Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Thessalonians (English → Italian)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across all three chapters of 2 Thessalonians. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked REUSED and carry forward their exact recorded Italian rendering and risk tier without modification, per the hard rule that the baseline is the language authority. Terms unique to this curriculum are marked NEW and are proposed here for addition to translation memory (Phase 1 Step 8/Phase 2 pre-flight loading), with full doctrinal rationale.
Legend
- TM Status: REUSED (baseline term, rendering fixed) / NEW (proposed for this curriculum)
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low, per the baseline’s risk-tier definitions
- Doctrine tag: maps to the five curriculum doctrines — DOTL (Day of the Lord), MOL (Man of Lawlessness), PUP (Perseverance under Persecution), GRJ (God’s Righteous Judgment), SFT (Standing Firm in the Traditions) — or GEN (general/shared vocabulary continuous with the baseline Romans package)
Glossary Table
| # | English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Category | Risk | Italian Rendering | TM Status | Doctrine Tag | Rationale / Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου | hēmera tou kyriou | Eschatology | Critical | il giorno del Signore | NEW | DOTL | OT prophetic day of judgment/vindication fused with Christ’s parousia. Risk: Italian secular usage defaults to “la fine del mondo”/“l’Apocalisse” (pop-catastrophe sense); Italy’s prominent Jehovah’s Witnesses presence adds a distinct sectarian chronology readers may import unintentionally. Requires explicit doctrinal framing every occurrence. |
| 2 | Parousia / Coming | παρουσία | parousia | Christology/Eschatology | Critical | venuta (parusia as technical gloss) | NEW | DOTL | Ceremonial royal arrival image applied to Christ’s return. Must be rendered identically at every occurrence (2:1, 2:8, 2:9) for internal consistency; risk of sounding like an ordinary visit if not paired with glory/judgment language. |
| 3 | Gathering together | ἐπισυναγωγή | episynagōgē | Eschatology | Medium | riunione con lui / il nostro raccogliersi a lui | NEW | DOTL | Final eschatological gathering to Christ; must not read as a routine church meeting. |
| 4 | Man of Lawlessness | ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας | anthrōpos tēs anomias | Eschatology | Critical | l’uomo dell’iniquità | NEW | MOL | Do NOT use “l’uomo del peccato” (relies on ἁμαρτίας variant, not the critical text ἀνομίας, and would wrongly conflate with baseline’s fixed “peccato” = ἁμαρτία). “Iniquità” preserves ἀνομία as a lexically distinct family across 2:3, 2:7, 2:8. |
| 5 | Son of Destruction | υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας | huios tēs apōleias | Eschatology | Critical | il figlio della perdizione | NEW | MOL | Matches established Italian rendering of the parallel Johannine phrase for Judas (John 17:12), reinforcing intertextual recognition. Must not read as merely “an unfortunate/doomed person.” |
| 6 | The Lawless One | ὁ ἄνομος | ho anomos | Eschatology | Critical | l’iniquo | NEW | MOL | Must derive from same root as “l’uomo dell’iniquità” (#4) and “il mistero dell’iniquità” (#7) for lexical traceability of the single figure across the passage. |
| 7 | Mystery of Lawlessness | μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας | mystērion tēs anomias | Eschatology | High | il mistero dell’iniquità | NEW | MOL | Bare “mistero” in Italian Catholic register evokes the sacred liturgical “misteri” (Rosary, Eucharistic “mistero della fede”) — a strongly positive resonance opposite this verse’s dark sense. Never leave “mistero” unqualified. |
| 8 | Apostasy / Rebellion | ἀποστασία | apostasia | Eschatology | High | l’apostasia | NEW | DOTL / MOL | Italian “apostasia” is also a technical canon-law term (formal juridical renunciation of Catholic faith/baptism). Risk of readers hearing a narrow institutional-defection sense rather than Paul’s cosmic-scale eschatological falling-away. Mandatory theologian review. |
| 9 | The Restrainer / That which restrains | τὸ κατέχον / ὁ κατέχων | to katechon / ho katechōn | Eschatology | High | ciò che trattiene (neut.) / colui che trattiene (masc.) | NEW | DOTL / MOL | Deliberately preserve the Greek’s neuter→masculine grammatical shift. Referent genuinely underdetermined by the text (Roman Empire, human government, gospel proclamation, Michael, Holy Spirit/church, God’s restraint all proposed historically). Do NOT silently resolve identity in translation; mandatory footnote + theologian review. |
| 10 | Temple | ναός | naos | Eschatology | Medium | tempio | NEW | MOL | Interpretive range (literal rebuilt Jerusalem temple / the church / symbolic divine-claim) must be preserved in teaching notes, not resolved by translation choice. No false-cognate risk in Italian itself. |
| 11 | Appearing / Manifestation | ἐπιφάνεια | epiphaneia | Eschatology | High | manifestazione (avoid noun “epifania”) | NEW | DOTL | Italian “Epifania” is dominated culturally by the January 6th holiday/“la Befana” folklore — an unrelated, strongly positive cultural association risking trivialization of Christ’s glorious judging appearance. |
| 12 | Working / Activity (of Satan or error) | ἐνέργεια | energeia | Eschatology/Sin | High | azione / attività / influsso (never “energia”) | NEW | MOL | False-cognate risk: Italian “energia” is pervasive New Age/esoteric vocabulary for impersonal cosmic force, undermining the text’s point that Satan is a personal, morally culpable agent. Applies at 2:7, 2:9, 2:11. |
| 13 | Signs and wonders (false) | σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα (ψεύδους) | sēmeia kai terata (pseudous) | Eschatology | Medium | segni e prodigi menzogneri/ingannevoli | NEW | MOL | Qualifier must attach clearly to “falsehood,” not deny the phenomena’s genuine impressiveness — these are real but spiritually counterfeit, not fictional. |
| 14 | Love of the Truth | ἀγάπη τῆς ἀληθείας | agapē tēs alētheias | Faith | High | l’amore della verità | NEW | GRJ | Deciding factor in judgment is relational/moral (love or refusal of truth), not intellectual access. Must remain lexically consistent with “verità” across 2:10, 2:12, 2:13 to preserve the truth/lie antithesis structure. |
| 15 | The Lie | τὸ ψεῦδος | to pseudos | Eschatology/Sin | High | la menzogna | NEW | MOL / GRJ | Definite article marks a specific climactic eschatological deception, not “a lie” generically. Structural antithesis with ἀλήθεια/“verità” must be visibly preserved. |
| 16 | Believe the Lie | πιστεύω τῷ ψεύδει | pisteuō tō pseudei | Faith/Sin | High | credere alla menzogna | NEW | MOL / GRJ | Reuse “credere” (verb form of baseline “fede”) deliberately so the antithesis with “credere alla verità” is structurally visible, mirroring the Greek’s ironic reuse of πιστεύω for damning rather than saving trust. |
| 17 | God sends a working of delusion | πέμπει… ἐνέργειαν πλάνης | pempei energeian planēs | Sin/God | High | Dio manda… un’azione ingannatrice | NEW | GRJ | Judicial hardening in response to prior rejection of truth (v.10), not arbitrary deception of the innocent — must keep the causal link to v.10 visible in teaching notes. |
| 18 | Judged / Condemned | κρίνω | krinō | Eschatology/God | Critical | condannati | NEW | GRJ | Genuinely retributive judgment — unlike Romans’ “giustizia” caution (avoid over-legal reading), here the judicial/courtroom sense is doctrinally correct and must NOT be softened. Flag the opposite-direction risk explicitly for reviewers moving between curricula. |
| 19 | Righteous Judgment of God | δικαία κρίσις τοῦ Θεοῦ | dikaia krisis tou Theou | Eschatology/God | Critical | il giusto giudizio di Dio | NEW | GRJ | Same opposite-direction caution as #18; this is the core-doctrine anchor term for God’s Righteous Judgment. |
| 20 | Vengeance / Retribution | ἐκδίκησις | ekdikēsis | God | High | vendetta (established CEI rendering, retained) | NEW | GRJ | Italian “vendetta” carries strong personal/clan-revenge cultural associations (vendetta familiare, faida). Requires mandatory theologian-level catechetical framing distinguishing God’s exclusive judicial prerogative from human vendetta-cycles (cf. Rom 12:19’s prohibition, same root). |
| 21 | Eternal Destruction | ὄλεθρος αἰώνιος | olethros aiōnios | Eschatology | High | rovina eterna / perdizione eterna | NEW | GRJ | Must preserve the parallel with “eternal life” (same adjective αἰώνιος) — finality, not a temporary or metaphorical state. |
| 22 | Perseverance / Endurance | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | Faith | High | perseveranza | NEW | PUP | Catholic catechesis ties “perseveranza” to “perseveranza finale” (Tridentine merit/cooperation debate), paralleling baseline’s assurance-of-salvation caution. Must be framed as Spirit-enabled steadfastness under persecution specifically. |
| 23 | Affliction / Persecution | θλῖψις / διωγμός | thlipsis / diōgmos | Faith | Medium | afflizione / persecuzione | NEW | PUP | Standard, low-collision vocabulary. |
| 24 | Count worthy (of the calling) | ἀξιόω (τῆς κλήσεως) | axioō (tēs klēseōs) | Salvation | Medium-High | rendere degni della chiamata | NEW | PUP / GEN | MUST pair with baseline “chiamata” (never “vocazione” for general believer’s calling). Care not to imply self-achieved merit rather than grace-enabled outcome. |
| 25 | Work of Faith | ἔργον πίστεως | ergon pisteōs | Faith | High | l’opera della fede | NEW | PUP | Intersects baseline’s “obedience_of_faith” Trent caution (“fede operante per carità”); frame as faith’s fruit, not a co-equal condition of standing before God. |
| 26 | Obey the Gospel | ὑπακούω τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ | hypakouō tō euangeliō | Salvation | Medium-High | obbedire al vangelo | NEW | GRJ | Related to but distinct from baseline “obbedienza della fede” (Rom 1:5, 16:26); same Trent-adjacent caution against implying meritorious compliance added to faith. |
| 27 | Tradition(s) | παράδοσις | paradosis | Church/Covenant | Critical | tradizione / tradizioni | NEW | SFT | THE most sensitive term in this curriculum for Italy: classic Catholic (Sacra Tradizione, Trent/Dei Verbum) vs. Waldensian/evangelical (sola scriptura) proof-text battleground. Mandatory theologian review on every occurrence (2:15, 3:6), with notes distinguishing first-century apostolic teaching (oral or written) from the later Magisterial Sacred Tradition category. |
| 28 | Stand Firm / Hold Fast | στήκετε / κρατεῖτε | stēkete / krateite | Church/Covenant | Medium | state fermi / tenete fermamente | NEW | SFT | ”Tenete” alone (without “fermamente”) risks sounding too weak/passive. |
| 29 | Establish / Strengthen | στηρίζω | stērizō | Church/Covenant | Medium | renda salde / confermi | NEW | SFT | Divine action undergirding the human command to hold fast (2:17); pairs with #28. |
| 30 | Walk in Idleness / Disorderly Conduct | ἀτάκτως περιπατέω | ataktōs peripateō | Church | Medium | vivere/condursi disordinatamente | NEW | SFT | Practical/ethical extension of “tradition” (#27) — the term’s semantic range in this letter includes conduct instruction, not only doctrine. |
| 31 | Busybody | περιεργάζομαι | periergazomai | Church | Low | impiccioni / immischiarsi negli affari altrui | NEW | SFT | Greek wordplay with ἐργάζομαι (“work”/“meddle”) cannot be fully reproduced in Italian; flag for translator’s note. |
| 32 | Admonish | νουθετέω | noutheteō | Church | Low-Medium | ammonire | NEW | SFT | Correction within brotherly relationship, contrasted deliberately with “enemy” (ἐχθρός). |
| 33 | Command (apostolic) | παραγγέλλω | parangellō | Church/Covenant | Low-Medium | comandare / ordinare | NEW | SFT | Stronger, more authoritative than παρακαλέω; avoid softening to “chiedere” (ask). |
| 34 | Chosen / Firstfruits | αἱρέομαι / ἀπαρχή | haireomai / aparchē | Salvation | High | scelti (come primizie) per la salvezza | NEW | GEN | Textual variant (ἀπαρχήν vs. ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς) requires footnoting. Doctrinally continuous with baseline’s High-risk “elezione” caution (political-elections collision; Thomistic-synergistic vs. Reformed assumptions), though a different Greek verb root. |
| 35 | The Lord is Faithful | πιστὸς ὁ κύριος | pistos ho kyrios | God | Medium | il Signore è fedele | NEW | PUP | Reuses “fedele” (cognate of baseline “fede”) naturally; grounds assurance in God’s character, echoing baseline’s assurance-of-salvation theme. |
| 36 | Guard from the Evil One | φυλάσσω ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ | phylassō apo tou ponērou | God | Medium | guardare dal maligno | NEW | PUP | ”Il maligno” is a well-established, positive cultural anchor via the Lord’s Prayer tradition; distinguish from generic abstract “il male.” |
| 37 | Lord of Peace | ὁ Κύριος τῆς εἰρήνης | ho Kyrios tēs eirēnēs | God | Medium | il Signore della pace | NEW (compound of REUSED parts) | GEN | Built from baseline “Signore” (High) + “pace” (Low); echoes the Mass’s “la pace del Signore sia sempre con voi” — a cultural asset if kept substantive, not merely ritual-greeting-level. |
| 38 | Authenticating Sign (of Paul’s hand) | σημεῖον | sēmeion | Church | Low | il segno | NEW | GEN | Homonym of #13’s “signs” (σημεῖα) but an entirely distinct, non-theological sense (letter authentication) — flag for reviewer awareness, do not conflate. |
| 39 | Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | euangelion | Salvation | Low | vangelo | REUSED | GEN | Exact baseline rendering; 2 Thess 1:8, 2:14 usage continuous with baseline sense. |
| 40 | Grace | χάρις | charis | Salvation | High | grazia | REUSED | GEN | Exact baseline rendering (1:2, 1:12, 2:16, 3:18); baseline’s sacramental-mediation vs. sola gratia caution applies identically here. |
| 41 | Faith | πίστις | pistis | Faith | Medium | fede | REUSED | GEN | Exact baseline rendering (1:3, 1:4, 1:11, 2:13, 3:2). |
| 42 | Called / Calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | klētos / klēsis | Salvation | High | chiamato / chiamata | REUSED | PUP / GEN | 1:11’s general-believer calling is exactly the pattern the baseline’s “never vocazione” forbidden-substitution rule targets; enforce identically. |
| 43 | Holy / Saints | ἅγιος / ἅγιοι | hagios / hagioi | Church/Sanctification | High | santo / santi | REUSED | GEN | 1:10’s “glorified in his saints” — apply baseline’s mandatory “tutti i credenti” clarification to avoid canonized-intercessor reading, with special caution since the end-times glorification context could otherwise suggest deceased canonized saints specifically. |
| 44 | Sanctification | ἁγιασμός | hagiasmos | Sanctification | Medium | santificazione | REUSED | GEN | 2:13; note the genitive ambiguity (Spirit’s work vs. human spirit) as a new interpretive flag layered onto the baseline term. |
| 45 | Lord | κύριος | kyrios | Christology | Critical | Signore | REUSED | DOTL / GEN | Used extensively throughout (κύριος Ἰησοῦς Χριστός); baseline’s “everyday Signor Rossi” flattening caution applies identically. |
| 46 | Church | ἐκκλησία | ekklēsia | Church | High | chiesa | REUSED | GEN | 1:1; baseline’s institutional-Catholic-default caution applies; reinforce local-congregation sense via context. |
| 47 | Peace | εἰρήνη | eirēnē | Salvation | Low | pace | REUSED | GEN | 1:2, 3:16, 3:18. |
| 48 | Thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστέω | eucharistia / eucharisteō | Faith | Low | ringraziamento / rendere grazie | REUSED | GEN | 1:3, 2:13. |
| 49 | Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | basileia tou theou | Kingdom | Medium | Regno di Dio | REUSED | PUP | 1:5; new nuance — kingdom linked explicitly to present suffering as the path to vindication. |
| 50 | Glory | δόξα | doxa | God | Medium | gloria | REUSED | GEN | 1:9, 1:12, 2:14. |
| 51 | Power of God | δύναμις (θεοῦ) | dynamis (theou) | God | Medium | potenza | REUSED | GEN / MOL | 1:7, 1:11 (God’s genuine power) vs. 2:9 (Satan’s counterfeit, permitted power) — same Italian word must serve both; contrast must be clarified contextually/pedagogically, not lexically. |
| 52 | Exhort / Comfort | παρακαλέω | parakaleō | Faith | Low | esortare / confortare | REUSED | GEN | 2:16-17, 3:12; baseline’s context-sensitivity note (entreaty vs. encouragement) applies; here leans toward “comfort.” |
| 53 | Jesus / Christ | Ἰησοῦς / Χριστός | Iēsous / Christos | Christology | Critical/Low | Gesù / Cristo | REUSED | GEN | Standard transliteration-standard proper names per baseline’s AI requirements document; occurs pervasively throughout all three chapters. |
| 54 | God | θεός | theos | God | Critical | Dio | REUSED | GEN | Pervasive throughout. |
| 55 | Father | πατήρ | patēr | God | High | Padre | REUSED | GEN | 1:1, 1:2, 2:16. |
Notes for Phase 2 Pre-Flight Loading
- All REUSED entries (rows 39–55) must be enforced exactly as recorded in the baseline
translation_memory.json; no deviation is permitted regardless of this curriculum’s new context. - All NEW entries (rows 1–38) must be added to a curriculum-specific extension of translation memory before Phase 2 segment translation begins, following the version-increment procedure specified in the baseline
12_ai_translation_requirements.md§“Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.” - Rows flagged Critical (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 27, plus reused 39-55 criticals) require mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence, with no exceptions, per baseline escalation rules extended to this curriculum’s new doctrine set (Day of the Lord, Man of Lawlessness, God’s Righteous Judgment, Standing Firm in the Traditions).
- Row 27 (tradition/tradizione) is flagged as the single highest-sensitivity new term introduced by this curriculum for the Italian destination context, exceeding even the baseline’s existing “saints” and “church” cautions in terms of live, contemporary Catholic-Protestant doctrinal salience, and should receive priority attention in Phase 1 Step 9 (Doctrine Risk Registry extension) and Phase 2 review routing.
Critical Risk Terms
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: il giorno del Signore
Transliteration: hēmera tou kyriou
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: la fine del mondo (pop-catastrophe flattening), l’Apocalisse (genre confusion with Revelation)
Original: ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
NEW. CRITICAL: the doctrine hinges on correcting the false claim the Day ‘has already come’ (settled-state perfect force, not mere imminence; do not soften to ‘è vicino’). Italian secular usage defaults to ‘la fine del mondo’/‘l’Apocalisse’; Italy’s visible Jehovah’s Witnesses presence supplies a competing, well-publicized sectarian chronology readers may unintentionally import. Requires explicit doctrinal framing at every occurrence (2:1-2, 2:3, 2:8-9).
Parousia
Approved rendering: venuta
Transliteration: parousia (parusia as technical footnote gloss only)
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: parusia as primary rendering (unfamiliar to lay/secular readers)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW. CRITICAL: ceremonial royal-arrival image applied to Christ’s return. Must be rendered identically at every occurrence within this letter (2:1, 2:8, 2:9) for internal consistency; risks sounding like an ordinary visit/arrival unless consistently paired with glory/judgment language.
Man Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: l’uomo dell’iniquità
Transliteration: anthrōpos tēs anomias
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: l’uomo del peccato (wrong ἁμαρτίας textual variant; wrongly conflates with baseline’s fixed ‘peccato’ = ἁμαρτία)
Original: ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας
Category: Eschatology
NEW. CRITICAL: never render ‘l’uomo del peccato’. ‘Iniquità’ preserves a distinct Italian lexical family for ἀνομία across 2:3, 2:7, 2:8, essential for tracking this single figure and for keeping the sin/lawlessness distinction this curriculum must teach.
Son Of Destruction
Approved rendering: il figlio della perdizione
Transliteration: huios tēs apōleias
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας
Category: Eschatology
NEW. CRITICAL: matches the established Italian rendering of the identical phrase used of Judas Iscariot (John 17:12), reinforcing intertextual recognition. Without that cross-reference, readers may read this as merely ‘an unfortunate/doomed person’ rather than an actively opposing, judicially condemned figure.
The Lawless One
Approved rendering: l’iniquo
Transliteration: ho anomos
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: il malvagio, l’empio
Original: ὁ ἄνομος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. CRITICAL: shorthand recap-title (2:8) built from the same root as ‘l’uomo dell’iniquità’ (2:3) and ‘il mistero dell’iniquità’ (2:7); must not be rendered with an unrelated word that would sever lexical traceability of this single figure.
Judged Condemned
Approved rendering: condannati
Transliteration: krinō
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: giudicati (too neutral/evaluative)
Original: κρίνω
Category: Eschatology
NEW. CRITICAL: genuinely retributive judgment (2:12) — the opposite-direction case from the baseline Romans caution against over-legal readings of ‘giustizia’. Here the judicial/courtroom resonance of Italian vocabulary is doctrinally correct and must NOT be softened. Flag explicitly for reviewers moving between the Romans and 2 Thessalonians curricula.
Righteous Judgment Of God
Approved rendering: il giusto giudizio di Dio
Transliteration: dikaia krisis tou Theou
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: δικαία κρίσις τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: God
NEW. CRITICAL: this doctrine’s core-anchor term (1:5-9). Intersects the baseline’s Critical ‘giustizia’ caution in reverse — here the legal/judicial resonance of Italian ‘giustizia’/‘giudizio’ vocabulary is theologically correct and must be preserved, not softened into a gift-status reading appropriate in Romans.
Tradition
Approved rendering: tradizione / tradizioni
Transliteration: paradosis
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Rejected alternatives: insegnamento (under-translates the received/handed-down sense; would look evasive to reviewers on both sides)
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Church
NEW. CRITICAL: the single most doctrinally sensitive term this curriculum introduces for Italy — a live Catholic (Sacred Tradition, Trent/Dei Verbum, Magisterium) vs. Waldensian/evangelical (sola scriptura) proof-text battleground on this exact passage. No rendering resolves this; mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence (2:15, 3:6), with a fixed disambiguating note distinguishing first-century apostolic teaching (oral or written) from the later Magisterial Sacred Tradition category.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: grazia
Transliteration: grazia
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favore
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Same word used by Catholic and Waldensian/evangelical traditions, but with different doctrinal freight; must render as wholly unmerited. Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in every epistolary greeting/benediction of 2 Thessalonians (1:2, 1:12, 2:16, 3:18); the same sacramental-mediation vs. sola gratia tension applies at every occurrence and must render identically per cross-document consistency rules.
Calling
Approved rendering: chiamata
Transliteration: chiamata
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocazione (clergy-narrowing risk)
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
HIGH RISK: ‘vocazione’ overwhelmingly connotes priestly or religious-life calling in Italian Catholic culture. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Thessalonians 1:11 (‘count you worthy of his calling’) is a general-believer calling passage exactly matching the pattern behind the forbidden-substitution rule: NEVER use ‘vocazione’ here; pair with the new term count_worthy_of_calling below.
Saints
Approved rendering: santi
Transliteration: santi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
HIGH RISK: Italy’s intense saint-veneration culture makes ‘i santi’ overwhelmingly mean canonized intercessors. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Thessalonians 1:10 (‘glorified in his saints’) is an end-times glorification context with heightened risk that readers imagine deceased canonized saints specifically rather than the whole body of believers; apply the mandatory ‘tutti i credenti’ clarification with extra care here.
Lord
Approved rendering: Signore
Transliteration: Signore
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: padrone
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
HIGH RISK: ‘Signore’ is also the ordinary polite title ‘Mr./sir’ in everyday Italian. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs extensively throughout 2 Thessalonians in the recurring formula ‘il Signore nostro Gesù Cristo’; the flattening risk is heightened here by sheer frequency, including at the climactic 2:8 and the closing benediction 3:16, 3:18.
Church
Approved rendering: chiesa
Transliteration: chiesa
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
HIGH RISK: capitalized ‘la Chiesa’ denotes the global Catholic institution. Inherited from Romans package. 1:1 addresses ‘la chiesa di Tessalonica’ — the specific local, gathered congregation; context must reinforce this local sense against the default institutional-Catholic reading.
Sin
Approved rendering: peccato
Transliteration: peccato
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Fixed as the rendering of ἁμαρτία. Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL CROSS-REFERENCE for this curriculum: this fixed rendering must NEVER be extended to ἀνομία (‘lawlessness’) in 2 Thessalonians 2 — see man_of_lawlessness, the_lawless_one, and mystery_of_lawlessness below, which use the distinct ‘iniquità’ lexical family specifically to avoid conflating these two separate Greek terms under one Italian word.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: obbedienza della fede
Transliteration: obbedienza della fede
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Catholic ‘fede operante per carità’ can be read into this phrase as a merit condition. Inherited from Romans package. Not directly quoted as a fixed phrase in 2 Thessalonians, but its Trent-adjacent caution directly informs the handling of this letter’s new terms work_of_faith (1:11) and obey_the_gospel (1:8); apply the same caution against implying meritorious compliance added to faith.
Election
Approved rendering: elezione
Transliteration: elezione
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλογή (cf. αἱρέομαι, 2:13)
Category: Salvation
‘Elezione’ is also the standard everyday word for political elections. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Thessalonians 2:13 uses a different verb root (αἱρέομαι, ‘God chose you’) rather than the noun ἐκλογή itself, but the doctrine and this term’s cautions (political-elections collision; Thomistic-synergistic vs. Reformed assumptions) apply identically — see chosen_firstfruits below for the passage-specific new term.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercessione
Transliteration: intercessione
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Catholic Marian and saint intercession is an exceptionally strong devotional category in Italy. Inherited from Romans package for cross-reference only. 2 Thessalonians 3:1 (‘pray for us’) is ordinary, reciprocal Christian prayer, NOT this baseline term’s Romans-8 Spirit/Christ intercessory-ministry sense; see the new term ‘prayer’ below for the lower-risk category this letter actually uses. Retained here so translators do not conflate the two categories.
Mystery Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: il mistero dell’iniquità
Transliteration: mystērion tēs anomias
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: mistero (bare, unqualified)
Original: μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Bare ‘mistero’ in Italian Catholic register overwhelmingly evokes the sacred liturgical ‘misteri’ (the Rosary, the Eucharistic ‘mistero della fede’ spoken at every Mass) — a strongly positive, sacramental resonance opposite this verse’s dark sense. Never leave ‘mistero’ unqualified; always pair with ‘dell’iniquità’.
Apostasy
Approved rendering: l’apostasia
Transliteration: apostasia
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: la rivolta (loses the specifically religious/covenantal defection nuance)
Original: ἀποστασία
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Italian ‘apostasia’ carries a specific, technical canon-law meaning (formal, juridical renunciation of Catholic faith/baptism), risking a narrow institutional-defection reading rather than Paul’s cosmic-scale eschatological falling-away. Mandatory theologian review with explanatory note distinguishing the two senses.
The Restrainer
Approved rendering: ciò che trattiene / colui che trattiene
Transliteration: to katechon / ho katechōn
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: lo Spirito Santo che trattiene (improperly resolves an open exegetical question)
Original: τὸ κατέχον / ὁ κατέχων
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Deliberately preserves the Greek’s grammatical shift from neuter (v.6) to masculine (v.7) rather than harmonizing it away. The referent is genuinely underdetermined by the text (Roman Empire, human government, gospel proclamation, Michael, Holy Spirit/church, God’s own restraint all historically proposed); mandatory footnote presenting the range of views; never silently resolved. Mandatory theologian review.
Epiphaneia
Approved rendering: manifestazione
Transliteration: epiphaneia
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: epifania (January 6 holiday / la Befana collision)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Must avoid the noun ‘epifania’: ordinary Italian cultural usage is dominated by the January 6th holiday and the folkloric ‘la Befana’, a strongly positive but entirely unrelated cultural association that could trivialize Christ’s final, glorious, judging appearance (2:8).
Energeia Satanic Working
Approved rendering: azione / attività / influsso
Transliteration: energeia
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: energia (New Age/esoteric impersonal-force collision)
Original: ἐνέργεια (κατ’ ἐνέργειαν τοῦ Σατανᾶ / τὸ γὰρ μυστήριον ἤδη ἐνεργεῖται)
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Never render with any form of ‘energia’: Italy’s significant New Age/esoteric alternative-spirituality subculture uses ‘energia’ pervasively for impersonal, morally neutral cosmic force, which would badly blunt this text’s point that Satan is a personal, morally culpable agent. Applies at 2:7, 2:9, 2:11.
Love Of The Truth
Approved rendering: l’amore della verità
Transliteration: agapē tēs alētheias
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀγάπη τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Faith
NEW. The deciding factor in the judgment of 2:10-12 is a relational/moral posture (love, or refusal, of truth), not intellectual access. Must remain lexically consistent with ‘verità’ across 2:10, 2:12, 2:13 to preserve the passage’s structural truth/lie antithesis.
The Lie
Approved rendering: la menzogna
Transliteration: to pseudos
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: τὸ ψεῦδος
Category: Sin
NEW. The definite article marks a specific, climactic eschatological deception (2:11), not ‘a lie’ generically; the structural antithesis with ‘verità’ must remain visible in translation and teaching notes.
Believe The Lie
Approved rendering: credere alla menzogna
Transliteration: pisteuō tō pseudei
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: πιστεύω τῷ ψεύδει
Category: Sin
NEW. Deliberately reuses ‘credere’ (the verb form of the baseline’s ‘fede’) so the structural antithesis with ‘credere alla verità’ (2:12-13) is visible in Italian exactly as πιστεύω’s ironic dual use is visible in Greek — the same verb describes both saving faith and damning credulity.
Working Of Delusion
Approved rendering: un’azione ingannatrice
Transliteration: energeia planēs
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: un’energia di errore (forbidden ‘energia’ family)
Original: ἐνέργεια πλάνης
Category: Sin
NEW. God’s judicial response of actively confirming already-deceived people in the error they have chosen (2:11) — judicial hardening in response to prior rejection of truth (v.10), not arbitrary deception of the innocent; keep the causal link to v.10 visible in teaching notes.
Vengeance Retribution
Approved rendering: vendetta
Transliteration: ekdikēsis
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: castigo, punizione (too generic; lose ἐκδίκησις’s specific judicial-prerogative nuance)
Original: ἐκδίκησις
Category: God
NEW. Established CEI rendering, retained for its intertextual echo of Romans 12:19 (‘non fate le vostre vendette’, same Italian root, in the baseline package). Significant risk: ‘vendetta’ carries an exceptionally strong cultural association with personal/clan/mafia-genre revenge cycles (vendetta familiare, faida). Mandatory theologian-level review with explicit catechetical framing distinguishing God’s exclusive judicial prerogative from human vendetta-cycles (1:6, 1:8).
Eternal Destruction
Approved rendering: rovina eterna
Transliteration: olethros aiōnios
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: perdizione eterna (acceptable variant, may be used interchangeably)
Original: ὄλεθρος αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Must preserve the parallel with ‘eternal life’ (same Greek adjective αἰώνιος describing both fates, 1:9) so readers grasp the symmetry — the finality of destruction mirrors the finality of life; must not be softened into a temporary or metaphorical state.
Perseverance
Approved rendering: perseveranza
Transliteration: hypomonē
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: resistenza (WWII anti-Fascist partisan Resistance collision), sopportazione (too passive)
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Faith
NEW. Catholic catechesis strongly associates ‘perseveranza’ with ‘perseveranza finale’ (final perseverance), debated at Trent regarding merit, cooperation with grace, and the possibility of losing final salvation — paralleling the baseline’s existing assurance-of-salvation caution. Must be framed as Spirit-enabled steadfastness under external persecution specifically (1:4, 1:6, 3:5).
Count Worthy Of Calling
Approved rendering: renda degni della sua chiamata
Transliteration: axioō (tēs klēseōs)
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: renda degni della sua vocazione (forbidden — clergy-narrowing risk)
Original: ἀξιόω (τῆς κλήσεως)
Category: Salvation
NEW. Must pair with the baseline’s fixed ‘chiamata’ (never ‘vocazione’ for the general believer’s calling, 1:11). Care must be taken not to imply this worthiness is self-achieved merit rather than a grace-enabled outcome of a calling already sovereignly given.
Work Of Faith
Approved rendering: l’opera della fede
Transliteration: ergon pisteōs
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: ἔργον πίστεως
Category: Faith
NEW. Intersects the baseline’s ‘obedience_of_faith’ Trent caution (‘fede operante per carità’, faith working through love) which could be imported here to suggest faith-plus-meritorious-works as a joint basis for divine approval (1:11). Must be framed as faith’s fruit, established by God’s own strengthening work, not a co-equal condition of standing before God.
Obey The Gospel
Approved rendering: obbedire al vangelo
Transliteration: hypakouō tō euangeliō
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ὑπακούω τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ
Category: Salvation
NEW. Related to but distinct from the baseline’s ‘obbedienza della fede’ (Romans 1:5, 16:26); same Trent-adjacent caution applies against reading this as separate meritorious compliance added to faith — here failure to obey the gospel (1:8) is equivalent to unbelief and grounds divine retribution.
Chosen Firstfruits
Approved rendering: scelti (come primizie) per la salvezza
Transliteration: haireomai / aparchē
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: αἱρέομαι / ἀπαρχή
Category: Salvation
NEW. 2:13; textual variant (ἀπαρχήν ‘firstfruits’ vs. ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς ‘from the beginning’) requires footnoting for transparency. Doctrinally continuous with the baseline’s High-risk ‘elezione’ caution (political-elections collision; Thomistic-synergistic vs. Reformed assumptions), though a different Greek verb root.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: fede
Transliteration: fede
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
‘Fede’ also names the wedding ring and appears in legal/commercial idiom; generally lower flattening risk than some cognate languages. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:3, 1:4, 1:11, 2:13, 3:2; the cognate verb ‘credere’ is reused ironically in 2:11-12 for ‘believing the Lie’ — see believe_the_lie below; the noun ‘fede’ itself retains its stable, positive baseline sense throughout.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvezza
Transliteration: salvezza
Doctrine: Salvation
Relatively stable shared term; risk is general biblical illiteracy rather than a competing rendering. Inherited from Romans package. Governs σωθῆναι (2:10, ‘so as to be saved’) and the salvation vocabulary implicit in 2:13’s ‘chosen… for salvation’ (see chosen_firstfruits).
Called
Approved rendering: chiamato
Transliteration: chiamato
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Context-sensitive across at least three distinct senses. Inherited from Romans package. Governs adjectival occurrences underlying this letter’s calling language.
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Set apart for God and morally pure. Inherited from Romans package. Underlies both ‘saints’ (santi) and ‘sanctification’ (santificazione) throughout this letter.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: santificazione
Transliteration: santificazione
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy. Inherited from Romans package. 2:13’s genitive (‘sanctification of/by the Spirit’) is grammatically ambiguous between the Spirit’s sanctifying work and the human spirit sanctified — flag as a live exegetical question for native-speaker/theologian review, layered onto the baseline’s stable sense.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Regno di Dio
Transliteration: Regno di Dio
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
God’s sovereign reign; distinguish from any political kingdom association. Inherited from Romans package. 1:5 links the kingdom explicitly to present suffering as the path toward final vindication — a pastoral nuance new to this curriculum, absent from Romans’ usage.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: gloria
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
God’s radiant presence and honor. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:9, 1:12, 2:14.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: potenza
Transliteration: potenza di Dio
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις (θεοῦ)
Category: God
Sovereign, saving capability. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:7, 1:11 for God’s/Christ’s genuine power, but the identical Italian word must also render Satan’s counterfeit, permitted power in 2:9 (‘every power’ of the lawless one); the genuine/counterfeit contrast must be clarified contextually and pedagogically, never through a different lexical choice, to preserve cross-document consistency with baseline Romans 1:16.
God
Approved rendering: Dio
Transliteration: Dio
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Italy remains more religiously observant on paper than several other languages in this batch, but with eroding lived theological literacy. Inherited from Romans package. Pervasive throughout 2 Thessalonians.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Spirito Santo
Transliteration: Spirito Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα (ἁγιασμός πνεύματος)
Category: God
The personal third Person of the Trinity; no competing deity-concept risk in Italian culture. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 2:13; see sanctification above for the genitive ambiguity this specific occurrence creates.
Father
Approved rendering: Padre
Transliteration: Padre
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Also the standard Italian title of address for a Catholic priest; context generally disambiguates. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:1, 1:2, 2:16.
Gathering Together
Approved rendering: riunione con lui
Transliteration: episynagōgē
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: adunanza (mundane meeting register)
Original: ἐπισυναγωγή
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The eschatological, final gathering of believers to Christ at his coming (2:1); must not read as a routine recurring church meeting or collapse into ekklesia-adjacent institutional language.
Temple
Approved rendering: tempio
Transliteration: naos
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ναός
Category: Eschatology
NEW. No false-cognate risk in Italian itself, but the underlying interpretive range (literal rebuilt Jerusalem temple / the church / a generalized symbolic divine-claim) must be preserved in teaching notes, not resolved silently by the translation.
Signs And Wonders False
Approved rendering: segni e prodigi menzogneri
Transliteration: sēmeia kai terata pseudous
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα ψεύδους
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The qualifier must attach clearly to ‘falsehood’, not deny the phenomena’s genuine impressiveness — real but spiritually counterfeit, not fictional illusions (2:9).
Affliction Persecution
Approved rendering: afflizione / persecuzione
Transliteration: thlipsis / diōgmos
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: θλῖψις / διωγμός
Category: Faith
NEW. Standard, low-collision Italian vocabulary describing the concrete, historical sufferings the Thessalonian believers were enduring for the gospel (1:4, 1:6).
Stand Firm Hold Fast
Approved rendering: state fermi / tenete fermamente
Transliteration: stēkete / krateite
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Rejected alternatives: tenete (bare, too weak/passive)
Original: στήκετε / κρατεῖτε
Category: Church
NEW. The appropriate posture toward apostolic teaching received (2:15): firm, active retention, not passive reception. ‘Tenete’ alone risks sounding too weak; always pair with ‘fermamente’.
Establish Strengthen
Approved rendering: renda salde / confermi
Transliteration: stērizō
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: στηρίζω
Category: Church
NEW. God’s own stabilizing work in believers’ hearts (2:17), grounding the human command to hold fast — divine action undergirding human responsibility.
Walk In Idleness
Approved rendering: condursi disordinatamente
Transliteration: ataktōs peripateō
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: ἀτάκτως περιπατέω
Category: Church
NEW. Disorderly, undisciplined conduct — refusing to work and meddling in others’ affairs (3:6, 3:11) — contrary to the tradition received; shows ‘tradition’ in this letter includes practical/ethical instruction, not only doctrine.
Lord Is Faithful
Approved rendering: il Signore è fedele
Transliteration: pistos ho kyrios
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: πιστὸς ὁ κύριος
Category: God
NEW. Reuses ‘fedele’ (cognate of the baseline’s ‘fede’) naturally; grounds believers’ security in God’s own dependable, covenant faithfulness (3:3) rather than in ongoing human perseverance alone.
Guard From Evil One
Approved rendering: guardare dal maligno
Transliteration: phylassō apo tou ponērou
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: il male (abstract; loses the Greek’s personal referent)
Original: φυλάσσω ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ
Category: God
NEW. ‘Il maligno’ is a well-established, familiar Italian term for Satan via the Lord’s Prayer tradition (3:3) — treat this recognizability as a positive translation asset, but distinguish clearly from generic abstract ‘il male’, since the Greek personalizes the referent.
Lord Of Peace
Approved rendering: il Signore della pace
Transliteration: ho Kyrios tēs eirēnēs
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: ὁ Κύριος τῆς εἰρήνης
Category: God
NEW compound built from baseline ‘Signore’ (High) and ‘pace’ (Low). 3:16 echoes the liturgical ‘la pace del Signore sia sempre con voi’ spoken at every Mass — treat as a positive cultural anchor, provided the substantive, all-circumstance sense is not reduced to a ritual greeting.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: vangelo
Transliteration: vangelo
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Shared, stable term across the Catholic CEI translation and Protestant Diodati/Riveduta tradition. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 2 Thessalonians 1:8, 2:14 with continuous sense.
Peace
Approved rendering: pace
Transliteration: pace
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Relational peace with God, not merely psychological calm. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:2, 3:16, 3:18; underlies the new compound title ‘il Signore della pace’ (3:16) — see lord_of_peace below.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ringraziamento
Transliteration: ringraziamento
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Standard term; mild register overlap with everyday ‘grazie’. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:3, 2:13.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Gesù
Transliteration: Gesù
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς / Χριστός
Category: Christology
Stable across all Italian traditions. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs pervasively throughout all three chapters in the formula ‘il Signore nostro Gesù Cristo’.
Exhort
Approved rendering: esortare
Transliteration: esortare
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Context-sensitive between admonishing and encouraging senses. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 2:16-17, 3:12; here the sense leans toward ‘comfort/console’ rather than ‘exhort’.
Busybody
Approved rendering: impiccioni
Transliteration: periergazomai
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: περιεργάζομαι
Category: Church
NEW. The Greek wordplay (ἐργάζομαι/περιεργάζομαι, ‘work’/‘meddle’) cannot be fully reproduced in Italian; flag for a translator’s note so reviewers are aware the original irony is not fully replicated (3:11).
Admonish
Approved rendering: ammonire
Transliteration: noutheteō
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: νουθετέω
Category: Church
NEW. To warn with a view to correction, within a framework of brotherly relationship (3:15) rather than hostility or expulsion; note the deliberate contrast with ‘enemy’ (ἐχθρός).
Command Apostolic
Approved rendering: comandare / ordinare
Transliteration: parangellō
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Rejected alternatives: chiedere (too weak; loses the term’s authoritative, directive force)
Original: παραγγέλλω
Category: Church
NEW. Authoritative apostolic directive (3:4, 3:6, 3:10, 3:12), stronger and more formal than mere entreaty or encouragement.
Authenticating Sign
Approved rendering: il segno
Transliteration: sēmeion
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: σημεῖον
Category: Church
NEW. 3:17’s practical, epistolary mark authenticating a genuine letter of Paul, distinguishing it from a forgery. Homonym of the theological ‘signs and wonders’ (σημεῖα, 2:9) but an entirely distinct, non-theological sense; flag for reviewer awareness so the two occurrences are not conflated.
Brotherly Love
Approved rendering: amore
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
NEW. Growing, mutual love among believers commended alongside their growing faith (1:3). No significant doctrinal collision risk distinct from ordinary usage in Italian, though should be distinguished contextually from romantic-love connotations.
Prayer
Approved rendering: pregare
Transliteration: proseuchomai
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: προσεύχομαι
Category: Faith
NEW. Ordinary, mutual prayer between apostle and church (3:1), distinct from the baseline’s High-risk ‘intercessione’ (Romans 8’s Spirit/Christ intercessory ministry) — see intercession entry above for the cross-reference distinction.
Deliverance
Approved rendering: essere liberati
Transliteration: rhyomai
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: ῥύομαι
Category: Faith
NEW. Rescue from a specific threat (wicked and evil persecutors, 3:2). Positive resonance with the Lord’s Prayer’s familiar ‘liberaci dal male’, a helpful cultural anchor for Italian readers.
Referenced passages