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Linguistic Gap Analysis

Linguistic Gap Analysis — Revelation (Apocalisse) 1–22

English → Italian | Full-Book Coverage | Core Passage: Revelation 21:1–8


0. Purpose and Method

This analysis identifies where Italian’s existing theological vocabulary is (a) genuinely missing — no term exists that carries the required sense without heavy paraphrase — versus (b) present but crowded by a competing, more culturally dominant sense that must be explicitly fenced off in teaching notes and glossary entries. It also resolves transliteration-vs-paraphrase decisions for Revelation’s distinctive proper names and formulaic phrases, and ranks the letter’s highest-risk ambiguities for Phase 2 review routing.

This document extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json / doctrine_risk_registry.json and the companion 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. Where Revelation requires a deviation from a baseline Romans rendering (most importantly ἔθνη), that deviation is flagged explicitly, not silently introduced.

The core passage, Revelation 21:1–8, is the theological anchor of this curriculum, but per the Phase 1 full-book coverage mandate, every chapter 1–22 has been swept for load-bearing vocabulary. Section 1 records this sweep in full, including chapters that introduce no new terms.


1. Full-Book Chapter Coverage Sweep

Ch.Load-bearing content contributing to this analysisStatus
1Apocalisse (title term, Critical); Alfa e Omega; Onnipotente; Signore (kyrios, dense); Figlio di Dio-adjacent imagery (“one like a son of man”); Fedele testimone (witness); primogenito dei morti; chiave della morte e dell’Ade; sette Spiriti; grazia/pace bookend openingNew terms/doctrine established
2–3Seven letters; “chi vince” refrain (7x); chiesa (local-congregation sense); fede + perseveranza pairing; corona (stephanos, victor’s wreath); chiave di Davide; “sinagoga di Satana” (2:9, requires antisemitism-sensitivity handling note, see §4); vocazione/chiamata NOT applicable here — no direct lexical match, reviewedNew terms/doctrine established
4Trono; Colui che sedeva sul trono; esseri viventi (zōa); trisagion “santo santo santo”; 24 anziani; corone gettate davanti al tronoNew terms established
5Agnello (arnion) — first occurrence, pivotal; degno (axios); libro/rotolo sigillato; nuovo canto; “regno di sacerdoti” (5:10)New terms established
6Quattro cavalieri (reviewed — proper-noun/symbolic imagery, no new lexical risk beyond bestia/sigillo already tracked); anime sotto l’altare; sigillo (scroll-seal sense)New terms established
7144.000; dodici tribù (Israele numerology); grande folla; nazioni/popoli (ethnē, POSITIVE sense — first occurrence of the cross-document deviation); vesti lavate; “non avranno più fame né sete” (direct forward-echo to 21:4, must render consistently)New terms established; critical forward cross-reference to core passage
8–9Trombe; incenso/preghiere dei santi; abisso; locuste/cavalli demoniaci (reviewed — imagery, no new lexical category beyond abisso/bestia)New terms established
10Piccolo rotolo, dolce/amaro (reviewed — vivid imagery, no new doctrinal-risk term; standard vocabulary sufficient)Reviewed, no new load-bearing terms
11Due testimoni (martys collision); tempio misurato (reviewed); bestia dall’abisso; “il regno del mondo è diventato il regno del nostro Signore” (kingdom_of_god intensification); arca dell’alleanza (reviewed — standard OT term, no new risk)New terms established
12Donna e dragone; figlio maschio (huios — Christological, capitalized, distinct from 21:7’s lowercase believer-sonship); Michele; serpente antico; “per il sangue dell’Agnello” (12:11, ties overcomer-vocabulary to atonement)New terms established
13Bestia dal mare; bestia dalla terra (falso profeta unnamed here, named at 16:13/19:20 — reviewed, no new term beyond bestia); marchio; 666; adorare (false-worship sense)New terms established
14144.000 (reprise); vangelo eterno; mietitura/vendemmia dell’ira (reviewed — harvest/vintage imagery, standard vocabulary); “beati i morti che muoiono nel Signore” (reviewed — no new lexical risk beyond baseline santo/Signore)New terms established
15Cantico di Mosè e dell’Agnello (reviewed — reinforces Agnello, nuovo canto; no new term); coppe dell’ira; tenda della testimonianza (reviewed — echoes tenda di Dio, 21:3)Reviewed; reinforces existing entries
16Coppe dell’ira (bowls); Armageddon/Harmagedon; “è fatto” (gegonan) — first occurrence, forward-echoes 21:6New terms established
17La grande prostituta/Babilonia la grande; bestia a sette teste (reviewed — no new term beyond bestia)New terms established
18Caduta di Babilonia (reviewed — reinforces §17 entries); “uscite da lei, popolo mio”New terms established
19Nozze dell’Agnello; sposa (implicit, “his bride has made herself ready”); Fedele e Verace; il Verbo di Dio; Re dei re e Signore dei signori; cena delle uccellacce (reviewed — vivid judgment imagery, no new lexical category)New terms established
20Mille anni (millennium); Satana legato (reviewed); prima risurrezione; Gog e Magog; grande trono bianco; libro della vita (reviewed — standard, low risk); lago di fuoco; seconda morteNew terms established
21CORE PASSAGE (21:1–8) plus remainder of chapter. Nuovo cielo e nuova terra; il mare non c’è più; nuova Gerusalemme; sposa (explicit, 21:2,9); tenda di Dio/abiterà; “Faccio nuove tutte le cose” (21:5); Fedele e Verace (reprise, 21:5); Alfa e Omega (reprise); acqua della vita; figlio (lowercase, 21:7 — Critical disambiguation); seconda morte (reprise); lago di fuoco (reprise); vizi-catalogue of 21:8 (reviewed — standard vocabulary, peccato-adjacent risk applies); dodici porte/fondamenta (12-tribe/12-apostle numerology, reviewed under Israele); nessun tempio (21:22)Theological anchor; full term set active
22Fiume/acqua della vita (reprise); albero della vita (reviewed — standard, low risk, Genesis 2-3 cross-reference); “non ci sarà più maledizione”; vedranno il suo volto; niente più notte (reviewed — reinforces nuovo/light-imagery, no new term); Alfa e Omega (reprise); “Vieni, Signore Gesù”; “non aggiungere, non togliere”; Amen/Alleluia formsNew terms established; book-closing consistency requirements

Coverage conclusion: All 22 chapters reviewed. Chapters 10 and 15 introduce no new load-bearing terms beyond reinforcing existing entries and are noted explicitly rather than omitted. Chapter 21 is confirmed as the theological anchor carrying the highest concentration of Critical/High terms in the book, consistent with its status as the core passage.


2. Doctrine Vocabulary Matrix

DoctrineAvailable Italian termsWeaknessesRecommended strategy
The Return and Reign of ChristSignore, Re dei re e Signore dei signori, Fedele e Verace, il Verbo di Dio, trono, mille anni, Vieni Signore Gesù”Signore” flattens to “Mr./sir” in secular reading; “mille anni” forces an interpretive commitment Italian has no neutral hedge for; “trono” collides with fantasy-genre pop culture (Il Trono di Spade)Render literally and consistently; supply teaching-note disambiguation for Signore at every climactic occurrence rather than assuming one prior flag covers all; render “mille anni” without inserting “letterale”/“simbolico” into the text itself — resolve only in commentary, explicitly naming both the Catholic-Augustinian/amillennial majority reading and the Pentecostal/evangelical premillennial minority reading
The Sovereignty of God over HistoryOnnipotente, Alfa e Omega, provvidenza (baseline-linked), trono, Colui che sedeva sul trono”Provvidenza” carries Manzoni’s literary/fatalistic resonance (baseline note); “trono” pop-culture drift as aboveReuse baseline provvidenza teaching caution; keep “Colui che sedeva sul trono” as a fixed recurring liturgical title, never paraphrased ad hoc
Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecutiontestimonianza/testimone/martire, chi vince/il vincitore, perseveranza/pazienza, fede”Martire” is saturated with Catholic martyrology (canonized-martyr feast-day category); “vincere” defaults to sports/lottery victory; Italian has no single word spanning both “witness” and “martyr” senses the way μάρτυς doesAlways pair “testimonianza/testimone” with an explicit corporate all-believers gloss when the referent is every Christian’s calling, reserving unqualified “martire” only where the text specifies death; keep “chi vince” tied explicitly to 12:11’s “per il sangue dell’Agnello” in teaching to block the sports-victory misreading
Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saintslago/stagno di fuoco, seconda morte, Ade, abisso, grande trono bianco, bestia, la grande prostituta/BabiloniaDante’s Inferno supplies Italian readers a vivid, unrelated multi-tiered mental geography; “Ade” imports classical mythology; three distinct “unseen realm” terms (abisso/Ade/lago di fuoco) risk collapsing into one generic “inferno”Maintain strict three-way lexical separation (abisso ≠ Ade ≠ lago di fuoco) in every occurrence; explicit teaching note distinguishing Dante’s poetic hell-geography from Revelation’s own spare imagery; frame Babylon/prostitute as corporate/systemic, never applied to an individual woman or ethnic group
The New Heaven and New Earthnuovo (καινός), nuova Gerusalemme, il mare non c’è più, tenda di Dio/abiterà, acqua della vita, maledizione (rimossa)“Nuovo” defaults to chronological novelty (a new phone model) rather than qualitative renewal; “il mare non c’è più” risks a literal-oceanographic misreading; low OT literacy weakens the Genesis-3-curse payoffExplicit qualitative-vs-chronological teaching gloss on “nuovo” tied to 21:1/21:5/22 usages; frame “il mare” symbolically (chaos/threat abolished) at first occurrence; supply Genesis 3 cross-reference wherever “maledizione” recurs
The Church as Bride of Christsposa, nozze dell’Agnello, chiesa”Sposa di Cristo” is the fixed Italian Catholic term for an individual nun’s vows; “nozze” imports the specific sacramental marriage-rite register; “chiesa” (capitalized “la Chiesa”) defaults to the institutional Catholic ChurchFrame “sposa” and “nozze dell’Agnello” corporately at every single occurrence — never let the image stand unglossed as if referring to individual consecrated women; use lowercase “chiesa” deliberately where the NT gathered-people sense, not the institution, is intended
Worship of the LambAgnello, adorare, degno, incenso/preghiere dei santi, nuovo canto, un regno di sacerdoti”Agnello” collapses ἀρνίον (militant/enthroned) and ἀμνός (John 1:29’s gentle liturgical Agnus Dei) into one word; “adorare” also means secular “to really like”; “incenso/preghiere dei santi” collides with Marian/saint-intercession devotional practice; “sacerdoti” defaults to ordained clergyFlag Agnello’s militant/enthroned imagery explicitly at 5:6 and periodically; disambiguate “adorare” by context (never lexically distinguishable, so rely on co-text); affirm all-believers’-prayers-reach-God-directly framing wherever incense/prayer language occurs; always render “regno di sacerdoti,” never bare “sacerdoti”
Symbolic and Apocalyptic InterpretationApocalisse/rivelazione, bestia, esseri viventi, dragone, marchio, 666, corona/diadema, Gog e Magog”Apocalisse” has drifted almost entirely to secular disaster-genre usage; “bestia” and “esseri viventi” (ζῷα) were historically conflated in older translation traditions; “marchio” is also a commercial-trademark word; Italian collapses στέφανος/διάδημα into one “corona” with no lexical fix availableReclaim “Apocalisse” as hope-oriented/Christ-revealing at the outset of every teaching unit; enforce strict bestiaesseri viventi lexical separation; frame 666/marchio within symbolic-numerology method, explicitly against occult-sensationalist readings; supply a dedicated teaching-note fence for corona/diadema since no Italian lexical solution exists
Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evildragone, Satana/il diavolo, serpente antico, sigillo, mille anni (thematic), 12:11 “per il sangue dell’Agnello""Dragone” risks a fantasy-genre reading (Italy’s strong fantasy/gaming culture); “diavolo” is idiom-saturated (“che diavolo!”) and can be dulled; “sigillo” collides with the sacramental “sigillo dello Spirito Santo” (Confirmation)Keep explicit textual anchor to 12:9’s identification of the dragon as Satan; retain full theological seriousness for “diavolo” against colloquial dulling; flag the Confirmation-sigillo distinction wherever protective/scroll seals occur

3. Missing Vocabulary vs. Crowded Semantic Neighborhoods

3.1 Genuinely Missing Vocabulary (no adequate existing Italian term; requires constructed phrase or explicit gloss every time)

ConceptWhy Italian lacks a ready termResolution
Second death (θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος)No natural pre-existing Italian idiom for a “second,” final, post-judgment death categoryConstruct “la seconda morte” and gloss explicitly at every occurrence (2:11; 20:6,14; 21:8) as a distinct eschatological category, not poetic emphasis on physical death
στέφανος vs. διάδημα (victor’s wreath vs. ruling crown)Italian “corona” genuinely serves both; no second lexeme availableSingle Italian word “corona” for both; compensate entirely through teaching-note contrast, since no translation-level fix exists
καινός (qualitative “new”) vs. νέος (chronological “new”)Ordinary Italian “nuovo” does not mark this distinctionRetain “nuovo” but attach a standing qualitative-renewal gloss wherever the New Heaven/New Earth doctrine is taught
πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν preeminence sense”Primogenito” defaults to literal birth-order in Italian, risking a creaturely-origin misreading of ChristRetain “primogenito dei morti” but require an explicit preeminence-not-origin gloss at first occurrence (1:5)
ἀρνίον vs. ἀμνός (enthroned/militant Lamb vs. gentle sacrificial Lamb)Both Greek words map to the single Italian “Agnello”; the liturgical Agnus Dei association is already fixed and cannot be lexically separatedRetain “Agnello” (unavoidable) but flag the militant/enthroned imagery explicitly at 5:6 and periodically
ἔθνη’s dual valence (baseline’s negative “pagani” vs. Revelation’s positive “nazioni/popoli”)Italian has serviceable words for both senses individually, but the SAME Greek lexeme requiring two different Italian renderings across two curricula in this pipeline is itself the gap — a cross-document consistency hazard, not a lack of vocabularyExplicit cross-document deviation flag (already logged in bible_term_registry.json); Phase 2 workers who previously translated Romans must not default to “pagani”

3.2 Crowded Semantic Neighborhoods (adequate term exists but is dominated by a stronger competing sense; requires fencing, not invention)

TermDominant competing sense in Italian cultureFencing required
santiCanonized intercessor-saints (patron saints, feast days, relics, processions) — Italy’s most intense saint-veneration culture in this batch”tutti i credenti” gloss at every occurrence, intensified in martyrdom contexts (6:9-11; 17:6; 18:24) where the canonized-martyr-saint pull is strongest
martireFixed Catholic martyrology category (canonized martyr-saints with feast days, e.g. “San Lorenzo martire”)Pair with “testimonianza/testimone” and an explicit every-believer-vocation gloss
sposa / nozze dell’Agnello”Sposa di Cristo” as the individual nun’s-vows term; “nozze” as the specific sacramental marriage riteCorporate framing required at every occurrence — never let stand unglossed
chiesa (capitalized)The institutional global Catholic Church, physically anchored by the VaticanLowercase “chiesa” deliberately signaled where the NT gathered-people sense is meant; flag bare “la Chiesa”
sacerdotiOrdained Catholic clergyAlways “un regno di sacerdoti,” never bare “sacerdoti”
incenso / preghiere dei santiMarian/saint intercession devotional culture (rosary, novenas, Padre Pio pilgrimage culture)Explicit “prayers reach God directly” framing
sigilloSacramental “sigillo dello Spirito Santo” at ConfirmationExplicit distinction: Revelation’s seal is protective/ownership and scroll-structuring, not a sacramental character
trono”Il Trono di Spade” (Game of Thrones) fantasy pop cultureSober cosmic-authority framing at first occurrence (ch. 4)
AdeClassical Greek mythology (taught in every Italian school) and Dantean overtonesExplicit intermediate-state-vs-final-judgment distinction from lago di fuoco and abisso
lago/stagno di fuocoDante’s Inferno — canonical, vivid, multi-tiered Italian literary hell-geographyExplicit “this is not Dante” teaching note
marchioCommercial trademark/brand; also occult-sensationalist pop culture (barcodes, microchips)Frame strictly as ultimate worship-allegiance, not literalist speculation
dragoneFantasy/gaming-culture dragon imageryAnchor explicitly to 12:9’s “questo è Satana” identification
ApocalisseSecular disaster/catastrophe genre (“scenario apocalittico,” “film apocalittico”)Reclaim hope-oriented, Christ-unveiling root sense at the start of every unit
bestiaSecular fantasy/horror-genre “beast” imageryKeep lexically distinct from “esseri viventi” (ζῷα); anchor to political/religious opposition-to-God sense
coronaSecular royalty/sports-victory “crown”Teaching-note contrast between overcomer’s wreath and ruling diadem (no lexical fix possible, see §3.1)
adorareSecular colloquial “to really like” (“adoro questo vestito”)Context disambiguation only; flag in teaching material
”sinagoga di Satana” (2:9; 3:9)Historic misuse in European antisemitic polemicRequires an explicit interpretive-caution note: the phrase targets specific hostile local groups in a first-century Jewish-Christian conflict, not the Jewish people as such; must never be taught or rendered in a way usable for anti-Jewish rhetoric

4. Transliteration vs. Paraphrase Decisions

Term/PhraseDecisionRationale
Alfa e OmegaTransliterate (Greek letter names retained)Standing Italian Bible tradition (CEI, Riveduta); a brief Greek-alphabet-order literacy gloss is a teaching-note matter, not a translation change
Armageddon/HarmagedonTransliterate as proper nameNo meaningful paraphrase exists for a place-name; symbolic function explained in teaching notes, not smuggled into the rendering
AdeTransliterate (Ade, not “inferno”)Paraphrasing as “inferno” would conflate the intermediate state with final judgment and import Dante; transliteration plus explicit teaching-note distinction is the only sound path
Gog e MagogTransliterate as proper namesRequires an OT (Ezekiel 38-39) background note regardless of rendering; no paraphrase would reduce the OT-literacy burden
Alleluia / AmenTransliterate (already fixed liturgical forms)Shared, stable across Catholic and evangelical Italian tradition (19:1,3,4,6; throughout)
Apocalisse (book title)Transliterate, but pair with an immediate explanatory clause”Rivelazione” alone is available but underused in Italian Bible tradition; retaining “Apocalisse” while explicitly reclaiming its positive sense at the outset of every unit is preferred over switching titles, since “Apocalisse” is the fixed, recognized book title across all Italian Bible traditions
666Paraphrase as spelled-out cardinal number (“seicentosessantasei”), not digitsMatches standard Italian Bible-translation convention for spelled-out numbers in running text; digits read as a modern code/meme reference given pop-culture sensationalism risk
Mille anniParaphrase literally (“mille anni”), not a technical Latin/English loan (“millennio” is acceptable as a descriptive category in teaching notes only)Keeps the interpretive question (amillennial vs. premillennial) open at the text level; “millennio” in running teaching prose is fine since it is a description, not a doctrinal claim
Agnello (ἀρνίον)Paraphrase/reuse existing term, not a novel coinageNo workable alternative to “Agnello” exists in Italian Bible tradition; compensate entirely through explicit teaching-note flagging, not through inventing an artificial new term that would break continuity with John 1:29 and the wider Italian Bible corpus
Key of David / Key of death and HadesParaphrase as full descriptive phrase, never abbreviate to bare “chiave”Bare “chiave” would too easily merge with the Petrine “power of the keys” (chiavi di san Pietro) heraldic image; the full phrase is required every time
Faithful and True; Word of God (title); King of kings and Lord of lordsParaphrase as fixed multi-word titles, held identical at every occurrenceThese are theological titles, not single lexical items; consistency across occurrences (19:11/21:5; 19:13; 19:16/17:14) is the controlling requirement, not brevity

5. Ranked List of Highest-Risk Ambiguities

Ranked by combined doctrinal weight and likelihood of translator/reader misreading, for Phase 2 review-routing priority.

  1. Mille anni (millennium, 20:2-7) — forces the translator to hold a live intra-Italian denominational fault line (Catholic-Augustinian/amillennial majority vs. Pentecostal/evangelical premillennial minority) at bay from the text itself. Critical review priority; human theologian.
  2. Prima risurrezione (first resurrection, 20:5-6) vs. baseline’s single-event resurrection framing — introduces a staged structure not present in Romans; must not be silently resolved by word choice. Critical review priority; human theologian.
  3. ἔθνη dual rendering (pagani vs. nazioni/popoli) — same Greek word, opposite-valence Italian renderings across two curricula in the same pipeline; highest cross-document consistency hazard identified in this analysis. Critical review priority; flag every occurrence for verification against context valence, not habit.
  4. Figlio (lowercase, 21:7) vs. Figlio di Dio (capitalized) — an orthographic distinction alone carries the entire doctrinal weight of distinguishing believers’ adoptive sonship from Christ’s unique Sonship; capitalization is fragile under editing, OCR, and style-guide variance. Critical review priority.
  5. Sposa / nozze dell’Agnello — direct collision with the fixed Italian Catholic individual-nun’s-vows sense of “sposa di Cristo”; corporate framing must be actively supplied, not assumed. High review priority.
  6. Santi in martyrdom contexts (6:9-11; 17:6; 18:24) — Italy’s most intense saint-veneration culture in this batch meets Revelation’s highest-frequency use of the term; risk compounds specifically where death/martyrdom co-occurs with “santi.” High review priority.
  7. Un regno di sacerdoti (5:10; 1:6; 20:6) — bare “sacerdoti” would default to ordained clergy in a culture with an exceptionally dense concentration of Catholic clergy and religious orders. High review priority.
  8. Chiave di Davide / chiave della morte e dell’Ade — collision with the Vatican’s own crossed-keys heraldic image (Petrine “power of the keys”); risk of assimilation to papal/ecclesiastical authority rather than Christ’s exclusive resurrection-won authority. High review priority.
  9. Agnello (arnion) collapsing with amnos — every one of 28 occurrences risks importing the gentler liturgical Agnus Dei image in place of Revelation’s militant, enthroned Lamb Christology. High review priority; periodic re-flagging required, not a single first-occurrence note.
  10. Ade / abisso / lago di fuoco three-way flattening — three distinct “unseen realm” categories risk collapsing into one generic Italian “inferno,” compounded by Dante’s Inferno supplying an unrelated, vivid, culturally dominant alternative geography. High review priority.
  11. Sigillo (7:2-8; ch. 6 scroll-seals) — collision with the sacramental “sigillo dello Spirito Santo” at Confirmation, a different referent (permanent sacramental character vs. protective/structural seal). Medium-High review priority.
  12. Corona / diadema (stephanos/diadēma) — no lexical fix exists in Italian; the distinction between the overcomer’s wreath and Christ’s/the beast’s ruling diadem can only be preserved in teaching notes, never in the translated text itself. Medium review priority, but flagged because no translation-level remedy exists.
  13. Apocalisse (book title, 1:1 and throughout framing) — near-total secular semantic drift toward “catastrophe/doomsday” risks predetermining the reader’s emotional posture toward the entire book before instruction begins. High review priority for framing material specifically.
  14. Marchio (13:16-17; 14:9; 19:20) and 666 (13:18) — dual risk of trivializing into occult pop-culture sensationalism or provoking anachronistic literalism (barcodes, microchips), either of which displaces the text’s actual point (ultimate worship-allegiance). Medium-High review priority.
  15. “Vieni, Signore Gesù” (22:20) and every other climactic “Signore” occurrence (1:8; 4:11; 11:15; 17:14; 19:16) — the single highest-concentration occurrence of the baseline’s already-High-risk “Signore”/“Mr.-sir” flattening pattern in the whole curriculum corpus; each occurrence requires independent flagging rather than assuming one prior review covers the pattern book-wide. High review priority, cumulative across the whole book.

6. Summary for Phase 2 Handoff

  • No term in this analysis may be introduced into translation_memory.json without the risk tier, doctrine linkage, and rejected alternatives recorded in the companion 08_core_glossary.md.
  • The single most important carry-forward warning for any team member moving from the Romans package to this Revelation package is the ἔθνη cross-document deviation (§3.1, §5.3): do not default to “pagani.”
  • The core passage (21:1–8) concentrates the highest density of Critical/High terms identified in this analysis (nuovo cielo/terra, sposa, tenda di Dio/abiterà, Faccio nuove tutte le cose, Fedele e Verace, acqua della vita, figlio/Figlio di Dio disambiguation, seconda morte, lago di fuoco) and should anchor Phase 2 reviewer training even though full-book coverage governs scope.
  • Three genuinely unfixable lexical gaps (§3.1) — στέφανος/διάδημα, ἀρνίον/ἀμνός, and καινός’s qualitative sense — cannot be resolved by word choice and must be carried as standing teaching-note obligations throughout Phase 2 and Phase 3 materials.

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