Core Glossary — Titus (English → Italian)

This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering all three chapters of Titus. Terms already fixed in the Romans baseline translation_memory.json are marked [REUSED] and reproduced with their baseline rendering and risk tier unchanged, per the hard rule that established renderings must be reused exactly. Terms new to this curriculum are marked [NEW] with a freshly assigned risk tier following the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as doctrine_risk_registry.json.

Risk tier definitions (identical to baseline): Critical = mistranslation destroys essential doctrine, mandatory theologian review every occurrence. High = significant theological confusion/denominational-conflation risk, theologian review required. Medium = reduces clarity but preserves core meaning, native speaker review recommended. Low = minor imprecision, automated review sufficient.

Table 1 — Reused Terms from Romans Baseline (Occurring in Titus)

Term (EN)	Greek	Italian Rendering	Risk	Doctrine Link	Titus Occurrences	Notes
grace	χάρις (charis)	grazia	High	Grace That Trains for Godly Living; Salvation by Grace not Works	1:4; 2:11; 3:7; 3:15	Reuse exactly; Titus 2:11 and 3:5-7 form the tightest grace-vs-works unit in the NT for the Trent/sola gratia flashpoint already documented in baseline.
faith	πίστις (pistis)	fede	Medium	Sound Doctrine and Good Works	1:1; 1:4; 1:13; 2:2; 2:10; 3:15	2:10 uses the “good faith/fidelity” sense, echoing the baseline’s own “buona fede” idiom note.
salvation / saved	σωτηρία / σῴζω (sōtēria / sōzō)	salvezza / salvare	Medium/Critical	Salvation by Grace not Works	3:5	3:5 is a Critical-tier occurrence: “he saved us, not by works… but according to his mercy.”
righteousness	δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē)	giustizia	Critical	Salvation by Grace not Works	3:5	”not by works done… in righteousness” — reuse exactly; do not render as generic “moral conduct.”
justification / justified	δικαίωσις / δικαιόω (dikaiōsis / dikaioō)	giustificazione / giustificato	Critical	Salvation by Grace not Works	3:7	”having been justified by his grace” — aorist passive, completed forensic act.
Holy Spirit	Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον (Pneuma Hagion)	Spirito Santo	Medium/Critical	Regeneration by the Holy Spirit	3:5	Agent of regeneration/renewal in 3:5; reuse exactly.
apostle	ἀπόστολος (apostolos)	apostolo	Low	Apostleship	1:1	Stable across traditions.
glory	δόξα (doxa)	gloria	Medium	Deity of Christ	2:13	”the glory of our great God and Savior” — deity-of-Christ proof text.
exhort	παρακαλέω (parakaleō)	esortare	Low	Mutual Edification	2:15	Reuse exactly.
election / elect	ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός (eklogē / eklektos)	elezione / eletti	High	Effectual Calling	1:1	”God’s elect” — same political-election-word collision risk as baseline.
law	νόμος (nomos)	legge	High	Fulfillment of Prophecy / Avoiding Divisive Controversies	3:9; 3:13	”disputes about the law”; “Zenas the lawyer (nomikos)” — related but distinct descriptive term.
sin	ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτάνω (hamartia / hamartanō)	peccato / peccare	High	Universal Human Accountability	3:11	Same “che peccato!” colloquial-trivialization risk documented in baseline.
God	θεός (theos)	Dio	Medium/Critical	Deity of Christ	throughout	Reuse exactly.
Jesus / Christ	Ἰησοῦς / Χριστός (Iēsous / Christos)	Gesù / Cristo	Low/Critical	Deity of Christ; Sonship of Christ	1:1; 1:4; 2:13; 3:6	Reuse exactly.
adoption (conceptual link)	κληρονόμος (klēronomos, “heir”)	eredi (cross-referenced to “adozione filiale”)	Low-Medium	Adoption into God’s Family	3:7	Not a direct lexical match but the same full-inheritance doctrine; cross-reference required in teaching notes.

Table 2 — New Terms Introduced by Titus

Term (EN)	Greek / Transliteration	Literal Meaning	Italian Rendering	Risk	Doctrine Link	Key Occurrences	Grounded Risk Reason / Alternatives Rejected
Savior	σωτήρ / sōtēr	deliverer, rescuer	Salvatore	High	Salvation by Grace not Works; Deity of Christ	1:3-4; 2:10; 2:13; 3:4; 3:6	”Salvatore” is also a very common Italian given name (esp. Southern Italy), risking reduced solemnity/personal-name familiarity for the divine title. Must always appear framed with “Dio” or a possessive (“il nostro Salvatore”), never as a bare capitalized name.
appearing / epiphany	ἐπιφάνεια, ἐπιφαίνω / epiphaneia, epiphainō	shining forth, becoming visible	manifestazione / si è manifestata (verb)	High	Deity of Christ; Grace That Trains for Godly Living	2:11; 2:13; 3:4	”Epifania” is a major Italian civic-religious feast (6 January, “la Befana”) with an unrelated referent (the Magi’s visit); noun-form rendering risks activating that festival association rather than Christ’s saving/glorious appearing. Rejected: any cognate noun form of “Epifania” standing alone.
training (grace trains)	παιδεύω / paideuō	to bring up/train a child; discipline, form	educare (“ci educa”)	High	Grace That Trains for Godly Living	2:12	Core term for this curriculum’s namesake doctrine. “Insegna” (merely teaches) loses the formative-discipline sense; “disciplina” risks an overly punitive reading. Rejected: bare “insegna.”
godliness	εὐσέβεια / eusebeia	reverence, devout piety	pietà (glossed)	High	Sound Doctrine and Good Works	1:1; 2:12	Italian “pietà” is double-coded between religious devotion and compassion/pity (cf. Michelangelo’s “La Pietà”), risking “godliness” being heard as “having pity” rather than reverent devotion to God. Requires a clarifying gloss at first use.
ungodliness	ἀσέβεια / asebeia	irreverence, impiety	empietà	Medium	Grace That Trains for Godly Living	2:12	Antonym of “pietà” above; must be rendered so the contrast with “godliness” remains audible.
good works	καλὰ/ἀγαθὰ ἔργα / kala/agatha erga	good deeds, virtuous actions	opere buone	High	Sound Doctrine and Good Works; Salvation by Grace not Works	1:16; 2:7; 2:14; 3:1; 3:5 (negated); 3:8; 3:14	Direct Italian instance of the Trent-vs-Reformation good-works-as-fruit-vs-ground flashpoint already Critical/High for “grace”/“justification” in the Romans baseline. Every occurrence must be reviewed against whether it is functioning as fruit (positive, e.g. 2:14) or explicitly excluded as ground (3:5) of salvation.
elder (office)	πρεσβύτερος / presbyteros	older one; church office-title	anziano (qualified: “responsabile della chiesa”)	High	Qualifications for Elders	1:5	Collides within the same letter with πρεσβύτης/πρεσβύτις (“older man/woman,” age category, 2:2-3) and with secular Italian “anziano” (senior citizen). Must be consistently disambiguated from the age-category use throughout curriculum material.
overseer / bishop	ἐπίσκοπος / episkopos	one who watches over	vescovo (mandatory disambiguating note)	Critical	Qualifications for Elders	1:7	Highest-stakes ecclesiological-polity term in the book: “vescovo” overwhelmingly denotes a diocesan Catholic bishop in a hierarchical, apostolic-succession polity in Italy’s Vatican-adjacent religious culture, though it is the historically established cognate in both Catholic and Protestant Italian Bible traditions. Titus 1:5-9 uses episkopos and presbyteros interchangeably for one local, plural office. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence with an explicit teaching note.
older men (age)	πρεσβύτης / presbytēs	an old/elderly man	uomini più anziani	High	(household virtue lists)	2:2	See “elder (office)” above; the disambiguation partner term.
older women (age)	πρεσβῦτις / presbytis	an old/elderly woman	donne più anziane	Medium	(household virtue lists)	2:3	Same disambiguation logic as above, lower salience since no competing office-title exists for women in Titus.
steward	οἰκονόμος / oikonomos	household manager	amministratore (di Dio)	Medium	Qualifications for Elders	1:7	”Economo” rejected: “economo diocesano” is a real Catholic diocesan financial-officer title, risking an institutional-office collision parallel to “vescovo.”
sound doctrine	ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / hygiainousa didaskalia	healthy teaching	sana dottrina	Medium	Sound Doctrine and Good Works	1:9; 1:13; 2:1; 2:2; 2:8 (as “sound speech”)	Organizing keyword of the whole letter; risk is primarily cross-document consistency (must render identically at every occurrence, parallel to the Romans package’s Romans 1:16-17/8:28 consistency rule), not a competing Italian concept.
divisive person	αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος / hairetikos anthrōpos	a factious/sectarian person	persona settaria / fazioso (NEVER “eretico”)	High	Avoiding Divisive Controversies	3:10	”Eretico” carries the full historical weight of the Roman/Papal Inquisition, with direct relevance to this curriculum’s Waldensian/evangelical minority readership, historically condemned and persecuted precisely as “eretici” by the Catholic Church for centuries (e.g., the 1655 Piedmontese Easter massacre). Rendering this pastoral term as “eretico” would import that entire fraught register. Added to forbidden-substitution list.
regeneration	παλιγγενεσία / palingenesia	again-birth, new birth	rigenerazione	Critical	Regeneration by the Holy Spirit	3:5	One of only two NT occurrences; modern Italian “rigenerazione” is heavily used in secular biological/urban-renewal/wellness-industry registers, risking flattening of the unique, non-repeatable spiritual new-birth event into a generic renewal-cycle metaphor. Direct Titus-specific counterpart to the Romans baseline’s prohibition on rendering “resurrection” with a reincarnation-adjacent term; add to forbidden-substitution list.
washing (of regeneration)	λουτρόν / loutron	a washing, bath, laver	lavacro	High	Regeneration by the Holy Spirit	3:5	”Il lavacro di rigenerazione” is an existing Italian Catholic liturgical/sacramental phrase (baptismal rite), carrying baptismal-regeneration freight contested between Catholic sacramental theology and Waldensian/evangelical monergistic-regeneration-by-the-Spirit theology. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence, parallel to “justification.”
renewal	ἀνακαίνωσις / anakainōsis	making new again	rinnovamento	Medium	Regeneration by the Holy Spirit	3:5	Collides with “Rinnovamento nello Spirito Santo,” the proper name of Italy’s large Catholic Charismatic Renewal movement (already flagged under “spiritual_gifts” in the Romans baseline); risks activating that specific movement’s associations.
redeem / redemption	λυτρόω / lytroō	to ransom, release by payment	redimere / riscattare	Medium	Salvation by Grace not Works	2:14	”Redimersi” in everyday Italian commonly describes a person’s self-directed moral rehabilitation, risking drift from Christ’s costly, others-directed ransom toward a self-improvement narrative. Prefer “riscattare” or qualify “redimere.”
a people for his own possession	λαὸς περιούσιος / laos periousios	a treasured/peculiar people	popolo che gli appartenga in modo particolare	Medium	Sound Doctrine and Good Works	2:14	Echoes LXX Exodus 19:5 covenant-people language; requires OT background given the curriculum’s standing low-OT-literacy caution; cross-reference with reused “elezione.”
submissive / subject	ὑποτάσσω / hypotassō	to arrange/rank under, submit	sottomettersi / essere soggetti a	High	Submission to Authority	2:5 (wives); 2:9 (slaves); 3:1 (citizens)	Same Greek verb across three distinct social relationships; contemporary Italian cultural resistance to “sottomissione” language (esp. marital application) risks either overcorrection (vague softening) or misapplication (importing coercive-only sense). Each of the three occurrences requires individual review.
rulers and authorities	ἀρχαί καὶ ἐξουσίαι / archai kai exousiai	governing powers	le autorità e i poteri costituiti	Medium	Submission to Authority	3:1	Live connotations in Italian political discourse around institutional trust; teaching notes should clarify this is civil government generally, not a specific contemporary administration.
servant / slave (of God)	δοῦλος (θεοῦ) / doulos (theou)	bondslave (of God)	servo (di Dio)	High	Salvation by Grace not Works (self-identity); Qualifications for Elders (Paul’s own authority claim)	1:1; 2:9 (household-slave sense)	“Servo di Dio” is the official first-stage title in the Roman Catholic canonization process (preceding “Beato,” then “Santo”), risking readers associating Paul’s self-designation with sainthood-candidacy status rather than a bondslave’s total devotion to God. Requires explicit disambiguating note.
mercy	ἔλεος / eleos	compassion toward the undeserving	misericordia	Medium	Salvation by Grace not Works	3:5	Strong existing Italian Catholic “Divina Misericordia” devotional tradition (St. Faustina, Divine Mercy Sunday) risks readers importing that specific devotional frame rather than reading God’s general saving disposition.
loving-kindness	φιλανθρωπία / philanthrōpia	love toward mankind	amore per gli uomini / benevolenza (NEVER “filantropia”)	High	Salvation by Grace not Works	3:4	False-cognate trap: modern Italian “filantropia” denotes secular charitable giving, stripped of reference to God, and would flatten a divine saving attribute into a humanitarian-secular category. Added to forbidden-substitution list.
kindness	χρηστότης / chrēstotēs	benevolent goodness	bontà	Low-Medium	Salvation by Grace not Works	3:4	Stable rendering; minor risk of generic-niceness flattening.
hope (blessed hope)	ἐλπίς / elpis	confident expectation	speranza	Medium	Grace That Trains for Godly Living	2:13; 3:7	Secular Italian “speranza” easily flattens to wishful optimism; must be anchored by its epexegetical content (Christ’s glorious appearing; eternal life) to retain certain-future-assurance sense.
myths	μῦθος / mythos	invented tale, fable	favole	Medium	Avoiding Divisive Controversies	1:14	”Mito/miti” carries strong secular classical-mythology associations from Italian schooling; “favole” better preserves the dismissive, non-factual, pastoral-warning sense intended.
foolish controversies	μωραὶ ζητήσεις / mōrai zētēseis (+ genealogies, quarrels, disputes about the law)	foolish speculative debates	controversie stolte	Medium	Avoiding Divisive Controversies	3:9	Requires brief historical framing so readers map first-century Jewish-Christian controversies onto contemporary unedifying doctrinal hobby-horse debates without over- or under-literalizing.
heirs	κληρονόμος / klēronomos	inheritance-recipient	eredi	Low-Medium	Salvation by Grace not Works (cross-linked to Adoption)	3:7	Should be cross-referenced explicitly with the reused baseline term “adozione filiale” so readers connect full-inheritance status across both curricula.
faithful saying	πιστὸς ὁ λόγος / pistos ho logos	trustworthy is the word	questa parola è degna di fede	Low-Medium	Sound Doctrine and Good Works	1:9 (cf.); 3:8	Recurring Pastoral Epistles formula; the πιστ- root shared with “fede” should remain audible to reinforce consistency with the reused baseline “faith” term.

Forbidden-Substitution Additions for This Curriculum (extends baseline list)

• Regeneration (παλιγγενεσία, Titus 3:5): NEVER render with, or allow drift toward, a term suggesting a repeatable natural/biological/urban-renewal cycle (e.g. bare secular “rigenerazione” without doctrinal framing) — always anchor as spiritual new birth, once-for-all.
• Divisive person (αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος, Titus 3:10): NEVER use “eretico” — use “persona settaria/fazioso.”
• Loving-kindness (φιλανθρωπία, Titus 3:4): NEVER use “filantropia” — use “amore per gli uomini/benevolenza.”
• Overseer/bishop (ἐπίσκοπος, Titus 1:7): “vescovo” is retained as the established cognate but must never appear without a disambiguating teaching note distinguishing the local congregational office (identical to presbyteros, 1:5) from the Catholic diocesan-hierarchy office.
• Servant of God (δοῦλος θεοῦ, Titus 1:1): “servo di Dio” is retained but must never appear without a disambiguating note distinguishing Paul’s bondslave self-identity from the Catholic canonization-process title of the same name.

---

This glossary extends, and must be read alongside, the Romans baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. All Table 1 entries are locked by the baseline and may not be altered by this curriculum. All Table 2 entries are proposed for addition to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in a subsequent Phase 1 step, pending confirmation.

---

Critical Risk Terms

Righteousness

Approved rendering: giustizia
Transliteration: giustizia (di Dio)
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: virtù
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: reused exactly for Titus 3:5’s ‘non in virtù di opere di giustizia da noi compiute’ — the false ground of salvation Paul explicitly excludes. Everyday Italian ‘giustizia’ defaults to the judicial system; the surrounding negation must carry the full disambiguating weight.

---

Justification

Approved rendering: giustificazione
Transliteration: giustificazione
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιόω
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Titus 3:7 ‘giustificati per la sua grazia’ is a completed (aorist passive) forensic act; same Trent/Reformation flashpoint, live via Italy’s own Waldensian minority tradition. Titus 3:5 and 3:7 must be taught and reviewed as one doctrinal unit.

---

High Risk Terms

Grace

Approved rendering: grazia
Transliteration: grazia
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favore
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Same word used by Catholic and Waldensian/evangelical traditions with different doctrinal freight (sacramental grace vs. sola gratia). Occurs in Titus at 1:4, 2:11, 3:7, 3:15; Titus 2:11-3:8 forms the tightest grace-vs-works unit in the NT for this exact tension. Must render as wholly unmerited.

---

Election

Approved rendering: elezione
Transliteration: elezione
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Titus 1:1, ‘eletti di Dio’ (τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν θεοῦ). Same collision with everyday Italian ‘elezioni politiche’ documented in the Romans baseline; here the term appears once, briefly, without an extended supporting argument (unlike Romans 9-11) to help a reader recover from a misreading.

---

Law

Approved rendering: legge
Transliteration: legge
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Titus 3:9, ‘dispute intorno alla legge’ (μάχας νομικάς). Distinguish from the descriptive title ‘νομικός’ (Zenas ‘il giurista,’ 3:13), a Low-risk term not to be confused with this doctrinal keyword.

---

Sin

Approved rendering: peccato
Transliteration: peccato
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτάνω
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans package. Titus 3:11, the divisive person ‘pecca, essendo condannato da se stesso.’ The colloquial ‘che peccato!’ trivialization risk applies identically and is heightened here because 3:11 has no surrounding extended argument (unlike Romans 1-3) to reinforce the term’s full moral seriousness.

---

Medium Risk Terms

Faith

Approved rendering: fede
Transliteration: fede
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in Titus at 1:1, 1:4, 1:13, 2:2, 2:10, 3:15. The 2:10 occurrence uses the secondary ‘fidelity/good faith’ sense (‘mostrando ogni buona fede’), a positive cross-reference to the baseline’s own ‘buona fede’ idiom note, not a conflict.

---

Salvation

Approved rendering: salvezza
Transliteration: salvezza
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Risk tier copied unchanged from baseline; note that the surrounding DOCTRINE ‘Salvation by Grace not Works’ is tiered Critical for this book in doctrine_risk_registry.json because of Titus 3:5’s unusually concentrated sola-gratia statement (‘ci ha salvati… non in virtù di opere… ma secondo la sua misericordia’) — reviewers should treat the term as Medium-risk lexically but the surrounding passage as Critical-risk doctrinally.

---

Father

Approved rendering: Padre
Transliteration: Padre
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Titus 1:4, ‘grazia e pace da Dio Padre.’ The baseline’s adjacency caution (also the standard address for a Catholic priest) applies identically; context (‘Dio Padre’) generally disambiguates.

---

Glory

Approved rendering: gloria
Transliteration: gloria
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Titus 2:13, ‘la gloria del nostro grande Dio e Salvatore Gesù Cristo’ — a direct deity-of-Christ proof text. The load-bearing risk here is the surrounding grammatical/theological claim, not the word ‘gloria’ itself.

---

God

Approved rendering: Dio
Transliteration: Dio
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs throughout Titus; directly identified with ‘Gesù Cristo’ at 2:13, a Critical-tier deity-of-Christ passage per doctrine_risk_registry.json even though the bare term ‘Dio’ itself retains the baseline’s Medium lexical tier.

---

Low Risk Terms

Gospel

Approved rendering: vangelo
Transliteration: vangelo
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Shared, stable term across Catholic CEI and Protestant Diodati/Riveduta tradition. Not a frequent standalone noun in Titus but underlies ‘sana dottrina’ and ‘la dottrina di Dio, nostro Salvatore’ (2:10).

---

Apostle

Approved rendering: apostolo
Transliteration: apostolo
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Stable, shared term. Paul’s self-designation, Titus 1:1.

---

Peace

Approved rendering: pace
Transliteration: pace
Doctrine: Peace with God

Inherited from Romans package. Titus 1:4 opening salutation, ‘grazia e pace da Dio Padre e da Cristo Gesù, nostro Salvatore,’ reuses the exact Romans rendering; no new risk introduced in Titus.

---

Exhort

Approved rendering: esortare
Transliteration: esortare
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Titus 2:15, part of Titus’s threefold charge (declare, exhort, rebuke).

---

Jesus

Approved rendering: Gesù
Transliteration: Gesù
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Stable across all Italian traditions. Occurs at Titus 1:1, 1:4, 2:13, 3:6, always paired with ‘Cristo.’