שותפים בנחלת חסד החיים | shutafim be-nachalat chesed ha-chayim | Medium | 3:7 | Reuses baseline חסד and B.1’s נחלה roots |
| Psalm 34 citation: seek peace | ζητήσατε εἰρήνην | zētēsate eirēnēn | בַּקֵּשׁ שָׁלוֹם וְרָדְפֵהוּ | bakesh shalom veradfehu | Medium-High | 3:10-12 | Second major citation of Psalm 34 (also at 2:3); flag its recurring structural importance |
| Sanctify Christ as Lord | ἁγιάσατε…τὸν Κύριον | hagiasate…ton Kyrion | הקדישו את המשיח כאדון בלבבכם | hakdishu et ha-Mashiach ke-Adon bi-livavchem | Critical | 3:15 | Direct application of Isaiah 8:13 (“sanctify YHWH of Hosts”) to Christ; must never be softened |
| Defense/answer (apologia) | ἀπολογία | apologia | מענה על תקוותכם | ma’aneh al tikvatchem | Medium | 3:15 | MUST NOT use הצדקה (justification, Critical baseline term); disambiguate explicitly |
| Good conscience | συνείδησις ἀγαθή | syneidēsis agathē | מצפון טוב | matzpun tov | Low-Medium | 3:16, 3:21 | Standard Modern Hebrew term; low collision |
| Righteous for the unrighteous | δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων | dikaios hyper adikōn | הצדיק בעד הרשעים | ha-tzadik be’ad ha-resha’im | Critical | 3:18 | Core substitution formula; reuses baseline צדק root |
| Proclaimed to spirits in prison | πνεύμασιν ἐν φυλακῇ ἐκήρυξεν | pneumasin en phylakē ekēryxen | הכריז לרוחות אשר במשמר | hichriz la-ruchot asher ba-mishmar | Critical | 3:19 | Interpretively (not just lexically) disputed even within Christian tradition; flag ambiguity explicitly, do not silently resolve |
| Baptism as antitype | ἀντίτυπον | antitypon | תבנית מקבילה | tavnit makbilah | Medium | 3:21 | Technical typological term requiring explanatory note |
| Baptism (with Peter’s own clarifying qualification) | βάπτισμα…ἐπερώτημα εἰς Θεόν | baptisma…eperōtēma eis Theon | טבילה…כפנייה לאלוהים למצפון טוב | tevilah…ki-fniyah la-Elohim le-matzpun tov | High | 3:21 | Risk of collapsing into mikveh ritual-purity reading; Peter’s own “not removal of dirt” clause must remain prominent |
| At the right hand of God | ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ | en dexia Theou | לימין האלוהים | li-yemin ha-Elohim | High | 3:22 | Echoes the contested Psalm 110:1 “my lord” text |
| Gospel preached to the dead | εὐαγγελίζω τοῖς νεκροῖς | euangelizō tois nekrois | הבשורה הוכרזה למתים | ha-besorah huchraza la-metim | High (doctrinal ambiguity) | 4:6 | Reuses [BASELINE] הבשורה (Medium); interpretive dispute over referent/timing elevates doctrinal risk |
| Domineering (disambiguated from “Lord”) | κατακυριεύω | katakyrieuō | לשלוט בכוח / להשתלט | lishlot be-choach / le-hishtalet | High | 5:3 | Shares root with κύριος/Lord; must NOT use any אדון-root rendering, to protect Christ’s Critical Lordship title from negative association |
B.4 — Elders, Humility, and Closing Exhortations (Doctrine: Elders and Humility)
| English Term | Greek Original | Transliteration | Hebrew Rendering | Hebrew Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elders | πρεσβύτεροι | presbyteroi | זקנים | zekenim | Medium | 5:1 | Positive resource (Jewish communal elders) but role-definition differs; teach distinction |
| Shepherd/exercise oversight | ποιμαίνω / ἐπισκοπέω | poimainō / episkopeō | לרעות / לפקוד על | lir’ot / lifkod al | Medium | 5:2 | Reuse פקד root from 2:12, 2:25 for consistency; avoid bare השגיח (kosher-supervision collision) |
| Fiery trial | πύρωσις | pyrōsis | ניסיון כאש | nisayon ka-esh | Medium | 4:12 | Reuse 1:7’s refining-fire metaphor |
| Sharing in Christ’s sufferings | κοινωνέω τοῖς παθήμασιν | koinōneō tois pathēmasin | שותפים ביסורי המשיח | shutafim be-yisurei ha-Mashiach | Medium | 4:13 | Reuses [BASELINE] שותפות applied specifically to shared suffering |
| Spirit of glory | πνεῦμα τῆς δόξης | pneuma tēs doxēs | רוח הכבוד | ruach ha-kavod | Medium-High | 4:14 | Must be identified explicitly as the same [BASELINE] רוח הקודש, not a separate entity |
| ”Christian” (identity label) | Χριστιανός | Christianos | מאמין במשיח (preferred) / נוצרי (flagged) | ma’amin ba-Mashiach / notzri | High | 4:16 | נוצרי carries heavy historical freight for a Messianic Jewish readership; מאמין במשיח recommended as primary rendering |
| Household of God | οἶκος τοῦ Θεοῦ | oikos tou Theou | בית האלוהים | beit ha-Elohim | Medium | 4:17 | Reuses 2:5’s οἶκος root |
| Faithful Creator | κτίστης | ktistēs | הבורא הנאמן | ha-Boreh ha-ne’eman | Low | 4:19 | Strongly positive, low-risk Hebrew theological vocabulary |
| Unfading crown of glory | ἀμαράντινος στέφανος τῆς δόξης | amarantinos stephanos tēs doxēs | עטרת כבוד שאינה קמלה | ateret kavod she-einah kamelah | Medium | 5:4 | Reuse 1:4’s קמל root and baseline כבוד |
| Clothe yourselves with humility | ἐγκομβώσασθε τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην | enkombōsasthe tēn tapeinophrosynēn | התלבשו בענווה | hitlabshu ba-anavah | Low | 5:5 | Positive existing Hebrew virtue term (ענווה) |
| Proverbs 3:34 citation | ὁ Θεὸς…ταπεινοῖς δίδωσιν χάριν | ho Theos…tapeinois didōsin charin | לַעֲנָוִים יִתֶּן־חֵן | la-anavim yiten chen | High (exception case) | 5:5 | MT uses חן (chen), the term generally rejected for “grace” elsewhere; preserve as a direct-citation exception, parallel to the baseline’s Genesis 15:6 tzedakah precedent, with an explanatory translator’s note |
| Cast your anxiety on him | μέριμναν ἐπιρίψαντες | merimnan epiripsantes | השליכו עליו את כל דאגתכם | hashlichu alav et kol da’agatchem | Low-Medium | 5:7 | Echoes Psalm 55:22-23 |
| Adversary, the devil | ἀντίδικος…διάβολος | antidikos…diabolos | יריבכם השטן | yerivchem ha-Satan | Medium | 5:8 | Rabbinic השטן is less cosmically-personified-hostile than the NT figure; teach the scope difference |
| Roaring lion | λέων ὠρυόμενος | leōn ōryomenos | אריה שואג | aryeh sho’eg | Low | 5:8 | Strong shared OT imagery (Psalm 22, Amos 3:8) |
| Restore, confirm, strengthen, establish | καταρτίσαι, στηρίξαι, σθενώσαι, θεμελιώσαι | katartisai, stērixai, sthenōsai, themeliōsai | ישלים, יחזק, יאמץ, ייסד | yeshalem, yechazek, ye’ametz, yeyased | Low | 5:10 | Benedictory verb chain |
| Babylon (code for Rome) | Βαβυλών | Babylōn | בבל | Bavel | Medium | 5:13 | Requires translator’s note identifying this as a coded reference to Rome, reinforcing the letter’s diaspora/exile theme |
| Kiss of love | φίλημα ἀγάπης | philēma agapēs | נשיקת אהבה | neshikat ahavah | Low | 5:14 | Cultural greeting note sufficient |
Risk Summary (Section B new terms)
| Risk Tier | Count | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 13 | Concentrated in the priesthood/nation/people cluster (2:9), the Isaiah 53/substitution cluster (2:24, 3:18), the Isaiah 8:13 sanctification-of-Christ text (3:15), the Psalm 34 “taste that the Lord is good” text (2:3), the stone catena (2:4-8), foreknowledge/pre-existence terms (1:20), and the proclamation to spirits (3:19) |
| High | 18 | Includes inheritance/land resonance, diaspora/sojourner identity, ransom/redemption, the “Christian” identity label, domineering-vs-Lord disambiguation, the Proverbs 3:34 chen exception, Psalm 110/right-hand enthronement, and the gospel-to-the-dead interpretive ambiguity |
| Medium | 24 | The majority of remaining new vocabulary — trials, milk of the word, stewardship, elders, spirit of glory, and structural/typological terms |
| Low | 11 | Doxological vocabulary, shepherd examples, hospitality, kiss of love, and other low-collision terms |
All Critical and High risk terms in this glossary require human theologian review before Phase 2 finalization, per the routing convention established in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json as new entries before Phase 2 segment translation begins on 1 Peter. See 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §“Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions” for the required procedure.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: אלוהים
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: God
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). No viable alternative word exists; the risk is entirely in content. 1 Peter 1:3 identifies God specifically as Father of the Lord Jesus Christ; the Shema’s absolute unity remains the live theological question wherever Father/Son/Spirit language (e.g. 1:2) is engaged.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ישוע
Transliteration: Yeshua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ישו
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). Must always appear as ישוע with the final ayin; never the truncated ישו. Occurs at 1:1,3,7,13; 2:5,21; 3:21; 4:11 and throughout.
Messiah
Approved rendering: משיח
Transliteration: Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). 1 Peter’s dense suffering-then-glory Christology (1:11; 2:21-24; 3:18; 4:1,13; 5:1) intensifies the baseline caution: Rabbinic messianic expectation does not anticipate a Messiah who first suffers and dies before a later glorious return.
Lord
Approved rendering: אדון
Transliteration: Adon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). 1 Peter applies this title to Christ even more directly than Romans, quoting Tanakh texts originally addressed to YHWH without qualification (Psalm 34:8 at 2:3; Isaiah 8:13 at 3:15; Psalm 110:1 background at 3:22). Must be sharply distinguished from δεσπότης (2:18, rendered בעלים) and κατακυριεύω (5:3, rendered שלט/השתלט) — neither may take an אדון-root form.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: רוח הקודש
Transliteration: Ruach HaKodesh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). Occurs at 1:2,11-12; 4:14 (as רוח הכבוד, see spirit_of_glory); disputed background at 3:18-19. This Person’s continuous, personal activity (inspiring the prophets, resting on suffering believers) must be taught against the Rabbinic view of an impersonal influence that departed after the last prophets (Yoma 9b).
Salvation
Approved rendering: ישועה
Transliteration: yeshu’ah
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: גאולה
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). Occurs at 1:5,9-10; 2:2; 3:21 (typological). 1:9’s ‘salvation of souls’ (נפשות) aligns positively with Hebrew’s own holistic nefesh anthropology, an asset to teach explicitly rather than a risk.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: צדק
Transliteration: tzedek
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: צדקה
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). Occurs at 2:24; 3:14,18. 1 Peter uses this root in both a forensic-substitutionary sense (2:24, 3:18) and an ethical-conduct sense (3:14, ‘suffer for righteousness’ sake’); context, not word choice, must disambiguate which register is active in each occurrence.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: תחיית המתים
Transliteration: techiyat hametim
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). Occurs at 1:3,21; 3:21 (typological). 1 Peter 1:3 makes the resurrection the explicit generative cause of ‘living hope’; this causal link must remain visible and not be softened into the general future-resurrection affirmation Judaism already holds.
Church
Approved rendering: קהילה
Transliteration: kehilah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: עדה
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). 1 Peter never uses ἐκκλησία itself, favoring priesthood/house/flock/covenant-people imagery instead (2:4-10; 4:17; 5:1-4) — see the new terms in Section B. The ‘no replacement of Israel’ caution applies with even greater force here, since 1 Peter directly reuses Israel’s own covenant titles rather than introducing a neutral new term.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: חסד
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: חן
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). Occurs at 1:2,10,13; 2:19-20; 3:7; 4:10; 5:5,10,12. EXCEPTION: the Proverbs 3:34 citation at 5:5 legitimately uses חֵן (chen) — see grace_citation_proverbs below, parallel to the baseline’s Genesis 15:6 tzedakah exception.
Faith
Approved rendering: אמונה
Transliteration: emunah
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ביטחון
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). Occurs at 1:5,7-9,21; 5:9. Must be anchored as personal trust in the risen Messiah, not bundled with mitzvot-observance as its necessary expression.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ברית
Transliteration: brit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη (conceptual background)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptual background behind 1:2’s sprinkling of blood (Exodus 24:8) and 2:9’s Exodus 19:6 citation. 1 Peter’s direct reuse of Sinai covenant vocabulary for the church intensifies the baseline’s caution about extending covenant categories to uncircumcised Gentiles apart from Torah observance.
Sin
Approved rendering: חטא
Transliteration: chet
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:24 (borne substitutionarily by Christ) and 4:1 (renounced in the believer’s new life). The Rabbinic yetzer hatov/yetzer hara anthropological framework remains the relevant contrast-framework for 1 Peter’s call to have ‘finished with sin.‘
Called
Approved rendering: קרוא
Transliteration: karu
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:9,21; 5:10 in senses ranging from corporate election-vocabulary to an individual summons to suffer well; context-sensitive per the baseline’s established caution.
Calling
Approved rendering: קריאה
Transliteration: keri’ah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form; relevant to 1:1-2’s election language and 5:10’s closing summary.
Election
Approved rendering: בחירה
Transliteration: bechirah
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Root underlies 1:1’s ‘elect exiles’ (נבחרים), 2:4,6,9’s ‘chosen’ stone/race language, and 2:20’s commendation. Israel’s corporate chosenness (‘am hanivchar’) is a robust existing asset, but 1 Peter’s application to a mixed Jewish-Gentile community requires the same corporate-vs-individual scope caution the baseline documents for Romans 9.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: ציות האמונה
Transliteration: tziyut ha-emunah
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background for 1 Peter’s own generic ‘obedience’ term (ὑπακοή, see obedience below) at 1:2,14,22 — risk of being heard as mitzvot-observance rather than a transformed life issuing from trust in the Messiah.
Glory
Approved rendering: כבוד
Transliteration: kavod
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (risk tier elevated to High per 1 Peter’s own bible_term_registry, consistent with the doctrine’s High/Critical adjacency in this letter). Occurs at 1:7-8,11,21,24; 4:11,13-14; 5:1,4,10 — the letter’s central eschatological horizon. Must retain the weighty manifest-divine-presence sense, not Modern Hebrew’s colloquial ‘respect’ usage, and must be kept distinct from הוד (honor, τιμή) at 1:7’s doxological triad.
Holy
Approved rendering: קדוש
Transliteration: kadosh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (risk tier elevated to High per 1 Peter’s own registry, given 1:16’s direct Leviticus 19:2 citation). Occurs at 1:15-16; 2:5,9; 3:5. Must quote 1:16 in exact Masoretic Leviticus 19:2 wording (קְדֹשִׁים תִּהְיוּ כִּי קָדוֹשׁ אָנִי).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: התקדשות
Transliteration: hitkadshut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: קידוש
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). Occurs at 1:2. Never קידוש, which is overwhelmingly recognized as the Shabbat/holiday wine-blessing ritual.
Medium Risk Terms
Father
Approved rendering: אבינו
Transliteration: Avinu
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:2-3,17. 1:17’s individual, impartial-judgment framing is an emphasis-shift from the corporate ‘Avinu Malkeinu’ liturgical register, to be taught, not resolved as a contradiction.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: גויים
Transliteration: goyim
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: עמים
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter never applies this term directly to outsiders, but its root’s reuse in 2:9’s גוי קדוש (holy nation, positive covenantal sense applied to a mixed community) creates a Critical-risk collision that must be flagged explicitly every time the priesthood/nation cluster (2:9) is discussed.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: מתנות רוחניות
Transliteration: matanot ruchaniyot
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: מתנות
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). Occurs at 4:10. Must retain רוחניות so the phrase is not read as ordinary talent; the added ‘steward’ (סוכן) nuance at 4:10 carries a somewhat commercial register — see stewardship term in Section B.
Peace
Approved rendering: שלום
Transliteration: shalom
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 3:11 (Psalm 34 citation) and 5:14 (closing greeting). Risk of dilution through everyday-greeting familiarity remains as the baseline documents.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: כוח האלוהים
Transliteration: koach ha-Elohim
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: גבורת האל
Original: δύναμις Θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (no deviation permitted). Occurs at 1:5, guarding believers unto salvation. Avoid גבורה, which risks importing Kabbalistic sefirot associations.
Apostle
Approved rendering: שליח
Transliteration: shaliach
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:1, Peter’s own self-identification. The genuine positive shlichut resource applies, with the same caution about the modern secular Jewish Agency emissary overlay.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: שותפות
Transliteration: shutafut
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: קהילה
Original: κοινωνέω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 4:13, applied specifically to shared participation in Christ’s sufferings — a weightier application than the baseline’s general community-participation sense, though the same word is correct and required.
Prophet
Approved rendering: נביא
Transliteration: navi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:10-12. Low independent risk in itself, but see spirit_of_christ below for the doctrinally loaded Critical-risk claim about who inspired these prophets.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: נבואה
Transliteration: nevu’ah
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:10-12. Shares root with navi; low independent risk.