Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Jude — English → Italian
This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the entire book of Jude (vv. 1–25: the core passage vv.3–23 plus the bracketing verses vv.1–2 and 24–25). Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [TM REUSE] and their recorded Italian rendering is reused exactly, with no deviation. New terms introduced by Jude are risk-tiered using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline registries, with grounded, Italy-specific reasoning for every Critical/High assignment.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline Translation Memory
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Italian Rendering [TM REUSE] | Risk | Verses in Jude | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| faith | πίστις / pistis | fede | Medium/High | 1:3, 1:20 | Object of contention in doctrine 1; do not deviate. |
| grace | χάρις / charis | grazia | High | 1:4 | Perverted into license by false teachers — sharpens the grace-vs-merit contrast already flagged in Romans 4, 11:5-6. |
| salvation | σωτηρία / sōtēria | salvezza | Medium/Critical | 1:3 | ”Common salvation” shared by all believers. |
| saints | ἅγιοι / hagioi | santi | High | 1:3, 1:14 | v.3: corporate recipients of the once-for-all deposit. v.14: heavenly/angelic host — disambiguate from canonized-saint reading in both cases. |
| called / calling | κλητός / klētos | chiamati/chiamata | High | 1:1 | Never render as “vocazione” (priestly/religious-life default in Italian). |
| lord | κύριος / kyrios | Signore | High/Critical | 1:4, 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Exclusive supreme lordship; must not collapse into the everyday polite title. |
| jesus | Ἰησοῦς / Iēsous | Gesù | Low | throughout | Stable proper name. |
| god | Θεός / Theos | Dio | Medium/Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:21, 1:25 | Stable, but note μόνος Θεός (1:25) intensifies exclusivity. |
| father | Πατήρ / Patēr | Padre | Medium | 1:1 | ”Dio Padre” — standard. |
| holy_spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον / Pneuma Hagion | Spirito Santo | Medium | 1:19, 1:20 | Personal third Person; contrast with false teachers who “do not have the Spirit.” |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος / apostolos | apostolo | Medium | 1:17 | Ground of authoritative prior teaching. |
| glory | δόξα / doxa | gloria | Medium/High | 1:8 (plural, distinct sense), 1:24, 1:25 | 1:8’s plural “glories” = celestial beings, a distinct sense requiring a different Italian gloss (see Section B); 1:24-25 use the standard abstract sense. |
| peace | εἰρήνη / eirēnē | pace | Low | 1:2 | Part of the mercy-peace-love greeting triad. |
| power_of_god | δύναμις (implied contrast term for κράτος) | — | — | 1:25 | Referenced only to distinguish κράτος (see Section B) from this established TM term; δύναμις itself does not occur in Jude. |
| exhort | παρακαλέω / parakaleō | esortare | Low | 1:3 | ”Esortandovi a lottare per la fede.” |
B. New Terms Introduced by Jude (Risk-Tiered, Italy-Specific)
| # | English Gloss | Greek / Transliteration | Italian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link | Verse(s) | Grounded Risk Rationale / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | servant/bondservant | δοῦλος / doulos | servo | High | Contending for the Faith | 1:1 | ”Servo di Dio” is the official Vatican title for the first formal stage of Catholic canonization (before Venerabile/Beato/Santo); risks reading Jude’s self-designation as a quasi-canonical status claim. Never render as “schiavo” (over-imports chattel slavery). |
| 2 | kept/preserved (positive) | τηρέω / tēreō | conservare / custodire | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21 | Single Greek verb used both positively (God keeps believers) and ironically (angels failed to keep their place; judgment is “kept” in reserve). “Custodire” also resonates with Italy’s popular “angelo custode” devotion, which could soften judgment-context occurrences. Requires consistent verb-family use across all occurrences for the wordplay to be traceable. |
| 3 | keep/guard (v.24, distinct verb) | φυλάσσω / phylassō | preservare / custodire | Medium-High | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:24 | Distinct Greek lemma from τηρέω; flag for reviewers so the two “keeping” verbs are not silently merged without a translator’s note distinguishing which Greek term underlies each occurrence. |
| 4 | mercy | ἔλεος / eleos; ἐλεέω / eleeō | misericordia | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:2, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23 | Italy’s exceptionally strong Divine Mercy devotional culture (Divina Misericordia; St. Faustina Kowalska, canonized 2000; Divine Mercy Sunday) plus Marian titles (“Madre della Misericordia”) risk channeling readers toward a devotional intermediary rather than God’s/Christ’s own direct mercy. |
| 5 | once-for-all delivered | ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ / hapax paradotheisē | trasmessa una volta per sempre | Critical | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | Direct collision with the Catholic doctrine of Sacra Tradizione (living, developing Sacred Tradition) versus a closed, completed apostolic deposit; comparable in weight to the baseline’s justification/imputed-righteousness flashpoints. Forbidden substitution: any rendering implying an ongoing or still-developing transmission. |
| 6 | contend for | ἐπαγωνίζομαι / epagōnizomai | lottare per / combattere per | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | Risk of either under-translating (loses urgency) or over-militarizing (evokes Italy’s Crusade-era “guerra santa” historical resonance). Must connote vigorous, non-violent doctrinal defense. |
| 7 | condemnation/judgment | κρίμα / krima; κρίσις / krisis | condanna / giudizio | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 1:6, 1:9, 1:15 | Parallel to the baseline’s flagged “giustizia”: Italian judicial vocabulary defaults overwhelmingly to the civil court system; readers may miss the eschatological, divine referent. |
| 8 | Master (title, distinct from Lord) | δεσπότης / despotēs | Padrone (Sovrano) | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Everyday Italian “padrone” evokes a mundane landlord/employer (“il padrone di casa”), risking trivialization of this absolute-sovereignty title. Must remain visibly distinct from κύριος/Signore in the same verse — do not merge the two titles into one Italian word. |
| 9 | ungodly / ungodliness | ἀσεβής, ἀσέβεια / asebēs, asebeia | empio / empietà | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 1:15, 1:18 | Correct but literarily elevated register; needs comprehension support for the secular/lapsed-Catholic reading-level target. |
| 10 | eternal fire | πῦρ αἰώνιον / pyr aiōnion | fuoco eterno | High | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:7 | Strong potential collision with the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory (a temporary, purifying post-mortem fire distinct from eternal Hell-fire); “eterno” must be unambiguous. |
| 11 | fornication / sexual immorality | ἐκπορνεύω / ekporneuō | darsi alla fornicazione | High | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:7 | Sexuality-ethics vocabulary is culturally and ecclesially live in contemporary Italy (ongoing Catholic internal debate); avoid euphemistic softening or interpretive over-specification. |
| 12 | strange/other flesh | σάρξ ἑτέρα / sarx hetera | carne diversa / contro natura | High | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:7 | Genuinely ambiguous idiom in the source (exegetically debated: unnatural sexual union vs. possible angelic-human union echoing Genesis 6); must not force one exegetical resolution. |
| 13 | archangel Michael | ὁ Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος / ho Michaēl ho archangelos | l’arcangelo Michele | High | Old Testament Warnings as Types (angelic conduct contrast) | 1:9 | San Michele Arcangelo is patron saint of Italy, of the Italian Armed Forces, and of the Carabinieri, with a major national pilgrimage shrine at Monte Sant’Angelo (Gargano); substantial extrabiblical devotional/patriotic weight risks overwhelming Jude’s narrow exegetical point about restrained angelic conduct. |
| 14 | dispute/contend (v.9) vs. waver/doubt (v.22) | διακρίνομαι / diakrinomai | discutere/contendere (1:9); dubitare/vacillare (1:22) | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering (v.22 sense) | 1:9, 1:22 | Same Greek verb, two unrelated senses within one short letter — a genuine dual-meaning trap; the doctrine of “rescue of the wavering” depends on correctly selecting the v.22 sense. |
| 15 | worldly/soulish, without the Spirit | ψυχικός / psychikos | uomini dominati dagli istinti naturali, privi dello Spirito | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:19 | Critical false-cognate trap: modern Italian “psichico” means “psychological/mental” and can evoke “poteri psichici” (psychic/paranormal powers) — must not be used. Use a periphrasis instead of a single-word rendering. |
| 16 | most holy faith | ἁγιωτάτῃ πίστει / hagiōtatē pistei | fede santissima | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:20 | ”Santissima/o” is the standard Italian liturgical title for the Eucharist (“il Santissimo Sacramento”) and for Mary (“la Santissima Vergine”); readers may unconsciously import Eucharistic/Marian resonance rather than reading it as the supremely holy apostolic deposit. |
| 17 | love feasts | ἀγάπαι / agapai | agapi (pasti fraterni) | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered (fellowship corruption) | 1:12 | Directly parallel to the baseline’s “fellowship”/κοινωνία flag: bare “comunione” defaults instantly to the Eucharist/First Communion in Italian usage. Never render bare as “comunione”; the established transliteration “agapi” (with gloss) is required. |
| 18 | blameless / without blemish | ἄμωμος / amōmos | irreprensibili / senza colpa | CRITICAL | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never render as “immacolato/a.” Italian “immacolata” is inseparably bound to the dogma of the Immacolata Concezione (Immaculate Conception of Mary, 8 December, a national holiday); using it here would either suggest ordinary believers attain Mary’s unique dogmatic status or diminish that dogma’s uniqueness. Add to the forbidden-substitution list alongside “giustizia meritata” and unqualified “vocazione.” |
| 19 | desires/lusts | ἐπιθυμία / epithymia | desideri / brame (della carne) | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16, 1:18 | Avoid “concupiscenza” as the primary rendering — a technical term in Catholic (Tridentine) theological anthropology for disordered post-baptismal desire, not present in Jude’s plain moral indictment. |
| 20 | sinners (ungodly) | ἁμαρτωλός / hamartōlos | peccatori | Medium-High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:15 | Cognate with the baseline’s flagged “peccato” (High risk): the pervasive Italian idiom “che peccato!” (“what a shame”) risks trivializing culpable moral guilt. |
| 21 | judgment executed / convict | κρίσις ποιῆσαι, ἐλέγχω / krisis poiēsai, elegchō | eseguire il giudizio, convincere/dimostrare colpevoli | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:15 | Same court-system default-reading risk as κρίμα/κρίσις above. |
| 22 | Enoch prophesied | Ἑνώχ ἐπροφήτευσεν / Henōch eprophēteusen | Enoc profetizzò | High | Old Testament Warnings as Types / Inspiration of Scripture (adjacent) | 1:14 | Jude cites material paralleling the non-canonical Book of 1 Enoch; requires an explanatory translator/theologian footnote distinguishing Jude’s affirmation of this specific saying from canonization of the whole source document. |
| 23 | myriads of holy ones | μυριάσιν ἁγίων / myriasin hagiōn | miriadi di santi | High | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:14 | ἅγιοι reused from TM (“santi,” High risk); here refers to the heavenly/angelic host accompanying final judgment — disambiguate from the canonized-saint reading. |
| 24 | grumblers / complainers | γογγυστής, μεμψίμοιρος / goggystēs, mempsimoiros | brontoloni, scontenti | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | Standard, colorful vocabulary; minor risk. |
| 25 | mockers / scoffers | ἐμπαίκτης / empaiktēs | schernitori / beffardi | Low-Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:18 | Standard vocabulary. |
| 26 | snatching from fire | ἁρπάζω / harpazō | strappare (dal fuoco) | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | Avoid “rapire” (primary modern sense: “to kidnap,” a crime), which would badly distort the rescue imagery. |
| 27 | garment stained by the flesh | χιτὼν ἐσπιλωμένος / chitōn espilōmenos | veste contaminata dalla carne | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | Faint liturgical-vestment resonance possible for “veste,” but context sufficiently disambiguates. |
| 28 | hidden reefs / blemishes | σπιλάς / spilas | scogli nascosti / macchie | Medium | Contending for the Faith / fellowship corruption | 1:12 | Genuine lexical ambiguity in the Greek itself (nautical hazard vs. moral stain); flag for translator’s note rather than forcing one image. |
| 29 | Cain / Balaam / Korah (OT types) | Κάϊν, Βαλαάμ, Κόρε / Kaïn, Balaam, Kore | Caino, Balaam, Core | Medium | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:11 | Standard proper names but require footnoted OT background given generally low Old Testament narrative literacy across the target audience (same caution the baseline records for messianic/covenant background terms). |
| 30 | angels (fallen) | ἄγγελος / angelos | angeli | Medium | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:6 | Italy’s strong “angelo custode” (guardian angel) devotional culture could soften the sense that some angels rebelled and now face judgment; context must keep the fallen-angel referent unmistakable. |
| 31 | glories/celestial beings (distinct δόξα sense) | δόξαι / doxai (plural) | esseri gloriosi / potenze celesti | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8 | Distinct, being-referring plural sense of δόξα, not the abstract “gloria” used elsewhere (1:24-25); do not render simply as “gloria” here or the personal referent is lost. |
| 32 | authority/lordship (κυριότης, distinct from κύριος) | κυριότης / kyriotēs | autorità (signorile) / dominio | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8 | Related to but lexically distinct from κύριος (Signore); keep visibly distinguishable in translator notes. |
| 33 | majesty | μεγαλωσύνη / megalōsynē | maestà | Low-Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Standard doxological vocabulary. |
| 34 | dominion/might | κράτος / kratos | dominio / potenza sovrana | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Must remain distinguishable from the TM’s “potenza di Dio” (δύναμις θεοῦ, Romans 1:16) — a related but lexically distinct Greek term; do not use identical Italian vocabulary for both. |
| 35 | authority/power (ἐξουσία) | ἐξουσία / exousia | autorità / potere | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Standard doxological vocabulary, but part of a fourfold acclamation requiring four distinguishable Italian terms (δόξα, μεγαλωσύνη, κράτος, ἐξουσία). |
| 36 | Savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | Salvatore | Low-Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Cognate with TM “salvezza” family; stable. |
| 37 | eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος / zōē aiōnios | vita eterna | Low-Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering / Kept by God | 1:21 | Well-established doctrinal term. |
| 38 | without stumbling | ἄπταιστος / aptaistos | senza cadere / senza inciampare | Low-Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:24 | Standard vocabulary. |
| 39 | present/set before (his glory) | ἵστημι κατενώπιον / histēmi katenōpion | presentare/far comparire davanti | Low | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | Standard vocabulary; pairs with the Critical ἄμωμος entry above. |
| 40 | exceeding/exultant joy | ἀγαλλίασις / agalliasis | esultanza / grande gioia | Low | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:24 | Standard vocabulary. |
| 41 | necessity | ἀνάγκη / anankē | necessità | Low | Contending for the Faith | 1:3 | Standard vocabulary. |
| 42 | slip in secretly | παρεισδύω / pareisdyō | introdursi furtivamente | Low-Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Standard vocabulary. |
| 43 | deny | ἀρνέομαι / arneomai | rinnegare | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Standard vocabulary. |
| 44 | destroy/perish | ἀπόλλυμι / apollymi | distruggere / perire | Medium | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:5, 1:11 | Cognate significance across two OT-type examples (Egypt, Korah). |
| 45 | blaspheme/blasphemy | βλασφημέω, βλασφημία / blasphēmeō, blasphēmia | bestemmiare / bestemmia | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8, 1:9, 1:10 | Standard vocabulary. |
| 46 | devil | διάβολος / diabolos | diavolo | Low-Medium | Old Testament Warnings as Types (angelic conduct contrast) | 1:9 | Stable across Italian traditions. |
| 47 | error/deception | πλάνη / planē | errore / inganno | Medium | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:11 | Standard vocabulary; Balaam type. |
| 48 | rebellion/contradiction | ἀντιλογία / antilogia | rivolta / contestazione | Medium | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:11 | Standard vocabulary; Korah type. |
| 49 | flattery/partiality | θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα / thaumazontes prosōpa | adulare per interesse | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | Idiomatic; must not be translated literally (“admiring faces”). |
| 50 | causing divisions | ἀποδιορίζω / apodiorizō | provocare divisioni | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:19 | Rare Greek term; standard Italian rendering suffices. |
| 51 | last time(s) | ἔσχατος χρόνος / eschatos chronos | ultimi tempi | Low-Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:18 | Standard eschatological vocabulary. |
| 52 | before all ages/eternity | αἰών / aiōn | eternità / secoli | Low | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Standard doxological vocabulary. |
C. Forbidden Substitution List — Jude Additions
Extending the baseline’s forbidden-substitution list (12_ai_translation_requirements.md):
| Term | Never Use | Required Rendering | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| ἄμωμος (blameless, 1:24) | immacolato / immacolata | irreprensibili / senza colpa | Collision with the dogma of the Immacolata Concezione (Immaculate Conception of Mary) |
| ψυχικός (worldly/soulish, 1:19) | psichico | uomini dominati dagli istinti naturali, privi dello Spirito | False cognate: modern Italian “psichico” = psychological/mental, or “psychic/paranormal powers” |
| ἁρπάζω (snatch from fire, 1:23) | rapire (as primary rendering) | strappare | Modern primary sense of “rapire” is “to kidnap” (a crime) |
| ἀγάπαι (love feasts, 1:12) | bare comunione | agapi (pasti fraterni) | Defaults to the Eucharist/First Communion, per the baseline’s “fellowship” flag |
| ἐπιθυμία (desires/lusts, 1:16, 1:18) | concupiscenza (as default) | desideri / brame (della carne) | Imports a specific Tridentine theological-anthropology category not present in Jude’s plain moral indictment |
| ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ (once for all delivered, 1:3) | any rendering implying ongoing/developing transmission | trasmessa una volta per sempre | Collision with the Catholic doctrine of Sacra Tradizione as a living, developing deposit |
This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json for all Phase 2 Jude segment translation. New entries above are candidates for formal addition to translation memory (version increment required) before Phase 2 processing begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Once For All Delivered
Approved rendering: trasmessa una volta per sempre
Transliteration: trasmessa una volta per sempre
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: che si trasmette (implies ongoing transmission), consegnata progressivamente, affidata (ambiguous re: closure)
Original: ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ
Category: Faith
CRITICAL. NEW TERM (ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ; Jude 1:3). FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: any rendering implying an ongoing or still-developing transmission. Direct collision with the Catholic doctrine of Sacra Tradizione (a living, developing deposit unfolding under magisterial guidance) versus the closed, completed apostolic deposit this phrase requires. Comparable in doctrinal weight to the baseline’s justification/imputed-righteousness flashpoints. Add to the forbidden-substitution list alongside ‘giustizia meritata’ and unqualified ‘vocazione.‘
Blameless
Approved rendering: irreprensibili / senza colpa
Transliteration: irreprensibili/senza colpa
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: immacolato/a — FORBIDDEN
Original: ἄμωμος
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL. NEW TERM (ἄμωμος; Jude 1:24). ABSOLUTE FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never ‘immacolato/a’ under any circumstance. Italian ‘immacolata’ is inseparably bound to the dogma of the Immacolata Concezione (Immaculate Conception of Mary, defined 1854; 8 December is a national holiday in Italy). Using it here would either suggest ordinary believers attain Mary’s unique, singularly-defined sinless status, or diminish that dogma’s doctrinal uniqueness. Add to the forbidden-substitution list at the same enforcement tier as the baseline’s ‘giustizia meritata.‘
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: grazia
Transliteration: grazia
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favore
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude usage (1:4): grace is being perverted by false teachers into a license for ‘ἀσέλγεια’ (unrestrained sensuality), sharpening the grace-vs-merit/grace-vs-license contrast already flagged for Romans 4 and 11:5-6. Must preserve the contrast without ambiguity.
Saints
Approved rendering: santi
Transliteration: santi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude usage: 1:3 (corporate recipients of the once-for-all deposit of faith — all believers, not an ascetic elite; gloss as ‘tutti i credenti’ per baseline convention) and 1:14 (heavenly/angelic host accompanying the Lord’s judgment-coming — disambiguate from the canonized-saint reading in both occurrences, given Italy’s intense saint-veneration culture).
Calling
Approved rendering: chiamata
Transliteration: chiamata
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocazione (clergy-narrowing risk)
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Retained for the ‘chiamato/chiamata’ word family referenced throughout Jude scholarship even though the noun κλῆσις does not itself occur in Jude; same forbidden substitution applies — never ‘vocazione’ for the general believer’s calling.
Lord
Approved rendering: Signore
Transliteration: Signore
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: padrone
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude usage: 1:4 (paired with δεσπότης/‘Padrone (Sovrano)’ — the two Greek titles must remain visibly distinct Italian words in the same verse), 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25. Must not collapse into the everyday polite title ‘Mr./sir.‘
Sin
Approved rendering: peccato
Transliteration: peccato
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Not itself a distinct lexeme in Jude, but directly cognate with ‘ἁμαρτωλοὶ’ (‘peccatori,’ 1:15) — see new entry ‘sinners_ungodly.’ The baseline’s caution about the colloquial idiom ‘che peccato!’ (‘what a shame’) trivializing culpable moral guilt applies with full force to Jude’s indictment.
Servant Of Christ
Approved rendering: servo
Transliteration: servo
Doctrine: Sainthood and Divine Calling of All Believers
Rejected alternatives: schiavo (over-imports chattel-slavery connotation)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
NEW TERM (Jude 1:1). Jude’s self-designation, δοῦλος. ‘Servo di Dio’ is the official Vatican title for the first formal stage of the Catholic canonization process (before Venerabile/Beato/Santo); Italian readers, especially practicing Catholics, may hear this as an implicit quasi-canonical status claim rather than the NT’s universal category of devoted service shared by every believer. A brief explanatory gloss is recommended on first use.
Kept Positive
Approved rendering: conservare / custodire
Transliteration: conservare/custodire
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: τηρέω
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (τηρέω; Jude 1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21). Single Greek verb used both positively (God keeps believers, vv.1, 21) and ironically (fallen angels failed to keep their own place, and judgment itself is ‘kept’ in reserve, vv.6, 13). Must be rendered with a consistent verb family across all four occurrences so the deliberate wordplay is traceable. ‘Custodire’ resonates with Italy’s popular ‘angelo custode’ (guardian angel) devotion, which could unhelpfully soften the judgment-context occurrences (vv.6, 13) if not handled with care.
Guarded By God
Approved rendering: preservare / custodire
Transliteration: preservare/custodire
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (φυλάσσω; Jude 1:24). A distinct Greek lemma from τηρέω, though overlapping in sense (God’s sole ability to keep believers from stumbling). Distinguish from τηρέω in translator notes even where the same Italian verb family is ultimately used, so reviewers can trace which Greek ‘keeping’ word underlies each Italian occurrence.
Mercy
Approved rendering: misericordia
Transliteration: misericordia
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἔλεος / ἐλεέω
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (ἔλεος/ἐλεέω; Jude 1:2, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23). Italy’s exceptionally strong Divine Mercy devotional culture (Divina Misericordia; St. Faustina Kowalska, canonized in Rome in 2000; Divine Mercy Sunday) plus Marian titles (‘Madre della Misericordia,’ ‘Regina della Misericordia’) risk channeling readers toward a devotional intermediary rather than God’s/Christ’s own direct, unmediated mercy. Keep the grammatical subject unambiguous (‘la misericordia di Dio/di Cristo’); never a bare floating noun.
Contend For The Faith
Approved rendering: lottare per / combattere per
Transliteration: lottare per/combattere per
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: impegnarsi per (too weak, loses urgency), combattere per la fede used unqualified (risks ‘guerra santa’ historical resonance)
Original: ἐπαγωνίζομαι
Category: Faith
NEW TERM (ἐπαγωνίζομαι; Jude 1:3). Athletic-combat metaphor for vigorous, non-violent doctrinal defense. Under-translating loses urgency; over-militarizing risks evoking Italy’s Crusade-era ‘guerra santa’ historical resonance for a largely secular or lapsed-Catholic audience. ‘Lottare per’ is the preferred primary rendering.
Condemnation Judgment
Approved rendering: condanna / giudizio
Transliteration: condanna/giudizio
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: giudizio used bare/unqualified
Original: κρίμα / κρίσις
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM (κρίμα/κρίσις; Jude 1:4, 1:6, 1:9, 1:15). Like the baseline’s flag on ‘giustizia,’ Italian judicial vocabulary defaults overwhelmingly to the civil court system (‘il sistema della giustizia,’ ‘il giudizio del tribunale’); readers may miss that this is God’s own eschatological verdict. Always qualify with divine agency: ‘il giudizio di Dio,’ never a bare unqualified ‘giudizio.‘
Master Despotes
Approved rendering: Padrone (Sovrano)
Transliteration: Padrone (Sovrano)
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Exclusive Lordship (Master and Lord)
Rejected alternatives: padrone (bare, unqualified)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (δεσπότης; Jude 1:4). Paired with κύριος/‘Signore’ in the same verse to intensify Christ’s exclusive authority. Everyday Italian ‘padrone’ evokes a mundane landlord/employer (‘il padrone di casa’); the compound gloss ‘(Sovrano)’ restores register. Must remain visibly distinct from ‘Signore’ in the same sentence — never merge the two titles.
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: fuoco eterno
Transliteration: fuoco eterno
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: fuoco (bare, without ‘eterno’), fuoco del castigo (ambiguous re: Purgatory)
Original: πῦρ αἰώνιον
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (πῦρ αἰώνιον; Jude 1:7). Strong potential collision with the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory (a temporary, purifying post-mortem fire distinct from Hell’s eternal fire); ‘eterno’ must never be dropped or softened.
Fornication
Approved rendering: darsi alla fornicazione
Transliteration: darsi alla fornicazione
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: eccesso (too euphemistic)
Original: ἐκπορνεύω
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM (ἐκπορνεύω; Jude 1:7). Sexuality-ethics vocabulary is culturally and ecclesially live in contemporary Italy (ongoing Catholic internal debate); must render Jude’s judgment claim without euphemistic softening or interpretive over-specification.
Strange Flesh
Approved rendering: carne diversa / contro natura
Transliteration: carne diversa/contro natura
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: a single-image resolution favoring either unnatural-union or angelic-transgression readings
Original: σαρκὸς ἑτέρας
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM (σαρκὸς ἑτέρας; Jude 1:7). Genuinely ambiguous idiom in the Greek itself (exegetically debated between unnatural sexual union and a possible Genesis 6 angelic-human transgression echo); translators must not force a single exegetical resolution.
Archangel Michael
Approved rendering: l’arcangelo Michele
Transliteration: l’arcangelo Michele
Doctrine: Angelic Order and Restrained Judgment (Michael and the Devil)
Original: ὁ Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM (Jude 1:9). San Michele Arcangelo is the patron saint of Italy, of the Italian Armed Forces, and of the Carabinieri, with a major national pilgrimage shrine at Monte Sant’Angelo (Gargano) and a widely observed feast (29 September). This substantial extrabiblical devotional/patriotic weight risks overwhelming Jude’s narrow exegetical point about restrained, respectful angelic conduct even in confrontation with the devil. Render without embellishment; flag for theologian review.
Diakrinomai Waver
Approved rendering: dubitare / vacillare
Transliteration: dubitare/vacillare
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: contendere / discutere (wrong sense, confused with 1:9)
Original: διακρινομένους
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (διακρινομένους; Jude 1:22). A genuine dual-meaning trap: the same Greek verb (διακρίνομαι) means ‘dispute/contend’ in 1:9 but ‘waver/doubt’ here. The Mercy-and-Rescue-of-the-Wavering doctrine depends entirely on selecting this correct sense in 1:22.
Psychikos
Approved rendering: uomini dominati dagli istinti naturali, privi dello Spirito
Transliteration: psychikoi
Doctrine: Sanctification: Spiritual Believers vs. Worldly Natural Men
Rejected alternatives: psichico (FORBIDDEN — false cognate: modern Italian = psychological/mental or psychic/paranormal powers), carnale (too narrow, over-sexualizes), naturale (loses the Spirit-contrast entirely)
Original: ψυχικοί
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (ψυχικοί; Jude 1:19). CRITICAL FALSE-COGNATE RISK. Modern Italian ‘psichico’ means ‘psychological/mental’ and can also evoke ‘poteri psichici’ (psychic/paranormal powers). Must NOT render as ‘psichico’ under any circumstance. Mandatory periphrasis, not a single-word rendering.
Most Holy Faith
Approved rendering: fede santissima
Transliteration: fede santissima
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: τῇ ἁγιωτάτῃ…πίστει
Category: Faith
NEW TERM (ἁγιωτάτῃ…πίστει; Jude 1:20). ‘Santissima/o’ is the standard Italian liturgical title for the Eucharist (‘il Santissimo Sacramento’) and for Mary (‘la Santissima Vergine’). The superlative rendering is grammatically correct and traditional in Italian Bible versions, but readers may unconsciously import Eucharistic/Marian resonance; add explanatory catechetical framing on first use.
Love Feasts
Approved rendering: agapi (pasti fraterni)
Transliteration: agapi
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship Corrupted by False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: comunione (bare) — FORBIDDEN, defaults to the Eucharist/First Communion
Original: ἀγάπαι
Category: Church
NEW TERM (ἀγάπαι; Jude 1:12). Directly parallel to the baseline’s ‘fellowship’ flag, but with less flexibility: bare ‘comunione’ here would not just weaken but actively invert the verse’s meaning (Jude condemns corrupted love-feasts). The established transliteration ‘agapi’ with mandatory gloss ‘(pasti fraterni)’ is required.
Desires Lusts
Approved rendering: desideri / brame (della carne)
Transliteration: desideri/brame
Doctrine: Moral Corruption and Fleshly Desires
Rejected alternatives: concupiscenza (FORBIDDEN as default — imports Tridentine theological-anthropology category)
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (ἐπιθυμία; Jude 1:16, 1:18). ‘Concupiscenza’ is a technical term in Catholic (Tridentine) theological anthropology for disordered desire remaining after baptism, a specific contested Counter-Reformation category absent from Jude’s plain moral indictment of self-indulgent craving.
Enoch Prophesied
Approved rendering: Enoc profetizzò
Transliteration: Enoc profetizzò
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and Citation of Extra-Canonical Prophecy
Original: Ἑνώχ…ἐπροφήτευσεν
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (Ἑνώχ…ἐπροφήτευσεν; Jude 1:14). Jude cites material closely paralleling the non-canonical Book of 1 Enoch, excluded from both the Catholic and Protestant canon. Requires a translator/theologian footnote explaining that Jude affirms the truth of this specific statement without thereby canonizing the entire source document — do not let this pass without an explanatory note.
Myriads Of Holy Ones
Approved rendering: miriadi di santi
Transliteration: miriadi di santi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and Citation of Extra-Canonical Prophecy
Original: μυριάσιν ἁγίων
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (μυριάσιν ἁγίων; Jude 1:14). Reuses TM ‘santi’ (High risk) but here refers to the heavenly/angelic host accompanying the Lord’s judgment-coming, not to canonized human saints; disambiguation note recommended so readers do not import the human-saints reading.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: fede
Transliteration: fede
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude usage: in 1:3 the referent narrows from personal trust to a fixed, defended body of apostolic doctrine (‘la fede… trasmessa una volta per sempre’); in 1:20 it appears in the superlative ‘fede santissima’ (see separate high-risk entry). Retain ‘fede’ exactly; supplement first Jude occurrence with anchoring context.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvezza
Transliteration: salvezza
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude usage (1:3): ‘κοινῆς σωτηρίας’ — salvation held jointly, in common, by every believer (‘la nostra salvezza comune’). ‘Comune’ is Low risk; the underlying term retains baseline’s risk profile.
Called
Approved rendering: chiamato
Transliteration: chiamato
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude usage (1:1): ‘τοῖς…κλητοῖς’ addresses the whole believing community by effectual calling. Never render as ‘vocazione’ (priestly/religious-life default in Italian Catholic culture).
God
Approved rendering: Dio
Transliteration: Dio
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: Θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude 1:25 intensifies with ‘μόνῳ Θεῷ’ (‘the only God’) — the exclusivity claim (‘unico Dio’) must be preserved without softening.
Father
Approved rendering: Padre
Transliteration: Padre
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude 1:1: believers are ‘beloved in God the Father’ (‘amati in Dio Padre’). ‘Padre’ also names a Catholic priest (‘Padre Pio’); context in ‘Dio Padre’ generally disambiguates.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Spirito Santo
Transliteration: Spirito Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude usage: 1:19 (false teachers ‘do not have the Spirit’) and 1:20 (believers exhorted to pray ‘in the Holy Spirit’). The Spirit’s absence/presence is the dividing line Jude draws between false teachers and genuine believers; must remain a personal referent.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: gloria
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude usage: 1:24-25 use the standard abstract sense (God’s radiant honor). CAUTION: 1:8’s plural ‘δόξας’ is a distinct, being-referring sense (‘celestial beings’) and must NOT be rendered with this entry’s term — see the new entry ‘glories_celestial_beings’ below.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: potenza di Dio
Transliteration: potenza di Dio
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). δύναμις θεοῦ does not itself occur in Jude; retained here only as a fixed cross-reference point so that Jude 1:25’s κράτος (‘dominio / potenza sovrana’ — see new entry ‘dominion_kratos’) is never rendered with identical Italian vocabulary, preserving the Greek’s lexical distinction across the two documents.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: empio / empietà
Transliteration: empio/empietà
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM (ἀσεβής/ἀσέβεια; Jude 1:4, 1:15, 1:18). Correct, established Italian Bible vocabulary but a literary/elevated register, below the target Corriere-della-Sera reading level; add a plain-language apposition on first occurrence, e.g. ‘gli empi, cioè quelli che vivono senza rispetto per Dio.‘
Diakrinomai Dispute
Approved rendering: discutere / contendere
Transliteration: discutere/contendere
Doctrine: Angelic Order and Restrained Judgment (Michael and the Devil)
Original: διακρινόμενος διελέγετο
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM (διακρινόμενος διελέγετο; Jude 1:9). This ‘dispute/contend’ sense is distinct from the same Greek verb’s ‘waver/doubt’ sense in 1:22 — must not be conflated; flag both occurrences for cross-check.
Sinners Ungodly
Approved rendering: peccatori empi
Transliteration: peccatori empi
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀσεβεῖς
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀσεβεῖς; Jude 1:15). Cognate with the baseline’s flagged ‘peccato’ (High risk): the pervasive Italian idiom ‘che peccato!’ (‘what a shame’) risks trivializing culpable moral guilt in this compound indictment.
Convict Expose
Approved rendering: convincere / dimostrare colpevoli
Transliteration: convincere/dimostrare colpevoli
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἐλέγξαι
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM (ἐλέγξαι; Jude 1:15). Final judgment includes exposing hidden guilt, not merely punishing; same court-system default-reading caution as κρίμα/κρίσις applies to the broader context.
Snatch From Fire
Approved rendering: strappare (dal fuoco)
Transliteration: strappare
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: rapire (FORBIDDEN as primary rendering — modern primary sense is ‘to kidnap,’ a crime)
Original: σῴζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (ἁρπάζω; Jude 1:23). Urgent rescue imagery echoing the eternal-fire warning of 1:7. ‘Rapire’ would badly distort the rescue imagery into an abduction image; ‘strappare’ (tear/snatch away) is required.
Garment Stained
Approved rendering: veste contaminata dalla carne
Transliteration: veste contaminata dalla carne
Doctrine: Moral Corruption and Fleshly Desires
Original: τὸν…ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (τὸν…ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα; Jude 1:23). ‘Veste’ could carry a faint liturgical-vestment resonance for some readers, but context sufficiently disambiguates.
Hidden Reefs Blemishes
Approved rendering: scogli nascosti / macchie
Transliteration: scogli nascosti/macchie
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship Corrupted by False Teachers
Original: σπιλάδες
Category: Church
NEW TERM (σπιλάδες; Jude 1:12). Genuine lexical ambiguity in the Greek itself (submerged nautical hazard vs. moral stain); flag for translator’s note rather than forcing a single image.
Ot Type Figures
Approved rendering: Caino, Balaam, Core
Transliteration: Kaïn, Balaam, Kore
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: Κάϊν, Βαλαάμ, Κόρε
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (Κάϊν, Βαλαάμ, Κόρε; Jude 1:11). Standard proper names but require footnoted OT background given generally low Old Testament narrative literacy across the target audience.
Angels Fallen
Approved rendering: angeli
Transliteration: angeli
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἀγγέλους
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM (ἀγγέλους; Jude 1:6). Italy’s strong ‘angelo custode’ (guardian angel) folk-devotional culture could soften readers’ sense that some angels rebelled and now face judgment; context must keep the fallen-angel referent unmistakable.
Glories Celestial Beings
Approved rendering: esseri gloriosi / potenze celesti
Transliteration: esseri gloriosi/potenze celesti
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: gloria (would lose the personal referent)
Original: δόξας
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM (δόξας; Jude 1:8). A distinct plural, being-referring sense of δόξα, not the abstract sense used in 1:24-25 (TM ‘gloria’); do not render simply as ‘gloria’ here.
Lordship Kyriotes
Approved rendering: autorità (signorile) / dominio
Transliteration: autorità (signorile)/dominio
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: κυριότητα
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (κυριότητα; Jude 1:8). Related to but lexically distinct from κύριος/‘Signore’; keep visibly distinguishable in translator notes even where related Italian vocabulary is used.
Dominion Kratos
Approved rendering: dominio / potenza sovrana
Transliteration: dominio/potenza sovrana
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: potenza di Dio (would blur the distinction from δύναμις θεοῦ, Romans 1:16)
Original: κράτος
Category: God
NEW TERM (κράτος; Jude 1:25). Must remain distinguishable from the baseline’s established ‘potenza di Dio’ (δύναμις θεοῦ, Romans 1:16) — a related but lexically distinct Greek term; using identical Italian vocabulary for both would blur a distinction the original maintains.
Authority Exousia
Approved rendering: autorità / potere
Transliteration: autorità/potere
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: God
NEW TERM (ἐξουσία; Jude 1:25). Part of the fourfold acclamation (δόξα, μεγαλωσύνη, κράτος, ἐξουσία) requiring four distinguishable Italian terms.
Savior
Approved rendering: Salvatore
Transliteration: Salvatore
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (σωτήρ; Jude 1:25). Applied to God in the exclusive closing doxology (‘the only God, our Savior’); cognate with TM ‘salvezza’ family.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: vita eterna
Transliteration: vita eterna
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ζωὴν αἰώνιον
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (ζωὴν αἰώνιον; Jude 1:21). The ultimate goal and hope of the believer’s perseverance, awaited through God’s mercy.
Deny
Approved rendering: rinnegare
Transliteration: rinnegare
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Exclusive Lordship (Master and Lord)
Original: ἀρνούμενοι
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (ἀρνούμενοι; Jude 1:4). Disowning/repudiating Christ’s exclusive Master-and-Lord authority — the false teachers’ ultimate offense.
Destroy Perish
Approved rendering: distruggere / perire
Transliteration: distruggere/perire
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἀπόλλυμι
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM (ἀπόλλυμι; Jude 1:5, 1:11). Ties unbelief directly to destruction, not random calamity; cognate significance across two OT-type examples (Egypt, Korah).
Blaspheme
Approved rendering: bestemmiare / bestemmia
Transliteration: bestemmiare/bestemmia
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: βλασφημέω / βλασφημία
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM (βλασφημέω/βλασφημία; Jude 1:8, 1:9, 1:10). Contrasts the false teachers’ brash irreverence with Michael’s restraint (1:9).
Error Deception
Approved rendering: errore / inganno
Transliteration: errore/inganno
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: τῇ πλάνῃ
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (τῇ πλάνῃ; Jude 1:11). Corrupt, self-driven teaching pursued for profit, exemplified by Balaam.
Rebellion Contradiction
Approved rendering: rivolta / contestazione
Transliteration: rivolta/contestazione
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: τῇ ἀντιλογί�ᾳ
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (τῇ ἀντιλογίᾳ; Jude 1:11). Insurrection against God-given authority, exemplified by Korah’s rebellion against Moses.
Flattery Partiality
Approved rendering: adulare per interesse
Transliteration: adulare per interesse
Doctrine: Moral Corruption and Fleshly Desires
Rejected alternatives: admiring faces (literal, incorrect idiom rendering)
Original: θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM (θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν; Jude 1:16). Idiomatic; must not be translated literally as ‘admiring faces.‘
Causing Divisions
Approved rendering: provocano divisioni
Transliteration: provocano divisioni
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship Corrupted by False Teachers
Original: ἀποδιορίζοντες
Category: Church
NEW TERM (ἀποδιορίζοντες; Jude 1:19). Rare Greek term; standard Italian rendering is adequate. Actively fracturing church unity.
Last Times
Approved rendering: ultimi tempi
Transliteration: ultimi tempi
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Prophetic Warning
Original: ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτου τοῦ χρόνου
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτου τοῦ χρόνου; Jude 1:18). The eschatological era the apostles predicted would be marked by mockers and false teachers.
Low Risk Terms
Jesus
Approved rendering: Gesù
Transliteration: Gesù
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Stable across all Italian traditions; occurs in Jude 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostolo
Transliteration: apostolo
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude 1:17 grounds the warning against scoffers in authoritative prior apostolic testimony, not private opinion.
Peace
Approved rendering: pace
Transliteration: pace
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude 1:2: part of the opening mercy-peace-love greeting triad, replacing/expanding the usual Pauline ‘grace and peace.‘
Exhort
Approved rendering: esortare
Transliteration: esortare
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged core rendering). Jude 1:3 frames the entire letter as an exhortation: ‘esortandovi a lottare per la fede.‘
Grumblers
Approved rendering: brontoloni, scontenti (della propria sorte)
Transliteration: brontoloni, scontenti
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: γογγυσταί, μεμψίμοιροι
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM (γογγυσταί, μεμψίμοιροι; Jude 1:16). Standard, colorful vocabulary; part of the character indictment of the false teachers.
Mockers
Approved rendering: schernitori / beffardi
Transliteration: schernitori/beffardi
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Prophetic Warning
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM (ἐμπαῖκται; Jude 1:18). Scoffers predicted by the apostles as characteristic of the last times.
Majesty
Approved rendering: maestà
Transliteration: maestà
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: God
NEW TERM (μεγαλωσύνη; Jude 1:25). Standard doxological vocabulary.
Without Stumbling
Approved rendering: senza cadere / senza inciampare
Transliteration: senza cadere/senza inciampare
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἀπταίστους
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (ἀπταίστους; Jude 1:24). God’s power secures believers not merely from final loss but from stumbling along the way.
Present Before Glory
Approved rendering: presentare / far comparire davanti
Transliteration: presentare/far comparire davanti
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ; Jude 1:24). Standard vocabulary; pairs directly with the Critical ‘blameless’ entry.
Exultant Joy
Approved rendering: esultanza / grande gioia
Transliteration: esultanza/grande gioia
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει
Category: God
NEW TERM (ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει; Jude 1:24). Intense, triumphant joy characterizing believers’ final presentation before God.
Necessity
Approved rendering: necessità
Transliteration: necessità
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἀνάγκην
Category: Faith
NEW TERM (ἀνάγκην; Jude 1:3). The urgent compulsion Jude felt to write this exhortation instead of his originally intended letter.
Slip In Secretly
Approved rendering: introdursi furtivamente
Transliteration: introdursi furtivamente
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: παρεισέδυσαν
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM (παρεισέδυσαν; Jude 1:4). Covert infiltration; names the false teachers’ method of entering the church unnoticed.
Devil
Approved rendering: diavolo
Transliteration: diavolo
Doctrine: Angelic Order and Restrained Judgment (Michael and the Devil)
Original: διάβολος
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM (διάβολος; Jude 1:9). Stable across all Italian traditions; the personal spiritual adversary disputed with by Michael the archangel.
Eternity Ages
Approved rendering: eternità / secoli
Transliteration: eternità/secoli
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος…εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας
Category: God
NEW TERM (πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος…εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας; Jude 1:25). The comprehensive eternal scope of God’s glory across past eternity, the present, and future eternity.
Referenced passages