Core Glossary
Core Glossary — English → Italian | 2 Peter 1–3
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from all three chapters of 2 Peter (core passage 1:16-21 plus full-book coverage). Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [REUSE] and MUST be rendered exactly as recorded there. Terms new to this curriculum are marked [NEW] and are proposed for addition to translation memory with the risk tier indicated. Risk tiers follow the definitions in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
Reused Terms from Baseline (Romans) Translation Memory
| Term | Original (Greek) | Italian Rendering | Risk (baseline) | 2 Peter Citations | Note for 2 Peter Usage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lord | κύριος | Signore | High | 1:16; 2:1 (as δεσπότης — distinct, see below); 3:2, 8, 9, 10, 15, 18 | Same collision risk as Romans (everyday “Mr./sir”); reinforced by repeated title “Signore e Salvatore.” |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | Gesù | Low | 1:1, 2, 8, 11, 14, 16; 2:20; 3:18 | Stable. |
| Christ | Χριστός | Cristo | (per baseline, part of jesus/son_of_god entries) | throughout | Stable. |
| God | Θεός | Dio | Critical | 1:1, 2, 3, 17, 21; 2:4; 3:5, 12 | Stable. |
| Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον | Spirito Santo | Critical | 1:21 | Must remain personal/divine agent of inspiration, not impersonal force — core to Scripture-inspiration doctrine. |
| Father | Πατήρ | Padre | High | 1:17 | ”Dio Padre” — distinguish from priestly-address adjacency already noted in baseline. |
| grace | χάρις | grazia | High | 1:2; 3:18 | Must retain “apart from merit” sense even in growth context (3:18). |
| peace | εἰρήνη | pace | Medium | 1:2; 3:14 | Stable. |
| faith | πίστις | fede | Medium | 1:1, 5 | Stable; 1:1’s “faith of equal standing” reinforces the universality-of-faith theme. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | giustizia | Critical | 1:1; 2:5, 7, 21; 3:13 | Context-sensitive across 2 Peter: God’s own righteousness (1:1), Noah’s/Lot’s personal righteous character (2:5, 7), the “way of righteousness” apostatized from (2:21), and righteousness dwelling in the new creation (3:13) — none of these is the forensic-justification sense from Romans, though the same Italian word is reused; flag each occurrence’s specific referent. |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | apostolo | Low | 1:1; 3:2 | Stable. |
| called / calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | chiamato / chiamata | High | 1:10 | ”Vocazione” remains forbidden for the general-believer sense per baseline rule. |
| election | ἐκλογή | elezione | High | 1:10 | Same everyday-political-election flattening risk as baseline. |
| holy | ἅγιος | santo | Medium | 1:18, 21; 2:21; 3:2, 11 | Recurs of the “holy mountain” (1:18), “Holy Spirit” (1:21), “holy commandment” (2:21), “holy prophets”(3:2), “holy conduct” (3:11). |
| kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | Regno di Dio | Medium | 1:11 (as “eternal kingdom”) | See new entry “eternal kingdom” below for the qualifier. |
| prophet / prophecy | προφήτης / προφητεία | profeta / profezia | Low | 1:19-21; 2:1, 16; 3:2 | Stable; central to Scripture-inspiration doctrine. |
| glory | δόξα | gloria | Medium | 1:3, 17; 2:10 (unusual plural, see new entry) | Standard singular usage in 1:3, 17; flag the unusual angelic-beings plural usage in 2:10 separately (see below). |
| Paul | Παῦλος | Paolo | Low | 3:15 | Stable. |
| David/Noah/etc. proper-name conventions | — | — | Low | (Noah: 2:5) | Same established-name-form principle applies; see new entries for names not yet in baseline (Noè, Sodoma e Gomorra, Lot, Balaam). |
New Terms Introduced by 2 Peter (Proposed Additions to Translation Memory)
| Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Italian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Citations | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior | σωτήρ | sōtēr | Salvatore | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return / general Christology | 1:1, 11; 2:20; 3:2, 18 | Repeated title “Signore e Salvatore” — must render identically at all 4 occurrences. |
| myths/fables | μῦθος | mythos | favole (sapientemente inventate) | Low | Reliability of Scripture | 1:16 | Watch register collision with colloquial “mito” (= legend/icon). |
| divine power (Christ’s) | δύναμις | dynamis | potenza | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:16 | Distinguish referent from Romans’ power_of_god (salvation) — here it is Christ’s power tied to his parousia. |
| coming / Second Coming | παρουσία | parousia | venuta | High | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:16; 3:4, 12 | Must render identically at every occurrence; must be unambiguously future/eschatological, not the incarnation or Transfiguration. Alternatives considered: transliteration “parusia” (retain in theological gloss only). |
| eyewitnesses | ἐπόπτης | epoptēs | testimoni oculari | Low | Reliability of Scripture | 1:16 | Reinforces historical-eyewitness grounding. |
| majesty | μεγαλειότης | megaleiotēs | maestà | Low-Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:16 | Alternative “grandezza” acceptable but less exclusively sovereign in register. |
| honor | τιμή | timē | onore | Low | Deity/Sonship of Christ | 1:17 | Stable. |
| the Majestic Glory (divine title) | μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα | megaloprepēs doxa | la Gloria Maestosa | High | Deity of Christ | 1:17 | Must be capitalized/marked as a periphrastic divine title for God the Father; footnote on first occurrence recommended. |
| beloved | ἀγαπητός | agapētos | amato / diletto | Low | Sonship of Christ | 1:17 | Prefer “amato” for modern register; must match established Gospel Transfiguration/baptism parallel wording. |
| well pleased | εὐδοκέω | eudokeō | mi sono compiaciuto | Low | Sonship of Christ | 1:17 | Must match Gospel-parallel established wording. |
| voice | φωνή | phōnē | voce | Low | Reliability of Scripture | 1:18 | Stable. |
| heaven | οὐρανός | ouranos | cielo | Low | — | 1:18; 3:5, 7, 10, 12, 13 | Stable across recurrences. |
| holy mountain | ἅγιον ὄρος | hagion oros | il monte santo | Medium | Reliability of Scripture | 1:18 | Guard against assimilation into Italian shrine/pilgrimage devotional culture (Marian apparition sites). |
| more sure / more fully confirmed | βεβαιότερος | bebaioteros | più sicura / ancora più certa | High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:19 | Must convey epistemic certainty, not physical safety; load-bearing for the whole doctrine. |
| the prophetic word | προφητικὸς λόγος | prophētikos logos | la parola profetica | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:19 | Referent (the OT Scriptures as a body) must be made explicit for low-OT-literacy readers. |
| lamp | λύχνος | lychnos | lampada | Low | Reliability of Scripture | 1:19 | Stable. |
| dark/squalid place | αὐχμηρὸς τόπος | auchmēros topos | un luogo oscuro | Low | — | 1:19 | Stable. |
| morning star | φωσφόρος | phōsphoros | stella del mattino | Critical | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:19 | NEVER render “Lucifero” — that Italian name now denotes Satan exclusively; using it here would invert the verse’s meaning. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. |
| Scripture | γραφή | graphē | Scrittura | High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:20; 3:16 | Must retain divine-authorship sense against a purely historical-critical academic reading. |
| interpretation | ἐπίλυσις | epilysis | interpretazione | High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:20 | Referent is the prophets’ own origin (not a reader’s private hermeneutics); live Catholic-magisterium-vs-sola-Scriptura sensitivity in Italy. |
| carried along (by the Spirit) | φερόμενοι (φέρομαι) | pheromenoi | spinti / portati | Critical | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:21 | Must balance real human agency with real divine governance — avoid both bare “ispirati” (too weak) and “dettato” (too mechanical, implies dictation). |
| spoke | λαλέω | laleō | parlarono | Low | — | 1:21 | Stable. |
| servant | δοῦλος | servo | servo | Low | — | 1:1 | Reuses established epistle-opening convention (cf. Romans 1:1). |
| faith of equal standing | ἰσότιμος πίστις | isotimos pistis | fede di eguale valore | Medium | Universal Scope of the Gospel (cf. Romans) | 1:1 | Reinforces Jew-Gentile/all-believers equality theme already established in Romans. |
| full/precise knowledge | ἐπίγνωσις | epignōsis | piena conoscenza | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:2, 3, 8; 2:20 | Must be kept distinct from bare γνῶσις (“conoscenza”) to preserve the text’s own intensification. |
| divine power (source of godliness) | θεία δύναμις | theia dynamis | potenza divina | Medium | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 1:3 | Distinguish from 1:16’s δύναμις (Christ’s power tied to the parousia) though same root word. |
| virtue / excellence | ἀρετή | aretē | virtù | High | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:3, 5 | Risk of activating Thomistic/Aristotelian self-cultivated-virtue framework; must be anchored to “divine power…divine nature” context (1:3-4), not self-achievement. |
| promises | ἐπάγγελμα | epaggelma | promesse | Low | — | 1:4 | Stable. |
| divine nature | θεία φύσις | theia physis | natura divina | Critical | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 1:4 | Must be read as derivative, relational, covenantal participation in God’s moral character/immortal life — NOT ontological merger (guard against theosis-style or New Age “divine spark” misreadings). Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. |
| corruption | φθορά | phthora | corruzione | Medium | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 1:4; 2:12, 19 | Consistent rendering needed to preserve the escape/re-enslavement contrast across chs. 1 and 2. |
| desire / lust | ἐπιθυμία | epithymia | desiderio (cattivo/perverso) | High | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 1:4; 2:10, 18; 3:3 | Avoid “concupiscenza” (CEI’s choice) unless the specific Tridentine post-baptismal residual-desire nuance is intended; recommend a plainer term for this curriculum. Alternatives rejected: “concupiscenza” (imports unintended Tridentine freight). |
| knowledge (general) | γνῶσις | gnōsis | conoscenza | Low-Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:5 | Distinguish from “piena conoscenza” (ἐπίγνωσις). |
| self-control | ἐγκράτεια | egkrateia | temperanza | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:6 | Activates cardinal-virtue framework; “autocontrollo” is a plainer alternative. |
| steadfastness / perseverance | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | costanza | Low-Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:6 | Keep terminologically distinct from μακροθυμία (“pazienza,” God’s patience) though both loosely gloss “patience” in English. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια | eusebeia | pietà | High | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:6; 3:11 | ”Pietà” primarily means pity/compassion in ordinary Italian; recommend glossing or using “devozione a Dio” where clarity is essential. |
| brotherly love | φιλαδελφία | philadelphia | amore fraterno | Low-Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:7 | Consistent with baseline’s “fraterna/fraterno” disambiguation pattern (cf. fellowship). |
| love (capstone virtue) | ἀγάπη | agapē | amore | High | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:7 | Recommend “amore” over CEI’s “carità” to avoid reinforcing the Tridentine “fede operante per carità” merit-cooperation reading already flagged High risk in the baseline under obedience_of_faith. Alternatives rejected: “carità” (imports Tridentine freight at the capstone of a virtue-growth chain). |
| eternal kingdom | αἰώνιος βασιλεία | aiōnios basileia | il Regno eterno | Low-Medium | Kingdom Mission (cf. Romans kingdom_of_god) | 1:11 | Reuses “Regno” capitalization convention. |
| tent (body) | σκήνωμα | skēnōma | tenda | Low-Medium | — | 1:13 | Metaphor for the body; may need brief explanatory support for tabernacle-imagery background. |
| departure / exodus | ἔξοδος | exodos | partenza | Medium | — | 1:15 | Flat rendering as “morte” loses the deliberate Exodus literary echo; low doctrinal weight but real literary-resonance risk. |
| false prophets | ψευδοπροφῆται | pseudoprophētai | falsi profeti | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | Stable. |
| false teachers | ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι | pseudodidaskaloi | falsi maestri | Low-Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | Avoid archaic “falsi dottori” per package’s anti-archaism register rule. |
| destructive heresies | αἵρεσις | hairesis | eresie (di perdizione) | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | Italian “eresia” carries Inquisition-era institutional/canon-law weight; consider glossing as “dottrine distruttive” where that historical association would distract. |
| Master (owner-lord) | δεσπότης | despotēs | Padrone | Medium-High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | Distinct from κύριος/“Signore”; carries ownership/purchase nuance tied to ἀγοράζω below; context must retain the positive redemptive frame. |
| bought / redeemed | ἀγοράζω | agorazō | riscattare | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | ”Comprare” is too commercially flat for the theological register. |
| destruction / perdition | ἀπώλεια | apōleia | perdizione | Medium | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 2:1, 3 | Must retain eschatological finality, not soften to mere temporal “rovina.” |
| sensuality / licentiousness | ἀσέλγεια | aselgeia | dissolutezza | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:2, 7, 18 | Stable formal register term. |
| slander / blaspheme (context-dependent) | βλασφημέω | blasphēmeō | screditata/calunniata (2:2) vs. bestemmiando (2:10, 12) | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:2, 10, 12 | Two distinct senses/targets requiring distinct Italian renderings by context. |
| greed | πλεονεξία | pleonexia | cupidigia | Low-Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:3, 14 | Stable. |
| judgment | κρίμα / κρίσις | krima / krisis | giudizio | Medium | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 2:3, 9, 11 | Lower risk than “giustizia” since the courtroom sense is largely intended here. |
| cast into Tartarus / hell | ταρταρώσας | tartarōsas | gettati nell’inferno | Critical | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:4 | Italy-specific Dante’s-Inferno collision risk (cf. baseline’s Manzoni/Provvidenza precedent, arguably stronger here). Mandatory theologian review; consider footnote distinguishing this from Dantean imagery and from the NT term “Gehenna.” |
| chains of darkness | σειρὰ ζόφου | seira zophou | catene di tenebra | Low | — | 2:4 | Stable. |
| flood | κατακλυσμός | kataklysmos | diluvio | Low | — | 2:5; 3:6 | Requires OT-background support (Noah). |
| preacher of righteousness | δικαιοσύνης κήρυκα | dikaiosynēs kēryka | predicatore di giustizia | Medium | — | 2:5 | Contextual sense of “giustizia” is Noah’s personal righteousness, not forensic justification — do not conflate with Romans’ Critical-tier sense. |
| righteous (of Lot) | δίκαιος | dikaios | giusto | Medium | — | 2:7 | Same context-sensitivity note as above. |
| defilement | μιασμός | miasmos | contaminazione | Low-Medium | — | 2:10 | Stable. |
| authority/dominion (angelic) | κυριότης | kyriotēs | signoria / autorità celeste | Medium-High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:10 | Shares root with “Signore”; must not be confused with or dilute Christ’s unique Lordship. |
| glorious ones (angelic beings) | δόξαι | doxai | esseri gloriosi / le maestà celesti | High | — | 2:10 | Unusual plural of δόξα; avoid a bare literal plural of “gloria” which risks unintelligibility or a polytheistic misreading. |
| irrational animals | ἄλογα ζῷα | aloga zōa | animali irrazionali | Low | — | 2:12 | Stable. |
| spots and blemishes | σπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι | spiloi kai mōmoi | macchie e difetti | Low | — | 2:13 | Echoed by contrast in 3:14 (ἄσπιλος καὶ ἀμώμητος). |
| Balaam | Βαλαάμ | Balaam | Balaam | Low | — | 2:15 | Proper name; OT background needed. |
| waterless springs | πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι | pēgai anydroi | fonti senza acqua | Low | — | 2:17 | Stable. |
| freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | libertà | Low-Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:19 | Watch for distraction from secular/political-historical resonance of “libertà” in Italian. |
| proverb | παροιμία | paroimia | proverbio | Low | — | 2:22 | Stable. |
| mockers / scoffers | ἐμπαῖκτης | empaiktēs | schernitori | Low-Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 3:3 | Register/vocabulary choice, not a doctrinal-collision risk. |
| elements (cosmic) | στοιχεῖα | stoicheia | elementi | Medium | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:10, 12 | Modern readers may map onto chemical elements rather than ancient four-elements cosmology; context must carry the theological point. |
| the Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα κυρίου | hēmera kyriou | il giorno del Signore | High | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:10, 12 | Fixed technical eschatological term; must not be read as a repeatable/vague “some day.” Render identically at every occurrence. |
| thief (simile) | κλέπτης | kleptēs | ladro | Low | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:10 | Match established Gospel-parallel rendering (cf. Matthew 24:43). |
| new heavens and new earth | καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν | kainous ouranous kai gēn kainēn | nuovi cieli e una nuova terra | Medium | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:13 | Needs OT/Revelation cross-reference support. |
| without spot and blameless | ἄσπιλος καὶ ἀμώμητος | aspiloi kai amōmētoi | senza macchia e irreprensibili | Low-Medium | — | 3:14 | Deliberate contrastive echo of 2:13; preserve if feasible. |
| patience / longsuffering (God’s) | μακροθυμία | makrothymia | pazienza | High | Patience of God’s Timing | 3:9, 15 | Must communicate active, purposeful forbearance-for-repentance, not passive resignation (“santa pazienza!”); keep distinct from ὑπομονή (“costanza”). Alternative “longanimità” is more theologically precise but rare/archaic. |
| delays / is slow | βραδύνει | bradynei | tarda | Low | Patience of God’s Timing | 3:9 | Stable. |
| repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | conversione (primary) / ravvedimento (Protestant-tradition alternative) | Critical | Patience of God’s Timing | 3:9 | New gap-filling term not present in baseline Romans package. Must be disambiguated from the Sacrament of Penance/confession wherever both readings are plausible; mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. Alternatives noted: “pentimento” (risks even stronger sacramental-confession association than “conversione”). |
| error / delusion | πλάνη | planē | errore | Low | — | 3:17 | Stable. |
| steadfastness / firm standing | στηριγμός | stērigmos | fermezza / stabilità | Low-Medium | — | 3:17 | Stable. |
| grow in grace and knowledge | αὐξάνετε ἐν χάριτι καὶ γνώσει | auxanete en chariti kai gnōsei | crescete nella grazia e nella conoscenza | High (composite; inherits grace risk) | Growing in Christian Virtue | 3:18 | Key closing summary verse; must render identically across all curriculum documents, paralleling the baseline’s Romans 8:28/10:9 consistency mandate. Growth is IN grace already given, never TOWARD earning grace. |
Proper Names Introduced (Not Yet in Baseline)
| Name | Original | Italian Form | Risk | Citations | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simon Peter | Σίμων Πέτρος | Simon Pietro / Simone Pietro | Low | 1:1 | Standard established Italian Bible form. |
| Noah | Νῶε | Noè | Low | 2:5 | Standard form; OT background needed. |
| Sodom and Gomorrah | Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα | Sodoma e Gomorra | Low | 2:6 | Standard form. |
| Lot | Λώτ | Lot | Low | 2:7 | Standard form. |
| Balaam | Βαλαάμ | Balaam | Low | 2:15 | See above. |
Risk Summary for 2 Peter New/Reused Terms
| Risk Tier | Count (new terms) | Representative Terms |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 | divine nature, morning star (Lucifero collision), carried along (inspiration verb), cast into Tartarus/hell (Dante collision), repentance |
| High | 12 | coming/parousia, the Majestic Glory, more sure (Scripture), Scripture, interpretation, virtue, desire/lust, godliness, love (capstone), destructive heresies, glorious ones (angelic), the Day of the Lord, patience/longsuffering |
| Medium | ~20 | divine power (Christ’s), Savior, holy mountain, prophetic word, tent (body), departure/exodus, Master (despotēs), bought/redeemed, destruction/perdition, slander/blaspheme, judgment, preacher of righteousness, righteous (Lot), authority/dominion (angelic), elements, new heavens/new earth, freedom/liberty, faith of equal standing, full knowledge, self-control, brotherly love |
| Low | ~20 | myths, eyewitnesses, majesty, honor, beloved, well pleased, voice, heaven, lamp, dark place, spoke, servant, promises, knowledge (general), false prophets, false teachers, chains of darkness, flood, defilement, irrational animals, spots and blemishes, Balaam, waterless springs, proverb, mockers, thief, error, steadfastness, delays |
Chapter coverage confirmation: Chapter 1 (core passage 1:16-21 plus 1:1-15) — fully analyzed. Chapter 2 — fully analyzed, no chapter skipped. Chapter 3 — fully analyzed, no chapter skipped. 2 Peter contains exactly three chapters; the whole book is covered above.
This glossary must be merged into an updated translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json for the 2 Peter curriculum before Phase 2 translation begins, per the Pre-flight Checklist in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. All [REUSE] terms are enforced exactly per the baseline Romans package; all [NEW] terms require risk-tier confirmation and, for Critical/High entries, theologian sign-off before entering translation memory.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: giustizia
Transliteration: giustizia (di Dio)
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: virtù
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: in 2 Peter the referent shifts across occurrences and must not be conflated with the Romans forensic-justification sense nor with each other: God’s own righteousness (1:1), Noah’s/Lot’s personal righteous character (2:5, 7), the ‘way of righteousness’ apostatized from (2:21), and righteousness dwelling in the new creation (3:13). Flag each occurrence’s specific referent for reviewers.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Figlio di Dio
Transliteration: Figlio di Dio
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ / Ὁ Υἱός μου
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:17 records the Father’s Transfiguration declaration (‘Ὁ Υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός’); rendering must match established Gospel Transfiguration/baptism-parallel wording in this Bible tradition, never adoptive or honorary sonship.
Christ
Approved rendering: Cristo
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New standalone entry: not isolated as its own key in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json (there it was folded into ‘jesus’/‘son_of_god’). In 2 Peter always paired with ‘Gesù’ and, four times, with the fixed title ‘Signore e Salvatore’ (1:11; 2:20; 3:2; 3:18) — must render identically at all four occurrences per the cross-document consistency mandate.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: stella del mattino
Transliteration: phōsphoros
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: Lucifero (FORBIDDEN — now an unambiguous Italian proper name for Satan; would invert the verse’s meaning entirely), Fosforo (direct transliteration; collides catastrophically with the modern chemical element phosphorus)
Original: φωσφόρος
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL, single highest-risk term in this book (1:19). NEVER render ‘Lucifero.’ Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Carried Along
Approved rendering: spinti
Transliteration: pheromenoi
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: mossi (CEI’s choice; acceptable but slightly weaker), dettato (implies mechanical dictation, excluding the human author’s own voice), ispirati (too weak alone; flattens the nautical ‘carried/driven along’ force)
Original: φερόμενοι (φέρομαι)
Category: Scripture
The defining verb for the doctrine of Scripture’s inspiration (1:21). Must balance real human agency with real divine governance. Mandatory theologian review given the doctrinal weight of getting this balance right.
Divine Nature
Approved rendering: natura divina
Transliteration: theias physeōs
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: θεία φύσις
Category: Salvation
The single most theologically delicate phrase in 2 Peter (1:4). Must be read as derivative, relational, covenantal participation in God’s moral character/immortal life through union with Christ — NOT ontological merger (guard against theosis-style, Hindu-style Atman-Brahman, or New Age ‘divine spark within’ misreadings, the latter a live and growing worldview among secular/post-Catholic Italians). Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Tartarus Hell
Approved rendering: gettati nell’inferno
Transliteration: tartarōsas
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels
Rejected alternatives: Tartaro (transliteration; unintelligible without heavy gloss and sounds foreign/obscure)
Original: ταρταρώσας
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL, ITALY-SPECIFIC (2:4). Standard Italian Bibles collapse this unique NT term into ‘inferno,’ inseparable in the Italian cultural imagination from Dante’s Inferno (nine-circle geography, named sinners, contrapasso), studied by every Italian schoolchild. Mandatory theologian review; footnote required distinguishing from Dante and from the NT term ‘Geenna.‘
Repentance
Approved rendering: conversione
Transliteration: metanoian
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Rejected alternatives: pentimento (stronger sacramental-confession pull), penitenza (explicit sacramental-rite term; imports the formal Sacrament of Penance/Reconciliation), ravvedimento (Protestant-tradition alternative; acceptable secondary option)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: new gap-filling entry not present in the baseline Romans package (3:9). Italian Catholic catechesis strongly associates ‘penitenza’/‘pentimento’ with the Sacrament of Reconciliation (confession booths, Lenten penitential practice); μετάνοια here is the inward, God-given reorientation of the whole person, not primarily the sacramental rite. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence, with explicit disambiguation wherever both readings are plausible.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: grazia
Transliteration: grazia
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favore
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Same word used by Catholic and Waldensian/evangelical traditions with different doctrinal freight; must render as wholly unmerited. In 2 Peter 1:2 (greeting) and 3:18 (‘crescete nella grazia’), the growth-in-grace framing must be read as growth IN grace already given, never growth TOWARD earning grace.
Calling
Approved rendering: chiamata
Transliteration: chiamata
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocazione (clergy-narrowing risk)
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Forbidden-substitution rule continues to apply in 2 Peter 1:10: ‘vocazione’ must never render the general-believer calling, since Italian Catholic culture’s dense concentration of clergy and religious orders makes ‘vocazione’ overwhelmingly connote priestly or religious-life calling.
Election
Approved rendering: elezione
Transliteration: elezione
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:10 pairs ‘chiamata ed elezione.’ ‘Elezione’ is also the standard everyday word for political elections in Italian, risking a democratic-choice misreading; Catholic theology’s more synergistic (Thomistic) view of election also differs from Reformed-tradition assumptions a translator might import.
Lord
Approved rendering: Signore
Transliteration: Signore
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: padrone
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Also the everyday polite honorific ‘Mr./sir.’ The repeated fixed title ‘Signore e Salvatore’ (1:11; 2:20; 3:2; 3:18) must be rendered identically at each occurrence and must be kept conceptually distinct from the new entries ‘master_despotes’ (δεσπότης, 2:1) and ‘authority_dominion_angelic’ (κυριότης, 2:10), which share the same root but different referents.
Sin
Approved rendering: peccato
Transliteration: peccato
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant at 2 Peter 1:9 (‘cleansed from his former sins’). The colloquial idiom ‘che peccato!’ (what a shame) risk documented in the baseline applies identically here.
Coming Parousia
Approved rendering: venuta
Transliteration: parousia
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: parusia (transliteration; opaque to lay readers, permitted only in theologian-facing glosses, never reader-facing text)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
Must be rendered identically at every occurrence (1:16; 3:4; 3:12). Bare ‘venuta’ is temporally ambiguous and could be misread as a past visit (the incarnation or the just-narrated Transfiguration) rather than the still-future Second Coming; segments using this term must make the future referent explicit in context.
Majestic Glory
Approved rendering: la Gloria Maestosa
Transliteration: megaloprepēs doxa
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: la maestà della gloria (CEI-style periphrasis, acceptable variant)
Original: μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα
Category: Christology
A reverential periphrasis for God the Father himself (1:17). Must be capitalized/marked as a divine title; footnote recommended on first occurrence so Italian readers do not parse it as a merely descriptive adjective-noun pair.
More Sure
Approved rendering: ancora più certa
Transliteration: bebaioteros
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: più sicura (risks a comparative of physical safety rather than epistemic certainty)
Original: βεβαιότερος
Category: Scripture
Load-bearing clause (1:19): Peter argues the prophetic Scripture is even more firmly established than his own eyewitness experience. Must convey epistemic certainty, not physical safety.
Scripture
Approved rendering: Scrittura
Transliteration: graphē
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
The written, canonical, God-given text (1:20; 3:16). Must resist Italy’s strong historical-critical academic default reading of ancient texts as literary artifacts only; context must reinforce divine authorship.
Interpretation
Approved rendering: interpretazione
Transliteration: epilysis
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἐπίλυσις
Category: Scripture
2 Peter 1:20’s referent is the prophets’ own origin, confirmed by v.21 — NOT a modern reader’s private hermeneutics. Live Catholic-magisterium-vs-sola-Scriptura sensitivity active in Italy via its own Waldensian minority; flag for theologian review with explicit gloss anchoring the referent correctly.
Virtue
Approved rendering: virtù
Transliteration: aretē
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: areté (obscure philosophical loanword; sounds academic rather than biblical and does not resolve the underlying risk)
Original: ἀρετή
Category: Christian Virtue
God’s own moral excellence (1:3) and the quality believers add to faith (1:5). Italy’s Thomistic virtue-ethics heritage risks a reading as Aristotelian self-achieved excellence rather than a Spirit-empowered outflow of already-granted divine power. Flag for theologian review wherever this term appears; anchor explicitly to 1:3-4 context.
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: desiderio perverso
Transliteration: epithymia
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: concupiscenza (CEI’s choice; imports specific Augustinian/Tridentine post-baptismal residual-desire freight not intended here)
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
The sinful craving of the unconverted, fallen world (1:4; 2:10, 18; 3:3), not a technical post-baptismal condition. Flag for theologian review.
Godliness
Approved rendering: pietà
Transliteration: eusebeia
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Christian Virtue
Reverent, God-oriented life conduct (1:6; 3:11). In ordinary modern Italian ‘pietà’ overwhelmingly means pity/compassion (‘avere pietà di qualcuno’), not godly devotion. Recommend glossing on first use (‘pietà, cioè la devozione verso Dio’) or using ‘devozione a Dio’ where clarity is paramount. Flag for theologian/native-speaker review at every occurrence.
Love
Approved rendering: amore
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: carità (CEI’s choice; imports the Vulgate’s caritas and the Tridentine ‘fede operante per carità’ merit-cooperation framework already flagged High risk in the baseline Romans package under obedience_of_faith)
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Christian Virtue
The capstone of the 1:5-7 virtue chain. Using ‘carità’ here risks reinforcing a merit-cooperation reading of sanctification at the structural climax of the chain. Flagged for theologian review.
Destructive Heresies
Approved rendering: eresie di perdizione
Transliteration: haireseis
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: αἵρεσις
Category: False Teaching
Italian ‘eresia’ carries the historical-institutional weight of the Roman Inquisition and centuries of formal heresy trials centered in Rome itself (2:1), risking a narrow canon-law reading rather than the NT’s broader sense of any faith-denying, destructive teaching faction. Consider glossing as ‘dottrine distruttive’ where the institutional connotation would distract. Flag for theologian review.
Master Despotes
Approved rendering: Padrone
Transliteration: despotēn
Doctrine: Redemption and the Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Signore (would conflate with kyrios and lose the ownership/purchase nuance tied to ἀγοράσαντα)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
Emphasizes Christ’s ownership of the redeemed as their rightful Master (2:1), distinct from κύριος. ‘Padrone’ in ordinary Italian can also denote a harsh employer/landlord; always pair with ‘che li ha riscattati’ to keep the frame positive/redemptive. Flag for theologian review.
Authority Dominion Angelic
Approved rendering: signoria
Transliteration: kyriotētos
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: autorità celeste (acceptable alternative phrasing)
Original: κυριότης
Category: False Teaching
Likely refers to angelic authorities/rulers disrespected by the false teachers’ arrogance (2:10). Shares a root with ‘Signore’; must not be confused with or dilute Christ’s unique Lordship. Flag for native speaker review.
Glorious Ones Angelic
Approved rendering: esseri gloriosi
Transliteration: doxas
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: le glorie (literal bare plural; risks unintelligibility or, worse, a polytheistic misreading of multiple divine glories)
Original: δόξαι
Category: False Teaching
An unusual plural use of δόξα referring to glorious celestial/angelic beings, not to God’s own glory (2:10). Flag for theologian review given the unusual grammar.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: il giorno del Signore
Transliteration: hēmera kyriou
Doctrine: Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
The fixed technical eschatological term (3:10, 12). Must be capitalized/marked as such, not read as a vague or repeatable ‘some day,’ and must not be confused with the ordinary liturgical ‘il giorno del Signore’ (Sunday) usage common in Catholic and mainline Italian. Render identically at every occurrence.
Patience Of God
Approved rendering: pazienza
Transliteration: makrothymian
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Rejected alternatives: longanimità (more theologically precise, but rare/archaic register in modern Italian)
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: God
God’s deliberate, active, purposeful patience in delaying final judgment so more may repent (3:9, 15). ‘Pazienza’ in ordinary Italian skews toward passive, resigned everyday virtue (‘santa pazienza!’); flag every occurrence with a note reinforcing the active, salvation-purposed sense. Keep terminologically distinct from ‘costanza’ (ὑπομονή).
Grow In Grace And Knowledge
Approved rendering: crescete nella grazia e nella conoscenza
Transliteration: auxanete de en chariti kai gnōsei
Doctrine: Perseverance Against Error
Original: αὐξάνετε δὲ ἐν χάριτι καὶ γνώσει
Category: Christian Virtue
The letter’s closing summary exhortation (3:18), comparable in weight to Romans 8:28/10:9 for cross-document consistency. Must preserve ‘grazia’ in its ‘apart from merit’ sense even in a growth context — growing IN grace already received, never growing INTO or toward earning grace. Mandate identical rendering across all documents in this curriculum.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: fede
Transliteration: fede
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:1’s ‘fede di eguale valore’ (faith of equal standing) reinforces the same all-believers-equal-standing theme already established for Romans; see new entry ‘faith_of_equal_standing’ below.
Called
Approved rendering: chiamato
Transliteration: chiamato
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / κλῆσις (verbal use)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive per baseline; relevant to 2 Peter 1:10’s ‘chiamata ed elezione’ pairing.
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs across 2 Peter of the ‘holy mountain’ (1:18), the Holy Spirit (1:21), the ‘holy commandment’ (2:21), the ‘holy prophets’ (3:2), and ‘holy conduct’ (3:11) — each occurrence must retain moral/relational set-apartness, not merely ritual purity.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Regno di Dio
Transliteration: Regno di Dio
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Peter 1:11 qualified as ‘the eternal kingdom’ — reuse the ‘Regno’ capitalization convention; see new entry ‘eternal_kingdom’ below.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: gloria
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard singular usage in 1:3, 17. The unusual plural referring to angelic beings in 2:10 must NOT be rendered with a bare plural of this word — see new entry ‘glorious_ones_angelic.‘
Power Of God
Approved rendering: potenza di Dio
Transliteration: potenza di Dio
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter uses bare δύναμις with at least two distinct referents not identical to the Romans 1:16 gospel-saving-power sense — see new entries ‘divine_power_of_christ’ (1:16) and ‘divine_power_source_of_godliness’ (1:3); flag context each time.
God
Approved rendering: Dio
Transliteration: Dio
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Same secularization-gap profile documented in the baseline applies to this curriculum’s readership.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Spirito Santo
Transliteration: Spirito Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:21 makes the Spirit the acting agent of Scripture’s inspiration (‘carried along by the Holy Spirit’); must remain a personal divine agent, never an impersonal force.
Father
Approved rendering: Padre
Transliteration: Padre
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Dio Padre’ is the speaker at the Transfiguration (1:17); context fully disambiguates from the priestly-address adjacency noted in baseline.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvezza
Transliteration: salvezza
Doctrine: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant at 2 Peter 3:15 (‘la pazienza del nostro Signore [è] salvezza’).
Savior
Approved rendering: Salvatore
Transliteration: sōtēr
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New term. The paired title ‘Signore e Salvatore’ recurs four times (1:11; 2:20; 3:2; 3:18) and must be rendered identically every time for cross-document consistency.
Majesty
Approved rendering: maestà
Transliteration: megaleiotēs
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: grandezza (can mean ordinary greatness/size, less exclusively sovereign register)
Original: μεγαλειότης
Category: Christology
Christ’s divine majesty displayed at the Transfiguration (1:16).
Holy Mountain
Approved rendering: il monte santo
Transliteration: hagion oros
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony
Original: ἅγιον ὄρος
Category: Scripture
The Mount of Transfiguration (1:18). Guard against assimilation into Italy’s dense shrine-pilgrimage devotional culture (Monte Sant’Angelo, La Verna, Marian apparition sites); anchor explicitly to the historical Transfiguration event, not devotional pilgrimage.
Prophetic Word
Approved rendering: la parola profetica
Transliteration: prophētikos logos
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφητικὸς λόγος
Category: Scripture
The OT prophetic Scriptures collectively (1:19); referent must be made explicit for low-OT-literacy readers.
Faith Of Equal Standing
Approved rendering: fede di eguale valore
Transliteration: isotimos pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἰσότιμος πίστις
Category: Faith
Reinforces the Jew-Gentile/all-believers equality theme already established in the baseline Romans package (1:1).
Full Knowledge
Approved rendering: piena conoscenza
Transliteration: epignōsis
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Christian Virtue
Must be kept distinct from bare ‘conoscenza’ (γνῶσις) to preserve the text’s own distinction between foundational recognition and growing insight (1:2, 3, 8; 2:20).
Divine Power Of Christ
Approved rendering: potenza
Transliteration: dynamis
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: δύναμις
Category: Christology
Christ’s own sovereign power, tied specifically to his parousia (1:16). Distinguish the referent from ‘divine_power_source_of_godliness’ (1:3) and from the Romans 1:16 gospel-saving-power sense; same Italian word, different theological referent.
Divine Power Source Of Godliness
Approved rendering: potenza divina
Transliteration: theias dynameōs
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: θεία δύναμις
Category: Salvation
God’s inherent power, the sole sufficient source for all that pertains to life and godliness (1:3). Closes off any self-generated virtue; read together with ‘divine_nature’ as a single unit of teaching (1:3-4).
Corruption
Approved rendering: corruzione
Transliteration: phthoras
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: φθορά
Category: Salvation
Recurs of the false teachers who are themselves ‘slaves of corruption’ (2:19); consistent rendering across 1:4 and 2:12, 19 preserves the escape/re-enslavement contrast structuring the letter.
Knowledge General
Approved rendering: conoscenza
Transliteration: gnōsis
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Christian Virtue
General growing understanding (1:5), distinguished from the foundational ‘piena conoscenza’ (ἐπίγνωσις).
Self Control
Approved rendering: temperanza
Transliteration: egkrateia
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Christian Virtue
Christian self-mastery empowered by the Spirit (1:6). ‘Temperanza’ activates the Catholic cardinal-virtue category; ‘autocontrollo’ is an acceptable plainer alternative avoiding that framework. Either acceptable if used consistently.
Steadfastness Perseverance
Approved rendering: costanza
Transliteration: hypomonē
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Christian Virtue
Patient endurance under trial (1:6). Keep terminologically distinct in Italian from ‘patience_of_god’ (μακροθυμία, ‘pazienza’) even though both may loosely gloss as ‘patience’ in English.
Brotherly Love
Approved rendering: amore fraterno
Transliteration: philadelphia
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Christian Virtue
Familial love among believers (1:7), consistent with the baseline’s ‘fraterna/fraterno’ disambiguation pattern already established for ‘comunione fraterna.‘
Eternal Kingdom
Approved rendering: il Regno eterno
Transliteration: aiōnios basileia
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: αἰώνιος βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
God’s/Christ’s everlasting reign (1:11); reuses the ‘Regno’ capitalization convention already established in the baseline for kingdom_of_god.
Tent Body
Approved rendering: tenda
Transliteration: skēnōma
Doctrine: General
Original: σκήνωμα
Category: Ministry
Metaphor for the physical body (1:13), echoing OT tabernacle imagery; may need brief explanatory support for readers unfamiliar with that background.
Departure Exodus
Approved rendering: la mia partenza
Transliteration: exodos
Doctrine: General
Original: ἔξοδος
Category: Ministry
Peter’s coming death (1:15), deliberately echoing Israel’s Exodus. A flat rendering as ‘morte’ loses this literary echo; teachers should note the connection even where the verse uses the gentler ‘partenza.‘
False Teachers
Approved rendering: falsi maestri
Transliteration: pseudodidaskaloi
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: falsi dottori (archaic register; avoid per package’s anti-archaism rule)
Original: ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι
Category: False Teaching
The letter’s central antagonist category (2:1); keep rendering consistent throughout chapter 2.
Bought Redeemed
Approved rendering: riscattare
Transliteration: agorasanta
Doctrine: Redemption and the Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: comprare (too flat/commercial-sounding for the theological weight)
Original: ἀγοράζω
Category: Salvation
Christ’s redemptive purchase of believers, denied by the false teachers’ apostasy (2:1).
Destruction Perdition
Approved rendering: perdizione
Transliteration: apōleias
Doctrine: Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἀπώλεια
Category: Eschatology
Final, ruinous, eschatological destruction awaiting false teachers (2:1, 3); must not be softened to a merely temporal ‘rovina.‘
Sensuality
Approved rendering: dissolutezza
Transliteration: aselgeiais
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Sin
The immoral lifestyle modeled and taught by the false teachers (2:2, 7, 18); keep formal register.
Slander Blaspheme
Approved rendering: screditata / bestemmiando
Transliteration: blasphēmeō
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: βλασφημέω
Category: False Teaching
Two distinct senses requiring distinct renderings: ‘screditata/calunniata’ for the way of truth being maligned (2:2), ‘bestemmiando/insultando’ for angelic glories being reviled (2:10, 12). Do not use a single uniform rendering across both.
Greed
Approved rendering: cupidigia
Transliteration: pleonexias
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πλεονεξία
Category: Sin
The false teachers’ financial exploitation of their followers (2:3, 14).
Judgment
Approved rendering: giudizio
Transliteration: krima / krisis
Doctrine: Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: κρίμα / κρίσις
Category: Eschatology
God’s certain, already-decreed judgment awaiting false teachers (2:3, 9, 11); lower risk than ‘giustizia’ since the courtroom sense is largely intended here.
Preacher Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: predicatore di giustizia
Transliteration: dikaiosynēs kēryka
Doctrine: New Creation Hope
Original: δικαιοσύνης κήρυκα
Category: Salvation
Noah’s righteous witness amid a corrupt generation (2:5). ‘Giustizia’ here is Noah’s personal righteous character/proclamation, not the forensic-justification sense flagged Critical in Romans; do not conflate the two contexts.
Righteous Lot
Approved rendering: giusto
Transliteration: dikaion
Doctrine: New Creation Hope
Original: δίκαιος
Category: Salvation
Lot’s righteous status amid Sodom’s corruption (2:7); same context-sensitivity note as ‘preacher_of_righteousness.‘
Defilement
Approved rendering: contaminazione
Transliteration: miasmou
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: μιασμός
Category: Sin
The corrupting moral influence and effect of the false teachers’ lifestyle (2:10).
Freedom Liberty
Approved rendering: libertà
Transliteration: eleutherian
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: False Teaching
The false teachers’ ironic promise of freedom while themselves enslaved to corruption (2:19). Watch for distraction from ‘libertà”s strong secular/political-historical resonance in Italian (Risorgimento, WWII Liberazione).
Mockers Scoffers
Approved rendering: schernitori
Transliteration: empaiktai
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: beffardi (acceptable alternative register)
Original: ἐμπαῖκτης
Category: Eschatology
End-times scoffers who deny Christ’s return, driven by their own desires (3:3); primarily a register choice, not a doctrinal-collision risk.
Elements Cosmic
Approved rendering: elementi
Transliteration: stoicheia
Doctrine: Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: στοιχεῖα
Category: Eschatology
The fundamental physical constituents of the cosmos, to be dissolved at the Day of the Lord (3:10, 12). Modern readers will likely map this onto the periodic-table ‘elementi chimici’ rather than ancient four-elements cosmology; reinforce the theological point (total cosmic dissolution) contextually.
New Heavens New Earth
Approved rendering: nuovi cieli e una nuova terra
Transliteration: kainous ouranous kai gēn kainēn
Doctrine: New Creation Hope
Original: καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν
Category: Eschatology
The eschatological renewed creation (3:13), echoing Isaiah 65:17/66:22 and Revelation 21:1; needs OT/Revelation cross-reference support for low-OT-literacy readers.
Without Spot Blameless
Approved rendering: senza macchia e irreprensibili
Transliteration: aspiloi kai amōmētoi
Doctrine: New Creation Hope
Original: ἄσπιλος καὶ ἀμώμητος
Category: Christian Virtue
The ethical goal of readiness for the Day of the Lord (3:14); echoes and contrasts the false teachers’ ‘macchie e difetti’ (2:13) — preserve the verbal echo where feasible.
Steadfastness Firm Standing
Approved rendering: fermezza
Transliteration: stērigmou
Doctrine: Perseverance Against Error
Rejected alternatives: stabilità (acceptable synonym)
Original: στηριγμός
Category: Christian Virtue
The stable position believers must guard against losing through the influence of error (3:17).
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostolo
Transliteration: apostolo
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s self-designation (1:1) and reference at 3:2 undergird the letter’s authority to teach on Scripture and warn against false teachers.
Peace
Approved rendering: pace
Transliteration: pace
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Appears in the apostolic greeting (1:2) and the exhortation to be found ‘in peace’ at Christ’s coming (3:14).
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: profeta
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs of ‘holy prophets’ (3:2); OT counterpart to ‘false prophets’ (2:1, see new entry).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profezia
Transliteration: profezia
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Central to 2 Peter 1:20-21’s teaching on Scripture’s divine origin.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Gesù
Transliteration: Gesù
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Anchors the fixed title ‘Gesù Cristo, nostro Signore e Salvatore.‘
Myths
Approved rendering: favole
Transliteration: mythos
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: miti (risks colloquial modern drift toward ‘mito’ = legend/icon, as in ‘è un mito!’)
Original: μῦθος
Category: Scripture
Peter denies the gospel is invented legend (1:16); CEI precedent: ‘favole sapientemente inventate.’ Keep register formal.
Eyewitnesses
Approved rendering: testimoni oculari
Transliteration: epoptai
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony
Original: ἐπόπτης
Category: Scripture
Grounds apostolic testimony in personal, historical sight of the Transfiguration (1:16); standard modern Italian legal/journalistic term reinforces the historical-eyewitness sense well.
Honor
Approved rendering: onore
Transliteration: timē
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: τιμή
Category: Christology
The Father publicly bestows honor on the Son at the Transfiguration (1:17); stable, non-competing term.
Beloved
Approved rendering: amato
Transliteration: agapētos
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: diletto (older liturgical register, acceptable alternative)
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
Must match established wording of the parallel Gospel Transfiguration/baptism accounts in this Bible tradition (1:17).
Well Pleased
Approved rendering: mi sono compiaciuto
Transliteration: eudokeō
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: εὐδοκέω
Category: Christology
Must match established Gospel-parallel wording (1:17).
Voice
Approved rendering: voce
Transliteration: phōnē
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony
Original: φωνή
Category: Scripture
The Father’s audible, historical voice at the Transfiguration (1:18), reinforcing eyewitness/earwitness reliability.
Heaven
Approved rendering: cielo
Transliteration: ouranos
Doctrine: General
Original: οὐρανός
Category: God
Source of the divine voice (1:18); recurs of the heavens to be dissolved (3:5, 7, 10, 12, 13).
Lamp
Approved rendering: lampada
Transliteration: lychnos
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: λύχνος
Category: Scripture
Scripture as a limited-but-sufficient light for the present dark age (1:19).
Dark Place
Approved rendering: un luogo oscuro
Transliteration: auchmēros topos
Doctrine: General
Original: αὐχμηρὸς τόπος
Category: Scripture
The present fallen world’s spiritual darkness (1:19).
Spoke
Approved rendering: parlarono
Transliteration: laleō
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: λαλέω
Category: Scripture
Human prophets genuinely spoke — real human agency preserved alongside divine origin (1:21).
Servant
Approved rendering: servo
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
Peter’s self-designation of total submission to Christ (1:1), reusing the established epistle-opening convention already implicit in the Romans package’s treatment of Romans 1:1.
Promises
Approved rendering: promesse
Transliteration: epaggelma
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: ἐπάγγελμα
Category: Salvation
God’s own promises as the means by which believers partake of the divine nature (1:4).
False Prophets
Approved rendering: falsi profeti
Transliteration: pseudoprophētai
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: False Teaching
OT-era counterpart to today’s false teachers, establishing continuity of the danger across covenants (2:1).
Chains Of Darkness
Approved rendering: catene di tenebra
Transliteration: seirais zophou
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels
Original: σειρὰ ζόφου
Category: Eschatology
The confinement of the fallen angels (2:4).
Flood
Approved rendering: diluvio
Transliteration: kataklysmon
Doctrine: General
Original: κατακλυσμός
Category: Eschatology
The historical Noahic Flood as a type/pattern of final judgment (2:5; 3:6); requires OT-background support.
Irrational Animals
Approved rendering: animali irrazionali
Transliteration: aloga zōa
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: False Teaching
An analogy for the false teachers’ brute, instinct-driven behavior (2:12).
Spots And Blemishes
Approved rendering: macchie e difetti
Transliteration: spiloi kai mōmoi
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: σπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι
Category: False Teaching
Moral corruption of the false teachers within the community (2:13); echoed by contrast at 3:14’s ‘senza macchia e irreprensibili.‘
Waterless Springs
Approved rendering: fonti senza acqua
Transliteration: pēgai anydroi
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι
Category: False Teaching
The false teachers’ empty promises (2:17).
Proverb
Approved rendering: proverbio
Transliteration: paroimian
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: παροιμία
Category: False Teaching
The proverb (dog to its vomit, sow to the mire) illustrating apostates’ return to corruption (2:22).
Thief Simile
Approved rendering: ladro
Transliteration: kleptēs
Doctrine: Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: κλέπτης
Category: Eschatology
The Day of the Lord’s sudden, unpredictable arrival (3:10); match the established Gospel-parallel rendering (cf. Matthew 24:43).
Delays Is Slow
Approved rendering: tarda
Transliteration: bradynei
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: βραδύνει
Category: God
God is explicitly not slow/late — his patience is purposeful, not failure to keep a promise (3:9).
Error Delusion
Approved rendering: errore
Transliteration: planē
Doctrine: Perseverance Against Error
Original: πλάνη
Category: False Teaching
The error of the lawless that believers must guard against (3:17).
Simon Peter
Approved rendering: Simon Pietro
Transliteration: Simōn Petros
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: Σίμων Πέτρος
Category: Covenant
The apostolic author of the letter (1:1); standard established Italian Bible form.
Noah
Approved rendering: Noè
Transliteration: Nōe
Doctrine: General
Original: Νῶε
Category: Covenant
OT figure preserved through the Flood, a ‘preacher of righteousness’ (2:5); requires OT background support.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: Sodoma e Gomorra
Transliteration: Sodoma kai Gomorra
Doctrine: General
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: Covenant
OT cities judged for wickedness, a type of coming judgment (2:6).
Lot
Approved rendering: Lot
Transliteration: Lōt
Doctrine: General
Original: Λώτ
Category: Covenant
OT figure rescued from Sodom, called righteous (2:7).
Balaam
Approved rendering: Balaam
Transliteration: Balaam
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: Covenant
OT prophet-for-hire (Numbers 22-24), a historical type of a teacher who loved unrighteous gain (2:15); requires OT-background support.
Referenced passages