Semantic Analysis — 1 John (Full Book, Koine Greek)

Purpose

This document extends the Romans Language Package (baseline translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, doctrine_risk_registry.json) to the 1 John curriculum. Every term already established in the Romans baseline must be reused exactly (e.g. ἁμαρτία → peccato; κοινωνία → comunione fraterna; πίστις → fede; δικαιοσύνη → giustizia; υἱὸς θεοῦ → Figlio di Dio; θεός → Dio; Πατήρ → Padre). New terms introduced by 1 John are analyzed below and carried forward into 08_core_glossary.md.

The core passage, 1 John 4:7–21, receives full verse-by-verse treatment in Part 1. Every other chapter of the book (1–3, 5, plus 4:1–6) receives chapter-level treatment of its load-bearing terms in Part 2, so that the whole book is covered start to finish.

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PART 1 — Core Passage: 1 John 4:7–21 (Verse-by-Verse)

4:7 — Ἀγαπητοί, ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους, ὅτι ἡ ἀγάπη ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν, καὶ πᾶς ὁ ἀγαπῶν ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ γεγέννηται καὶ γινώσκει τὸν θεόν.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
ἀγαπητοί agapētoi ”beloved ones”	term of affectionate pastoral address beloved, dear friends	John’s characteristic address to the whole congregation, grounding the exhortation in relationship, not command alone	carissimi / amati	Low
ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω agapē / agapaō self-giving love; to love self-givingly	committed, willed love directed toward the good of another, distinct from erotic (ἔρως) or mere affection (φιλία) love, charity (KJV)	The defining relational term of the whole passage; love is presented as originating in God’s own nature, not human sentiment	amore / amare	High — see glossary entry love
γεννάω (γεγέννηται) gegennētai (perf. pass. of gennaō) “has been begotten/born”	to beget, bring to birth; of God, to cause spiritual rebirth born, begotten, born of God	New birth as the source of the capacity to love; a completed, God-caused past event with ongoing effect (perfect tense)	è nato da Dio	High — see glossary entry born_of_god
γινώσκω ginōskei to know	experiential, relational knowledge (not mere intellectual assent) know, knows	Loving and knowing God are inseparable; knowledge here is relational communion, not abstract theology	conosce	Medium

4:8 — ὁ μὴ ἀγαπῶν οὐκ ἔγνω τὸν θεόν, ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
ὁ θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν ho theos agapē estin ”God is love”	a predicate-nominative identity statement, not a mere attribute among others God is love	Foundational doctrinal statement of this curriculum: love is not merely something God does but constitutive of who God is; parallel in force to 1:5 “God is light”	Dio è amore	Critical — must never be softened to “Dio ama” (God loves) which reduces an ontological claim to an activity claim

4:9 — ἐν τούτῳ ἐφανερώθη ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν ἡμῖν, ὅτι τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ ἀπέσταλκεν ὁ θεὸς εἰς τὸν κόσμον, ἵνα ζήσωμεν διʼ αὐτοῦ.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
φανερόω (ἐφανερώθη) ephanerōthē ”was made manifest/visible”	to reveal, disclose, make publicly evident what was hidden manifested, revealed, shown	God’s love is not abstract but historically enacted and made visible in the sending of the Son	si è manifestato	Medium
μονογενής monogenēs ”only-begotten,” “one-of-a-kind”	unique, one-and-only, without peer — not “only-born” in a merely biological sense only begotten, one and only, unique	The same Nicene-Creed term used of Christ’s unique divine Sonship (cf. Romans TM son_of_god, Critical)	unigenito	Critical — must retain the historic Christological title used in the Italian Nicene Creed (“Figlio unigenito di Dio”); never render as merely “unico” without the theological weight
ἀποστέλλω (ἀπέσταλκεν) apestalken ”has sent” (perfect, with abiding result)	commissioned sending with delegated purpose sent, has sent	The Father’s initiative in sending the Son into the world — the incarnational, missional act	ha mandato	Low
κόσμος kosmos ”world,” “ordered system”	(1) the created order; (2) humanity; (3) the God-opposed system of fallen human life — 1 John uses primarily sense 3 world, mankind, worldly system	Christ was sent into the very system estranged from God, for its life	mondo	Medium — see glossary entry world
ζάω (ζήσωμεν) zēsōmen ”we might live”	to live, be alive; here spiritual/eternal life, not mere biological existence live, have life	Purpose of the sending: life through Christ, not merely rescue from danger	viviamo (per mezzo di lui)	Low

4:10 — ἐν τούτῳ ἐστὶν ἡ ἀγάπη, οὐχ ὅτι ἡμεῖς ἠγαπήκαμεν τὸν θεόν, ἀλλʼ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς καὶ ἀπέστειλεν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἱλασμὸν περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
ἱλασμός hilasmos ”propitiation,” “atoning satisfaction”	(a) the turning away of righteous wrath (propitiation); (b) the removal/covering of sin’s guilt (expiation) — the term can carry either or both senses depending on theological tradition propitiation, atoning sacrifice, means of forgiveness	Christ’s death as the God-ward satisfaction that deals with sin and God’s righteous response to it — first introduced at 2:2, reused here	sacrificio propiziatorio	Critical — see glossary entry propitiation; CEI Catholic tradition renders “vittima di espiazione” (expiation-victim, emphasis on sin’s removal), while Riveduta/evangelical tradition renders “sacrificio propiziatorio” (emphasis on God’s wrath satisfied). This is a live Trent-era atonement-theology fault line, structurally parallel to the Romans baseline’s justification/imputed_righteousness Critical entries
ἁμαρτία hamartia sin	moral transgression before a personal God sin, sins	Reused exactly from Romans baseline	peccati	High (per Romans TM sin)

4:11 — Ἀγαπητοί, εἰ οὕτως ὁ θεὸς ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς, καὶ ἡμεῖς ὀφείλομεν ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾶν.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
ὀφείλω opheilomen ”we owe,” “we are obligated”	moral or financial debt-obligation ought, must, are bound to	Love for one another is framed as a debt owed in light of God’s prior love, not a spontaneous option	dobbiamo	Low

4:12 — θεὸν οὐδεὶς πώποτε τεθέαται· ἐὰν ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν μένει καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη αὐτοῦ ἐν ἡμῖν τετελειωμένη ἐστίν.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
θεάομαι (τεθέαται) tetheatai ”has beheld,” “has gazed upon”	to see attentively, behold (stronger than casual ὁράω) seen, beheld	No one has directly beheld God’s essence; his invisible love becomes visible through the community’s mutual love	ha visto/contemplato	Low
μένω menei ”abides,” “remains,” “dwells”	to remain in a place or relationship continuously; Johannine term for ongoing mutual indwelling abide, remain, dwell, live in	Mutual love is the locus of God’s abiding presence in believers — a key Johannine relational category distinct from a one-time visit	rimane	Medium — see glossary entry abide
τελειόω (τετελειωμένη) teteleiōmenē ”has been perfected/completed”	to bring to its intended goal, maturity, or completeness — not sinless moral perfection perfected, made complete, brought to maturity	God’s love reaches its intended, mature expression in and through the community’s love for one another	è reso perfetto/completo	Medium-High — see glossary entry perfected_love

4:13 — Ἐν τούτῳ γινώσκομεν ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ μένομεν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν ἡμῖν, ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος αὐτοῦ δέδωκεν ἡμῖν.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
πνεῦμα pneumatos Spirit	the Holy Spirit, personal third Person of the Trinity (context-determined vs. lower-case “spirit” in 4:1-6 testing) Spirit, his Spirit	The indwelling Holy Spirit is the ground of assurance of mutual abiding between God and believer	Spirito (referring to Spirito Santo, established Romans TM)	Medium
μένω menomen abide, remain	as above abide, remain, dwell	Reused — mutual indwelling assurance	rimaniamo / egli rimane	Medium

4:14 — καὶ ἡμεῖς τεθεάμεθα καὶ μαρτυροῦμεν ὅτι ὁ πατὴρ ἀπέσταλκεν τὸν υἱὸν σωτῆρα τοῦ κόσμου.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
μαρτυρέω (μαρτυροῦμεν) martyroumen ”we testify,” “we bear witness”	authoritative eyewitness testimony, often with legal/juridical overtones testify, witness, bear witness	Apostolic eyewitness testimony grounds the church’s confession, not secondhand report	testimoniamo	Low-Medium
σωτήρ sōtēra ”Savior”	one who rescues/delivers from mortal danger; in NT usage, from sin and its consequences Savior, deliverer, rescuer	Christ’s mission defined as saving “the world” — universal scope, cf. Romans TM universal_scope_of_gospel	Salvatore	Low

4:15 — ὃς ἂν ὁμολογήσῃ ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, ὁ θεὸς ἐν αὐτῷ μένει καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν τῷ θεῷ.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
ὁμολογέω homologēsē ”confess,” “acknowledge,” literally “say the same thing”	public, verbal acknowledgment/agreement; can range from courtroom admission to creedal confession confess, acknowledge, profess	The confessional test distinguishing true from false teachers (cf. 4:2-3; the Antichrist test)	confessa/riconosce	High — see glossary entry confess
υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ huios tou theou Son of God	Christ’s eternal, unique divine Sonship Son of God	Reused exactly from Romans baseline — must not be diluted	Figlio di Dio	Critical (per Romans TM son_of_god)
μένω menei abide	as above abide, remain	Confession of Christ’s Sonship is the ground of mutual indwelling	rimane	Medium

4:16 — καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐγνώκαμεν καὶ πεπιστεύκαμεν τὴν ἀγάπην ἣν ἔχει ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν. ὁ θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν, καὶ ὁ μένων ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ ἐν τῷ θεῷ μένει καὶ ὁ θεὸς ἐν αὐτῷ μένει.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
πιστεύω (πεπιστεύκαμεν) pepisteukamen ”we have believed/trusted”	to place trust/reliance in believed, have come to believe/trust	Trust in God’s love as a settled, ongoing possession — reused root sense of Romans TM faith	abbiamo creduto	Medium (per Romans TM faith)
ὁ θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν ho theos agapē estin God is love	as 4:8 God is love	Repetition intensifies the doctrinal centrality of this identity-statement	Dio è amore	Critical (as 4:8)
μένω (x2) menōn / menei abiding	as above abide, remain, dwell	Abiding “in love” and abiding “in God” are made synonymous — mutual indwelling doctrine	chi rimane…rimane	Medium

4:17 — Ἐν τούτῳ τετελείωται ἡ ἀγάπη μεθʼ ἡμῶν, ἵνα παρρησίαν ἔχωμεν ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῆς κρίσεως, ὅτι καθὼς ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ τούτῳ.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
παρρησία parrēsian ”boldness,” “confidence,” literally “freedom of speech”	open, unashamed confidence to speak/appear, often in a legal or royal-audience setting confidence, boldness, assurance	Assurance of salvation expressed as confident standing at the final judgment, not anxious dread	piena fiducia	Medium — see glossary entry confidence
κρίσις kriseōs ”judgment,” “decision,” often with judicial connotation	the act of judging, a legal verdict, the Final Judgment judgment, day of judgment	The eschatological assize before God — connects to Romans TM’s forensic vocabulary cluster (righteousness, justification)	giudizio	Medium
κόσμος kosmō world	as above world	Believers’ present location “in this world,” contrasted with Christ’s heavenly standing yet united to him	mondo	Medium

4:18 — φόβος οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ, ἀλλʼ ἡ τελεία ἀγάπη ἔξω βάλλει τὸν φόβον, ὅτι ὁ φόβος κόλασιν ἔχει, ὁ δὲ φοβούμενος οὐ τετελείωται ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
φόβος phobos fear, dread	slavish, punitive dread; distinct from reverential “fear of the Lord” (a positive category elsewhere in Scripture) fear, terror, dread	The fear cast out by love is anxious dread of punishment/rejection, not reverent awe	paura/timore	Medium — see glossary entry fear; risk that Italian “timore di Dio” (reverential fear, a positive devotional category) could be conflated with this negative, punitive fear
κόλασις kolasin ”punishment,” “torment”	penal chastisement/torment, sometimes eschatological (cf. Matt 25:46) punishment, torment	Dread-fear is inherently oriented toward punishment; love displaces this orientation entirely	punizione/tormento	Low-Medium
τελειόω teteleiōtai perfected	as above perfected, made complete	One still gripped by punitive fear has not reached love’s mature, settled confidence	non è arrivato alla piena maturità / non è perfetto	Medium-High

4:19 — ἡμεῖς ἀγαπῶμεν, ὅτι αὐτὸς πρῶτος ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
πρῶτος prōtos ”first”	temporal and causal priority first, first loved us	God’s love is unconditioned and prior; ours is responsive, not initiating — reinforces grace (Romans TM, High) as unmerited	egli ci ha amati per primo	Medium (reinforces grace)

4:20 — ἐάν τις εἴπῃ ὅτι Ἀγαπῶ τὸν θεόν, καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ μισῇ, ψεύστης ἐστίν· ὁ γὰρ μὴ ἀγαπῶν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ ὃν ἑώρακεν, τὸν θεὸν ὃν οὐχ ἑώρακεν οὐ δύναται ἀγαπᾶν.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
ἀδελφός adelphon brother	fellow believer (extended familial sense, not merely biological) brother, fellow believer	Love for the visible brother is the empirical test of the claimed invisible love for God — central to the “Love for the Brethren as Evidence of New Birth” doctrine	fratello	Medium — see glossary entry brother
μισέω misē to hate	active hostility or, in Johannine binary usage, simple absence of love (not necessarily emotional loathing) hate, does not love	John’s stark either/or moral logic: no neutral middle ground between love and hate	odia	Low
ψεύστης pseustēs liar	one who speaks falsehood; in 1 John, a technical term for false religious claimants (2:4, 2:22, 4:20) liar	Strong, unambiguous verdict on the disconnect between a love-of-God claim and hatred of a brother	mentitore	Low

4:21 — καὶ ταύτην τὴν ἐντολὴν ἔχομεν ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ, ἵνα ὁ ἀγαπῶν τὸν θεὸν ἀγαπᾷ καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ.

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
ἐντολή entolēn commandment	a binding directive, ranging from a specific instruction to the whole Mosaic code commandment, command	The dual-object love command (God + brother) as a single, indivisible command from Christ — echoes 2:7-11’s “old/new commandment”	comandamento	Medium — see glossary entry commandment

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PART 2 — Chapter-by-Chapter Study of the Whole Book

Chapter 1 — Fellowship with God, Walking in the Light, Confession of Sin

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
λόγος τῆς ζωῆς logos tēs zōēs ”Word of life”	(1) a spoken message; (2) the Johannine title for the pre-incarnate Christ (cf. John 1:1) Word of life, message of life	1:1 identifies the apostolic eyewitness testimony with the person of Christ himself, the eternal Word made tangible (“heard…seen…touched”)	la Parola della vita (cf. il Verbo, the established Christological title)	High — see glossary entry word_of_life; must echo the Italian Nicene/Johannine title “il Verbo” used for Christ, not read as a generic message
ζωή zōē life	biological life; in John, eternal, God-given life life	The subject-matter of apostolic proclamation: life embodied in Christ	vita	Low-Medium — see glossary entry life
φανερόω ephanerōthē manifest	reveal, make visible was made manifest, appeared	The incarnate Word’s public disclosure (1:2)	si è manifestata	Medium
κοινωνία koinōnian fellowship	shared participation fellowship, communion, partnership	1:3, 1:6, 1:7 — fellowship with the Father/Son and with one another is the letter’s stated purpose. Must reuse Romans TM rendering exactly.	comunione fraterna	High (reused from Romans TM fellowship)
φῶς phōs light	literal light; moral/spiritual purity, truth, revelation light	1:5 “God is light” — parallel ontological identity-statement to 4:8/4:16 “God is love”; foundational to “God is Light” doctrine	luce	High — see glossary entry light; risk of reducing an ontological claim (“Dio è luce”) to a mere metaphor for “enlightenment” or moral example
σκοτία skotia darkness	absence of light; moral/spiritual corruption, separation from God darkness	The opposite pole to “God is light”; walking in darkness = false claim to fellowship while sinning (1:6)	tenebra / tenebre	Medium
ἁμαρτία hamartia sin	as Romans TM sin	1:7-10; the letter’s realistic acknowledgment that believers do sin	peccato	High (reused from Romans TM sin)
ὁμολογέω homologōmen confess	public/verbal acknowledgment confess	1:9 “If we confess our sins” — direct confession to God, the basis for cleansing/forgiveness	confessiamo	High — see glossary entry confess; strong risk of collapsing into the Catholic sacrament of confession (confessarsi, andare a confessarsi) rather than the direct, unmediated confession-to-God this text describes
ἀφίημι (ἀφῇ) aphē forgive, release, let go	to release a debt or offense forgive	1:9 — God’s forgiveness as consequence of confession, grounded in Christ’s work, not sacramental absolution	perdonare/perdoni	Medium — see glossary entry forgive
καθαρίζω katharisē cleanse, purify	remove impurity/defilement cleanse, purify	1:9 paired with forgiveness — full moral cleansing, not merely legal pardon	purificare	Medium
πιστός pistos faithful	trustworthy, reliable faithful	1:9 “he is faithful and just to forgive” — God’s character guarantees the promise	fedele	Low
δίκαιος dikaios just, righteous	as Romans TM righteousness root just, righteous	1:9 “faithful and just” — reuses the forensic-righteousness register already Critical in Romans TM	giusto	Critical (reused root, per Romans TM righteousness)
ψεύδομαι pseudometha to lie, deceive oneself	speak/hold falsehood lie, deceive ourselves	1:8, 1:10 — self-deceptive denial of sin as opposed to honest confession	mentiamo / inganniamo noi stessi	Low

Chapter 2 — Advocate and Propitiation, the New/Old Commandment, the World, Antichrist, the Anointing

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
παράκλητος paraklēton ”one called alongside,” advocate, helper	legal advocate/defense counsel; comforter/helper (of the Spirit elsewhere in John) advocate, comforter, intercessor	2:1 — Christ’s ongoing heavenly advocacy for the believer who sins, distinct from the Spirit’s paraklēsis role in John’s Gospel	avvocato	Medium — see glossary entry advocate; risk of flattening to the ordinary secular legal profession (“avvocato” = lawyer) rather than Christ’s unique heavenly intercessory role — compare Romans TM intercession (High)
ἱλασμός hilasmos propitiation	as analyzed at 4:10 above propitiation, atoning sacrifice	2:2 — first occurrence in the book; the term is then reused at 4:10	sacrificio propiziatorio	Critical — see glossary entry propitiation
ἐντολή entolē(n) commandment	as above commandment	2:3-8 — keeping God’s commandments as evidence of knowing him; the “old” (Mosaic) yet “new” (Christ-exemplified) love-command	comandamento	Medium
μένω menei abide	as above abide, remain	2:6, 2:10, 2:14, 2:17, 2:24, 2:27-28 — the chapter’s dominant relational verb: abiding in Christ, in the light, in the teaching	rimanere	Medium — see glossary entry abide
κόσμος kosmon world	as above world	2:15-17 — “Do not love the world” — the God-opposed system of values, not the created order or people as such	mondo	Medium — see glossary entry world
ἐπιθυμία epithymia desire, lust, craving	morally neutral “desire” or morally disordered “lust/craving” depending on context; NT usage of “lust of the flesh” is disordered desire lust, desire, craving	2:16 “lust of the flesh, lust of the eyes” — disordered desire as one of the world’s defining marks	desiderio (disordinato) / concupiscenza	Medium-High — see glossary entry lust; “concupiscenza” carries specific Catholic dogmatic freight (post-baptismal residual disordered desire per Trent’s teaching on Original Sin) not present in the plainer “desiderio disordinato”; translator must choose deliberately, not by default
ἀλαζονεία alazoneia boastfulness, arrogance, pretension	ostentatious self-display; empty boasting pride, boasting, vainglory	2:16 “pride of life” — ostentatious self-sufficiency apart from God	vanto / orgoglio della vita	Medium
ἀντίχριστος antichristos ”against Christ,” “in place of Christ”	(1) a specific end-times figure (as in later apocalyptic tradition); (2) in 1 John, any denier of Christ’s true identity — a present, plural, recurring reality, not one future individual antichrist	2:18, 2:22, 4:3 — 1 John’s own usage is broader and more present-tense than popular apocalyptic-fiction usage may suggest	anticristo	Medium — see glossary entry antichrist; risk of narrowing to a single future figure per popular culture, when the text speaks of “many antichrists” already present
χρῖσμα chrisma anointing	the act/substance of anointing; by extension the Spirit’s teaching gift given at conversion anointing	2:20, 2:27 — every believer’s Spirit-given capacity to discern truth, not a sacramental ritual or a clerical/prophetic elite’s privilege	unzione	High — see glossary entry anointing; strong risk of collapsing into Catholic sacramental categories (“l’unzione degli infermi” / Extreme Unction, and Confirmation’s anointing with chrism), both prominent rites in Italian Catholic practice, rather than the universal-believer teaching gift 1 John describes
ψεύστης pseustēs liar	as above liar	2:4, 2:22 — applied to the one who denies Christ or claims to know God while disobeying	mentitore	Low
παρουσία parousia ”presence,” “arrival,” “coming”	a ruler’s official arrival/visit; the Second Coming of Christ coming, appearing	2:28 — Christ’s return, tied to the “confidence” (παρρησία, note the wordplay) motif of assurance	venuta / ritorno	Medium
γεννάω gegennētai born, begotten	as at 4:7 born of him	2:29 — first occurrence: “everyone who practices righteousness has been born of him,” introducing the New Birth doctrine developed fully in ch. 3	è nato da lui	High (see glossary entry born_of_god)

Chapter 3 — Children of God, New Birth, Love for the Brethren, Assurance

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
τέκνα θεοῦ tekna theou children of God	offspring; believers’ filial status by new birth children of God, sons of God	3:1-2, 3:10 — believers’ plural, derived sonship, to be carefully distinguished from Christ’s unique, singular “Figlio di Dio”	figli di Dio	High — see glossary entry children_of_god; must not be conflated with the Critical, unique-Sonship term Figlio di Dio (Romans TM) reserved for Christ alone
γεννάω gegennēmenos born, begotten of God	as above born of God	3:9 (twice), reused throughout ch. 3-5 — the New Birth as the ground of both righteous living and freedom from sin’s dominion	nato da Dio	High — see glossary entry born_of_god; risk of the Italian noun “rinascita” (rebirth) evoking secular/cultural associations (the Renaissance, “il Rinascimento,” or generic self-improvement “rinascita personale”) rather than the specific miraculous divine act; prefer the verbal phrase “nato da Dio” over the noun “rinascita”
σπέρμα sperma seed	literal seed; figuratively, a generative principle or nature seed, God’s seed/nature	3:9 “his seed abides in him” — God’s own generative, life-giving nature remaining in the believer	seme	Medium
ἀνομία anomia lawlessness	rejection of, or living without regard to, God’s moral order lawlessness, sin	3:4 “sin is lawlessness” — sin defined structurally as rebellion against God’s order, connecting to Romans TM’s High-risk law entry	iniquità	Medium-High — see glossary entry lawlessness; connects to Romans TM law (High), given Italy’s strong Thomistic natural-law theological tradition
δικαιοσύνη / δίκαιος dikaiosynē / dikaios righteousness / righteous	as Romans TM righteousness, righteous	3:7, 3:10, 3:12 — practiced righteousness as visible fruit distinguishing children of God from children of the devil	giustizia / giusto	Critical (reused from Romans TM righteousness)
μισέω misei hate	as above hate	3:13, 3:15 — the world’s hatred of believers; hatred of a brother equated with murder (Cain typology)	odiare / odia	Low
ψυχή psychēn life, soul	the animating life-principle of a person; “self,” “life” life, soul	3:16 “lay down his life/our lives” — self-sacrificial love modeled on Christ	vita	Low
σπλάγχνα splanchna ”inward parts,” “bowels” (idiom for the seat of compassion)	the viscera as the seat of deep emotion; by metaphorical extension, compassion itself heart of compassion, bowels of mercy (older versions), pity	3:17 “closes his heart against” — refusing compassion to a brother in need despite having means	cuore / compassione	Medium — see glossary entry compassion; a literal rendering (“viscere”) would sound archaic or grotesque in modern Italian; “cuore” (heart) is the natural equivalent but slightly weaker than the vivid original image
παρρησία parrēsian confidence, boldness	as at 4:17 confidence	3:21 — confidence before God in prayer grounded in a clear conscience	fiducia / franchezza	Medium
ἐντολή entolēn commandment	as above commandment	3:22-24 — the twin command to believe in Christ and love one another, anticipating 4:21	comandamento	Medium
πνεῦμα pneumatos Spirit	as above Spirit	3:24 — the indwelling Spirit as the ground of assurance, transitioning into ch. 4’s spirit-testing theme	Spirito	Medium

Chapter 4:1–6 — Testing the Spirits (remainder of Chapter 4, outside the core passage 4:7–21 treated in Part 1)

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
πνεῦμα pneuma spirit	(lowercase) a spiritual influence/teaching source, to be tested — distinct from the (uppercase) Holy Spirit named in 4:2, 4:13 spirit(s)	4:1 “test the spirits” — the letter’s explicit doctrinal-discernment mandate	spirito / spiriti (lowercase, distinguished by context from Spirito Santo)	Medium — see glossary entry spirit_testing; capitalization/context must clearly separate the Holy Spirit from the false spirits being tested
δοκιμάζω dokimazete test, examine, prove genuine	to test the genuineness of something, often metallurgical in origin (testing metal for purity) test, examine, prove	4:1 — the church’s positive duty to discern true from false teaching, not passive credulity	metti alla prova / esamina	Low-Medium
ὁμολογέω homologei confess	as at 4:15 confess, acknowledge	4:2-3 — confessing “Jesus Christ come in the flesh” as the doctrinal test distinguishing the Spirit of God from the spirit of error	confessa	High (as at 4:15)
σάρξ sarki flesh	(1) physical human body/nature; (2) sinful human nature in Pauline usage — here sense (1), true physical incarnation flesh, human nature, body	4:2 “Jesus Christ come in the flesh” — the Incarnation as the doctrinal touchstone against docetic denial of Christ’s true humanity; directly relevant to the Romans registry’s incarnation doctrine	carne	High — see glossary entry flesh; risk of the phrase “venuto nella carne” being heard as a merely devotional flourish rather than the precise anti-docetic doctrinal test it is; connects to Romans doctrine registry’s incarnation (Medium) but here functions as a Critical-level discernment criterion for true vs. false teachers
ἀντίχριστος antichristou antichrist	as above antichrist	4:3 — reused	anticristo	Medium
πλάνη / πλάνος planēs / planos error, wandering; deceiver, one who leads astray	deception, straying from truth; deceiver error, deceit, deceiver, seducing spirit	4:6 “spirit of error” contrasted with “Spirit of truth”	errore / impostore	Medium — see glossary entry error_spirit
νικάω nenikēkate have overcome, have conquered	to win victory over an opponent overcome, conquered, victorious	4:4 “you have overcome them” — believers’ Spirit-empowered victory over false teachers, anticipating ch. 5’s “overcoming the world”	avete vinto	Low-Medium — see glossary entry overcome
κόσμος kosmou world	as above world	4:1, 4:3-5 — the world as the sphere from which false prophets/spirits arise and to which they appeal	mondo	Medium

(Chapter 4:7-21, the core passage, is treated in full verse-by-verse detail in Part 1 above and is not repeated here.)

Chapter 5 — Faith Overcoming the World, the Threefold Witness, Eternal Life, Assurance

Terms	Variants	Theological Meaning in Context	Italian Rendering	Risk
πίστις pistis faith	as Romans TM faith	5:4 “the victory that has overcome the world is our faith” — reused exactly	fede	Medium (reused from Romans TM faith)
νικάω nikōsa / nenikēken overcome, conquer, win victory	as above overcome, conquered, victory	5:4-5 — the doctrine “Overcoming the World” reaches its climax; victory located specifically in faith’s object (belief that Jesus is the Son of God), not in willpower	vincere / vittoria	Medium — see glossary entry overcome
γεννάω gegennētai born of God	as above born of God	5:1, 5:4, 5:18 — repeated ground of both faith and victory over sin/world	nato da Dio	High (as above)
αἷμα haima blood	literal blood; sacrificial/atoning blood in NT theological usage blood	5:6, 5:8 — one of the threefold witnesses (Spirit, water, blood) to Christ’s identity	sangue	Low-Medium
ὕδωρ hydōr water	literal water; associated with Christ’s baptism and/or the water at the cross (John 19:34) depending on interpretation water	5:6, 5:8 — the second witness in the threefold testimony	acqua	Low
μαρτυρία / μαρτυρέω martyria / martyrei testimony, witness / to testify	as above testimony, witness, testify	5:6-11 — the triune, converging testimony (Spirit, water, blood; God’s own testimony) establishing certainty about the Son	testimonianza / testimoniare	Low-Medium
ζωὴ αἰώνιος zōē aiōnios eternal life	life belonging to the age to come; unending, God-given, qualitatively different life, beginning now and continuing forever eternal life, everlasting life	5:11-13, 5:20 — the letter’s explicit stated purpose (“these things I have written that you may know that you have eternal life”), central to the “Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life” doctrine	vita eterna	High — see glossary entry eternal_life; risk of flattening to a vague afterlife hope rather than a present, knowable possession grounded in the Son
γινώσκω / εἴδωμεν ginōskō / eidōmen know	as at 4:7 (γινώσκω) plus οἶδα (know with certainty, perfect-stem verb) know, know for certain	5:13, 5:18-20 — repeated “we know” formula (using οἶδα, a distinct-but-related verb of settled certain knowledge) as the epistemic ground of assurance	sappiamo	Medium — see glossary entry assurance_knowing; distinguishes settled certainty (οἶδα) from experiential/relational knowing (γινώσκω) used elsewhere in the letter
ἁμαρτία πρὸς θάνατον hamartia pros thanaton ”sin unto/leading to death”	a specific, unrepented sin resulting in physical or spiritual death — much debated interpretively, not systematically defined by John sin that leads to death, mortal sin	5:16 — a pastoral, intercessory distinction that must not be over-systematized in translation	peccato che porta alla morte	Medium-High — see glossary entry sin_unto_death; risk of importing the distinct Catholic dogmatic category “peccato mortale” (mortal sin, one of the seven deadly/venial-mortal distinctions in Catholic moral theology) onto a text that does not itself draw that later systematic distinction
ὁ πονηρός ho ponēros ”the evil one”	a title for Satan the evil one, the wicked one	5:18-19 — “the whole world lies in the power of the evil one,” contrasted with the believer’s protection	il maligno	Low-Medium
τηρέω tērei / tērēsate keep, guard, watch over	to guard, keep safe, observe keep, guard, watch over	5:18 (Christ keeps the believer), 5:21 (the believer’s own responsibility: “keep yourselves from idols”)	custodisce / custoditevi	Low
εἴδωλον eidōlōn idol	an image/object of false worship; by extension, any rival object of ultimate allegiance idols	5:21 — the letter’s abrupt, pointed closing warning	idoli	Low

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Summary of New Terms Requiring Glossary Entries (beyond Romans baseline reuse)

love (amore), born_of_god (nato da Dio), light (luce), word_of_life (la Parola della vita), propitiation (sacrificio propiziatorio), advocate (avvocato), confess (confessare), abide (rimanere), anointing (unzione), antichrist (anticristo), world (mondo), flesh (carne), children_of_god (figli di Dio), lawlessness (iniquità), lust (desiderio disordinato/concupiscenza), compassion (cuore/compassione), confidence (fiducia), commandment (comandamento), perfected_love (amore perfetto/reso completo), fear (paura/timore), overcome (vincere), spirit_testing (spirito/spiriti), error_spirit (spirito d’errore), eternal_life (vita eterna), assurance_knowing (sappiamo), sin_unto_death (peccato che porta alla morte), brother (fratello), only_begotten (unigenito). Full details in 08_core_glossary.md.

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This document extends the Romans Language Package for the 1 John curriculum. Terms already established in the Romans baseline are cited but not re-derived. See 08_core_glossary.md for the consolidated glossary table.