Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Corinthians (English → Italian)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md across the whole of 1 Corinthians, chapters 1–16, into a single per-term reference table. It extends — and never contradicts — the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json. Terms already fixed by the baseline are marked Baseline-Reuse and carry their exact recorded Italian rendering forward unchanged. Terms new to this curriculum are marked New and are proposed here for formal addition to the language package in Phase 1 Steps 2–4.
Risk tiers (Critical/High/Medium/Low) follow the baseline’s risk_definitions exactly:
- Critical — mistranslation alters or destroys essential doctrine; human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — mistranslation creates significant theological confusion or denominational-conflation risk; human theologian review required.
- Medium — mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — mistranslation causes minor misunderstanding; automated review sufficient.
Part A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No Change)
| Term | Italian Rendering | Risk (per baseline) | 1 Corinthians Occurrences (representative) | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | vangelo | Low | 1:17; 4:15; 9:12,14,16-18,23; 15:1 | Identical usage; anchors ch.15 core passage v.1 |
| grace | grazia | High | 1:3-4; 3:10; 15:10 (×2); 16:23 | Ch.15:10’s grace-vs-labor language is the highest-stakes occurrence in the book; Critical-level care required even though the term itself remains High per baseline |
| faith | fede | Medium | 2:5; 12:9; 13:2,13; 15:2,11,14,17 | Object of faith (the resurrection facts) must remain recoverable from ch.15 context |
| salvation / saved | salvezza / salvato | Medium | 1:18,21; 3:15; 5:5; 9:22; 10:33; 15:2 | 15:2’s present-tense “are being saved” needs aspect care (see 07) |
| apostle | apostolo | Low | 1:1; 4:9; 9:1-2,5; 12:28-29; 15:7,9 | Stable across the letter |
| called / calling | chiamato / chiamata | High | 1:1-2,9,24,26; 7:15,17,20,22,24 | New sub-sense tracked in ch.7 (calling = life-station); see 07 |
| holy | santo | Medium | 1:2; 3:17; 7:14,34 | Stable |
| saints | santi | High | 1:2; 6:1-2; 14:33; 16:1,15 | Forbidden-substitution rule applies: gloss “tutti i credenti” for general audiences per baseline |
| sanctification | santificazione | Medium | 1:2; 6:11 | Stable |
| resurrection | risurrezione | Critical (elevated from baseline’s Medium given ch.15’s centrality) | 15:1-58 (pervasive) | Escalation note: the baseline rates “resurrection” Medium for Romans; in 1 Corinthians, chapter 15 makes bodily resurrection THE central, sustained doctrinal argument of an entire chapter (not a passing reference), with a live ancient (and residual modern) denial to refute. This curriculum’s doctrine risk registry (Step 1 companion) should record 1 Corinthians’ resurrection doctrine as Critical, not Medium, while keeping the term’s Italian rendering unchanged from the baseline |
| glory | gloria | Medium | 10:31; 11:7,15; 15:40-43 | Stable |
| spiritual_gifts | carismi | Medium | 12:1-31; 14:1,12 | Elevated salience given Italy’s three-way Catholic Charismatic/Pentecostal/evangelical engagement, directly relevant to chs.12-14 |
| fellowship | comunione fraterna | High | 1:9 | See New-term entry “participation (koinonia, sacramental sense)” below for the 10:16 exception |
| church | chiesa | High | 1:2; 5:12; 6:4; 11:18,22; 12:28; 14:4-5,12,19,23,28,33-35; 15:9 | Extremely frequent in this letter; every occurrence should be checked for the institutional-default risk per baseline |
| law | legge | High | 7:19; 9:8-9,20-21; 14:34; 15:56 | Stable |
| sin | peccato | High | 6:18; 7:28,36; 15:3,17,34,56 | 15:3’s “died for our sins” is atonement-central; 15:17’s “you are still in your sins” is a key conditional-argument verse |
| gentiles | pagani | Medium | 1:23; 5:1; 10:20,32; 12:2 | Stable |
| power_of_god | potenza di Dio | Medium | 1:18,24; 2:5; 6:14; 15:43 | Stable |
| messiah / christ (title sense) | Messia | Medium | (title sense underlies “Cristo” occurrences throughout) | See New entry “Christ (proper name)” for the distinct fixed-name form |
| prophet / prophecy | profeta / profezia | Low | 12:10,28-29; 13:2,8-9; 14:1-40 | Stable |
| jesus | Gesù | Low | 1:1-3 et al. (pervasive) | Stable |
| god | Dio | Medium | (pervasive) | Stable |
| holy_spirit | Spirito Santo | Medium | 2:10-14; 3:16; 6:11,19; 12:3-13 | Stable |
| father | Padre (God) / padre (human, lowercase) | Medium/High (context-dependent) | 1:3; 8:6; 4:15 | 4:15’s human-mentor sense intersects with the baseline’s Catholic-priestly-address caution; treat with care (see 07 ch.4) |
| exhort | esortare | Low | 1:10; 4:16 | Stable |
| election | elezione | High | 1:27-28 (implicit choosing language) | Applicable to God’s “choosing” the foolish/weak; retain per baseline caution against a political-election misreading |
| peace | pace | Low | 1:3; 7:15; 14:33; 16:11 | Stable |
| thanksgiving | ringraziamento | Low | 1:4,14; 14:16-18; 15:57 | Stable |
| mutual_edification (doctrine) | edificazione | Low | 3:9-14; 14:3-5,12,26 | Stable; reused doctrine name from baseline |
Part B — New Terms Introduced by 1 Corinthians
| Term | Category | Risk | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Italian Rendering | Chapters | Notes (grounded rationale for Critical/High) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wisdom | Wisdom/Cross | High | σοφία | sophia | sapienza | 1, 2 | Italy’s deep Scholastic/Thomistic philosophical heritage makes “sapienza” carry strong classical-virtue connotations; risk of flattening Paul’s paradox that God’s wisdom looks like folly to worldly standards |
| foolishness | Wisdom/Cross | High | μωρία | mōria | stoltezza | 1, 4 | Must preserve the deliberate paradox (divine wisdom appearing as folly); risk of a literal-deficiency misreading |
| cross (message of the cross) | Wisdom/Cross | High | σταυρός / ὁ λόγος τοῦ σταυροῦ | stauros / ho logos tou staurou | croce / la parola della croce | 1 | ”Croce” is saturated with Italian Catholic devotional/visual culture (crucifixes, processions, “portare la propria croce” idiom); must retain the specific atoning-death gospel-content referent |
| boasting | Wisdom/Cross | Medium | καυχάομαι | kauchaomai | vantarsi / vanto | 1 | Preserve the forbidden-self-boasting vs. legitimate boasting-in-the-Lord contrast |
| divisions/factions | Unity/Factionalism | High | σχίσμα | schisma | divisioni | 1, 3, 11, 12 | Must not be flattened to mere personality preference; a serious threat to gospel unity, not a “fan club” dynamic |
| mystery | Wisdom/Cross | High | μυστήριον | mystērion | mistero | 2, 4, 13, 15 | Strong overlap with Catholic liturgical “misteri” (rosary, Mass); must anchor to God’s specific redemptive plan now revealed in Christ |
| spiritual person / natural person | Wisdom/Cross | High | πνευματικός / ψυχικός | pneumatikos / psychikos | spirituale / naturale | 2 | Italian “naturale” underspecifies the “without the Spirit” sense; risk of a nature/supernature philosophical misreading instead of Spirit-possession-vs-absence |
| carnal/fleshly (immature believer) | Unity/Factionalism | Medium | σαρκικός | sarkikos | carnale | 3 | Must be distinguished from ch.2’s psychikos (unregenerate) category — describes immature believers, not unbelievers |
| foundation | Unity/Factionalism | Low | θεμέλιος | themelios | fondamento | 3 | Stable |
| temple (of God / of the Holy Spirit) | Discipline/Holiness | High | ναός | naos | tempio | 3, 6 | Strong resonance with actual church buildings and historic pagan temples in Italian usage; must be clear the referent is the corporate church or the individual believer’s body, not a physical structure |
| fire (testing of works) | Unity/Factionalism | Medium | πῦρ | pyr | fuoco | 3 | Must not be read through a Catholic purgatorial lens; this concerns quality of ministry-works tested, not post-mortem soul-purification |
| reward (distinct from salvation) | Unity/Factionalism | Medium | μισθός | misthos | ricompensa | 3, 9 | Keep clearly distinct from the ground of salvation (grace/faith) |
| steward | Unity/Factionalism | Medium | οἰκονόμος | oikonomos | amministratore | 4 | Servant role under authority, not independent office |
| fools for Christ | Unity/Factionalism | Medium | μωροὶ διὰ Χριστόν | mōroi dia Christon | stolti per Cristo | 4 | Same paradox-preservation concern as “foolishness” above |
| sexual immorality | Discipline/Holiness | High | πορνεία | porneia | immoralità sessuale | 5, 6 | Must remain morally unambiguous without veering into euphemism or crude explicitness; older/newer Italian Bible traditions diverge (fornicazione vs. immoralità) |
| leaven / unleavened | Discipline/Holiness | Medium | ζύμη / ἄζυμος | zymē / azymos | lievito / senza lievito (azzimo) | 5 | Requires Passover-background explanation for low-OT-literacy readers |
| hand over to Satan | Discipline/Holiness | High | παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᾷ | paradounai tō Satana | consegnare a Satana | 5 | Must be framed as remedial, restoration-aimed discipline, not a punitive curse; risk of folk-superstition misreading in Italian popular religious culture |
| washed | Discipline/Holiness | Medium | ἀπολούω | apolouō | lavati | 6 | Baptismal imagery; must not imply cleansing by ritual alone apart from the faith/Spirit-work named in the same verse |
| lawsuits | Discipline/Holiness | Low | κρίνεσθαι / κριτήριον | krinesthai / kritērion | controversie legali | 6 | Practical/ethical, not doctrinal |
| members (body parts) | Spiritual Gifts/Body | High | μέλη | melē | membra | 6, 12 | Foundational body-image term; track consistently across chs. 6, 10-12, 15 given multiple distinct “body” referents in the letter |
| body (of the believer / of Christ) | Spiritual Gifts/Body | High | σῶμα | sōma | corpo | 6, 10, 11, 12, 15 | At least four distinct referents across the letter (individual body, Christ’s resurrection body, corporate church body, Supper elements); cross-chapter consistency and context-disambiguation required |
| temple of the Holy Spirit (individual) | Discipline/Holiness | High | ναὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος | naos tou Pneumatos | tempio dello Spirito Santo | 6 | Individualized application of the “temple” caution above |
| bought with a price | Discipline/Holiness | Medium | ἠγοράσθητε τιμῆς | ēgorasthēte timēs | riscattati a caro prezzo | 6 | Must retain ownership-transfer/redemption sense, not a vague sentimental gloss |
| marriage | Marriage/Singleness | Low | γάμος | gamos | matrimonio | 7 | Stable |
| unmarried/singleness | Marriage/Singleness | High | ἄγαμος | agamos | celibe/nubile; non sposato/a | 7 | Risk of clerical-celibacy or clinical civil-registry connotations; singleness must read as an ordinary, positive Christian vocation for any believer |
| virgin | Marriage/Singleness | Medium | παρθένος | parthenos | vergine | 7 | Ensure the specific relational category (engaged/unmarried) is contextually clear |
| conjugal duty | Marriage/Singleness | Medium | ὀφειλή | opheilē | dovere coniugale | 7 | Preserve mutuality between spouses |
| divorce/separate | Marriage/Singleness | Medium | χωρίζω / ἀπολύω | chōrizō / apolyō | separarsi | 7 | Avoid collapsing into the modern Italian civil-legal “divorziare” procedure where Paul’s relational “separate” sense is intended |
| idol meat | Liberty/Idol Meat | Medium | εἰδωλόθυτον | eidōlothyton | carne sacrificata agli idoli | 8, 10 | Concrete phrase; main risk is cultural-background gap for modern Italian readers, not lexical ambiguity |
| knowledge (liberty/gift senses) | Liberty/Idol Meat; Spiritual Gifts | Medium | γνῶσις | gnōsis | conoscenza | 8, 12, 13 | Keep the ch.8 knowledge/love contrast distinct from the ch.12 “word of knowledge” spiritual gift |
| conscience | Liberty/Idol Meat | Medium | συνείδησις | syneidēsis | coscienza | 8, 10 | Moral-theological faculty, not mere psychological awareness |
| stumbling block | Liberty/Idol Meat | Medium | πρόσκομμα | proskomma | pietra d’inciampo | 8 | Fairly stable idiom in Italian religious usage |
| right/liberty (exousia, personal-freedom sense) | Liberty/Idol Meat | High | ἐξουσία | exousia | diritto / libertà | 8, 9 | Must not be confused with the formal-authority sense of exousia found elsewhere (e.g., Romans, and 1 Cor 11’s headship-authority imagery) |
| self-control | Liberty/Idol Meat | Low | ἐγκράτεια | egkrateia | autocontrollo | 9 | Standard modern term; “temperanza” acceptable alternate register |
| types/examples (typology) | Liberty/Idol Meat | Medium | τύποι | typoi | esempi / tipi | 10 | Technical typological term requiring OT-background framing |
| idolatry | Liberty/Idol Meat | Low | εἰδωλολατρία | eidōlolatria | idolatria | 10 | Stable |
| cup of the Lord / cup of demons | The Lord’s Supper | High | ποτήριον κυρίου / ποτήριον δαιμονίων | potērion kyriou / potērion daimoniōn | calice del Signore / calice dei demòni | 10 | Sets up ch.11 Supper vocabulary; “calice” required over bare “coppa” to retain liturgical weight |
| table of the Lord | The Lord’s Supper | High | τράπεζα κυρίου | trapeza kyriou | mensa del Signore | 10 | Established Italian liturgical phrase (CEI); must retain participatory-communion sense |
| participation/sharing (koinonia, sacramental sense in 10:16) | The Lord’s Supper | Critical | κοινωνία | koinōnia | comunione (bare, exceptionally — see note) | 10 | Exception to the baseline’s “comunione fraterna” default: 1 Corinthians 10:16 is a rare NT text where koinonia genuinely denotes real sacramental participation in Christ’s body/blood, not general fellowship; mechanically applying the baseline’s Romans-context caution here would be a translation error in the opposite direction. Mandatory human theologian review to confirm register choice per occurrence. |
| head/headship | Order in Worship | High | κεφαλή | kephalē | capo | 11 | Italian “capo” (boss/chief) risks either an overly authoritarian or a merely organizational reading of a relational-order term |
| head covering | Order in Worship | Medium | κατακαλύπτομαι | katakalyptomai | velo / copertura del capo | 11 | Primarily a cultural-adaptation challenge (no modern Italian equivalent custom) |
| Lord’s Supper | The Lord’s Supper | High | κυριακὸν δεῖπνον | kyriakon deipnon | Cena del Signore | 11 | Sits directly on the Catholic Mass/Eucharist vs. Protestant memorial/spiritual-presence fault line, live within Italy’s own religious landscape |
| body / blood (institution narrative) | The Lord’s Supper | Critical | σῶμα / αἷμα | sōma / haima | corpo / sangue | 11 | The single most denominationally contested locus in the curriculum (transubstantiation vs. memorial vs. real-spiritual-presence); render plainly with no doctrinal gloss embedded in the translated text; mandatory theologian review every occurrence |
| remembrance | The Lord’s Supper | Medium | ἀνάμνησις | anamnēsis | in memoria di me | 11 | Active, participatory Passover-style remembrance, not passive/nostalgic recollection |
| unworthy manner | The Lord’s Supper | High | ἀναξίως | anaxiōs | in modo indegno | 11 | Must not be read as requiring self-achieved sacramental worthiness, which would collide with grace/works distinction |
| discern the body | The Lord’s Supper | High | διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα | diakrinōn to sōma | discernere il corpo | 11 | Exegetically contested referent (Christ’s body vs. corporate church body); flag for theologian review rather than resolving unilaterally |
| judgment/discipline (temporal, corrective) | The Lord’s Supper; Discipline | High | κρίμα | krima | giudizio | 5, 11 | Must be distinguished from final/eternal judgment |
| manifestation of the Spirit | Spiritual Gifts/Body | Medium | φανέρωσις τοῦ Πνεύματος | phanerōsis tou Pneumatos | manifestazione dello Spirito | 12 | Retain “for the common good” edification framing |
| word of wisdom / word of knowledge (gifts) | Spiritual Gifts/Body | Medium | λόγος σοφίας / λόγος γνώσεως | logos sophias / logos gnōseōs | parola di sapienza / parola di conoscenza | 12 | Distinct from chs.1-2, 8 general wisdom/knowledge concepts |
| gifts of healing / miracles | Spiritual Gifts/Body | Medium | χαρίσματα ἰαμάτων / δυνάμεις | charismata iamatōn / dynameis | doni di guarigione / miracoli | 12 | Live in Italy’s charismatic/Pentecostal/evangelical continuationist-vs-cautious debate |
| tongues / interpretation of tongues | Spiritual Gifts/Body; Order in Worship | High | γλῶσσαι / ἑρμηνεία γλωσσῶν | glōssai / hermēneia glōssōn | lingue / interpretazione delle lingue | 12, 14 | Contested denominational-identity marker across Italy’s Pentecostal, Catholic Charismatic, and traditional evangelical streams; translation stable, framing must stay neutral |
| discernment of spirits | Spiritual Gifts/Body | Medium | διάκρισις πνευμάτων | diakrisis pneumatōn | discernimento degli spiriti | 12 | Must remain tied to church edification, not folk-supernatural/exorcism-adjacent categories |
| body of Christ / one body | Spiritual Gifts/Body | High | σῶμα Χριστοῦ / ἓν σῶμα | sōma Christou / hen sōma | corpo di Cristo | 12 | Must be disambiguated from the Eucharistic “body of Christ” (Corpus Domini, a major Italian civic-religious holiday), even though both senses appear in this same letter |
| love (agapē) | Love as the Greater Way | Critical | ἀγάπη | agapē | amore | 13 | Never “carità” — modern Italian “carità” has narrowed to organized almsgiving (cf. “Caritas,” “fare la carità”), an even sharper drift than English/French “charity.” Modern CEI (2008) and all Protestant Italian translations render 1 Cor 13 with “amore.” Must not be conflated with the Tridentine “fede operante per carità” phrase already flagged as High risk in the baseline for “obedience_of_faith”/“justification.” This is the single highest-priority lexical decision new to this curriculum. |
| the greater way | Love as the Greater Way | Medium | ὁδὸν καθ’ ὑπερβολήν | hodon kath’ hyperbolēn | una via/un cammino ancora più eccellente | 12 (transition), 13 | Frames ch.13 as the necessary companion to all spiritual gifts |
| hope | Love as the Greater Way | Low | ἐλπίς | elpis | speranza | 13 | Stable; part of the faith-hope-love triad alongside baseline “faith” and new “love” |
| order (decently and in order) | Order in Worship | Medium | τάξις / εὐσχημόνως | taxis / euschēmonōs | ordine / in modo decoroso e ordinato | 14 | Doctrinally uncomplicated; new term |
| firstfruits | Resurrection | Medium | ἀπαρχή | aparchē | primizia | 15 | Requires OT sacrificial/harvest background explanation |
| the last Adam | Resurrection | Medium | ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ | ho eschatos Adam | l’ultimo Adamo | 15 | Requires Genesis Adam-narrative background |
| imperishable/incorruptible | Resurrection | Medium | ἀφθαρσία / ἄφθαρτος | aphtharsia / aphthartos | incorruttibile | 15 | Stable, well-established doctrinal term in Italian |
| natural body / spiritual body | Resurrection | Critical | σῶμα ψυχικόν / σῶμα πνευματικόν | sōma psychikon / sōma pneumatikon | corpo naturale / corpo spirituale | 15 | Must not imply an immaterial/ghost-like resurrection; “spirituale” in casual Italian often implies non-physical, directly undercutting the passage’s central apologetic point (a real, transformed, bodily resurrection) |
| mortal / immortality | Resurrection | Low | θνητός / ἀθανασία | thnētos / athanasia | mortale / immortalità | 15 | Stable |
| sting of death | Resurrection | Low | τὸ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου | to kentron tou thanatou | pungiglione della morte | 15 | Vivid, doctrinally clear |
| trumpet (last trumpet) | Resurrection | Low | σάλπιγξ | salpigx | tromba | 15 | Well-attested eschatological imagery in Italian cultural tradition (Dante et al.), reinforcing rather than undermining the concept |
| victory (over death) | Resurrection | Low | νῖκος | nikos | vittoria | 15 | Stable |
| appeared (resurrection-appearance formula) | Resurrection | Medium | ὤφθη | ōphthē | apparve | 15 | Must retain the objective, external-appearance-to-witnesses sense, not a subjective vision |
| tradition (received/delivered pair) | Resurrection | High | παραλαμβάνω / παραδίδωμι | paralambanō / paradidōmi | ricevere / trasmettere (una tradizione) | 15 | Structural backbone of 15:1-11’s creedal-recitation argument; must preserve the formal tradition-transmission sense |
| ektrōma (“untimely born”) | Resurrection | High | ἔκτρωμα | ektrōma | come uno nato fuori tempo / in modo anomalo | 15 | Avoid the natural but contemporarily loaded rendering “aborto,” which would trigger an unrelated modern bioethical/political controversy in Italy; requires euphemistic softening that still preserves Paul’s self-abasement rhetoric |
| Christ (proper name/title, fixed form) | Christology | Low | Χριστός | Christos | Cristo | pervasive | Stable, established Italian Bible-translation proper-name form; distinct from but related to baseline “messiah” = Messia (title/OT-fulfillment sense) |
| collection | Closing | Low | λογεία | logeia | colletta | 16 | Stable; no doctrinal collision with Catholic liturgical “colletta” usage |
| Maranatha | Closing | Low | μαράνα θά | marana tha | Marana tha | 16 | Preserved untranslated per baseline’s Aramaic-transliteration convention (cf. Abba); glossed “Vieni, Signore nostro!“ |
| holy kiss | Closing | Low | φίλημα ἅγιον | philēma hagion | santo bacio | 16 | Cultural-adaptation note rather than doctrinal risk |
Part C — Risk Summary for 1 Corinthians New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count of New Terms | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 (love/agapē; body-blood institution narrative; natural/spiritual body; koinonia sacramental sense in 10:16; [resurrection doctrine escalation noted in Part A]) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 20 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 26 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 15 | Automated review |
Note on escalation beyond the baseline: Three items in this glossary carry Critical risk specifically because of collision points unique to 1 Corinthians that were not present in Romans: (1) agapē’s narrowing risk via “carità,” (2) the Lord’s Supper institution narrative sitting on the Catholic/Protestant sacramental fault line, and (3) the natural/spiritual body contrast’s vulnerability to an anti-bodily-resurrection misreading. These should be carried forward into this curriculum’s own doctrine_risk_registry.json extension in the next Phase 1 step, alongside the ten Bible Doctrines specified for this curriculum.
This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before any Phase 2 translation of 1 Corinthians segments begins. All Part A terms are enforced exactly as recorded in the baseline; all Part B terms are proposed additions pending formal incorporation in Phase 1 Steps 2–4.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: giustizia
Transliteration: giustizia (di Dio)
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: virtù
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: must be read as gift-status righteousness, not the everyday judicial-system default. Occurs at 1:30 (‘Christ Jesus, who became to us wisdom from God, righteousness and sanctification’).
Justification
Approved rendering: giustificazione
Transliteration: giustificazione
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαίωσις / ἐδικαιώθητε
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: the Trent/Reformation flashpoint. 1 Corinthians 6:11 (‘washed… sanctified… justified,’ edikaiōthēte) compresses the salvation-order into one verse answering the vice list of 6:9-10; must not read as a process completed by the believer’s own moral reform.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Figlio di Dio
Transliteration: Figlio di Dio
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1 Corinthians 1:9 (‘called into the fellowship of his Son, Jesus Christ our Lord’); full phrase required, conveying eternal, unique Sonship, not adoptive or metaphorical sonship.
Participation Koinonia Sacramental
Approved rendering: comunione (bare, exceptional register)
Transliteration: comunione
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: comunione fraterna (the baseline general-fellowship default, NOT applicable at this specific verse)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW, CRITICAL EXCEPTION TO A BASELINE RULE: 1 Corinthians 10:16 is a rare NT text where koinonia genuinely denotes real sacramental participation in Christ’s body and blood, not general fellowship; mechanically applying the baseline’s ‘comunione fraterna’ qualifier here (correct everywhere else, including 1:9) would be a translation error in the opposite direction. Register choice requires human theologian confirmation per occurrence, never a blanket rule.
Body Blood Institution
Approved rendering: corpo / sangue
Transliteration: corpo / sangue
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW, CRITICAL: the single most denominationally contested locus in the entire curriculum (transubstantiation vs. memorial vs. real-spiritual-presence). The Italian words themselves are not in dispute, but any explanatory gloss risks importing one tradition’s sacramental theology as settled; render plainly with zero interpretive gloss embedded in the translated text. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. Occurs 11:24-25.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: amore
Transliteration: amore
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Rejected alternatives: carità (FORBIDDEN — see forbidden-substitution list)
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Love
NEW, CRITICAL: never render as ‘carità’ — contemporary Italian ‘carità’ has narrowed almost entirely to organized almsgiving (‘fare la carità,’ ‘Caritas’ as the name of the Italian Catholic Bishops’ Conference charity organization), an even sharper semantic drift than English/French ‘charity.’ Modern CEI (2008) and all Protestant Italian Bible traditions render 1 Corinthians 13 with ‘amore’ for exactly this reason. Using ‘carità’ would also risk importing the Tridentine ‘fede operante per carità’ merit-cooperation framework already flagged as High risk in the baseline for justification/obedience-of-faith. This is the single highest-priority lexical decision new to this curriculum. Occurs 12:31-13:13.
Natural Spiritual Body
Approved rendering: corpo naturale / corpo spirituale
Transliteration: corpo naturale / corpo spirituale
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: σῶμα ψυχικόν / σῶμα πνευματικόν
Category: Resurrection
NEW, CRITICAL: must NOT imply an immaterial/ghost-like resurrection body; casual Italian ‘spirituale’ often implies non-physical, directly undercutting the passage’s central apologetic point of a real, transformed, still-bodily resurrection. Compounded by a persistent folk-theology ‘the soul goes to heaven’ framework among nominal Catholics and secular Italians alike. Mandatory theologian review. Occurs 15:44.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: grazia
Transliteration: grazia
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favore
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Same word used by Catholic and Waldensian/evangelical traditions with different doctrinal freight; must render as wholly unmerited. 1 Corinthians 15:10 (‘by the grace of God I am what I am… though it was not I, but the grace of God that is with me’) is the single highest-stakes grace passage in this curriculum and requires mandatory theologian review against a synergistic/Tridentine ‘fede operante per carità’ reading of Paul’s labor.
Calling
Approved rendering: chiamata
Transliteration: chiamata
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocazione (clergy-narrowing risk)
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never render as ‘vocazione’ for any general-believer sense; reserve ‘vocazione’ only for segments explicitly about priestly/religious-life calling. This caution is especially load-bearing in 1 Corinthians 7 given the letter’s proximity to marriage/singleness teaching.
Saints
Approved rendering: santi
Transliteration: santi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι / κλητοῖς ἁγίοις
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. HIGH RISK: Italy’s saint-veneration culture makes ‘i santi’ default to canonized intercessors. Per the baseline’s forbidden-substitution rule, gloss ‘tutti i credenti’ for general audiences at every occurrence in this letter (1:2; 6:1-2; 14:33; 16:1,15), not only in Romans-derived material.
Lord
Approved rendering: Signore
Transliteration: Signore
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: padrone
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Frequent throughout 1 Corinthians (e.g. 8:6; 12:3; 15:57-58); ‘Signore’ doubles as the everyday polite title ‘sir,’ a real flattening risk for secular or biblically illiterate readers.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: comunione fraterna
Transliteration: comunione fraterna
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: comunione (bare)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Bare ‘comunione’ defaults to the Eucharist/First Communion. Applies at 1:9. EXCEPTION: 1 Corinthians 10:16 uses koinonia in a genuinely sacramental-participation sense; the baseline’s ‘fraterna’ qualifier must NOT be mechanically applied there — see the new term ‘participation_koinonia_sacramental’ below, a per-occurrence register decision requiring mandatory theologian confirmation.
Church
Approved rendering: chiesa
Transliteration: chiesa
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Extremely frequent in this letter (1:2; 5:12; 6:4; 11:18,22; 12:28; 14:4-35; 15:9); every occurrence should be checked against the institutional-Catholic-Church-default risk.
Law
Approved rendering: legge
Transliteration: legge
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 7:19; 9:8-9,20-21; 14:34; 15:56.
Sin
Approved rendering: peccato
Transliteration: peccato
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Corinthians 15:3 (‘died for our sins’) and 15:17 (‘you are still in your sins’) are atonement-central occurrences where the colloquial ‘che peccato!’ drift would be especially damaging.
Election
Approved rendering: elezione
Transliteration: elezione
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλέγομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Corinthians 1:27-28 (‘God chose what is foolish… what is weak… what is low and despised’) must not be rendered with a term suggesting impersonal luck or a democratic vote; ensure surrounding context (‘Dio ha scelto…’) makes the divine-agency sense unmistakable.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: sapienza
Transliteration: sapienza
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
NEW: Italy’s Scholastic/Thomistic philosophical heritage gives ‘sapienza’ strong classical-virtue resonance (Aquinas, ‘amor sapientiae’), risking a flattening of Paul’s paradox that God’s wisdom appears as folly by worldly rhetorical standards. Occurs 1 Corinthians 1-2.
Foolishness
Approved rendering: stoltezza
Transliteration: stoltezza
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: μωρία
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
NEW: must retain the deliberate paradox (what appears foolish is in fact God’s wisdom and power); avoid a term implying literal cognitive deficiency. Occurs 1:18-25; 3:18-20; 4:10.
Cross
Approved rendering: croce
Transliteration: croce; la parola della croce
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σταυρός / ὁ λόγος τοῦ σταυροῦ
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
NEW: ‘croce’ is saturated with Italian Catholic devotional/visual culture (crucifixes, Via Crucis, the idiom ‘portare la propria croce’ for enduring suffering). Use the fixed phrase ‘la parola della croce’ (not bare ‘la croce’) whenever the gospel-content sense is intended (1:18), to retain the specific atoning-death referent rather than a generalized suffering-symbol reading.
Divisions
Approved rendering: divisioni
Transliteration: divisioni
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Rejected alternatives: fazioni, partiti, scisma/scismi
Original: σχίσματα
Category: Christian Unity and Factionalism
NEW: must not be flattened to mere personality preference (a real pattern in Italian parish loyalty culture around a favorite priest/movement). ‘Fazioni’/‘partiti’ carry secular political-party overtones (Guelfi e Ghibellini, partiti politici); ‘scisma’ over-formalizes a congregational quarrel into a formal denominational rupture. Occurs 1:10-13; 3:1-9; 11:18; 12:25.
Mystery
Approved rendering: mistero
Transliteration: mistero
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
NEW: Italian ‘mistero’ strongly evokes the Catholic liturgical category ‘i misteri’ (rosary, Mass); must be anchored to God’s specific, now-revealed redemptive plan in Christ within the same sentence. Occurs 2:1,7; 4:1; 13:2; 15:51.
Spiritual Person Natural Person
Approved rendering: spirituale / naturale
Transliteration: spirituale / naturale
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: πνευματικός / ψυχικός
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
NEW: Italian ‘naturale’ underspecifies the ‘without the Spirit’ nuance, risking a nature/supernature philosophical misreading (resonant with Scholastic categories) instead of Paul’s Spirit-possession-vs-absence point. Must be distinguished from ch.3’s ‘carnale’ (immature believer, not unregenerate). Occurs 2:14-15.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: immoralità sessuale
Transliteration: immoralità sessuale (fornicazione)
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: fornicazione (older Riveduta/Diodati register, acceptable but should not mix registers within a single lesson)
Original: πορνεία
Category: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW: must remain morally unambiguous without euphemism or crude explicitness; older Riveduta/Diodati ‘fornicazione’ and contemporary CEI ‘immoralità’ diverge in register. Must anchor to the body-as-temple argument (6:19-20), not a merely private lifestyle matter. Occurs 5:1; 6:9,13,18; 7:2.
Hand Over To Satan
Approved rendering: consegnare a Satana
Transliteration: consegnare a Satana
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᾷ
Category: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW: must be framed strictly as remedial, restoration-aimed church discipline (‘affinché il suo spirito sia salvato,’ 5:5), never as a punitive curse; Italy retains popular folk-Catholic/folk-superstition categories (curse, malocchio/evil eye, exorcism) that could distort this into a supernatural malediction. Occurs 5:5.
Temple
Approved rendering: tempio
Transliteration: tempio
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ναός
Category: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW: Italian ‘tempio’ carries strong resonance with historic Roman/pagan temples and, in Catholic usage, with actual consecrated church buildings; must be clear Paul means the corporate community, not a physical structure. Always attach the descriptive qualifier present in the source (‘tempio di Dio’). Occurs 3:16-17.
Temple Of Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: tempio dello Spirito Santo
Transliteration: tempio dello Spirito Santo
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ναὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος
Category: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW: individualized application of the ‘temple’ caution above; grounds sexual ethics in the Spirit’s indwelling of the individual believer’s own body. Occurs 6:19.
Unmarried Singleness
Approved rendering: non sposato/a
Transliteration: celibe / nubile (direct Scripture-text register)
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: ἄγαμος
Category: Marriage and Singleness
NEW: ‘celibe’ overlaps directly with clerical celibacy (‘il celibato dei preti’), a major and contested Italian Catholic category. Prefer ‘non sposato/a’ / ‘senza legami matrimoniali’ in expository/doctrinal material for lay audiences; reserve ‘celibe/nubile’ mainly for direct Scripture-text rendering per established Bible-translation tradition, with an explicit clarifying note distinguishing ordinary Christian singleness from vocational religious celibacy. Occurs 7:8,11,32,34.
Vocational Calling Life Station
Approved rendering: chiamata (nella condizione di vita)
Transliteration: chiamata
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Rejected alternatives: vocazione
NEW: a fourth calling-sense beyond apostleship/sainthood/salvation already tracked under baseline ‘calling’ — here, one’s providentially assigned marital/social life-station at conversion. Must use ‘chiamata,’ never ‘vocazione,’ especially given proximity to marriage/singleness teaching, which makes a clergy/religious-life misreading unusually easy. Occurs 7:17-24.
Right Liberty
Approved rendering: diritto / libertà
Transliteration: diritto / libertà
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW: must not be confused with the formal-authority sense of exousia elsewhere (e.g. 11:10’s headship imagery); always pair with the text’s own love-limiting qualifiers (‘per amore,’ 8:9,13; ‘per il bene degli altri,’ 10:24) rather than letting the term stand alone. Occurs 8:9; 9:4-6,12,18.
Cup Of The Lord
Approved rendering: calice del Signore
Transliteration: calice del Signore (calice dei demòni)
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: coppa (bare)
Original: ποτήριον κυρίου
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW: ‘calice’ is required over bare ‘coppa’ to retain liturgical weight and set up ch.11’s Supper vocabulary. Occurs 10:21.
Table Of The Lord
Approved rendering: mensa del Signore
Transliteration: mensa del Signore
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: τράπεζα κυρίου
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW: established Italian liturgical phrase (CEI usage); must retain the participatory-communion sense central to ch.11’s teaching. Occurs 10:21.
Lords Supper
Approved rendering: Cena del Signore
Transliteration: Cena del Signore
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: Eucaristia, Messa (post-biblical liturgical category names)
Original: κυριακὸν δεῖπνον
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW: must be distinguished from the Catholic Mass/Eucharist’s sacrificial-representation theology on one hand and from a merely social meal on the other; sits on a live, unresolved Catholic-vs-Waldensian/evangelical fault line within Italy itself. Occurs 11:20.
Unworthy Manner
Approved rendering: in modo indegno
Transliteration: in modo indegno
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀναξίως
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW: must not be read (per folk-Catholic sacramental-worthiness anxiety patterns) as requiring personal sinlessness achieved by the communicant’s own merit, which would collide with the grace/works distinction. Occurs 11:27,29.
Discern The Body
Approved rendering: discernere il corpo
Transliteration: discernere il corpo
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW: the referent (‘the body’ — Christ’s sacramental body vs. the corporate church body) is exegetically debated; flag for theologian review rather than resolving unilaterally in translation. Occurs 11:29.
Judgment Discipline Temporal
Approved rendering: giudizio
Transliteration: giudizio
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: κρίμα
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW: must be clearly distinguished from final/eternal judgment (per 11:32, ‘so that we may not be judged along with the world’). Occurs 5:3-5; 11:29-32.
Members
Approved rendering: membra
Transliteration: membra
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: μέλη
Category: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW: foundational body-image term; track consistently across 6:15 and chs. 10-12 given multiple distinct ‘body’ referents in the letter.
Body
Approved rendering: corpo
Transliteration: corpo
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα
Category: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW: at least four distinct referents across the letter (individual believer’s body, Christ’s resurrection body, corporate church body, Supper’s bread-element); every occurrence requires disambiguating context in the surrounding sentence. Occurs 6:15,19; 10:16-17; 11:24,29; 12:12-27; 15:35-44.
Tongues
Approved rendering: lingue / interpretazione delle lingue
Transliteration: lingue / interpretazione delle lingue
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: γλῶσσαι / ἑρμηνεία γλωσσῶν
Category: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW: a genuinely contested denominational-identity marker across Italy’s Pentecostal (Assemblee di Dio), Catholic Charismatic Renewal, and traditional evangelical streams; the Italian rendering is stable, but framing must remain neutral on continuationist-vs-cessationist positions. Occurs 12:10,28,30; 14:1-40.
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: corpo di Cristo
Transliteration: corpo di Cristo
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα Χριστοῦ / ἓν σῶμα
Category: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW: must be disambiguated from the intensely prominent Eucharistic ‘body of Christ’ (Corpus Domini, a major nationwide Italian civic-religious holiday), even though both the ecclesial-body sense (ch.12) and the sacramental-body sense (ch.11) occur within this same letter. Occurs 12:12-27.
Head Headship
Approved rendering: capo
Transliteration: capo
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: κεφαλή
Category: Order in Worship
NEW: Italian ‘capo’ is an extremely strong everyday secular term for ‘boss/chief’ (workplace hierarchy, ‘il capo dell’ufficio’), risking either an overly authoritarian domination-reading or a merely organizational-chart reading of Paul’s relational headship/source category. Never present without the mutuality qualifier of 11:11-12 (‘nel Signore, né la donna è senza l’uomo, né l’uomo senza la donna’) in the same teaching unit. Use ‘testa’ for the literal anatomical head-covering references in the same passage, since no single Italian word carries both the anatomical and figurative senses. Occurs 11:3-10.
Tradition Received Delivered
Approved rendering: ricevere / trasmettere (una tradizione)
Transliteration: ricevere / trasmettere
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: tramandare (too informal/oral-folklore register)
Original: παραλαμβάνω / παραδίδωμι
Category: Resurrection
NEW: structural backbone of 15:1-11’s creedal-recitation argument; must preserve the formal, fixed-content apostolic tradition-transmission sense, not casual ‘you got the news.’ Use the more formal ‘trasmettere,’ not ‘tramandare’ (which carries an oral-folklore register, as in tramandare una leggenda). Occurs 15:1,3; also 11:2,23.
Ektroma
Approved rendering: come uno nato fuori tempo / in modo anomalo
Transliteration: ektrōma
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: aborto (FORBIDDEN — see forbidden-substitution list)
Original: ἔκτρωμα
Category: Resurrection
NEW: Paul’s extreme self-abasement image for his irregular path to apostleship; the natural Italian rendering ‘aborto’ carries strong contemporary bioethical/political charge in Italy and must never be used — a euphemistic softening is required that still preserves Paul’s rhetorical self-abasement. Occurs 15:8.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: fede
Transliteration: fede
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 2:5; 12:9; 13:2,13; 15:2,11,14,17. The object of faith at 15:2,11 must remain recoverable as the specific resurrection facts recited in vv.3-8, not generic religious sentiment; 16:13’s ‘state salde nella fede’ uses the doctrinal-content sense (‘the faith’) rather than personal trust and needs contextual clarity.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvezza
Transliteration: salvezza
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:18,21; 3:15; 5:5; 9:22; 10:33; 15:2. 1 Corinthians 15:2’s present-tense ‘are being saved’ (sōzesthe) marks salvation as an ongoing state grounded in the gospel-fact just recited; Italian present passive risks a completed-action reading unless ongoing aspect is preserved in surrounding phrasing.
Called
Approved rendering: chiamato
Transliteration: chiamato
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλεῖσθαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive across at least four distinct senses active in this curriculum: apostleship (1:1), sainthood (1:2), salvation, and — new in 1 Corinthians 7:17-24 — one’s providentially assigned life-station at conversion (see ‘vocational_calling_life_station’ below). Check which is active per occurrence.
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1 Corinthians 3:17; 7:14,34.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: santificazione
Transliteration: santificazione
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἡγιάσθητε
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:2; 6:11 within the compact salvation-summary answering the vice list of 6:9-10.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: risurrezione
Transliteration: risurrezione
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package (base term risk retained exactly per language-package continuity). CURRICULUM ESCALATION NOTE: assets/doctrine_risk_registry.json for 1 Corinthians rates both ‘The Resurrection of Christ’ and ‘The Resurrection of Believers’ as Critical doctrines (not merely Medium), because chapter 15 sustains an entire chapter-length argument for a real, historical, bodily resurrection against a live ancient (and residually modern) denial, rather than a passing reference as in Romans. The perfect-tense ‘egēgertai’ (15:4) must be rendered ‘è risuscitato’ (abiding-result force), never a flat simple past. All occurrences of this doctrine require mandatory human theologian review regardless of this term entry’s inherited Medium tier.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: carismi
Transliteration: carismi
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: doni naturali
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Central topic of 1 Corinthians 12 and 14, with elevated salience given Italy’s three-way Catholic Charismatic Renewal, Pentecostal (Assemblee di Dio), and traditional evangelical engagement with exactly this vocabulary.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Regno di Dio
Transliteration: Regno di Dio
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 4:20; 6:9-10; 15:24,50.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: pagani
Transliteration: pagani
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: genti
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:23; 5:1; 10:20,32; 12:2.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: gloria
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 10:31; 11:7,15; 15:40-43 (the resurrection body’s differing ‘degrees of glory’).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: potenza di Dio
Transliteration: potenza di Dio
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Paired with ‘foolishness’ in 1:18,24 and applied to resurrection power in 6:14; 15:43.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messia
Transliteration: Messia
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies every occurrence of the fixed proper name ‘Cristo’ (see new entry ‘christ’ below) throughout 1 Corinthians; the title/OT-fulfillment sense and the proper-name form are tracked as distinct entries.
Covenant
Approved rendering: alleanza
Transliteration: alleanza
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: patto (more contract-like)
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Corinthians 11:25 (‘this cup is the new covenant in my blood’) sits directly within the Lord’s Supper institution narrative and its denominational sensitivities; prefer ‘alleanza’ over the more contract-like ‘patto’.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israele
Transliteration: Israele
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Corinthians 10:18 (‘Israel according to the flesh’) requires the historical/theological referent to remain distinct from the modern nation-state.
God
Approved rendering: Dio
Transliteration: Dio
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Pervasive throughout 1 Corinthians.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Spirito Santo
Transliteration: Spirito Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Central to chs. 2, 3, 6, and 12-14’s gift-vocabulary.
Father
Approved rendering: Padre
Transliteration: Padre
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Capitalize ‘Padre’ for God (1:3; 8:6); lowercase ‘padre’ for Paul’s mentoring self-description at 4:15, where the baseline’s Catholic-priestly-address caution (‘Padre’ as the standard title for a priest, e.g. Padre Pio) is directly relevant and requires native-speaker attention.
Boasting
Approved rendering: vantarsi
Transliteration: vantarsi; vanto
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
NEW: preserve the contrast between forbidden self-boasting (1:29) and legitimate boasting ‘in the Lord’ (1:31); do not flatten to a single undifferentiated term for pride.
Carnal
Approved rendering: carnale
Transliteration: carnale
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: σαρκικός
Category: Christian Unity and Factionalism
NEW: must be distinguished from ch.2’s ‘naturale’ (unregenerate) category — describes immature believers, not unbelievers. Occurs 3:1,3.
Fire Testing
Approved rendering: fuoco
Transliteration: fuoco (prova del fuoco)
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: πῦρ
Category: Christian Unity and Factionalism
NEW: must not be read through the Catholic doctrine of purgatorial post-mortem soul-purification, a live category in Italian Catholic theology; concerns the quality of ministry-works tested, not personal purification. Occurs 3:13-15.
Reward
Approved rendering: ricompensa
Transliteration: ricompensa
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: μισθός
Category: Christian Unity and Factionalism
NEW: keep clearly distinct from the ground of salvation (grace/faith); occurs 3:8,14 alongside 3:15’s assurance (‘he himself will be saved’).
Steward
Approved rendering: amministratore
Transliteration: amministratore
Doctrine: Apostolic Stewardship and Ministry
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Christian Unity and Factionalism
NEW: 4:1-2, apostles as ‘stewards of the mysteries of God’; keep clear this is a servant role under authority, not an independent office.
Fools For Christ
Approved rendering: stolti per Cristo
Transliteration: stolti per Cristo
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: μωροὶ διὰ Χριστόν
Category: Christian Unity and Factionalism
NEW: same paradox-preservation concern as ‘foolishness’ above. Occurs 4:10.
Leaven
Approved rendering: lievito
Transliteration: lievito / senza lievito (azzimo)
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ζύμη / ἄζυμος
Category: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW: requires Passover-background explanation for readers with low OT literacy. Occurs 5:6-8.
Washed
Approved rendering: lavati
Transliteration: lavati
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ἀπελούσασθε
Category: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW: baptismal imagery in the compact salvation-summary of 6:11; must not imply cleansing by ritual alone apart from the faith/Spirit-work also named in the same verse.
Bought With A Price
Approved rendering: riscattati a caro prezzo
Transliteration: riscattati a caro prezzo
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ἠγοράσθητε τιμῆς
Category: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW: must retain the ownership-transfer/redemption sense (belonging to Christ, not self-owned), not a vague sentimental gloss. Occurs 6:20; 7:23.
Virgin
Approved rendering: vergine
Transliteration: vergine
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: παρθένος
Category: Marriage and Singleness
NEW: ensure the specific relational category (engaged/unmarried) Paul addresses is contextually clear, not read as a general purity-status title. Occurs 7:25-38.
Conjugal Duty
Approved rendering: dovere coniugale
Transliteration: dovere coniugale
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: ὀφειλή
Category: Marriage and Singleness
NEW: must preserve mutuality (owed by both spouses equally), not a one-directional obligation. Occurs 7:3.
Divorce Separate
Approved rendering: separarsi
Transliteration: separarsi
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Rejected alternatives: divorziare (modern post-1970 Italian civil-legal procedure)
Original: χωρίζω / ἀπολύω
Category: Marriage and Singleness
NEW: avoid the strictly modern civil-legal connotation of ‘divorziare’ where Paul’s more relational ‘separate’ sense is meant. Occurs 7:10-15.
Idol Meat
Approved rendering: carne sacrificata agli idoli
Transliteration: carne sacrificata agli idoli
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἰδωλόθυτον
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW: a concrete, low-ambiguity phrase; main risk is a cultural-background gap for modern Italian readers with no equivalent practice, requiring explanatory framing rather than posing a lexical-ambiguity risk. Occurs 8:1-13.
Knowledge
Approved rendering: conoscenza
Transliteration: conoscenza
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW: keep the ch.8 knowledge/love contrast distinct from the ch.12 ‘word of knowledge’ spiritual gift (same root, different referent). Occurs 8:1,7,10-11; 12:8; 13:2,8.
Conscience
Approved rendering: coscienza
Transliteration: coscienza
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW: a moral-theological faculty evaluating one’s own actions before God, not mere psychological self-awareness. Occurs 8:7,10,12; 10:25-29.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: pietra d’inciampo
Transliteration: pietra d’inciampo
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: πρόσκομμα
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW: a fairly stable idiom in Italian religious usage. Occurs 8:9,13.
Types Examples
Approved rendering: esempi / tipi
Transliteration: esempi / tipi
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: τύποι
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW: a technical typological-hermeneutic term requiring explanatory OT-background framing for low-OT-literacy readers. Occurs 10:6,11.
Remembrance
Approved rendering: in memoria di me
Transliteration: in memoria di me
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀνάμνησις
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW: should carry the active, participatory Passover-style remembrance sense, not a flat ‘in order to remember,’ which reads as merely mental/nostalgic. Occurs 11:24-25.
Manifestation Of Spirit
Approved rendering: manifestazione dello Spirito
Transliteration: manifestazione dello Spirito
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: φανέρωσις τοῦ Πνεύματος
Category: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW: must retain the ‘for the common good’ edification framing, not self-display. Occurs 12:7.
Word Of Wisdom Knowledge
Approved rendering: parola di sapienza / parola di conoscenza
Transliteration: parola di sapienza / parola di conoscenza
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: λόγος σοφίας / λόγος γνώσεως
Category: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW: distinct from the general ‘wisdom’/‘knowledge’ concepts of chs. 1-2, 8; ensure the gift-specific sense is clear from context. Occurs 12:8.
Gifts Of Healing Miracles
Approved rendering: doni di guarigione / miracoli
Transliteration: doni di guarigione / miracoli
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: χαρίσματα ἰαμάτων / δυνάμεις
Category: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW: relevant to the ongoing charismatic-vs-cessationist debate live within Italy’s Catholic Charismatic Renewal and Pentecostal communities. Occurs 12:9-10,28-30.
Discernment Of Spirits
Approved rendering: discernimento degli spiriti
Transliteration: discernimento degli spiriti
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: διάκρισις πνευμάτων
Category: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW: must remain tied to the church’s edification context, not Italy’s folk-Catholic exorcism/curse/evil-eye-adjacent categories. Occurs 12:10.
Greater Way
Approved rendering: una via/un cammino ancora più eccellente
Transliteration: una via ancora più eccellente
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: ὁδὸν καθ’ ὑπερβολήν
Category: Love
NEW: must connect grammatically back to 12:31 as ch.13’s frame.
Head Covering
Approved rendering: velo / copertura del capo
Transliteration: velo
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: κατακαλύπτομαι
Category: Order in Worship
NEW: primarily a cultural-adaptation challenge, since no equivalent custom exists in modern Italy; frame explicitly as a first-century cultural marker requiring historical explanation, not a direct modern behavioral application. Occurs 11:4-16.
Order Decently
Approved rendering: ordine / in modo decoroso e ordinato
Transliteration: ordine
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: τάξις / εὐσχημόνως
Category: Order in Worship
NEW: doctrinally uncomplicated and largely practical-ethical. Occurs 14:33,40.
Appeared
Approved rendering: apparve
Transliteration: apparve
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ὤφθη
Category: Resurrection
NEW: must retain the sense of an objective, external appearance to real witnesses, not an inward vision or subjective impression. Occurs 15:5-8.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: primizia
Transliteration: primizia
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Resurrection
NEW: requires OT-agricultural/sacrificial background explanation for readers with low OT literacy. Occurs 15:20,23.
Last Adam
Approved rendering: l’ultimo Adamo
Transliteration: l’ultimo Adamo
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ
Category: Resurrection
NEW: requires the Genesis Adam narrative as background. Occurs 15:21-22,45-49.
Imperishable
Approved rendering: incorruttibile
Transliteration: incorruttibile
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀφθαρσία / ἄφθαρτος
Category: Resurrection
NEW: a stable, well-established doctrinal term in Italian, used in both Catholic and Protestant resurrection teaching. Occurs 15:42,50-54.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: vangelo
Transliteration: vangelo
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Shared, stable term across the Catholic CEI translation and Protestant Diodati/Riveduta tradition. In 1 Corinthians occurs at 1:17; 4:15; 9:12,14,16-18,23; 15:1, where it is the fixed creedal content Paul recites (15:1), not his personal opinion.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostolo
Transliteration: apostolo
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:1; 4:9; 9:1-2,5; 12:28-29; 15:7,9. 1 Corinthians 15:9 turns this into an autobiographical grace-argument (‘I am the least of the apostles’).
Peace
Approved rendering: pace
Transliteration: pace
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Corinthians 7:15 and 14:33 use it of relational/communal peace flowing from the gospel; distinguish from mere absence of conflict.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ringraziamento
Transliteration: ringraziamento
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:4,14; 14:16-18; 15:57.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: profeta
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 12:28-29; 14:29-37.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profezia
Transliteration: profezia
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. A regulated spiritual gift throughout chs. 12-14; also appears in 13:2,8-9.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Gesù
Transliteration: Gesù
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Stable across all Italian traditions; pervasive throughout 1 Corinthians.
Exhort
Approved rendering: esortare
Transliteration: esortare
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:10; 4:16, opening and reinforcing the unity appeal.
Christ
Approved rendering: Cristo
Transliteration: Cristo
Doctrine: Christology
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW: fixed proper-name form of the title ‘Messiah,’ used throughout 1 Corinthians as Jesus’s virtual surname. Stable, established Italian Bible-translation form; distinct from but related to baseline ‘messiah’ = Messia (the title/OT-fulfillment sense).
Foundation
Approved rendering: fondamento
Transliteration: fondamento
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: θεμέλιος
Category: Christian Unity and Factionalism
NEW: ‘no other foundation than Jesus Christ.’ Occurs 3:10-11.
Lawsuits
Approved rendering: controversie legali
Transliteration: controversie legali
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: κρίνεσθαι / κριτήριον
Category: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW: civil litigation between believers before secular courts; largely a practical/ethical rather than doctrinal term. Occurs 6:1-8.
Marriage
Approved rendering: matrimonio
Transliteration: matrimonio
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: γάμος
Category: Marriage and Singleness
NEW: Paul commends marriage as good throughout ch.7; stable term.
Self Control
Approved rendering: autocontrollo
Transliteration: autocontrollo (temperanza)
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW: standard modern Italian term; ‘temperanza’ is an acceptable alternate classical-register synonym, used consistently. Occurs 9:25.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: idolatria
Transliteration: idolatria
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW: stable term. Occurs 10:7,14.
Hope
Approved rendering: speranza
Transliteration: speranza
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Love
NEW: part of the faith-hope-love triad at 13:13, alongside baseline ‘fede’ and new ‘amore’; stable term.
Mortal Immortality
Approved rendering: mortale / immortalità
Transliteration: mortale / immortalità
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: θνητός / ἀθανασία
Category: Resurrection
NEW: standard vocabulary. Occurs 15:53-54.
Sting Of Death
Approved rendering: pungiglione della morte
Transliteration: pungiglione della morte
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: τὸ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου
Category: Resurrection
NEW: vivid but doctrinally clear image. Occurs 15:55-56.
Trumpet
Approved rendering: tromba
Transliteration: tromba
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: σάλπιγξ
Category: Resurrection
NEW: well-attested eschatological imagery in Italian cultural tradition (e.g. Dante), reinforcing rather than undermining the concept. Occurs 15:52.
Victory
Approved rendering: vittoria
Transliteration: vittoria
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: νῖκος
Category: Resurrection
NEW: triumph specifically over death. Occurs 15:54,57.
Collection
Approved rendering: colletta
Transliteration: colletta
Doctrine: Generosity and the Collection for the Saints
Original: λογεία
Category: Closing
NEW: standard, stable Italian term with no doctrinal collision, also used in Catholic liturgical context for an offering collection without creating confusion here. Occurs 16:1-4.
Maranatha
Approved rendering: Marana tha
Transliteration: Marana tha
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope
Original: μαράνα θά
Category: Closing
NEW: preserved untranslated per the baseline’s established Aramaic-transliteration convention (cf. ‘Abba’); gloss with ‘Vieni, Signore nostro!’ in supporting material. Occurs 16:22.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: santo bacio
Transliteration: santo bacio
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Closing
NEW: primarily a cultural-adaptation note (the greeting custom itself, not the term, may need brief explanatory framing) rather than a doctrinal-collision risk. Occurs 16:20.
Cephas
Approved rendering: Cefa
Transliteration: Cefa
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: Pietro (the Greek-derived form; do not substitute where the Aramaic ‘Cefa’ occurs in the Greek text)
NEW proper name: established Italian Bible-translation tradition (CEI, Riveduta) uses ‘Cefa’ as the transliterated Aramaic surname distinct from ‘Pietro’; retain ‘Cefa’ wherever the Aramaic form appears in the source. Occurs 1:12; 3:22; 9:5; 15:5.
Apollos
Approved rendering: Apollo
Transliteration: Apollo
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
NEW proper name: standard Italian Bible proper-name form. Occurs 1:12; 3:4-6,22; 4:6; 16:12.
Sosthenes
Approved rendering: Sostene
Transliteration: Sostene
Doctrine: Apostleship
NEW proper name: standard Italian Bible proper-name form. Occurs 1:1.
Chloe
Approved rendering: Cloe
Transliteration: Cloe
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
NEW proper name: standard Italian Bible proper-name form. Occurs 1:11.
Stephanas
Approved rendering: Stefana
Transliteration: Stefana
Doctrine: Generosity and the Collection for the Saints
NEW proper name: standard Italian Bible proper-name form. Occurs 1:16; 16:15,17.
Referenced passages