Passage

Romans 9

• Glossary Term

  Abba

  Aramaic term of intimacy preserved as a transliteration alongside باپت (Romans 8:15), following the pattern of related regional Bible translations.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Adoption

  A descriptive compound ('being made God's child') stands in for formal legal adoption, which is a discouraged and narrowly regulated practice in Islamic law (which permits guardianship, kafala, but not full lineage-changing adoption); this curriculum should stress Romans 8:15-17's full inheritance-rights sense explicitly, since it runs against a familiar legal category rather than simply filling an empty one.

  ROM.9.4

• Doctrine

  Adoption into God's Family

  Full son-status with complete inheritance rights, which runs against Islamic law's narrow, guardianship-only (kafala) approach to adoption and must be explicitly taught rather than assumed as a familiar legal category.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  Noun form for the act/state of being called, kept structurally parallel to سَدہ گیہ (called).

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  عہد (an Arabic-derived term for covenant/promise) is used in existing regional Bible-translation titles (e.g.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  David

  Standard proper-name form, shared in root with the Quranic Dawud; the biblical covenant narrative behind David's significance in Romans differs from the Quranic Dawud narrative and should be explained rather than assumed shared.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Requires explicit Old Testament background teaching; the Quranic Dawud narrative does not carry the same royal-covenant significance and should not be assumed as shared background.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: full, co-equal divine nature; directly contradicts mainstream Islamic Tawhid doctrine and must be taught plainly rather than softened into 'a great prophet' or 'a specially favored teacher.'

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  God's sovereign call must be distinguished from قسمت (fate/taqdir) in Islamic thought and from Trika's framing of spiritual awakening as self-recognition rather than an external relational summons.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  God's sovereign call that ensures the salvation of the called; not qismat/taqdir (impersonal predetermination) and not Trika's self-recognition framework.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Election

  God's sovereign, personal choice; قسمت (fate, echoing taqdir, divine predetermination) is a legitimate parallel concept in Islamic theology but should be introduced only with explicit definition, since Romans 9's election is personal and relational, not the more impersonal predetermination associations قسمت can carry.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Father

  God as personal Father; a term requiring care in a Muslim-majority context, where 'Father' as a name for God is unfamiliar and can sound uncomfortably close to attributing offspring to God (echoing the same Tawhid concern as Sonship of Christ).

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  جلال (an Arabic-derived term for majesty/glory, one of the traditional divine attributes in Islamic theology, Jalal) conveys God's radiant honor well, but should be explicitly anchored to Christ's own self-existent glory rather than left as a free-floating divine-attribute word.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  God

  خُدا (a Persian-derived term) is the universal term for God across both Muslim and Christian Kashmiri speakers, with no viable alternative and no competing polytheistic default sense for Muslim readers.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  CRITICAL: مسیح is transliterated directly from Arabic, shared with the Quranic title for Isa (al-Masih).

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: Masih is shared Quranic vocabulary for Isa, but mainstream Islamic theology denies Christ's divinity, atoning death, and resurrection while still using the title.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; a descriptive phrase conveying physical lineage and Old Testament covenant fulfillment; requires explicit background teaching since the Quranic Dawud narrative does not carry the same royal-covenant significance.

  ROM.9.5