Core Glossary

Core Glossary: 2 Kings

Curriculum: 2 Kings Destination language: Spanish Language pair: English–Spanish Baseline dependency: This glossary extends translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json from the Romans Language Package. Terms already recorded in the baseline are marked [REUSED] and MUST use the exact baseline Spanish rendering. Terms new to this curriculum are marked [NEW] and are proposed here for addition to translation memory at the next version increment.

Risk tiers follow the baseline definitions exactly (Critical / High / Medium / Low — see doctrine_risk_registry.json).

1. Divine Names and Titles

Term (Eng.)	Original (Hebrew, translit.)	Spanish rendering	Status	Risk	Doctrine	Notes / Passages
the LORD (YHWH)	יהוה, YHWH	Jehová	[NEW]	Critical	Covenant Judgment and the Exile; God’s Patience	The covenant name, per Reina-Valera convention. Distinct from baseline `lord`/Señor (κύριος, NT confession of Christ’s lordship). Must never be collapsed into “Señor” in OT narration. Occurs continuously throughout 2 Kings.
God	אֱלֹהִים, Elohim	Dios	[REUSED]	Critical	(per baseline `god`)	Standard; no new risk in 2 Kings context.
other gods	אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים, elohim acherim	otros dioses	[NEW]	Critical	Fall of Israel/Judah as Covenant Consequence	Direct first-commandment violation; never soften to “otras creencias.” 17:7 and throughout.
Baal	בַּעַל, Ba’al	Baal	[NEW]	Critical	Prophetic Ministry; Covenant Consequence	Proper name of the primary rival Canaanite deity. Transliterate; do not generalize. 1:2 (Baal-zebub), 10:18-28, 17:16, 21:3. No live Baal-cult in the modern Spanish-speaking world, but teach the functional pattern of elevating rival powers to ultimate allegiance.
Baal-zebub	בַּעַל זְבוּב, Ba’al Zevuv	Baal-zebub	[NEW]	High	Prophetic Ministry	Specific Philistine deity of Ekron, ch.1. Do not equate with later NT “Beelzebul” without a teaching note on the distinct referents/eras.
angel of the LORD	מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה, mal’akh YHWH	ángel de Jehová	[NEW]	High	Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power	Direct divine agent (1:3, 1:15, 19:35). Distinguish from folk-piety guardian-angel devotion and from saint/Marian intercessory frameworks already flagged as Critical in the baseline `intercession` entry.
host of heaven	צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם, tseva hashamayim	ejército de los cielos	[NEW]	Medium	Covenant Consequence	Astral worship, forbidden (Deut 4:19). 17:16, 21:3,5, 23:4-5.

2. Covenant, Law, and Judgment Vocabulary

Term (Eng.)	Original (Hebrew, translit.)	Spanish rendering	Status	Risk	Doctrine	Notes / Passages
covenant	בְּרִית, berit	pacto	[REUSED]	High	Covenant Judgment and the Exile	Per baseline `covenant`. Sinai/Mosaic covenant broken (17:15); Josiah’s national covenant renewal (23:3); Joash’s coronation covenant (11:17).
law	תּוֹרָה, torah	ley	[REUSED]	High	Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law	Per baseline `law`.
the Book of the Law	סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה, sefer ha-Torah	el libro de la ley	[NEW]	Critical	Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law	The specific rediscovered scroll (22:8-13), distinct from the generic baseline `law` term; central artifact for this curriculum’s namesake doctrine.
sin	חָטָא, chata	pecado	[REUSED]	Medium	Fall of Israel/Judah as Covenant Consequence	Per baseline `sin`. Never soften to “falta.”
great sin	חֵטְא גָדוֹל, chet gadol	gran pecado	[NEW]	High	Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence	Jeroboam’s calf-worship, the paradigmatic root sin (17:21).
exile / carried away	גָּלָה, galah	llevar cautivo / exiliar / deportar	[NEW]	Critical	Covenant Judgment and the Exile	THE operative verb of the book’s central doctrine. Must render identically at every occurrence (17:6,11,23,26-28; 24:14-16; 25:11,21).
removed from His presence/sight	הֵסִיר מֵעַל פָּנָיו, hesir me’al panav	quitar/echar de su presencia	[NEW]	Critical	Covenant Judgment and the Exile	Relational, not merely geographic, meaning of exile (17:18,23). Must connect to the temple’s literal burning in 25:9.
high places	בָּמָה / בָּמוֹת, bamah / bamot	lugares altos	[NEW]	Critical	Covenant Consequence; Josiah’s Reforms	Recurring measure of covenant faithfulness across ~30 occurrences; render identically throughout.
Asherah / Asherim	אֲשֵׁרָה, Asherah	Asera / imágenes de Asera	[NEW]	Critical	Covenant Consequence	Proper name of a rival goddess/cult object; do not generalize to “ídolo.” 17:10,16; 21:7; 23:4-7.
idols	גִּלּוּלִים, gillulim	ídolos	[NEW]	High	Covenant Consequence	Deliberately contemptuous Hebrew term (“dung-pellets”); teach the polemical force. 17:12 and throughout.
worthless/vain idols	הֶבֶל, hevel	ídolos vanos / lo vano	[NEW]	High	Covenant Consequence	Wordplay: “followed vanity, became vain” (17:15).
calves (golden calves)	עֵגֶל מַסֵּכָה, egel massekah	becerros (de fundición/oro)	[NEW]	High	Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence	Echoes Exodus 32 and Jeroboam’s founding sin (17:16, 21-22).
child sacrifice (“pass through the fire”)	הֶעֱבִיר בָּאֵשׁ, he’evir ba’esh	hacer pasar por fuego	[NEW]	Critical	Covenant Consequence	Literal cultic child sacrifice; never euphemize. 16:3; 17:17; 21:6.
divination	קֶסֶם, qesem	adivinación	[NEW]	High	Covenant Consequence	Forbidden occult inquiry (Deut 18:10). 17:17; 21:6.
mediums and necromancers	אוֹב וְיִדְּעֹנִי, ov ve-yiddeoni	adivinos y espiritistas / encantadores y adivinos	[NEW]	Critical	Covenant Consequence	Direct live syncretism risk with Espiritismo/Santería practice in Caribbean contexts (already flagged for baseline `holy_spirit`). 21:6; 23:24.
provoke to anger	כָּעַס, ka’as (hiphil)	provocar a ira	[NEW]	High	God’s Patience through Repeated Warning	Personal, relational divine anger, not abstract displeasure. 17:11,17.
wrath / burning anger	חֲרוֹן אַף, charon aph	ardor de la ira (de Jehová)	[NEW]	High	Covenant Judgment	Huldah’s oracle (22:13,17); Josiah’s reform does not avert it for the nation (23:26).
the LORD did not turn from His wrath	לֹא־שָׁב יְהוָה מֵחֳרוֹן אַפּוֹ	Jehová no se apartó del ardor de su ira	[NEW]	Critical	Hope amid Judgment	Explicit statement that Josiah’s genuine reform does not reverse the corporate sentence (23:26; cf. 21:10-15; 24:3-4). Essential, must not be softened.

3. Prophetic Ministry Vocabulary

Term (Eng.)	Original (Hebrew, translit.)	Spanish rendering	Status	Risk	Doctrine	Notes / Passages
prophet	נָבִיא, navi	profeta	[REUSED]	Low	Prophetic Ministry	Per baseline `prophet`.
prophecy	(see `prophet`/word of the LORD)	profecía	[REUSED]	Low	Fulfillment of Prophecy	Per baseline `prophecy`.
seer	חֹזֶה, chozeh	vidente [profético]	[NEW]	Medium	Prophetic Ministry	Near-synonym of navi; must be distinguished from folk-occult “vidente” (fortune-teller), the opposite phenomenon. 17:13.
man of God	אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים, ish ha-Elohim	varón de Dios	[NEW]	High	Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power	Recurring honorific for Elijah/Elisha (30+ occurrences, chs. 4-13); render consistently.
word of the LORD	דְּבַר־יְהוָה, devar-YHWH	palabra de Jehová	[NEW]	High	God’s Patience through Repeated Warning	Formula for authoritative divine communication; recurs throughout.
hand of the LORD	יַד־יְהוָה, yad-YHWH	mano de Jehová	[NEW]	Medium	Prophetic Ministry	Idiom for prophetic empowerment (3:15).
sons of the prophets	בְּנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים, bene ha-nevi’im	hijos de los profetas	[NEW]	Medium	Prophetic Ministry	Prophetic guild/school, not literal sons (ch. 2, 4, 6, 9).
warned/testified	הֵעִיד, he’id	amonestar / advertir solemnemente	[NEW]	High	God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning	Covenant-lawsuit legal force (17:13,15). Central verb for this doctrine.
turn / repent	שׁוּב, shuv	volverse / arrepentirse	[NEW]	Critical	God’s Patience; Hope amid Judgment	The offer embedded even within judgment oracles (17:13).
mantle	אַדֶּרֶת, addereth	manto	[NEW]	High	Prophetic Ministry	Symbol of prophetic-office transfer (Elijah→Elisha), ch. 2, ch. 13.
spirit (prophetic empowering)	רוּח, ruach	espíritu	[NEW]	High	Prophetic Ministry	Distinguish from baseline `holy_spirit` (personal Trinitarian indwelling of every believer); here, empowering upon a specific individual for ministry (2:9,15).
double portion of the spirit	פִּי־שְׁנַיִם בְּרוּחֲךָ	doble porción de tu espíritu	[NEW]	High	Prophetic Ministry	2:9; requires teaching note relating to, without collapsing into, baseline `holy_spirit`.
anoint	מָשַׁח, mashach	ungir	[NEW]	High	Prophetic Ministry (royal designation)	Generic royal/instrumental anointing (Jehu, 9:3,6,12); must never be rendered “Mesías” — distinct from baseline Critical `messiah` entry.
sign	אוֹת, ot	señal	[NEW]	Medium	Prophetic Ministry	Confirming miracle accompanying prophetic word (20:8-9).
angel of the LORD (deliverance)	מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה	ángel de Jehová	[NEW]	High	Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power	See §1; 19:35 climactic deliverance.

4. Kingship, Nations, and Political Vocabulary

Term (Eng.)	Original (Hebrew, translit.)	Spanish rendering	Status	Risk	Doctrine	Notes / Passages
David / house of David	דָּוִד / בֵּית דָּוִד	David / casa de David	[REUSED]	Low	Fall of Israel/Judah	Per baseline `david`.
Israel	יִשְׂרָאֵל	Israel	[REUSED]	Low	Fall of Israel/Judah	Per baseline `israel`.
nations	גּוֹי / גּוֹיִם, goy/goyim	naciones	[NEW]	Medium	Covenant Consequence	Do NOT render as baseline `gentiles`; distinct pre-exilic narrative category from Romans’ Jew/Gentile theological pairing. 17:8,11,15.
did evil in the sight of the LORD	עָשָׂה הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה	hizo lo malo ante los ojos de Jehová	[NEW]	High	Fall of Israel/Judah as Covenant Consequence	Recurring regnal-formula verdict; render identically at every occurrence throughout the book.
Is it peace?	הֲשָׁלוֹם, ha-shalom	¿hay paz?	[NEW]	Medium	(political, not baseline `peace`)	9:17-22; distinguish sharply from baseline `peace`/paz doctrinal entry (peace with God).
zeal	קִנְאָה, qin’ah	celo	[NEW]	High	Prophetic Ministry / Reform	Jehu’s flawed zeal (10:16) vs. YHWH’s own zeal (19:31) vs. Josiah’s wholehearted zeal (ch. 23); teach the contrast.
trust	בָּטַח, batach	confiar (en Jehová)	[NEW]	High	Hope amid Judgment	Hezekiah’s defining virtue (18:5), contrasted with trust in Egypt/Assyria.
tribute	מִנְחָה, minchah	tributo	[NEW]	Low	Covenant Consequence	Vassalage under foreign kings (17:3-4).
siege	צוּר / מָצוֹר, tzur / matsor	sitiar / sitio	[NEW]	High	Covenant Judgment and the Exile	Deuteronomic covenant-curse mechanism (6:24-25; 17:5; 25:1-2).
famine	רָעָב, ra’av	hambre	[NEW]	High	Covenant Consequence	Covenant-curse severity marker (Deut 28:52-57); ch. 6, 25.
Nehushtan / bronze serpent	נְחֻשְׁתָּן, Nechushtan	Nehustán / la serpiente de bronce	[NEW]	High	Josiah/Hezekiah’s Reforms	A once God-given sign turned idol; destroyed by Hezekiah (18:4).
Passover	פֶּסַח, Pesach	Pascua	[NEW]	High	Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law	New term not present in the Romans baseline; distinguish from destination culture’s Semana Santa liturgical tradition. 23:21-23.
innocent blood	דָּם נָקִי, dam naqi	sangre inocente	[NEW]	High	Covenant Consequence	Manasseh’s bloodguilt compounding idolatry (21:16; 24:4).
remnant	שְׁאֵרִית / פְּלֵיטָה / שְׁאָר, she’erit / peletah / she’ar	remanente / resto	[NEW]	Critical	Hope amid Judgment	Foundational term: judgment is real but not total annihilation of covenant promise (19:30-31; 25:22 ff).

5. Miraculous Power and Ritual Vocabulary

Term (Eng.)	Original (Hebrew, translit.)	Spanish rendering	Status	Risk	Doctrine	Notes / Passages
resurrection / raised to life	חַי (hiphil sense of restoring life)	resucitar / volver a la vida	[NEW]	Critical	Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power	The Shunammite’s son (ch.4) and the man revived by Elisha’s bones (13:21) are prophetic sign-miracles of restoration to earthly life — must be distinguished from baseline Critical `resurrection` (Christ’s unique, once-for-all bodily resurrection). Do not present as doctrinally equivalent.
leprosy	צָרַעַת, tsara’at	lepra	[NEW]	Medium	Prophetic Ministry (Naaman); Judgment (Uzziah)	Both physical ailment and ritual-defilement marker (Lev 13). Ch. 5; ch. 15 (Uzziah, judicial).
unclean	טָמֵא, tame	impuro / inmundo	[NEW]	Medium	Ritual purity	Cultic category, ch. 5.
chariot(s)/horses of fire	מֶרְכֶּבֶת אֵשׁ / רֶכֶב, merkevet esh	carro(s) de fuego	[NEW]	Medium	Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power	Ch. 2 (Elijah’s ascension), ch. 6 (Elisha’s vision), ch. 13 (Elisha’s death cry — “the chariots of Israel”).
fire from heaven	אֵשׁ מִן־הַשָּׁמַיִם	fuego del cielo	[NEW]	Medium	Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power	Ch. 1; validates prophetic authority.
open the eyes	פָּקַח עֵינַיִם, paqach enayim	abrir los ojos	[NEW]	Medium	Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power	Both literal and spiritual sight, ch. 6.

Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2 Enforcement

Jehová vs. Señor: Every 2 Kings segment referencing YHWH must use “Jehová,” never “Señor.” Segments quoting or alluding to NT confessional material (outside this curriculum’s scope) retain “Señor” per baseline. Flag any drift for human theologian review.
Santos/saints caution carried forward: 2 Kings does not use the corporate “saints” (santos) designation from Romans 1:7, but the “man of God” (varón de Dios) title carries an analogous risk of being read through a folk-hagiographic lens (a specially holy, quasi-canonized figure) rather than as a functional prophetic-office title. Apply the same explanatory-note discipline used for the baseline saints entry.
Intercession caution carried forward: “Ángel de Jehová” and “varón de Dios” both describe direct divine action/agency, not saint or Marian mediation. Reinforce the baseline intercession Critical-risk note when teaching these passages.
Espiritismo/Santería collision: The ov ve-yiddeoni (mediums/necromancers) and ruach (prophetic spirit) entries carry the same live regional syncretism risk already flagged in the baseline for holy_spirit and resurrection. Route all such segments to human theologian review per the doctrine risk registry’s Critical-tier routing.
Gentiles vs. naciones: Do not substitute baseline gentiles for 2 Kings’ goyim/naciones. These are distinct theological categories from different covenant-historical moments.
New terms pending translation memory update: All [NEW] entries above must be added to translation_memory.json (version increment) and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Kings begins, per the Pre-flight Checklist in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.

Critical Risk Terms

Lord

Approved rendering: Señor
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Señor mío (devotional-only, without lordship claim over the whole of life), Jehová (reserved exclusively for YHWH in Old Testament narration — see yhwh entry)

Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Kings and all other Old Testament curricula, ‘Señor’ is NEVER used to render the Tetragrammaton YHWH; that slot belongs exclusively to ‘Jehová’ (see yhwh entry). ‘Señor’ remains reserved for generic lordship/master address and for NT confessional continuity. Collapsing the two would blur the covenant-lawsuit God of 2 Kings with the confessed exalted Christ of Romans for any learner moving between curricula.

God

Approved rendering: Dios
Transliteration: theos / Elohim / YHWH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Divine Name and Covenant Identity
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Kings, keep clearly distinct from ‘Jehová’: ‘Dios’ is the generic term used even by foreign speakers (Naaman, ch.5; the Assyrian officer, ch.18) referring to deity in general or to Israel’s God without invoking the covenant name specifically, whereas ‘Jehová’ invokes the covenant name itself.

Salvation

Approved rendering: salvación
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: salvarse por buenas obras, merecer el cielo mediante sacramentos y penitencia

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Kings’ this-worldly deliverances (e.g., ch.19’s deliverance from Assyria) must be taught as historical rescue distinct from the full soteriological doctrine developed in Romans; do not conflate.

Messiah

Approved rendering: Mesías
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: un ungido más, entre otros santos o profetas venerados

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Kings introduces frequent generic royal/instrumental anointing (see new ‘anoint’ entry, e.g. Jehu, 9:3-12) which must NEVER be rendered or associated with ‘Mesías.’ This fence is essential: confusing the two would improperly elevate a flawed human king into messianic territory.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: Espíritu Santo
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: una fuerza impersonal, un espíritu guía o ancestral

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Kings’ ‘ruach’ (see new ‘spirit_prophetic’ entry) denotes OT prophetic empowering upon specific individuals (Elijah, Elisha), not the NT doctrine of personal Trinitarian indwelling of every believer. The two must be taught as related but not identical, and ‘espíritu’ in 2 Kings must never be rendered or read as an impersonal force or ancestral/guide spirit, per this entry’s existing Espiritismo/Santería caution.

Resurrection

Approved rendering: resurrección
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: reencarnación

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Kings’ prophetic sign-miracles of restored life (ch.4; 13:21 — see new ‘resurrection_sign_miracle’ entry) must be explicitly distinguished from this Critical-risk Christological doctrine; they are temporary restorations to earthly life, not Christ’s unique, bodily, once-for-all resurrection. This distinction is doubly urgent given the existing Caribbean/Afro-Caribbean Espiritismo/Santería syncretism risk already flagged for this baseline entry.

Yhwh

Approved rendering: Jehová
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: Divine Name and Covenant Identity
Rejected alternatives: Señor (reserved for NT confessional address to Christ, see lord entry)
Original: יהוה
Category: God

The personal, covenant name of Israel’s God, revealed at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14-15). Rendered ‘Jehová’ per established Reina-Valera Old Testament convention. This is a DISTINCT slot from the baseline ‘lord’ entry (Señor). Never substitute ‘Señor’ for ‘Jehová’ in Old Testament narration. Occurs continuously throughout 2 Kings; this is the single most consequential terminological fence in the whole curriculum.

Other Gods

Approved rendering: otros dioses
Transliteration: elohim acherim
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Gods
Rejected alternatives: otras creencias, otras tradiciones espirituales
Original: אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים
Category: Idolatry

Foreign deities Israel and Judah’s kings served instead of, or alongside, YHWH, in direct violation of the first commandment. Names the central charge of the covenant lawsuit in 17:7; must retain full exclusive-monotheism force.

Baal

Approved rendering: Baal
Transliteration: Ba’al
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Gods
Rejected alternatives: ídolo genérico, dios pagano (sin nombre)
Original: בַּעַל
Category: Idolatry

Proper name of the Canaanite storm/fertility god, the primary rival deity confronted throughout Kings. Transliterate; never generalize. No live Baal-cult exists today, but the functional pattern of elevating rival powers to ultimate allegiance is the abiding application and must be taught explicitly.

Asherah

Approved rendering: Asera / imágenes de Asera
Transliteration: Asherah
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Gods / High Places and Cultic Syncretism
Rejected alternatives: ídolo (generic, loses the specific rival-goddess referent)
Original: אֲשֵׁרָה
Category: Idolatry

Proper name of a Canaanite fertility goddess and her cultic wooden pole/image, forbidden in Deut 16:21, yet installed inside the Jerusalem temple under Manasseh (21:7). Must be transliterated, never generalized.

Book Of The Law

Approved rendering: el libro de la ley
Transliteration: sefer ha-Torah
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Rejected alternatives: la ley (abstracción genérica que pierde el objeto físico redescubierto)
Original: סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant

The specific physical scroll rediscovered during temple repairs under Josiah (22:8-13), whose reading triggers national repentance. Central artifact-term for this curriculum’s namesake doctrine; must never be collapsed into the generic ‘ley’ entry.

Child Sacrifice

Approved rendering: hacer pasar por fuego
Transliteration: he’evir ba’esh
Doctrine: Child Sacrifice as Covenant Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: prácticas religiosas distintas (euphemism), ritual simbólico (implies non-literal)
Original: הֶעֱבִיר בָּאֵשׁ
Category: Idolatry

Idiom for literal cultic child sacrifice to Molech/Baal, forbidden in Lev 18:21, committed by kings of both Israel and Judah (16:3; 17:17; 21:6). Must never be euphemized or softened.

Mediums Necromancers

Approved rendering: adivinos y espiritistas / encantadores y adivinos
Transliteration: ov ve-yiddeoni
Doctrine: Occult Practices and Mediums
Original: אוֹב וְיִדְּעֹנִי
Category: Idolatry

CRITICAL live syncretism risk: collides directly with Espiritismo (Kardecist spiritism) and Santería practice across the Caribbean and Afro-Caribbean Spanish-speaking world, where such consultation is normal, ongoing devotional practice, not ancient superstition. Requires the same explicit distinguishing note already flagged for the baseline ‘holy_spirit’ entry; must be taught as a currently applicable prohibition.

Lord Did Not Turn From Wrath

Approved rendering: Jehová no se apartó del ardor de su ira
Transliteration: lo-shav YHWH me-charon apo
Doctrine: Irrevocable Corporate Judgment despite Individual Faithfulness
Rejected alternatives: pero luego Dios se calmó (false-resolution softening, strictly forbidden)
Original: לֹא־שָׁב יְהוָה מֵחֳרוֹן אַפּוֹ
Category: Judgment

Explicit narratorial statement (23:26) that even Josiah’s exemplary personal reform did not reverse the corporate judgment decreed against Judah for Manasseh’s sins. Essential to teaching ‘Hope amid Judgment’ as hope WITHIN ongoing judgment, not cancellation of judgment. Never soften toward an implied eventual appeasement.

Exile

Approved rendering: llevar cautivo / exiliar / deportar
Transliteration: galah
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Rejected alternatives: castigar (too generic, loses the specific deportation act)
Original: גָּלָה
Category: Judgment

THE operative verb of the book’s central doctrine. Must render identically across all ~15+ occurrences (17:6,11,23,26-28; 24:14-16; 25:11,21) so learners see one continuous covenant-judgment argument spanning Israel’s and Judah’s falls.

Removed From Presence

Approved rendering: quitar de su presencia / echar de delante de su rostro
Transliteration: hesir me’al panav
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Rejected alternatives: los castigó (flattens the presence/face idiom entirely)
Original: הֵסִיר מֵעַל פָּנָיו
Category: Judgment

Exile theologized as expulsion from covenant presence, echoing Eden’s expulsion (17:18,23). Must connect explicitly to the temple’s literal burning (25:9) as the architectural enactment of the same relational reality.

High Places

Approved rendering: lugares altos
Transliteration: bamah / bamot
Doctrine: High Places and Cultic Syncretism
Rejected alternatives: santuarios, capillas (implies neutral local devotional architecture)
Original: בָּמָה / בָּמוֹת
Category: Idolatry

Elevated syncretistic cultic sites; recurring measure of covenant faithfulness in every king’s regnal formula. Occurs 30+ times; render identically every time. Must not be taught as innocuous outdoor shrines akin to folk-Catholic wayside chapels.

Temple Burned

Approved rendering: quemar a fuego / incendiar
Transliteration: saraph ba-esh
Doctrine: Divine Presence and the Temple
Original: שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ
Category: Judgment

The Jerusalem temple’s destruction by fire (25:9), the ultimate covenant-curse image (Lev 26:31-33). Must be connected explicitly to the ‘removed from His presence’ idiom (17:18,23) as its architectural enactment.

Turn Repent

Approved rendering: volverse / arrepentirse
Transliteration: shuv
Doctrine: The Call to Repentance (shuv)
Rejected alternatives: sentir remordimiento (narrows to private emotional feeling)
Original: שׁוּב
Category: Prophetic Ministry

The offer of restoration embedded within judgment oracles (17:13; 22:19; 23:25). Must retain the relational, covenantal ‘turning back to God’ force, foundational to ‘Hope amid Judgment.‘

Resurrection Sign Miracle

Approved rendering: resucitar / volver a la vida
Transliteration: met / chai
Doctrine: Prophetic Sign-Miracles of Restored Life
Rejected alternatives: resurrección (reserved exclusively for Christ’s unique event, see baseline resurrection entry)
Original: מֵת / חַי
Category: Miraculous Power

Restoration of a dead person to earthly life through Elisha’s prophetic power (ch.4; 13:21). Must be explicitly distinguished from the baseline’s Critical-risk Christological ‘resurrection’ entry; especially acute risk of conflation with Espiritismo/Santería spirit-return frameworks.

Remnant

Approved rendering: remanente / resto
Transliteration: she’erit / peletah / she’ar
Doctrine: Hope amid Judgment
Rejected alternatives: los que quedaron (loses theological freight, reads as merely statistical)
Original: שְׁאֵרִית / פְּלֵיטָה / שְׁאָר
Category: Hope

Foundational term for ‘Hope amid Judgment’: judgment is real, but not the annihilation of the covenant promise (19:30-31; 25:22ff). Use ‘remanente’ as primary rendering in doctrinal teaching-note gloss; ‘resto’ acceptable stylistic variant in narrative prose only.

Jehoiachin Released

Approved rendering: Joaquín fue sacado de la prisión
Transliteration: vayotze et-Yehoyakhin
Doctrine: Preservation of the Davidic Line / Hope amid Judgment
Rejected alternatives: detalle biográfico incidental (flattens the deliberate hope-bearing conclusion)
Original: וַיֹּצֵא אֶת־יְהוֹיָכִין
Category: Hope

The book’s closing note (25:27-30): the exiled Davidic king brought out of prison, elevated above other exiled kings, granted a lifelong allowance. The single most important passage for ‘Hope amid Judgment’ as the narrator’s own deliberate conclusion.

High Risk Terms

Covenant

Approved rendering: pacto
Transliteration: diathēkē / berit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal, alianza (valid Catholic-tradition synonym, not adopted here)
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Kings this is specifically the Sinai/Mosaic covenant whose broken terms trigger the curses executed throughout the book (17:15), and also the royal/national covenant renewed at Joash’s coronation (11:17) and fully under Josiah (23:3). Never reduce to a mere legal contract.

Law

Approved rendering: ley
Transliteration: nomos / torah
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Kings, distinguish this generic term from the specific rediscovered physical scroll named in the new ‘book_of_the_law’ entry — do not collapse the concrete artifact of 22:8-13 into this abstraction.

Faith

Approved rendering: fe
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith / Trust in the LORD versus Political Alliances
Rejected alternatives: devoción religiosa general, creencia cultural heredada

Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Kings, connect pedagogically to ‘believe_trust’ (he’emin, 17:14) and ‘trust’ (batach, 18:5): the same root failure of trust Romans addresses through faith in Christ is diagnosed here as covenant infidelity under the Old Covenant economy.

Holy

Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification / Separation unto God’s Service
Rejected alternatives: puro en sentido ritual

Inherited from Romans package. Apply cautiously in 2 Kings; see the related but distinct ‘man_of_god’ entry, which carries its own popular-piety hagiographic risk analogous to ‘saints’ below.

Saints

Approved rendering: santos
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: los santos (canonizados, objeto de veneración e intercesión)

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Kings does not use this corporate designation, but the same explanatory-note discipline is required for ‘varón de Dios’ (man_of_god), which carries an analogous risk of folk-hagiographic misreading in this book.

Election

Approved rendering: elección
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: destino, suerte

Inherited from Romans package. Relevant fence for 2 Kings: national catastrophe (exile) must not be read through a fatalistic ‘destino/suerte’ lens; God’s covenant-judgment causation in Kings is personal and moral, paralleling this entry’s caution.

Providence

Approved rendering: providencia
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: destino, la suerte

Inherited from Romans package. Same fatalism caution applies directly to 2 Kings’ exile narrative and to Hezekiah’s deliverance (ch.19): God’s personal, purposive governance, not impersonal fate.

Baal Zebub

Approved rendering: Baal-zebub
Transliteration: Ba’al Zevuv
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Gods
Rejected alternatives: el diablo (imports a later NT demonological category not present in this narrative’s referent)
Original: בַּעַל זְבוּב
Category: Idolatry

Specific Philistine deity of Ekron (‘lord of the flies’) consulted by King Ahaziah instead of YHWH (ch.1). Transliterate as a distinct proper name from a distinct era/context.

Angel Of The Lord

Approved rendering: ángel de Jehová
Transliteration: mal’akh YHWH
Doctrine: Angelic and Direct Divine Intervention
Original: מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה
Category: God

A direct divine agent of revelation, protection, or judgment sent by YHWH (1:3,15; 19:35). Must be taught as YHWH’s own messenger executing His direct word, not an independent intercessory figure — consistent with the baseline’s Critical-risk caution on ‘intercession.‘

Great Sin

Approved rendering: gran pecado
Transliteration: chet gadol
Doctrine: Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence
Original: חֵטְא גָדוֹל
Category: Sin

Jeroboam’s calf-worship (1 Kings 12:28-30), named as the paradigmatic, originating sin repeated by every subsequent northern king (17:21). Must be anchored to Jeroboam’s calves every time it recurs, not read as generic sin.

Idols Gillulim

Approved rendering: ídolos
Transliteration: gillulim
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Gods
Rejected alternatives: imágenes religiosas (softens the term’s polemical force)
Original: גִּלּוּלִים
Category: Idolatry

A deliberately contemptuous Hebrew term for idols, likely from a root meaning ‘dung/pellets.’ Standard Spanish ‘ídolos’ does not carry this derogatory force lexically; supply through teaching notes, not word choice.

Vain Idols

Approved rendering: ídolos vanos / lo vano
Transliteration: hevel
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Gods
Original: הֶבֶל
Category: Idolatry

Literally ‘vapor, breath, emptiness’; used in a wordplay where pursuing worthless things makes the worshiper himself worthless (17:15). The pun cannot be fully reproduced in Spanish; render descriptively and flag the wordplay in a teaching note.

Golden Calves

Approved rendering: becerros de fundición / becerros de oro
Transliteration: egel massekah
Doctrine: Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence
Original: עֵגֶל מַסֵּכָה
Category: Idolatry

Molten/cast calf images echoing Exodus 32 and Jeroboam’s founding sin (1 Kings 12:28), reinstated as the terminal charge against Israel (17:16). Must be connected explicitly to 17:21-22 in teaching.

Divination

Approved rendering: adivinación
Transliteration: qesem
Doctrine: Occult Practices and Mediums
Original: קֶסֶם
Category: Idolatry

Forbidden occult inquiry (Deut 18:10), practiced by Israel (17:17) and Manasseh (21:6). Must be taught as rejecting YHWH’s exclusive prophetic channel of revelation, with contemporary relevance (horóscopos, tarot), not as quaint ancient superstition.

Provoke To Anger

Approved rendering: provocar a ira
Transliteration: ka’as (hiphil)
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: causar displeasure abstracta, violar normas (bureaucratic framing)
Original: כָּעַס
Category: Judgment

Anthropopathic language describing covenant betrayal as personally wounding to God (17:11,17). Must preserve relational, personal force, not abstract displeasure.

Wrath Burning Anger

Approved rendering: ardor de la ira (de Jehová)
Transliteration: charon aph
Doctrine: Irrevocable Corporate Judgment despite Individual Faithfulness
Rejected alternatives: el enojo de Dios (minimized to mild displeasure)
Original: חֲרוֹן אַף
Category: Judgment

Fierce, burning divine wrath, confirmed by Huldah’s oracle (22:13,17) as justly activated against Judah. Requires the fuller weight of ‘ardor de la ira,’ matching Reina-Valera precedent, not a softened devotional register.

Did Evil In Sight Of The Lord

Approved rendering: hizo lo malo ante los ojos de Jehová
Transliteration: asah hara be’ene YHWH
Doctrine: Fall of Israel/Judah as Covenant Consequence
Original: עָשָׂה הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה
Category: Judgment

Formulaic covenant-lawsuit verdict repeated for nearly every king. Must render identically at every occurrence (17:2,17; 21:2,20; 23:32,37; 24:9,19, and others) so learners recognize the recurring pattern.

Rejected

Approved rendering: rechazar / desechar
Transliteration: ma’as
Doctrine: Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence
Original: מָאַס
Category: Judgment

God’s own judicial act of rejecting the seed of Israel (17:20) — judicial, not capricious. Avoid language suggesting divine abandonment without cause.

Innocent Blood

Approved rendering: sangre inocente
Transliteration: dam naqi
Doctrine: Fall of Judah as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: violencia (euphemistic softening)
Original: דָּם נָקִי
Category: Judgment

Bloodguilt named explicitly alongside idolatry in the irrevocable judgment sentence against Manasseh and Judah (21:16; 24:4).

Irrevocable Judgment Sentence

Approved rendering: sentencia irrevocable de juicio
Transliteration: n/a (theological synthesis of 21:10-15; 23:26-27; 24:3-4)
Doctrine: Irrevocable Corporate Judgment despite Individual Faithfulness
Original: (theological synthesis of 21:10-15; 23:26-27; 24:3-4)
Category: Judgment

YHWH’s judgment on Judah, once decreed for Manasseh’s sins, is not revoked even by Josiah’s genuine reform. Requires explicit, unsmoothed teaching of the tension between personal faithfulness and fixed corporate consequence.

Siege

Approved rendering: sitiar / sitio
Transliteration: tzur / matsor
Doctrine: Covenant Curses: Siege and Famine
Original: צוּר / מָצוֹר
Category: Judgment

Military siege as covenant-curse mechanism (Deut 28:52), against Samaria (6:24-25; 17:5) and Jerusalem (25:1-2).

Famine

Approved rendering: hambre
Transliteration: ra’av
Doctrine: Covenant Curses: Siege and Famine
Original: רָעָב
Category: Judgment

Covenant-curse imagery (Deut 28:52-57) intensified to cannibalism during the siege of Samaria (ch.6); recurs in Jerusalem’s final siege (ch.25). Must be connected to this Deuteronomic framework.

Temple Vessels

Approved rendering: los utensilios de la casa de Jehová
Transliteration: kele beit-YHWH
Doctrine: Divine Presence and the Temple
Original: כְּלֵי בֵית־יְהוָה
Category: Judgment

Sacred vessels removed to Babylon (24:13; 25:14-15), fulfilling Isaiah’s warning to Hezekiah (20:17). Teach as fulfillment of that specific earlier prophecy.

Babylon

Approved rendering: Babilonia
Transliteration: Bavel
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Original: בָּבֶל
Category: Judgment

First named in ch.20 (Hezekiah’s envoys); dominant through chs.24-25. Must connect these narrative moments across many chapters as one foreshadowing thread.

Man Of God

Approved rendering: varón de Dios
Transliteration: ish ha-Elohim
Doctrine: The ‘Man of God’ Title and Popular-Piety Risk
Rejected alternatives: hombre santo (folk-holy-man category)
Original: אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Recurring honorific for Elijah/Elisha (30+ occurrences, chs.4-13). Denotes divine commissioning, not a quasi-canonized figure. Requires the same explanatory-note discipline the baseline applies to ‘saints,’ especially given 13:21’s relic-power risk.

Word Of The Lord

Approved rendering: palabra de Jehová
Transliteration: devar-YHWH
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: palabra del Señor (violates the yhwh/lord fence in OT narration)
Original: דְּבַר־יְהוָה
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Recurring formula for authoritative divine communication through a prophet, used throughout the book. Never ‘palabra del Señor’ in OT narration.

Mantle

Approved rendering: manto
Transliteration: addereth
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Authority
Rejected alternatives: capa/abrigo (generic clothing, loses the office-symbol force)
Original: אַדֶּרֶת
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Symbol of prophetic office and authority, visibly transferred from Elijah to Elisha (ch.2) and later associated with Elisha (ch.13).

Spirit Prophetic

Approved rendering: espíritu
Transliteration: ruach
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Authority
Rejected alternatives: una fuerza, un espíritu guía (Espiritismo/Santería framing)
Original: רוּח
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Divine empowering presence upon a specific individual for prophetic ministry (2:9,15), distinct from the baseline’s NT doctrine of universal believer-indwelling (see holy_spirit entry). Must not be rendered as an impersonal force or ancestral/guide spirit.

Double Portion Of Spirit

Approved rendering: doble porción de tu espíritu
Transliteration: pi-shenayim be-rukhakha
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Authority
Rejected alternatives: más poder espiritual (loses the inheritance-law structure)
Original: פִּי־שְׁנַיִם בְּרוּחֲךָ
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Elisha’s request for the fullness of Elijah’s prophetic empowering (2:9); underlying legal-inheritance idiom (Deut 21:17, a firstborn’s double share) needs a teaching note.

Anoint

Approved rendering: ungir
Transliteration: mashach
Doctrine: Royal Anointing and Kingship
Rejected alternatives: Mesías (categorically forbidden — see messiah entry)
Original: מָשַׁח
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Generic royal/instrumental anointing (Jehu, 9:3,6,12; also Saul, David, Solomon). Must never be rendered or associated with ‘Mesías.‘

Zeal

Approved rendering: celo
Transliteration: qin’ah
Doctrine: Flawed Zeal versus Wholehearted Devotion
Original: קִנְאָה
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Jehu’s self-described zeal (10:16) is narratively undercut by the narrator’s own verdict (10:31); contrast explicitly with Josiah’s wholehearted zeal (ch.23) and YHWH’s own guaranteeing zeal (see zeal_of_the_lord). Never present Jehu’s zeal as an unqualified positive model.

Warned Testified

Approved rendering: amonestar / advertir solemnemente
Transliteration: he’id (hiphil of ud)
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: decir / avisar (flattens the covenant-lawsuit legal force)
Original: הֵעִיד
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Key verb for this curriculum’s doctrine of God’s patient, repeated warning (17:13,15). Carries covenant-lawsuit legal force.

Hear Obey

Approved rendering: escuchar / obedecer
Transliteration: shama
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: no escucharon (sin calificación, suena a mera falta de atención)
Original: שָׁמַע
Category: Prophetic Ministry

In Hebrew, hearing intrinsically implies obeying; Israel’s refusal to ‘hear’ (17:14) is willful disobedience, not inattention. Prefer ‘no quisieron escuchar / se negaron a escuchar’ with an explicit teaching note on the Hebrew hear=obey fusion.

Believe Trust

Approved rendering: creer / confiar
Transliteration: he’emin (root aman)
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Original: הֶאֱמִין
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Same root behind ‘Amen’; Israel’s fundamental failure named at 17:14 is a failure of trust in YHWH. Connect pedagogically to the baseline ‘faith’ entry without collapsing the OT covenant-infidelity sense into the NT saving-faith object.

Blaspheme

Approved rendering: blasfemar / reprochar
Transliteration: cheref
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the LORD’s Name
Rejected alternatives: insulto genérico (loses the direct-challenge-to-God’s-honor force)
Original: חֵרֵף
Category: Judgment

The Rabshakeh’s direct verbal assault on YHWH’s honor and power (18:19-35), decisively answered in ch.19.

Trust

Approved rendering: confiar (en Jehová)
Transliteration: batach
Doctrine: Trust in the LORD versus Political Alliances
Original: בָּטַח
Category: Kingship

Hezekiah’s defining virtue (18:5), contrasted with kings who trusted Egypt or Assyria. Connect pedagogically to the baseline ‘faith’ entry; a live application to contemporary political-anxiety contexts.

Nehushtan

Approved rendering: Nehustán / la serpiente de bronce
Transliteration: Nechushtan
Doctrine: Josiah/Hezekiah’s Reforms
Original: נְחֻשְׁתָּן
Category: Miraculous Power

Moses’ bronze serpent (Num 21:8-9), originally God-ordained, later idolized and destroyed by Hezekiah (18:4). A once-legitimate object misused through veneration; useful, respectful pastoral parallel for image/relic veneration practice, taught without polemic against any specific community.

Passover

Approved rendering: Pascua
Transliteration: Pesach
Doctrine: Passover Reinstitution
Original: פֶּסַח
Category: Miraculous Power

The foundational redemption-memorial feast, reinstituted nationally under Josiah (23:21-23). New term outside the Romans baseline; distinguish from the destination culture’s Holy Week (Semana Santa) liturgical traditions and from the Lord’s Supper.

Omens Enchantments

Approved rendering: augurios / encantamientos
Transliteration: nachash (verbal)
Doctrine: Occult Practices and Mediums

Paired with divination as forbidden occult inquiry (17:17), rejecting YHWH’s exclusive prophetic channel of revelation.

Gods Anger Kindled

Approved rendering: enojarse mucho / la ira de Jehová
Transliteration: anaph / aph
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile

Real, personal divine wrath at 17:18 — not impersonal cosmic retribution. Distinct occurrence from the fixed ‘charon aph’ phrase of 22:13/23:26 (see wrath_burning_anger); both must retain personal, relational force.

Is There No God In Israel

Approved rendering: ¿Acaso no hay Dios en Israel?
Transliteration: ha’ein Elohim be-Yisra’el
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Gods

Elijah’s rebuke (ch.1) frames every act of seeking foreign gods as an implicit denial of YHWH’s sufficiency and presence in Israel.

Naaman Confession

Approved rendering: no hay Dios en toda la tierra sino en Israel
Transliteration: ein Elohim be-khol-ha’aretz ki im be-Yisra’el
Doctrine: Divine Mercy toward Foreigners

Naaman’s confession (ch.5) — a foreigner recognizing YHWH’s exclusive deity, a ‘hope amid judgment’ note. Avoid overstating into full NT Jew/Gentile theology, which belongs to the Romans curriculum.

Zeal Of The Lord

Approved rendering: el celo de Jehová
Transliteration: qin’at YHWH
Doctrine: Hope amid Judgment

God’s own jealous zeal (19:31) guarantees the remnant’s preservation — contrasted explicitly with Jehu’s flawed human ‘zeal’ (ch.10, see zeal entry).

Rest Of The People

Approved rendering: el resto del pueblo
Transliteration: she’ar ha-am
Doctrine: Fall of Judah as Covenant Consequence

Nearly total deportation (25:11) — reuses remnant vocabulary but describes near-total loss, sharpening the contrast with the hope-bearing remnant language of Isaiah’s earlier oracle (ch.19).

Medium Risk Terms

Sin

Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: hamartia / chata
Doctrine: Fall of Israel/Judah as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: falta (minimizing euphemism)
Original: חָטָא
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans package. Never soften to ‘falta,’ which is a real live risk in Kings’ formulaic regnal-verdict language (‘hizo lo malo ante los ojos de Jehová’).

Peace

Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidad emocional

Inherited from Romans package. Must be kept strictly distinct from 2 Kings 9:17-22’s political/military ‘¿hay paz?’ (is_it_peace), which is not the relational peace-with-God doctrine.

Intercession

Approved rendering: intercesión
Transliteration: hyperentynchanei / enteuxis
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: intercesión de los santos o de la Virgen como mediadores necesarios ante Dios

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Kings’ ‘ángel de Jehová’ (angel_of_the_lord) and ‘varón de Dios’ (man_of_god) both describe direct divine agency, not saint or Marian mediation; reinforce this baseline caution when teaching those 2 Kings passages.

Gentiles

Approved rendering: gentiles
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: paganos (pejorative)

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Kings’ ‘goyim’ (dispossessed Canaanite nations, see new ‘nations’ entry) is a distinct pre-exilic narrative category and must NOT be rendered as ‘gentiles’; that would anachronistically import Romans’ NT Jew/Gentile theological pairing into a different covenant-historical moment.

Host Of Heaven

Approved rendering: ejército de los cielos
Transliteration: tseva hashamayim
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Gods
Original: צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם
Category: Idolatry

Astral bodies/deities worshiped, forbidden in Deut 4:19. Intensified under Manasseh (21:3,5); purged by Josiah (23:4-5). Must not be read as harmless astronomical language.

Cut A Covenant

Approved rendering: hacer pacto / concertar pacto
Transliteration: karat berit
Doctrine: National Covenant Renewal
Original: כָּרַת בְּרִית
Category: Covenant

Idiom for formally making/ratifying a covenant (11:17; 23:3), likely tied to a symbolic sacrificial ritual. Retain the ritual-formal weight in teaching even though the literal ‘cutting’ image need not be reproduced.

Despise Covenant

Approved rendering: menospreciar / despreciar
Transliteration: bazah
Doctrine: Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: ignorar (too passive)
Original: בָּזָה
Category: Judgment

Active contempt (17:15), not passive neglect. Choose a verb conveying deliberate scorn.

Sold To Evil

Approved rendering: entregarse por completo al mal
Transliteration: hitmakker
Doctrine: Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: hicieron el mal (loses the reflexive self-transaction sense)
Original: הִתְמַכֵּר
Category: Judgment

Idiom, ‘sold themselves [to do evil]’ — total, willing self-commitment to wrongdoing (17:17), not passive drift.

Torn From House Of David

Approved rendering: arrancar / desgarrar
Transliteration: qara
Doctrine: Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence
Original: קָרַע
Category: Judgment

The kingdom’s schism from the house of David (17:21) framed as itself a divine act. Requires 1 Kings 12 background note for learners without prior exposure.

Did Not Depart From Sin

Approved rendering: no apartarse de
Transliteration: sur (negated)
Doctrine: Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence
Original: סוּר (negated)
Category: Judgment

Persistent, multi-generational refusal to abandon inherited apostasy from Jeroboam’s sins (17:22).

House Of The Lord

Approved rendering: casa de Jehová
Transliteration: beit YHWH
Doctrine: Divine Presence and the Temple
Original: בֵּית יְהוָה
Category: Covenant

The Jerusalem temple. Distinct from the baseline ‘church’/iglesia entry (NT gathered assembly, not a physical building). Render consistently throughout chs. 11-12, 18, 22-23, 25.

Seer

Approved rendering: vidente [profético]
Transliteration: chozeh
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Authority
Rejected alternatives: vidente/adivino en sentido New Age o de la piedad popular
Original: חֹזֶה
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Near-synonym of navi (17:13); must be distinguished from the folk-occult/New Age ‘vidente’ (fortune-teller), the opposite phenomenon — a true, Spirit-moved seer.

Hand Of The Lord

Approved rendering: mano de Jehová
Transliteration: yad-YHWH
Doctrine: Music and Prophetic Inspiration
Original: יַד־יְהוָה
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Idiom for prophetic empowerment/inspiration, enabling prophecy through music (3:15). Figurative, not a literal physical hand.

Sons Of The Prophets

Approved rendering: hijos de los profetas
Transliteration: bene ha-nevi’im
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Authority
Original: בְּנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים
Category: Prophetic Ministry

A recognized prophetic guild/school (chs.2,4,6,9), not literal biological sons.

Sign

Approved rendering: señal
Transliteration: ot
Doctrine: Miraculous Power of God through the Prophets
Original: אוֹת
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Confirming miraculous sign accompanying prophetic word (20:8-9, the shadow’s reversal).

Harden Neck

Approved rendering: ser obstinado / endurecer la cerviz
Transliteration: hiqshah oref
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: no quisieron (flat, loses the stubborn-animal imagery)
Original: הִקְשָׁה עֹרֶף
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Idiom (like a stubborn ox refusing the yoke) for entrenched covenant rebellion (17:14).

Rabshakeh

Approved rendering: el Rabsaces
Transliteration: Rav-shaqeh
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the LORD’s Name
Original: רַב־שָׁקֵה
Category: Kingship

Assyrian court title (‘chief cupbearer/officer’), 18:19-35. Teach as a specific historical office, not a personal name.

Nations

Approved rendering: naciones
Transliteration: goy / goyim
Doctrine: Nations and the Covenant People
Rejected alternatives: gentiles (baseline term reserved for NT Jew/Gentile theological pairing)
Original: גּוֹי / גּוֹיִם
Category: Kingship

The Canaanite nations dispossessed for Israel, whose customs Israel adopted (17:8,11,15). Do NOT render as the baseline ‘gentiles.‘

Is It Peace

Approved rendering: ¿hay paz?
Transliteration: ha-shalom
Doctrine: Political Peace versus Covenant Peace with God
Original: הֲשָׁלוֹם
Category: Kingship

Repeated question in ch.9, ironically answered by violent judgment. This is political/military security, distinct from the baseline ‘peace’ (paz) doctrinal entry.

Servant Vassal

Approved rendering: siervo / vasallo
Transliteration: ebed
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Original: עֶבֶד
Category: Kingship

Political subjugation (17:3), a covenant-curse image (Deut 28:48). Must not be confused with the positive covenantal ‘siervo de Jehová’ applied to prophets and David.

Leprosy

Approved rendering: lepra
Transliteration: tsara’at
Doctrine: Leprosy and Ritual Purity
Original: צָרַעַת
Category: Miraculous Power

Both physical ailment and ritual-defilement marker (Lev 13); healed for Naaman (ch.5, mercy), inflicted on Uzziah (ch.15, judgment). Teach both valences.

Unclean

Approved rendering: impuro / inmundo
Transliteration: tame
Doctrine: Leprosy and Ritual Purity
Original: טָמֵא
Category: Miraculous Power

Ritual-cultic category (ch.5), distinct from the baseline’s generic moral-sin vocabulary (pecado).

Chariots Of Fire

Approved rendering: carro(s) de fuego
Transliteration: merkevet esh ve-suse esh
Doctrine: Miraculous Power of God through the Prophets
Original: מֶרְכֶּבֶת אֵשׁ וְסוּסֵי אֵשׁ / רֶכֶב
Category: Miraculous Power

Divine, heavenly transport imagery: Elijah’s ascension (ch.2), Elisha’s servant’s vision (ch.6), and Elisha’s death-cry epithet (ch.13). Render consistently across all three occurrences.

Fire From Heaven

Approved rendering: fuego del cielo
Transliteration: esh min-hashamayim
Doctrine: Miraculous Power of God through the Prophets
Original: אֵשׁ מִן־הַשָּׁמַיִם
Category: Miraculous Power

Miraculous, judicial fire validating Elijah’s prophetic authority and YHWH’s supremacy over the king’s soldiers (ch.1).

Open The Eyes

Approved rendering: abrir los ojos
Transliteration: paqach enayim
Doctrine: Miraculous Power of God through the Prophets
Original: פָּקַח עֵינַיִם
Category: Miraculous Power

Used both physically (Elisha’s servant seeing the heavenly army, 6:17) and of the Syrian troops’ blinding/unblinding — literal and spiritual sight as a recurring theme.

Pillars Matzevah

Approved rendering: columnas / piedras rituales
Transliteration: matzevah
Doctrine: High Places and Cultic Syncretism

Cultic standing stones tied to Canaanite fertility worship, forbidden in Deut 16:22 (17:10).

Given To Plunderers

Approved rendering: entregar en manos de saqueadores
Transliteration: shasah
Doctrine: Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence

God sovereignly hands His own covenant people over to raiders (17:20); judgment executed through historical agents (Assyria, later Babylon).

Did Things Secretly

Approved rendering: hacer secretamente / encubrir
Transliteration: chapha
Doctrine: Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence

Sin was not merely public policy but embedded, systemic, and self-concealing (17:9).

Customs Of Nations

Approved rendering: costumbres
Transliteration: chuqqah
Doctrine: Nations and the Covenant People

Used ironically of pagan customs Israel adopted (17:8), in contrast to YHWH’s own statutes they were meant to keep.

Burned Incense

Approved rendering: quemar incienso / ofrecer sacrificios
Transliteration: qatar
Doctrine: High Places and Cultic Syncretism

Sacrificial worship diverted from the temple to illegitimate high places (17:11).

Whirlwind

Approved rendering: torbellino
Transliteration: se’arah
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Authority

The visible, dramatic means of Elijah’s departure (ch.2), setting him apart as uniquely taken rather than dying a normal death.

Temple Of Baal

Approved rendering: casa de Baal
Transliteration: beit ha-Ba’al
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Gods

Jehu’s physical destruction of Baal’s cult center (ch.10); a genuine reform yet mixed with dynastic self-interest, and the golden calves at Bethel/Dan left standing (10:29).

Chariots Of Israel Epithet

Approved rendering: los carros de Israel y su caballería
Transliteration: rekhev Yisra’el u-parashav
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Authority

Joash’s lament over the dying Elisha (13:14) — recognizes the prophet himself, not military might, as Israel’s true defense.

Bones Elisha

Approved rendering: huesos
Transliteration: etsem
Doctrine: Prophetic Sign-Miracles of Restored Life

A dead man revived by contact with Elisha’s bones (13:21) — miraculous power persisting after the prophet’s death, underscoring the power was always God’s. Carries acute relic-veneration risk; see man_of_god entry.

Altar Pagan Pattern

Approved rendering: altar
Transliteration: mizbeach
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Gods

A syncretistic altar built on a foreign pagan model, installed in the Jerusalem temple itself under Ahaz (ch.16); political alliance bleeding into cultic compromise.

Tore Garments

Approved rendering: rasgar sus vestiduras
Transliteration: qara begadav
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law

Standard mourning/repentance gesture — Josiah’s immediate, visible contrition upon hearing the Law read aloud (ch.22).

Inquire Of The Lord

Approved rendering: consultar a Jehová / buscar a Jehová
Transliteration: darash et-YHWH
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law

Josiah’s response to the Law’s rediscovery — seeking prophetic confirmation through Huldah rather than presuming to interpret the crisis himself (ch.22).

Huldah The Prophetess

Approved rendering: Hulda la profetisa
Transliteration: Chuldah ha-nevi’ah
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law

A woman recognized and consulted as an authoritative prophetic voice at a pivotal national moment (ch.22).

Low Risk Terms

David

Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Kingship

Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Kings, the standard against which Judah’s kings are measured throughout; also anchors the Preservation of the Davidic Line doctrine (25:27-30).

Israel

Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Fall of Israel
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Kingship

Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Kings the narrower political referent (the northern kingdom, distinct from Judah) is active throughout most of the book; this narrower sense must be clear from context, not lexical distinction.

Prophet

Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: prophētēs / navi
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Authority
Rejected alternatives: vidente/adivino (folk-occult sense)
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Inherited from Romans package. Foundational term across all of 2 Kings’ Elijah/Elisha narratives and the regnal-formula fulfillment structure.

Prophecy

Approved rendering: profecía
Transliteration: prophēteia
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: horóscopo, predicción esotérica
Original: (cf. devar-YHWH / navi)
Category: Prophetic Ministry

Inherited from Romans package. 2 Kings repeatedly closes narrative arcs with explicit fulfillment formulas (17:23; 24:2) reinforcing this doctrine.

Tribute

Approved rendering: tributo
Transliteration: minchah
Doctrine: Trust in the LORD versus Political Alliances
Original: מִנְחָה
Category: Kingship

Forced tribute paid to a foreign king under vassalage (17:3-4); ironic inversion of the offerings due to YHWH alone.

Camp Army

Approved rendering: ejército / hueste
Transliteration: machaneh
Doctrine: Miraculous Power of God through the Prophets

The heavenly army surrounding Elisha (ch.6), echoing ch.2’s chariots of fire; assurance of divine protection amid siege.

Wept Prophetic Grief

Approved rendering: llorar
Transliteration: bakhah
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Authority

Elisha weeps prophesying Hazael’s future atrocities (ch.8) — prophetic ministry includes grief over coming judgment, not detached prediction.

Hazael

Approved rendering: Hazael
Transliteration: Chaza’el
Doctrine: Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence

Foreign king who becomes God’s instrument of judgment against Israel (ch.8; cf. 1 Kings 19:15-17), the same pattern as Assyria later.

Tiglath Pileser

Approved rendering: Tiglat-pileser
Transliteration: Tiglat Pil’eser
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile

First named Assyrian king to press Israel (ch.15); the empire whose later king executes the final judgment in ch.17.

Nebuchadnezzar

Approved rendering: Nabucodonosor
Transliteration: Nevukhadnetzar
Doctrine: Fall of Judah as Covenant Consequence

The historical agent of Judah’s final judgment (ch.24), reusing the Babylon-foreshadowing established in ch.20.

Dogs Judgment

Approved rendering: perros
Transliteration: kelev
Doctrine: Fall of Israel as Covenant Consequence

Prophetic fulfillment (1 Kings 21:23) of covenant-lawsuit judgment against the house of Ahab (ch.9) — dogs eating a body was the ultimate ancient Near Eastern dishonor.

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