Passage

Romans 1

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  Elçi ('one sent') is the established Turkish Bible term.

  ROM.1.1

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  Risk: reducing apostleship to the Islamic resul/peygamber category of a new-revelation-bearing prophet-messenger, rather than a Spirit-authorized eyewitness to the risen Christ.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  Noun form for the act/state of being called by God.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Doctrine

  Christian Fellowship

  Shared participation in Christ, not merely social or ethnic community (kardeşlik/ümmet-style belonging).

  ROM.1.12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  Antlaşma (also used for 'Old/New Testament' as Eski/Yeni Antlaşma) is the established relational-covenant term.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  David

  Established Turkish Bible proper name form; also recognizable from the Qur'anic Dawud, though the Qur'an presents him primarily as a prophet-king without the messianic covenant content Romans assumes.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  The Qur'an presents Dawud primarily as a prophet-king; the specific covenant promise of an eternal royal line fulfilled in the Messiah has no Islamic parallel and requires deliberate background teaching.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: The single most direct point of collision with tawhid (the oneness of God).

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  God's sovereign call must be distinguished from qadar-style impersonal fate and from a merely optional religious invitation (davet) one may accept or decline without consequence to God's purpose.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Exhort

  Context-sensitive: use rica etmek (entreat/beseech) for pleading; teşvik etmek (encourage/urge on) for building up.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Faith

  Personal trust in Christ specifically, not assent to the six pillars of Islamic iman in the abstract.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  İman is an Arabic loanword shared with Islamic vocabulary, where it denotes assent to the six pillars (Allah, angels, books, prophets, last day, qadar).

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Fellowship

  Shared participation in Christ.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Linear historical fulfillment (OT promise fulfilled uniquely in Jesus) contrasts with the Islamic pattern of successive, largely self-contained prophets each restating the same basic message; Romans' argument depends on cumulative, converging OT promise, which needs explicit unpacking.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  God's radiant honor and majesty.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  God

  Tanrı is the term used consistently across modern Turkish Bible translations (Kitabı Mukaddes), functioning as the generic word for deity without directly invoking the specifically Qur'anic Allah in a Christian text.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Gospel

  Must be distinguished from İncil as a mere book-title Muslims regard as historically corrupted (tahrif).

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Gospel

  Müjde ('good news') is the established Turkish Bible term.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Humanity of Christ

  Islamic theology already affirms Jesus' full, real humanity (born of Mary, a genuine human prophet), so this is a point of common ground; the risk is the opposite direction from Hindu contexts -- readers may over-affirm Christ's humanity and resist the accompanying claim of full deity.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Incarnation

  CRITICAL: The eternal Son permanently taking on true human nature.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  Incarnation

  CRITICAL: The eternal Son permanently taking on true human nature, not a temporary disguise or appearance (tajassum is theologically forbidden in Islamic doctrine, so this term will read as inherently transgressive; that is a feature to explain, not to soften away).

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Inspiration of Scripture

  CRITICAL: Islamic doctrine of tahrif (the claim that the Christian Bible has been textually corrupted from an original, lost Injil) is a foundational and widely taught objection in this context.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Jesus

  CRITICAL: İsa is the shared Turkish/Qur'anic name for Jesus, so it alone signals only the Qur'anic prophet-Jesus to most readers.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  Aklanma is a forensic-legal term (to be acquitted/declared innocent) already used in Turkish legal registers, which makes it a strong fit for Paul's courtroom metaphor.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Law

  Refers to the Mosaic law.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Lord

  Established Turkish Bible term (also renders the divine name YHWH as RAB in small caps in OT usage).

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Lordship of Christ

  CRITICAL: Romans 10:9 -- 'İsa Rab'dir' is the salvation confession and must be rendered without qualification.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  CRITICAL: Mesih is transliterated and shared with the Qur'anic al-Masih title given to Isa, but the Qur'an empties the title of its Old-Testament content (anointed king-priest-savior fulfilling David's line) and treats it as an honorific with no salvific weight.

  ROM.1.3-4

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: The Qur'an grants Isa the title al-Masih but strips it of the OT king-priest-savior content Paul assumes.

  ROM.1.3-4

• Glossary Term

  Mission

  Müjdeleme görevi ('task of proclaiming good news') avoids misyonerlik, a term that in Turkish public discourse is frequently associated with foreign political agendas and historical suspicion rather than simple gospel proclamation.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mission to the Nations

  Cultural sensitivity: 'mission/misyonerlik' carries conspiratorial, foreign-agenda connotations in Turkish public discourse.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mutual Edification

  Building one another up in faith; no significant doctrinal risk.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Obedience of Faith

  Obedience flowing from a faith relationship already secured by grace, not islam-style submission that itself establishes standing before God.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Obedience Of Faith

  Romans 1:5 and 16:26.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Power Of God

  Güç is the plain, doctrinally clean term.

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Power of God for Salvation

  Güç preferred over kudret, which tends to appear in fatalistic Islamic-devotional phrasing rather than Romans' specifically salvation-effecting power.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  God-inspired declaration pointing to Christ.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Prophet

  Peygamber is the standard, shared Islamic-Turkish term for a prophet, which is precisely the risk: it is also exactly the (exclusive) category into which Islamic theology places Jesus himself.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Resurrection

  CRITICAL: Must affirm a real bodily death followed by bodily resurrection.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Resurrection of Christ

  CRITICAL: Qur'an 4:157 denies that Jesus actually died on the cross, teaching instead that he was raised to God without dying (a common interpretation is that another was made to appear as him).

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: Never render as salih amel, the Islamic category of righteous works that (together with Allah's mercy) determine a believer's standing on Judgment Day.

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Sainthood (Called to be Holy)

  All believers are kutsallar; this is not an elite class of specially graced holy figures with shrines, as evliya/aziz veneration in folk-Islamic and Sufi practice might suggest.

  ROM.1.7

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Salvation received now through Christ's finished work, not an outcome deferred to Allah's undisclosed judgment at the end of time.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Kurtuluş is the established Turkish Christian term (deliverance through Christ's death and resurrection, received now, not merely a hoped-for outcome decided at Judgment Day).

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and fulfillment of the Davidic covenant promise, a background largely unfamiliar to readers without OT exposure.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Separation unto God's Service

  Must not be confused with Sufi-tradition asceticism or withdrawal (zühd) associated with evliya figures.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Sin

  Günah is the standard shared term, but Islamic theology holds humans are born sinless (fitrah) and only become accountable at the age of reason through individual bad deeds; Romans' doctrine of universal, inherited sinfulness (5:12-19) needs explicit teaching support, since günah alone will not automatically carry that inherited dimension for a reader from this background.

  ROM.1.18

• Glossary Term

  Son Of God

  CRITICAL: Full phrase required, never softened.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Sonship of Christ

  CRITICAL: Qur'an 112:3 states directly that Allah 'neither begets nor is begotten.' Tanrı'nın Oğlu must be taught as eternal, non-physical Sonship within the Godhead, explicitly distinguished from a claim of literal biological offspring, which the confrontation with this verse makes unavoidable.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Spiritual Gifts

  Spirit-given enablements for the church's benefit, not keramet (a Sufi saint's miraculous personal endowment) or a mark of individual spiritual rank.

  ROM.1.11

• Glossary Term

  Spiritual Gifts

  Always pair ruhsal with armağan; armağan alone is a generic gift/present.

  ROM.1.11

• Doctrine

  Thanksgiving

  Standard term shared with Islamic şükür vocabulary; low doctrinal risk and a genuine point of cultural resonance.

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Glossary Term

  Thanksgiving

  Standard term, shares a root with Islamic şükür (gratitude to Allah).

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Doctrine

  Universal Human Accountability

  Islamic anthropology (fitrah, humans born sinless) resists the idea of inherited, universal sinfulness; Romans' 'all have sinned' must be taught as a deliberate claim, not softened into 'most people sin sometimes.'

  ROM.1.18

• Doctrine

  Universal Scope of the Gospel

  No ethnic or national barrier to the gospel; retain unqualified universality even where it sits uneasily against ümmet/non-ümmet identity categories.

  ROM.1.16