Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Gospel of Mark — English → Kashmiri
Curriculum: Mark 1–16 | Core passage: Mark 10:35-45
Companion to: analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md
Status: Draft glossary for Phase 1. Feeds translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json updates in a later step. Terms marked [REUSE] are fixed exactly as recorded in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and MUST NOT be altered here.
Risk tiers follow the baseline definitions: Critical (human theologian review mandatory, every occurrence) / High (human theologian review mandatory) / Medium (native speaker review recommended) / Low (automated review sufficient).
Section A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| # | English term | Kashmiri (reused exactly) | Risk (per baseline) | Mark occurrences (representative) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | gospel | انجیل (Injīl) | High | 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15 |
| A2 | faith | ایمان (īmān) | High | 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22-24 |
| A3 | sin | گناہ (gunāh) | High | 1:4-5, 2:5-10, 3:28-29 |
| A4 | messiah/christ | مسیح (Masīḥ) | Critical | 1:1, 8:29, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21-22, 14:61-62, 15:32 |
| A5 | son of god | خُدایہ ہند پُتر (Khudāya hind putr) | Critical | 1:1,11; 3:11; 5:7; 9:7; 14:61-62; 15:39 |
| A6 | lord | خُداوند (Khudāwand) | Critical | 1:3; 2:28; 7:28; 11:3,9-10; 12:36-37 |
| A7 | holy_spirit | پاک روح (pāk rūḥ) | Critical | 1:8,10,12; 3:29; 12:36; 13:11 |
| A8 | god | خُدا (Khudā) | High | throughout |
| A9 | jesus | یِسوع (Yisū’) | Critical | throughout |
| A10 | father / abba | باپت / ابّا (bāpath / Abbā) | Critical / High | 8:38; 11:25; 13:32; 14:36 |
| A11 | kingdom_of_god | خُدایُک بادشاہت (Khudāyuk bādshāhat) | Medium | 1:15; 4:11,26,30; 9:1,47; 10:14-15,23-25; 12:34; 14:25; 15:43 |
| A12 | resurrection | مُردٕن پؠٹھ زندٕ تھِیُن (murdan pyeṭh zinda thyun) | Critical | 6:14; 8:31; 9:9-10,31; 10:34; 12:18-27; 16:6 |
| A13 | law | شریعت (sharī’at) | High | 1:44; 2:23-28; 7:5-13; 10:3-5; 12:28-34 |
| A14 | glory | جلال (jalāl) | High | 8:38; 10:37; 13:26 |
| A15 | david | داؤد (Dā’ūd) | Low | 2:25; 10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37 |
| A16 | apostle | رسول (rasūl) | Critical | 3:14; 6:30 |
| A17 | gentiles | غیر-قوم (ghair-qaum) | Medium | 7:26; 10:33,42; 11:17; 13:10 |
| A18 | election | خُدایُک چُنٲوُن (Khudāyuk chunāwun) | High | 13:20,22,27 |
| A19 | providence | خُدایُک انتظام (Khudāyuk intizām) | High | 10:40; 13:32; 14:36 |
| A20 | called / calling | سَدہ گیہ / سَدنُک (sada gyi / sadanuk) | High | 1:20; 2:17; 3:13 |
| A21 | covenant | عہد (ʻahd) | Medium | 14:24 |
| A22 | power_of_god | خُدایُک قوت (Khudāyuk quwwat) | High | 5:30; 9:1; 13:26 |
| A23 | prophet / prophecy | پیغمبر / پیشن گوئی (paighambar / pēshan go’ī) | Medium/Low | 1:2-3; 6:4,15; 8:28; 9:11-13; 11:32; 13:14 |
| A24 | seed_of_david | داؤدَس نسلہ منٛز (Dā’ūdas naslah manz) | High | (background for 10:47-48, 12:35-37) |
Section B — New Terms Introduced for Mark
| # | English term | Original / Translit. | Literal meaning | Kashmiri rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives rejected | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B1 | Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου / ho huios tou anthrōpou | ”the son of the man/humanity” | منشہ ہند پُتر (manshah hind putr) | Critical | Jesus as Suffering Servant & Son of God; Necessity of the Cross | plain “a human being” gloss (loses Daniel 7 glory sense) | Deliberately structured to parallel خُدایہ ہند پُتر; requires explicit Daniel 7:13-14 background teaching. Anchor term for 10:45. |
| B2 | Repent / Repentance | μετανοέω / μετάνοια / metanoeō / metanoia | ”to turn the mind around” | توبہ (tauba) | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | (none proposed; standard term retained with strong caveat) | Must be distinguished from Islamic tawba’s formal legal-devotional conditions; teach as Spirit-wrought heart-reorientation to Christ, not a discharge-of-obligation formula. |
| B3 | Baptize / Baptism (literal rite) | βαπτίζω / βάπτισμα / baptizō / baptisma | ”to immerse/plunge” | بپتِسمہ (baptisma) | Medium-High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | صاف (ritual cleanliness only — rejected, already reserved in Romans package for wuzu-adjacent sense) | Transliteration pattern parallel to کلیسیا. Distinguish from wuzu/ghusl. |
| B4 | Baptism (metaphorical, Christ’s suffering) | βάπτισμα / baptisma | ”overwhelming/plunging ordeal” | بپتِسمہ (baptisma) — same word, metaphorical sense flagged | High | Necessity of the Cross | — | SAME Kashmiri word as B3; requires explanatory framing at first metaphorical occurrence (10:38-39) so readers do not read a literal water rite. |
| B5 | Cup (of suffering) | ποτήριον / potērion | ”drinking vessel” | پیالہ (piyālah) | High | Necessity of the Cross | Sufi mystical-union “cup of divine love” reading (rejected as primary sense) | Must not collapse into Persianate Sufi ecstatic-union cup imagery; this is the cup of judgment/suffering. |
| B6 | Unclean spirit | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / pneuma akatharton | ”impure spirit” | ناپاک روح (nāpāk rūḥ) | Critical | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | جِن (jinn — never use; different, morally-mixed Islamic cosmological category) | Wholly malevolent entity fully subject to Christ’s authority, unlike Quranic jinn (Quran 72). |
| B7 | Demon | δαιμόνιον / daimonion | ”evil spirit-being” | بَدروح (bad-rūḥ) | Critical | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | جِن (never use) | Paired with B6; consistent avoidance of jinn-vocabulary throughout all exorcism narratives. |
| B8 | Authority | ἐξουσία / exousia | ”the right/power to act” | اختیار (ikhtiyār) | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | شکتی (Shakti — already rejected in Romans package for power_of_god) | Kept distinct from قوت (dynamis/power). Inherent divine authority, not derived scholarly (ʻālim) or Sufi pir authority. |
| B9 | Leprosy / Leper | λέπρα, λεπρός / lepra, lepros | skin disease; one afflicted by it | کوڑھ (koṛh) | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness | — | Ritual-purity/social-exclusion background distinct from Islamic taharah/najasa categories. |
| B10 | Clean / Unclean (foods, ritual) / Defile | καθαρίζω, κοινόω / katharizō, koinoō | ”to make clean” / “to make common/impure” | پاک / ناپاک ; پلیت کرُن (pāk/nāpāk; palīt karun) | Critical | The Kingdom of God Breaking In (Mark 7 reversal of purity law) | — | Mark 7:19 directly reverses food-purity categories; must never be framed as polemic against halal/haram observance. |
| B11 | Sabbath / Lord of the Sabbath | σάββατον; κύριος τοῦ σαββάτου / sabbaton; kyrios tou sabbatou | ”day of rest”; “lord of the Sabbath” | سبت (Sabt); سَبَتُک خُداوند (Sabatuk Khudāwand) | Critical | Jesus as Son of God; Jesus’ Authority | — | Direct divine-authority claim; builds on reused خُداوند. |
| B12 | Blasphemy | βλασφημία / blasphēmia | ”injurious/impious speech” | توہین (tauhīn) | CRITICAL | Jesus as Suffering Servant & Son of God | کفر (kufr — rejected; carries severe, sometimes lethal regional legal/social consequences as an Islamic legal category and must not be the primary rendering) | Handle with extreme pastoral/contextual sensitivity given regional blasphemy-law dynamics. |
| B13 | Beelzebul / Satan | Βεελζεβούλ; Σατανᾶς / Beelzeboul; Satanas | proper names for the ruler of demons / the adversary | بعل زبول (transliteration); شیطان (Shaitān) | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sin | — | Shaitan/Iblis Quranic origin-narrative differs from biblical fallen-angel tradition; use as point of contact, not assumed-identical background. |
| B14 | Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit (unforgivable sin) | βλασφημία εἰς τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον | ”impious speech against the Holy Spirit” | پاک روحہ خلاف توہین (pāk rūḥah khilāf tauhīn) | Critical | The Kingdom of God Breaking In; Jesus’ Authority over Sin | — | Distinguish carefully from Islamic shirk as “the” unforgivable sin (Quran 4:48,116); genuinely parallel but not identical category. Pastoral care notes required. |
| B15 | Parable | παραβολή / parabolē | ”a placing beside; comparison” | تمثیل (tamsīl) | Medium | The Messianic Secret | — | Mark 4:11-12’s concealing/revealing double function must be taught explicitly, not assumed from the word alone. |
| B16 | Kingdom “at hand” / breaking in | ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία / ēngiken hē basileia | ”has drawn near” | نزدیک آمت (nazdīk āmt) [+ REUSE بادشاہت] | High | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | territorial/political “invasion” framing (rejected) | Inaugurated-not-consummated reign; avoid nationalist/territorial reading given regional sovereignty sensitivity. |
| B17 | Fear | φόβος, φοβέομαι / phobos, phobeomai | ”fear, dread, awe” | خوف (khauf) | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | — | Dual sense (faith-opposing dread vs. reverent awe) must be disambiguated by context at every occurrence; distinct from Sufi khawf as a cultivated devotional station. |
| B18 | Compassion | σπλαγχνίζομαι / splanchnizomai | ”to be moved in one’s inward parts” | ترس / رحم (taras / raḥm) | Medium | Jesus as Suffering Servant | — | رحم already flagged in Romans package as supporting synonym only for grace-contexts; here used positively for Jesus’s own emotion. |
| B19 | ”I am” (divine self-declaration) | ἐγώ εἰμι / egō eimi | ”I am” | میٚ چھُس (may chhus) | Critical | Jesus as Son of God; Jesus’ Authority over Nature | plain “it is I” reassurance-only gloss (rejected as insufficient) | Echoes Exodus 3:14 LXX; occurs 6:50 and 14:62 — flag both for theologian review. |
| B20 | Corban | Κορβᾶν / Korban | a formal vow-dedication to God (Jewish legal-religious technicality) | قربان (qurbān) | CRITICAL | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (contra religious legalism) | — | Must be clearly distinguished from the Islamic Qurbani/Eid al-Adha sacrificial practice; Jesus critiques a specific 1st-century vow-loophole, not the regional Islamic observance. |
| B21 | Ephphatha | Ἐφφαθά / Ephphatha | ”be opened” (Aramaic) | اِفتہٕ (Iftih) | Low | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness | — | Transliterated with gloss. |
| B22 | Transfiguration | μετεμορφώθη / metemorphōthē | ”he was transformed/changed in form” | جلالی رُوپ منز بدلاوُن (jalālī rūp manz badlāwun) | High | Jesus as Son of God | اوتار-style avatar transformation (rejected, per baseline incarnation entry) | Unveiling of pre-existing permanent divine glory, not a repeatable/impersonal spanda-style self-manifestation. |
| B23 | Necessity of suffering (“must suffer”) | δεῖ παθεῖν / dei pathein | ”it is necessary to suffer” | ضرور دُکھ سہنٕ چھُ (zarūr dukh sahan chhu) | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | قسمت/تقدیر framing alone (rejected as insufficiently personal/redemptive, per baseline providence caution) | Divine redemptive necessity, not impersonal fate or karmic consequence. |
| B24 | Delivered over / Betrayed | παραδίδωμι / paradidōmi | ”to hand over, give up” | حوالہٕ کرُن (neutral sense) / دغا دِنہ (Judas’s culpable sense) | High | The Necessity of the Cross | — | One Greek verb covers both divine sovereign plan and human culpable betrayal; both true simultaneously — do not flatten either direction. |
| B25 | Cross / Crucify / Take up cross | σταυρός; σταυρόω; ἆραι τὸν σταυρόν / stauros; stauroō; arai ton stauron | execution stake; to execute by it; to lift/carry it | صلیب (salīb); صلیب کھسنہ (salīb khasanah); خود انکاری (khud inkārī, self-denial) | CRITICAL | The Necessity of the Cross | — | Parallel to the Romans package’s resurrection-denial caution: mainstream Sunni reading of Quran 4:157 denies the crucifixion itself occurred; must be stated as plain historical fact. |
| B26 | Divorce | ἀπολύω (γυναῖκα) / apolyō (gynaika) | “to release/send away (a wife)“ | طلاق (talaq) | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear (costly obedience); general ethical teaching | — | Regulated Islamic talaq system is a live legal-social institution; teach Jesus’s creational-permanence ideal pastorally, not polemically. |
| B27 | Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος / zōē aiōnios | ”unending life” | ابدی زندگی (abadī zindagī) | Critical | The Kingdom of God Breaking In; Ransom for Many | جنت-only deeds-weighed framing (rejected as sole frame); پرتیبھِجنا/self-recognition framing (rejected) | Parallels baseline salvation entry’s dual Muslim/Trika risk profile exactly. |
| B28 | Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ / huios Dauid | ”son/descendant of David” | داؤدَس پُتر (Dā’ūdas putr) | High | Davidic Covenant (background); Messianic Promise | — | Requires the same OT covenant-background teaching already flagged for seed_of_david in the Romans package. |
| B29 | Ransom | λύτρον / lytron | ”redemption-price for a slave/captive” | فِدیہ (fidya) | CRITICAL — anchor term | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | generic “sacrifice” or “gift” gloss (rejected — loses substitutionary-payment sense) | Direct lexical/narrative contact with Quran 37:107’s fidya (Abraham/Ishmael ram); MUST teach both the contact point and the sharp divergence (one-time animal substitute vs. Christ’s unique, unrepeatable, universally atoning self-gift). Single highest-stakes term in this curriculum. |
| B30 | ”For” / “instead of” (substitution) | ἀντί / anti | ”in the place of, in exchange for” | بدلہٕ (badlih) [+ خاطرہ compound pattern] | Critical | The Ransom for Many | generic beneficiary sense “for the sake of” alone (rejected — flattens substitution to benefit) | The grammatical hinge that makes Mark 10:45 a substitutionary-atonement statement. |
| B31 | Many (effective scope) | πολλῶν / pollōn | ”many, a great multitude” | بہت (bahut) | High | The Ransom for Many | strictly numerically-limiting reading alone (flagged, not rejected outright — teach the tension) | Semitic idiom (cf. Isaiah 53); must not be taught in a way that undercuts the Romans package’s universal_scope_of_gospel. |
| B32 | Life / Soul (given up) | ψυχή / psychē | ”breath, life, soul, self” | جان (jān) | High | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | نفس-style Sufi psychological-faculty framing (rejected as primary sense here) | Christ’s concrete, actual human life laid down, not a faculty of self undergoing purification. |
| B33 | Serve / Servant | διακονέω, διάκονος / diakoneō, diakonos | ”to wait on, attend to; an attendant” | خدمت کرُن (khidmat karun); خادِم (khādim) | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | honorific-only “Khadim al-Haramain”-style rhetorical humility (flagged as insufficient) | Actual, costly, structural reordering of status, not merely a rhetorical honorific. |
| B34 | Slave / Bondservant | δοῦλος / doulos | ”one wholly owned/subject to a master” | غلام (ghulām) | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | weaker “servant” gloss (rejected — loses Mark’s deliberate escalation from diakonos) | Extreme image of willing total self-subordination; not an endorsement of literal slavery as an institution. |
| B35 | Lord it over / Domineer | κατακυριεύω, κατεξουσιάζω / katakyrieuō, katexousiazō | ”to master/subjugate down upon; to exercise harsh authority over” | زبردستی حکومت کرُن; زور سٕتؠ اختیار چلاوُن | Critical | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | rendering that reuses خُداوند or اختیار unmodified (rejected — would confuse worldly domineering with Christ’s true Lordship/authority) | Same Greek root as κύριος/ἐξουσία used negatively; Kashmiri rendering MUST remain visibly distinct from خُداوند/اختیار. |
| B36 | Hosanna | Ὡσαννά / Hōsanna | ”save now, we pray” (Hebrew/Aramaic acclamation) | ہوشعنا (Hoshaʻnā) | Low | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | — | Transliterated with gloss. |
| B37 | Temple | ἱερόν / hieron | the Jerusalem Temple precincts | ہیکل (haikal) | Medium | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | مسجد (mosque — rejected, per baseline church entry); مندر (Hindu temple — rejected, per baseline church entry) | Distinct from both mosque and mandir; do not apply cleansing narrative by analogy to any contemporary regional sacred site. |
| B38 | King of the Jews | ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων / ho basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | ”the king of the Jewish people” | یہودیَن ہند بادشاہ (Yahūdyan hind bādshāh) | High | Jesus as Son of God; The Kingdom of God Breaking In | — | Ironic Roman-trial title, true in a wholly non-territorial sense; extreme regional political sensitivity re: “kingdom” language. |
| B39 | Legion | Λεγιών / Legiōn | a Roman military unit (proper noun, spoken by the unclean spirit) | لیجن (Lījan) — transliterated | CRITICAL | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | لشکر (lashkar — rejected as primary rendering; carries an unavoidable contemporary militant-organization association specific to the Kashmir conflict) | Region-specific risk with no precedent in the Romans package; transliterate rather than translate. |
| B40 | Abomination of Desolation | τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως / to bdelygma tēs erēmōseōs | ”the detestable thing that causes desolation” | تباہی ہنٛز مکروہ چیز (tabāhī hanz makrūh chīz) | High | The Kingdom of God Breaking In (eschatological) | — | Requires Daniel background teaching; avoid speculative contemporary political identification given regional sacred-site conflict history. |
| B41 | Love (greatest commandment) | ἀγαπάω, ἀγάπη / agapaō, agapē | ”to love, love” (self-giving, covenantal) | مُحبت (muḥabbat) | Medium | The Kingdom of God Breaking In (ethical center) | Sufi ʻishq-style mystical-absorption love (flagged as distinct, not rejected as a word) | Covenantal, wholehearted devotion + neighbor-love, not mystical union. |
| B42 | Watch / Be alert | γρηγορέω / grēgoreō | ”to stay awake, be watchful” | جاگتہٕ رۄزُن (jāgtih rozun) | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | — | Positive counterpart to fear: alert readiness, not paralysis. |
| B43 | Teacher / Rabbi | διδάσκαλος / didaskalos | ”instructor” | استاد (ustād) | Medium | The Messianic Secret; Jesus as Son of God | — | Must not function as a ceiling on Christ’s identity (“great teacher only” downgrade). |
| B44 | Scribe(s) | γραμματεύς / grammateus | ”a professional scribe/legal scholar” | عالم (ʻālim) | Medium | Jesus’ Authority (contrast) | — | Functional parallel to regional ʻulama category; clarify as a specific 1st-century office. |
| B45 | Caesar | Καῖσαρ / Kaisar | Roman emperor (proper noun/title) | کیسر (Kaisar) | Medium | (Contextual, ch. 12 tax question) | — | Political-application sensitivity given regional sovereignty history; native-speaker + theologian input recommended for teaching framing. |
| B46 | Forgive (sins) | ἀφίημι (ἁμαρτίας) / aphiēmi (hamartias) | “to send away, release, forgive” | بخشُن (bakhshun) | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sin; Jesus as Son of God | — | Directly ties to “who can forgive sins but God alone?” (Mark 2:7) — Deity-of-Christ link. |
| B47 | Eloi Eloi lama sabachthani | Ἐλωῒ Ἐλωῒ λεμὰ σαβαχθάνι | ”My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Aramaic, Ps 22:1) | اِلوی اِلوی لِما سبقتنی (transliterated) + Kashmiri gloss | High | The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many | — | Cry of dereliction; bears substitutionary judgment — must not be softened into mere human despair nor over-resolved. |
Section C — Cross-Reference: Doctrine → Primary New Terms
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary new terms (Section B #) |
|---|---|
| Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | B1, B18, B19, B29, B43, A5, A6 |
| The Kingdom of God Breaking In | B2, B15, B16, B37, B40, B41, A11 |
| Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | B17, B26, B42, A2 |
| The Necessity of the Cross | B4, B5, B23, B24, B25, B47 |
| Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | B20, B33, B34, B35 |
| The Messianic Secret | B15, B19, B43, A4 |
| Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, B11, B13, B19, B39, B46 |
| The Ransom for Many | B27, B29, B30, B31, B32, B47, A21 |
Section D — Chapters Confirmed Reviewed with No New Critical/High Terms Beyond Reuse
None of Mark’s sixteen chapters is doctrine-free; each contributes at least one new load-bearing term, as documented in 07_semantic_analysis.md. Chapters 2, 5, 9, and 12 lean most heavily on intensifying or recombining vocabulary already established in earlier chapters rather than introducing wholly new categories, but each still introduces at least one genuinely new item (e.g., ch. 2: blasphemy, Sabbath/Lord of the Sabbath; ch. 5: Legion, shifa/healing distinction; ch. 9: transfiguration, Gehenna; ch. 12: Caesar, love/greatest commandment, scribe) and is therefore included in full in Section B above rather than marked as a no-new-vocabulary chapter.
This glossary is a Phase 1 draft. Final incorporation into translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json occurs in a later pipeline step and must preserve every risk tier and rejected-alternative note recorded here.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: فضل
Transliteration: faz’l
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: شکتی پات (Shaktipat, never use), رحم (mercy, supporting synonym only, never a replacement)
Inherited from Romans package. Not a frequent lexical item in Mark’s Greek text itself, but doctrinally underlies the whole Ransom-for-Many argument (10:45) and the unearned character of Christ’s self-giving; retained for cross-curriculum consistency so that later grace-focused teaching (e.g. on Mark 10:17-31’s rich young ruler, where salvation is ‘impossible with man but not with God,’ 10:27) uses the identical fixed term.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: راستبازی
Transliteration: rāstbāzī
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: تقویٰ (piety/God-consciousness, too works-oriented)
Inherited from Romans package. Not a frequent explicit term in Mark’s narrative Greek, but retained for cross-curriculum consistency with any doctrinal-study material that connects Mark’s ransom/atonement theology (10:45; 14:24) to Pauline righteousness-by-faith teaching.
Justification
Approved rendering: راستباز ٹھہرایہ گیہ
Transliteration: rāstbāz ṭharāyi gyi
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: معافی (forgiveness alone, too narrow)
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Markan lexical occurrence, but retained since Mark 2:5-12’s forgiveness-of-sins narrative and 10:45’s ransom both supply the redemptive-historical basis this forensic term names; keep consistent with Romans usage for any cross-curriculum doctrinal teaching.
Salvation
Approved rendering: نجات
Transliteration: najāt
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: جنت (paradise as a destination, never a stand-alone gloss), موکش (moksha-style liberation, never use for Kashmir Shaivite readers), پرتیبھِجنا (pratyabhijna, never use as a substitute)
Inherited from Romans package. Mark’s Greek verb sozo (‘to save/to heal’) is used for BOTH physical healing (5:23,28,34; 6:56; 10:52) and eschatological salvation (8:35; 10:26; 13:13); this curriculum must flag that wordplay explicitly (see life_soul and eternal_life entries below) without over-theologizing every healing as itself a salvation account, while keeping نجات reserved for the soteriological sense and شفا for the healing sense.
Apostle
Approved rendering: رسول
Transliteration: rasūl
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: پیغمبر (prophet, a distinct office, avoid conflating)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 3:14 (appointing the Twelve as apostles) and 6:30 (their return and report); رسول is the Arabic-derived title reserved in mainstream Islamic usage for Muhammad (‘Rasulullah’) and a small set of major prophet-messengers; applying it to the Twelve without explicit definition risks implying they hold Muhammad’s specific prophetic office.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: مُردٕن پؠٹھ زندٕ تھِیُن
Transliteration: murdan pyeṭh zinda thyun
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἠγέρθη
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 6:14; 8:31; 9:9-10,31; 10:34; 12:18-27 (Sadducee dispute); 16:6 (empty-tomb climax). Must never be rendered with reincarnation/rebirth-cycle vocabulary; must be stated plainly against the mainstream Sunni denial of the crucifixion underlying Quran 4:157, since resurrection presupposes the death Islam contests.
Lord
Approved rendering: خُداوند
Transliteration: Khudāwand
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: مالِک (owner/master, reserve for ordinary human authority contexts)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:3; 2:28 (‘the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath’); 7:28; 11:3,9-10; 12:36-37. Must remain visibly, unmistakably distinct from the negatively-used root at 10:42 (see lord_it_over) so Christ’s saving Lordship is never conflated with worldly domineering rule.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: خُدایہ ہند پُتر
Transliteration: Khudāya hind putr
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: نبی (a great prophet, an explicit downgrade, rejected)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark’s structural hinges: 1:1,11; 3:11; 5:7; 9:7 (Transfiguration); 14:61-62 (trial); 15:39 (centurion’s confession). Built in deliberate structural parallel with the new term منشہ ہند پُتر (Son of Man) so readers see both poles of Christ’s identity held together. Direct collision with Quran 112’s denial that God begets or is begotten; must be taught plainly at every occurrence.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: خُدا منش رُوپ منز آمت
Transliteration: Khudā manūsh rūp manz āmat
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: اوتار (avatar, never use)
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Mark’s whole narrative logic (born of Mary, 6:3; growing weary, hungry, sleeping, 4:38; 11:12); directly parallel in construction to the new Transfiguration term جلالی رُوپ منز بدلاوُن, which teaching material should present as a companion doctrine, not a repeat or contradiction of it.
Messiah
Approved rendering: مسیح
Transliteration: Masīḥ
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:1; 8:29 (Peter’s confession, the book’s structural turning point); 9:41; 12:35; 13:21-22 (false christs warning — must be unambiguously distinguished from the true Messiah); 14:61-62 (trial); 15:32 (mockery). Shared Quranic vocabulary (al-Masih) must never be assumed to carry the theological content mainstream Islamic theology explicitly denies.
Jesus
Approved rendering: یِسوع
Transliteration: Yisū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عیسیٰ (the Quranic form, reserve only for explicit interfaith-dialogue contexts)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Mark. عیسیٰ must never be substituted, per the Romans-established rule, to avoid suggesting the Quranic figure is simply interchangeable with the biblical Jesus.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: پاک روح
Transliteration: pāk rūḥ
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: روح القدس (Ruh al-Qudus, never use interchangeably without explicit distinction)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:8,10,12; 3:29 (blasphemy against the Holy Spirit); 12:36; 13:11. Must always be rendered in full, never bare روح القدس, which mainstream Islamic exegesis commonly identifies with the angel Gabriel.
Father
Approved rendering: باپت
Transliteration: bāpath
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 8:38; 11:25; 13:32; 14:36 (Gethsemane, Jesus’s own prayer of filial intimacy — an important pastoral dimension, not merely abstract teaching about God). ‘Father’ as a divine title is unfamiliar and potentially uncomfortable in a Muslim-majority context.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: دِتمُت راستبازی
Transliteration: ditmut rāstbāzī
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: حاصل کرمُت راستبازی (earned righteousness, the explicit rejected opposite)
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Markan lexical occurrence; retained purely for cross-curriculum doctrinal consistency should a Mark-based study connect the ransom-for-many (10:45) to this Pauline forensic category.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: منشہ ہند پُتر
Transliteration: manshah hind putr
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: plain ‘a human being’ gloss (loses the Daniel 7 glory sense entirely)
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark. Jesus’s preferred self-designation (2:10,28; 8:31,38; 9:9,12,31; 10:33,45; 13:26; 14:21,41,62), deliberately structured as a parallel to خُدایہ ہند پُتر so readers see the human and divine poles of Christ’s identity held together. Fuses the plain Semitic idiom ‘a human being’ with Daniel 7:13-14’s exalted, dominion-receiving glorious figure. Risk is under-teaching, not mis-mapping: without explicit Daniel 7 background, readers of any background may flatten this to mean merely ‘a human being.’ Anchor term for the core passage, Mark 10:45.
Lord Of The Sabbath
Approved rendering: سَبَتُک خُداوند
Transliteration: Sabatuk Khudāwand
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ over the Law
Original: κύριος τοῦ σαββάτου
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark. Built on reused خُداوند plus the new term سبت. Mark 2:28 (‘the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath’) is an explicit, direct divine-authority claim over a divinely instituted law; must be taught plainly as such, never softened to a great teacher’s flexible rule-interpretation or a venerated Sufi pir’s authority.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: ناپاک روح
Transliteration: nāpāk rūḥ
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: جِن (jinn, never use as primary rendering)
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW for Mark. Occurs throughout the exorcism narratives (1:21-28,34,39; 3:11-12,22-30; 5:1-20; 6:7,13; 7:24-30; 9:14-29). Deliberately avoid جِن as the primary rendering: mainstream Islamic theology holds jinn to be a morally mixed class of creation (some good, some evil, some capable of belief, Quran 72), a materially different cosmology from Mark’s uniformly malevolent unclean spirits, fully and permanently subject to Christ’s authority.
Demon
Approved rendering: بَدروح
Transliteration: bad-rūḥ
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: جِن (jinn, never use)
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW for Mark. Synonymous with unclean_spirit in Mark’s usage; paired consistently to avoid any jinn-vocabulary throughout all exorcism narratives, for the same cosmological reason.
Legion
Approved rendering: لیجن
Transliteration: Lījan
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: لشکر (lashkar, never use — carries an unavoidable, extremely sensitive contemporary association with named militant organizations central to Kashmir’s decades-long conflict)
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW for Mark. Region-specific risk with no precedent in the Romans package. Mark 5:9, the proper name given by the unclean spirit(s), referencing a Roman military unit of several thousand soldiers. TRANSLITERATE rather than translate, with a mandatory explanatory footnote identifying the Roman military unit at first occurrence.
Clean Unclean Defile
Approved rendering: پاک / ناپاک؛ پلیت کرُن
Transliteration: pāk / nāpāk; palīt karun
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: καθαρίζω / κοινόω
Category: Purity
NEW for Mark. Mark 7:1-23, esp. 7:19 (‘thus he declared all foods clean’) — directly reverses ritual food-purity categories with major, foreseeable collision potential with regional Islamic halal/haram dietary law, a strong marker of communal religious identity. Must never be framed or taught as polemic against Islamic dietary practice; the actual point is that moral defilement originates in the heart, not food categories.
Corban
Approved rendering: قربان
Transliteration: qurbān
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: Κορβᾶν
Category: Purity
NEW for Mark. Mark 7:9-13, a formal Jewish vow dedicating money/property to God, misused as a loophole to avoid honoring one’s parents financially. قربان/قربانی is the standard, deeply resonant regional Islamic term central to Eid al-Adha observance. Jesus critiques a specific first-century Jewish legal technicality, NOT the Islamic Qurbani sacrificial practice; this distinction must be stated explicitly and prominently.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: توہین
Transliteration: tauhīn
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: کفر (kufr, deliberately rejected as primary term — carries severe, sometimes lethal regional legal/social consequences)
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Sin
NEW for Mark. Mark 2:6-7; 14:63-64. Deliberately NOT rendered کفر given the real-world weight blasphemy accusations carry in the contemporary regional legal and social context. Handle with extreme pastoral and contextual sensitivity; teach the irony that this charge is leveled against the only person of whom it is not true.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: پاک روحہ خلاف توہین
Transliteration: pāk rūḥah khilāf tauhīn
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον
Category: Sin
NEW for Mark. Mark 3:28-29, the unforgivable sin. Mainstream Islamic theology already has its own ‘unforgivable sin’ category (shirk, Quran 4:48,116); readers may map this teaching onto that existing category in ways partially illuminating but not identical — requires careful pastoral framing given its historic capacity to cause needless spiritual anguish.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: جہنّم
Transliteration: Jahannam
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
NEW for Mark. Mark 9:43-48. جہنّم is the standard, unavoidable shared Arabic-Quranic term, but mainstream Islamic eschatology involves deeds-weighing, possible eventual purgation, and intercession — a different theological structure from Mark’s use of the historical Gehenna valley as an image of final judgment. Present plainly and seriously without assuming the full Islamic eschatological apparatus transfers wholesale.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ابدی زندگی
Transliteration: abadī zindagī
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: جنت-only deeds-weighed framing (rejected as sole frame), پرتیبھِجنا self-recognition framing (rejected)
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
NEW for Mark. Mark 10:17-31, the rich young ruler. Parallels the Romans package’s salvation entry’s dual risk profile exactly: for Muslim-background readers, risk of a deeds-weighed-against-mercy framework; for Kashmiri Pandit/Trika-shaped readers, risk of being reheard as an already-present eternal consciousness to be self-recognized. Both errors must be addressed distinctly.
Ransom
Approved rendering: فِدیہ
Transliteration: fidya
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘sacrifice’ or ‘gift’ gloss (rejected — loses the substitutionary-payment sense)
Original: λύτρον
Category: Atonement
SINGLE HIGHEST-STAKES TERM IN THIS ENTIRE CURRICULUM. NEW for Mark, anchor term of the core passage, Mark 10:45. فِدیہ shares its root (ف-د-ي) with Quran 37:107’s ram-substitute for Abraham’s son — a genuine, deliberate point of lexical/narrative contact that must be used and named explicitly, while stating the divergence with equal clarity: the Quranic fidya is a one-time animal substitute for one individual with no ongoing atoning significance, whereas Mark 10:45’s ransom is Christ’s own unique, unrepeatable, personal life given for ‘many,’ securing actual, objective deliverance from sin’s penalty and power. Human theologian review mandatory for every occurrence of this term or its underlying doctrine anywhere in this curriculum, including its restatement at 14:24 (blood_of_the_covenant).
Substitution Anti
Approved rendering: بدلہٕ
Transliteration: badlih
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: generic beneficiary sense ‘for the sake of’ alone (rejected — flattens strict substitution to mere benefit)
Original: ἀντί
Category: Atonement
NEW for Mark. The grammatical hinge (Greek anti) that makes Mark 10:45 a substitutionary-atonement statement rather than a merely exemplary or beneficiary one. Combine with the compound-building preposition خاطرہ already established in the Romans package to block a benefactive-only misreading.
Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: میۆن خون تہٕ عہد
Transliteration: myōn khūn tih ‘ahd
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Atonement
NEW for Mark. Mark 14:22-25. Restates and completes the ransom-for-many theology of 10:45 in covenant-and-blood terms; MUST be rendered with vocabulary fully consistent with فِدیہ, بدلہٕ, and بہت so readers recognize this as the same act of atonement, not a separate or additional idea. Flag for cross-document consistency exactly as the Romans package required for its own high-use passages (Romans 8:28; 10:9-10).
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: زبردستی حکومت کرُن / زور سٕتؠ اختیار چلاوُن
Transliteration: zabardastī ḥukūmat karun / zor sity ikhtiyār chalāwun
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: rendering that reuses خُداوند or اختیار unmodified (rejected — would confuse worldly domineering with Christ’s true Lordship/authority)
Original: κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Discipleship
NEW for Mark. Mark 10:42 (core passage). Same Greek root as κύριος/ἐξουσία used NEGATIVELY for worldly rulers who dominate others. The Kashmiri rendering MUST remain visibly, unmistakably distinct from خُداوند/اختیار so readers never conflate Christ’s saving Lordship/authority with the domineering rule Jesus condemns.
Cross Crucify
Approved rendering: صلیب / صلیب کھسنہ
Transliteration: salīb / salīb khasanah
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Atonement
NEW for Mark. Mark 8:34 (call to cross-bearing) and chapter 15 (the historical crucifixion narrative itself). Parallel to the Romans package’s resurrection-denial caution: mainstream Sunni interpretation of Quran 4:157 holds Jesus was not actually crucified. Must be stated plainly as historical fact throughout, not assumed uncontested; human theologian review mandatory for every cross/crucifixion occurrence.
Necessity Of Suffering
Approved rendering: ضرور دُکھ سہنٕ چھُ
Transliteration: zarūr dukh sahan chhu
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: قسمت/تقدیر framing alone (rejected as insufficiently personal/redemptive)
Original: δεῖ παθεῖν
Category: Atonement
NEW for Mark. Mark 8:31; 9:12,31; 10:33-34 (the repeated ‘must suffer’ predictions). Names divine redemptive necessity grounded in Scripture and God’s saving plan; must be explicitly distinguished from Islamic taqdir/qismat (impersonal predetermination) and from any karmic reading of suffering as the sufferer’s own consequence.
I Am Divine Self Declaration
Approved rendering: میٚ چھُس
Transliteration: may chhus
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: plain ‘it is I’ reassurance-only gloss (rejected as insufficient)
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark. Mark 6:50 (walking on water) and 14:62 (before the Sanhedrin, compounded with an explicit Danielic Son-of-Man claim, producing the direct blasphemy charge). Echoes the divine self-designation of Exodus 3:14 LXX. Must be flagged as an implicit deity-of-Christ claim at both occurrences, not left to pass as a merely reassuring statement.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: انجیل
Transliteration: Injīl
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: اچھی خبر (a plain descriptive gloss, acceptable only as an explanatory aside)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Injil is shared Quranic vocabulary for a scripture given to Isa that mainstream Islamic teaching holds was later corrupted (tahrif). Mark opens with this exact word as the book’s title claim (‘the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God,’ 1:1) and reuses it at 1:14-15; 8:35; 10:29; 13:10; 14:9; 16:15. Must be taught with its actual New Testament content at first occurrence, not assumed to carry it by the shared word alone.
Faith
Approved rendering: ایمان
Transliteration: īmān
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: یقین (certainty/conviction, too intellectual/impersonal alone)
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 2:5; 4:40; 5:34; 9:23-24 (‘I believe; help my unbelief’); 10:52; 11:22-24 all require the object of faith (Jesus specifically) to remain recoverable from context, exactly as the Romans package requires. Anchors the Faith-and-Discipleship-amid-Fear doctrine alongside خوف (fear).
Called
Approved rendering: سَدہ گیہ
Transliteration: sada gyi
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: دعوت دِنہ (invited, too weak)
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:20 (calling of James and John, immediately setting up their later misunderstanding in 10:35-45); 2:17 (‘I came not to call the righteous but sinners’); 3:13 (calling the Twelve to himself).
Calling
Approved rendering: سَدنُک
Transliteration: sadanuk
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Lower-frequency noun form in Mark; structurally consistent with the calling of the Twelve narrative (3:13-19).
Holy
Approved rendering: پاک
Transliteration: pāk
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: صاف (physically clean, ritual-ablution sense, avoid as a substitute)
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:24 (‘I know who you are, the Holy One of God’ — an unclean spirit’s own confession of Christ’s identity) is a key new Mark occurrence; also underlies پاک روح (Holy Spirit) and ناپاک روح (unclean spirit) throughout. صاف must remain reserved for physical/ritual cleanliness, distinct from wuzu.
Saints
Approved rendering: پاک لوکہ
Transliteration: pāk lūkh
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ولی (a Sufi saint venerated at a shrine, never use for the corporate biblical sense)
Inherited from Romans package. No direct address of this kind in Mark’s narrative text; retained for cross-curriculum consistency with any teaching that connects Mark’s disciple-community to the corporate biblical ‘saints’ category taught in Romans.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: پاکیزگی
Transliteration: pākīzagī
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. No direct lexical occurrence in Mark; retained for cross-curriculum consistency, distinct from ritual purification (wuzu) and from Mark 7’s heart-versus-food purity teaching (see clean_unclean_defile).
Adoption
Approved rendering: خدا ہند فرزند بنٲوُن
Transliteration: Khudā hind farzand banāwun
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Mark does not use the technical huiothesia term, but the sonship/family-of-God theme (3:31-35, ‘whoever does the will of God, he is my brother and sister and mother’) is thematically adjacent; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Law
Approved rendering: شریعت
Transliteration: sharī’at
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:44; 2:23-28 (Sabbath controversies); 7:5-13 (purity/Corban); 10:3-5 (divorce); 12:28-34 (greatest commandment). Must still distinguish the Mosaic Law’s redemptive-historical role from a comprehensive Sharia-style life-code.
Sin
Approved rendering: گناہ
Transliteration: gunāh
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:4-5 (John’s baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins); 2:5-10 (paralytic); 3:28-29 (unforgivable sin). Mark ties forgiveness of sin directly to Jesus’s divine authority (‘who can forgive sins but God alone?’), heightening the term’s Christological stakes beyond Romans’ anthropological focus.
Glory
Approved rendering: جلال
Transliteration: jalāl
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 8:38; 10:37 (James and John’s triumphalist, this-worldly misreading of ‘glory,’ the theological hinge the rest of 10:35-45 corrects); 13:26 (Danielic Son-of-Man glory). Teaching material must make the correction from a throne-seeking to a cross-shaped glory explicit.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: ایمانہ منز فرمانبرداری
Transliteration: īmāna manz farmānbardārī
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: شریعتہ ہنٛز فرمانبرداری (rule-obedience, a works-based misreading)
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Markan lexical occurrence, but thematically present throughout the discipleship-call narratives (1:16-20; 10:17-31); retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: خُدایُک قوت
Transliteration: Khudāyuk quwwat
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: شکتی (Shakti, avoid as the primary term)
Original: δύναμις (θεοῦ)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 5:30 (power going out from Jesus at the healing of the bleeding woman); 6:2 (his mighty works); 9:1; 13:26. Kept structurally distinct throughout from اختیار (the new Mark term for exousia/authority).
Election
Approved rendering: خُدایُک چُنٲوُن
Transliteration: Khudāyuk chunāwun
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: قسمت (fate, use with caution)
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 13:20,22,27 speaks of God’s ‘elect’ in the Olivet Discourse; must not be rendered with impersonal fate/qismat vocabulary.
Providence
Approved rendering: خُدایُک انتظام
Transliteration: Khudāyuk intizām
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: قسمت (fate/taqdir, use with caution)
Original: (implied: cf. δεῖ, παραδίδοται)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 10:40 (Jesus deferring the seats of honor to the Father’s sovereign preparation) and 14:36 (Gethsemane, ‘not what I will, but what you will’). Must be distinguished from qismat/taqdir’s impersonal fatalism, exactly as this term is distinguished from necessity_of_suffering below.
God
Approved rendering: خُدا
Transliteration: Khudā
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Mark; must be presented consistently in explicitly Trinitarian, Christ-centered terms per Mark’s own narrative (e.g. 1:10-11, all three Persons present at Jesus’s baptism).
Abba
Approved rendering: ابّا
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Preserved as transliteration alongside باپت at Mark 14:36, Jesus’s own Gethsemane prayer, following the pattern of related regional Bible translations.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: داؤدَس نسلہ منٛز
Transliteration: Dā’ūdas naslah manz
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Supplies necessary Old Testament covenant background for Mark’s new son_of_david title (Bartimaeus’s acclamation, 10:47-48, and the Sabbath/law-of-David dispute, 12:35-37); the Quranic Dawud narrative does not carry equivalent royal-covenant significance.
Authority
Approved rendering: اختیار
Transliteration: ikhtiyār
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: شکتی (Shakti, a specific Kashmir Shaivite philosophical term, never use)
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark. Mark 1:22,27 stress Jesus teaches and casts out spirits ‘as one having authority, and not as the scribes’ — inherent, not derived, authority. Kept structurally distinct from خُدایُک قوت (dynamis/power) throughout (e.g. 5:30; 6:2; 13:26). Must not be read as parallel to a religious scholar’s derived authority (an ʻalim’s ruling, cf. the new term scribe) or a Sufi pir’s transmitted spiritual authority (silsila).
Satan
Approved rendering: شیطان
Transliteration: Shaitān
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW for Mark. Mark 1:13; 3:23-26; 4:15; 8:33 (‘Get behind me, Satan,’ said to Peter). شیطان is the standard, widely shared Arabic-Quranic term, but the Quranic Iblis origin-narrative (a jinn who refused to bow to Adam, Quran 7:11-18) differs from the biblical fallen-angel tradition; use as a genuine point of contact, not assumed-identical background.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: بعل زبول
Transliteration: Baʻl-Zabūl
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW for Mark. Mark 3:22, the proper name for the ruler of demons invoked by Jesus’s accusers; transliterated rather than translated, discussed alongside Satan as a shared point of contact requiring careful, non-assumed background teaching.
Many Effective Scope
Approved rendering: بہت
Transliteration: bahut
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: strictly numerically-limiting reading alone (flagged, not rejected outright — teach the tension)
Original: πολλῶν
Category: Atonement
NEW for Mark. Mark 10:45; 14:24. A Semitic idiom (cf. Isaiah 53:11-12) naming the full, effective scope of those the ransom benefits, in contrast to the ‘one’ who dies. Must not be taught in a way that arbitrarily excludes readers or undercuts the Romans package’s universal_scope_of_gospel doctrine; teach the tension between effective particularity and universal invitation, do not silently resolve it either way.
Life Soul
Approved rendering: جان
Transliteration: jān
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: نفس-style Sufi psychological-faculty framing (rejected as primary sense here)
Original: ψυχή
Category: Atonement
NEW for Mark. Mark 10:45 (Christ’s ψυχή given as ransom); also underlies the sozo wordplay flagged under salvation above (5:23,28,34; 8:35). Distinguish from Islamic نفس (nafs, the soul undergoing disciplined purification stages in Rishi Sufi devotional psychology) and Trika’s atman/consciousness categories; this names Christ’s concrete, actual human life laid down in death, not a psychological faculty or an already-present divine self.
Serve Servant
Approved rendering: خدمت کرُن / خادِم
Transliteration: khidmat karun / khādim
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: honorific-only ‘Khadim al-Haramain’-style rhetorical humility (flagged as insufficient)
Original: διακονέω / διάκονος
Category: Discipleship
NEW for Mark. Mark 10:43,45 (core passage); root of διάκονος. خادِم is also used honorifically by some Muslim rulers as a rhetorical title of humility layered atop real political power; Jesus commands actual, costly, structural reordering of status, not merely a rhetorical honorific.
Slave Bondservant
Approved rendering: غلام
Transliteration: ghulām
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: weaker ‘servant’ gloss (rejected — loses Mark’s deliberate escalation from diakonos)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship
NEW for Mark. Mark 10:44. غلام carries genuine historical weight given regulated slavery within Islamic legal tradition historically; teaching notes must clarify Jesus is not commending literal enslavement but using the most extreme available image of willing total self-subordination in service of others.
Self Denial
Approved rendering: خود انکاری
Transliteration: khud inkārī
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
NEW for Mark. Mark 8:34, paired with cross-bearing. Costly, ongoing discipleship-obedience, not a claim about achieving Sufi fana (self-annihilation in the Divine) or Trika’s dissolving of the individual self into undivided consciousness; distinguish explicitly.
Delivered Over Betrayed
Approved rendering: حوالہٕ کرُن / دغا دِنہ
Transliteration: ḥawāli karanih / dagha dinah
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Atonement
NEW for Mark. Mark 9:31; 14:10-11,18-21,41-42. One Greek verb (paradidomi) covers both God’s sovereign plan handing over the Son and Judas’s morally culpable betrayal; must be taught carefully so neither pure divine causation (removing Judas’s guilt) nor pure human treachery (removing God’s sovereign plan) is taught alone.
Eloi Eloi
Approved rendering: اِلوی اِلوی لِما سبقتنی (گلاس: میٚ خُدایہ، میٚ خُدایہ، تہٕ چھُکھ کیازِ تُرِتھ چھوموت)
Transliteration: Elōi Elōi lema sabachthani
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: Ἐλωῒ Ἐλωῒ λεμὰ σαβαχθάνι
Category: Atonement
NEW for Mark. Mark 15:34, quoting Psalm 22:1. Bears the Father’s judgment against sin, directly relevant to the ransom/atonement doctrine; must not be softened into mere human despair divorced from its substitutionary meaning, nor over-resolved into a denial of real anguish.
Repentance
Approved rendering: توبہ
Transliteration: tauba
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: μετανοέω / μετάνοια
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Mark. Mark 1:4,15; 6:12. توبہ is a central, technical Islamic term (tawba) with defined legal-devotional conditions (ceasing the sin, sincere regret, firm resolve, restitution); biblical repentance must be taught as a Spirit-enabled reorientation of the whole person toward Christ in response to the in-breaking kingdom, not merely the fulfillment of a formula that discharges an obligation.
Baptism Metaphorical
Approved rendering: بپتِسمہ
Transliteration: baptisma
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Atonement
NEW for Mark. Mark 10:38-39 (core-passage adjacent), Jesus’s metaphorical use of baptism-vocabulary for his coming Passion. SAME Kashmiri word as the literal rite (baptism_literal); requires explanatory framing at first metaphorical occurrence so readers do not read a literal water ceremony into Jesus’s statement.
Cup Of Suffering
Approved rendering: پیالہ
Transliteration: piyālah
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: Sufi mystical-union ‘cup of divine love’ reading (rejected as primary sense)
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Atonement
NEW for Mark. Mark 10:38 (core passage); 14:23-24,36 (Last Supper and Gethsemane). Persianate/Kashmiri Sufi devotional poetry (including the Lal Ded/Nund Rishi tradition) uses cup imagery for mystical intoxication with divine love; must not collapse into that ecstatic-union reading. This is the OT cup of judgment/suffering, willingly accepted.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: جلالی رُوپ منز بدلاوُن
Transliteration: jalālī rūp manz badlāwun
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: اوتار-style avatar transformation (rejected, per baseline incarnation entry)
Original: μετεμορφώθη
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark. Mark 9:2-8. Built in deliberate parallel to the reused incarnation phrase خُدا منش رُوپ منز آمت. Must be distinguished from a temporary avatar-style deity-descent and from Kashmir Shaivism’s spanda (impersonal, ongoing self-manifestation of undivided consciousness): a momentary unveiling of Christ’s own permanent, pre-existing divine glory, witnessed by named historical disciples.
Fear
Approved rendering: خوف
Transliteration: khauf
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος / φοβέομαι
Category: Faith
NEW for Mark. Mark 4:40-41; 5:15,33,36; 6:50; 9:32; 10:32; 16:8. خوف is a shared Arabic-Persian-Islamic term for reverential fear (khawf Allah, a recognized devotional station in mainstream Islamic piety and Sufi/Rishi spirituality). Mark uses this word in two distinct senses — faith-opposing dread and awestruck reverence at divine power — that must be disambiguated by context at every occurrence; do not attempt to resolve by lexical substitution, resolve by annotation.
Kingdom At Hand
Approved rendering: خُدایُک بادشاہت نزدیک آمت
Transliteration: Khudāyuk bādshāhat nazdīk āmt
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: territorial/political ‘invasion’ framing (rejected)
Original: ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Mark. Mark 1:15, the programmatic opening statement of Jesus’s ministry. Built on reused خُدایُک بادشاہت. Must be taught as God’s sovereign, inaugurated-but-not-yet-consummated reign, explicitly NOT a territorial or nationalist claim, given the region’s acute contested-sovereignty history.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: یہودیَن ہند بادشاہ
Transliteration: Yahūdyan hind bādshāh
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark. Mark 15:2,9,12,18,26. A politically explosive title within its Roman-trial setting, mocking, then literally inscribed on the cross. Given the region’s own extraordinarily sensitive contested-sovereignty history, teaching material must clarify this title is used ironically by Rome to mock a claim that is, in fact, true — spiritual, not territorial.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: تباہی ہنٛز مکروہ چیز
Transliteration: tabāhī hanz makrūh chīz
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology
NEW for Mark. Mark 13:14, citing Daniel. A technical apocalyptic term requiring Daniel-background instruction; teaching material must avoid speculative contemporary political identification of this figure/event given the region’s own history of sacred-site conflict and violence.
Divorce
Approved rendering: طلاق
Transliteration: talaq
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀπολύω (γυναῖκα)
Category: Ethics
NEW for Mark. Mark 10:2-12. طلاق is a major, actively practiced Islamic legal-social institution in the region. Jesus’s teaching affirms marriage’s creational permanence and names divorce an accommodation to hardness of heart, a real point of tension with the regulated Islamic talaq system that must be taught pastorally, without appearing to directly attack regional Islamic family law.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: بخشُن
Transliteration: bakhshun
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: ἀφίημι (ἁμαρτίας)
Category: Sin
NEW for Mark. Mark 2:1-12. Directly ties to the ‘who can forgive sins but God alone?’ objection raised by the scribes — a Critical link to the Deity-of-Christ doctrine; must be taught plainly as an implicit divine claim, not softened.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: داؤدَس پُتر
Transliteration: Dā’ūdas putr
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
NEW for Mark. Mark 10:47-48 (Bartimaeus’s acclamation, core-passage-adjacent, contrasted deliberately by Mark with James and John’s blindness earlier in the same chapter) and 12:35-37. Requires the same OT covenant-background teaching already flagged for seed_of_david in the Romans package, since the Quranic Dawud narrative does not carry equivalent royal-covenant significance.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: امن
Transliteration: amn
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 4:39 (‘Peace! Be still!’ — Jesus’s command to the storm, tying peace directly to his authority over nature) and 5:34 (‘go in peace’ to the healed woman). Handle with the same particular sensitivity flagged in Romans given the region’s decades-long conflict.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: روحانی نعمتہ
Transliteration: rūḥānī ni’amat
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: کرامت (a Sufi saint’s miraculous gift/charism, avoid as the primary term)
Inherited from Romans package. No direct lexical occurrence in Mark; the sending of the Twelve with authority over unclean spirits (6:7,13) is thematically adjacent but should not be conflated with individual karamat-style sainthood.
Church
Approved rendering: کلیسیا
Transliteration: kalīsiyā
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: مسجد (mosque, never use), مندر (temple, never use)
Inherited from Romans package. NOTE: Mark’s Greek text itself never uses ekklesia (unlike Matthew 16:18); this term is retained here purely for cross-curriculum vocabulary consistency with material that connects the community of the Twelve and the wider circle of disciples in Mark to the later New Testament ekklesia. Must remain clearly distinct from مسجد and ہیکل (temple, the new Mark-specific term for the Jerusalem sanctuary).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: خُدایُک بادشاہت
Transliteration: Khudāyuk bādshāhat
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:15; 4:11,26,30; 9:1,47; 10:14-15,23-25; 12:34; 14:25; 15:43. Must be explicitly distinguished from any territorial-political framing given the region’s contested-sovereignty history; paired with the new kingdom_at_hand phrase for Mark 1:15’s programmatic statement.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: غیر-قوم
Transliteration: ghair-qaum
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 7:26 (Syrophoenician woman); 10:33,42 (note: 10:42’s usage shifts to a generic ‘worldly rulers’ sense distinct from Romans 9-11’s covenantal freight — flag so the term is not read with that covenantal weight in this passage); 11:17; 13:10; 15:39 (centurion).
Prophet
Approved rendering: پیغمبر
Transliteration: paighambar
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 6:4,15; 8:28 (popular speculation Jesus is ‘one of the prophets’); teaching material must clarify he is more than a prophet in the Quranic prophetology sense (each revelation superseding the last).
Covenant
Approved rendering: عہد
Transliteration: ‘ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:24 (‘my blood of the covenant, poured out for many’) directly ties this term to the ransom-for-many theology of 10:45; must be rendered consistently across both passages.
Intercession
Approved rendering: منٛزبولی
Transliteration: manzbolī
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: شفاعت (a Sufi saint’s mediating intercession, avoid as a substitute)
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:35 (Jesus praying alone); 11:24-25 (teaching on prayer and forgiveness); 14:32-42 (Gethsemane). Kept distinct from shafa’at, a prophet’s or Sufi saint’s authorized mediating intercession.
Mission
Approved rendering: انجیلہ ہنٛز منادی
Transliteration: Injīla hanz munādī
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 3:14 (appointing the Twelve to be ‘sent out’); 6:7-13 (their mission); 13:10 (‘the gospel must first be proclaimed to all nations’); 16:15 (longer-ending Great Commission material, flagged as a disputed textual addition per Mark 16:9-20’s manuscript status). Frame as gentle proclamation, not confrontation, given the region’s conflict history.
Israel
Approved rendering: اسرائیل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 12:29 (‘Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one’ — Jesus’s own citation of the Shema at the greatest-commandment passage) and 15:32 (‘let the Christ, the King of Israel, come down’). Note the modern nation-state’s shared name; clarify the covenant-people referent is meant, a distinction of particular regional sensitivity.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: سبت
Transliteration: Sabt
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
NEW for Mark. Mark 2:23-3:6 (the two Sabbath controversies). Low lexical risk in itself; the high Christological freight is carried by lord_of_the_sabbath above.
Leprosy
Approved rendering: کوڑھ
Transliteration: koṛh
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: λέπρα / λεπρός
Category: Purity
NEW for Mark. Mark 1:40-45 (Jesus’s touch, a deliberate, culturally shocking act of compassion reversing expected purity dynamics). Distinguish from Islamic taharah/najasa (ritual purity) categories; directly relevant to Mark 7’s teaching on defilement.
Baptism Literal
Approved rendering: بپتِسمہ
Transliteration: baptisma
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: صاف (ritual cleanliness only, rejected — already reserved for wuzu-adjacent sense)
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Sanctification
NEW for Mark. Mark 1:4-11 (John’s baptism, Jesus’s own baptism); 16:16 (longer ending). Transliteration pattern parallel to کلیسیا. Distinguish from Islamic ritual ablution (wuzu/ghusl); distinguish John’s repentance-baptism from any later church rite.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: جاگتہٕ رۄزُن
Transliteration: jāgtih rozun
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Faith
NEW for Mark. Mark 13:33-37. Positive counterpart to fear: disciples are called to alert readiness, not fearful paralysis, while awaiting an unknown ‘day or hour.‘
Compassion
Approved rendering: ترس / رحم
Transliteration: taras / raḥm
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark. Mark 1:41; 6:34; 8:2; 9:22. رحم is flagged in the Romans package as an acceptable supporting synonym for mercy but never a substitute for فضل (grace); here it functions positively as Jesus’s own gut-level compassion, kept distinct from forensic/soteriological grace-contexts.
Parable
Approved rendering: تمثیل
Transliteration: tamsīl
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Mark. Mark 4:1-34; 12:1-12. تمثیل is standard, shared Arabic-derived homiletical vocabulary (Quranic amthal); Mark 4:11-12’s distinctive double function of revealing to insiders while concealing from outsiders is not automatically carried by the word and must be taught explicitly.
Temple
Approved rendering: ہیکل
Transliteration: haikal
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: مسجد (mosque, rejected per baseline church entry), مندر (Hindu temple, rejected per baseline church entry)
Original: ἱερόν
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Mark. Mark 11:11,15-19 (temple cleansing); 15:38 (torn veil, linked to the ransom/atonement doctrine as opened access to God). Kept distinct from both مسجد and مندر; the temple-cleansing narrative should not be applied by analogy to any contemporary regional sacred site.
Love Greatest Commandment
Approved rendering: مُحبت
Transliteration: muḥabbat
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
NEW for Mark. Mark 12:28-34. A reasonably safe, widely shared devotional term, but must be distinguished from Sufi ‘ishq (mystical passionate love/absorption in the Divine, prominent in the Lal Ded/Kashmiri Sufi poetic tradition): this is covenantal, wholehearted devotion expressed concretely in neighbor-love, not mystical union or ecstatic absorption.
Scribe
Approved rendering: عالم
Transliteration: ʻālim
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: γραμματεύς
Category: Church
NEW for Mark. Occurs throughout, concentrated in 2:6-7; 3:22; 7:1-5; 12:28,35,38-40. عالم is a reasonably apt functional parallel to the region’s familiar ʻulama/ʻalim category; teaching notes should clarify ‘scribe’ names a specific first-century Jewish legal-interpretive office, not any particular modern religious office.
Caesar
Approved rendering: کیسر
Transliteration: Kaisar
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: Καῖσαρ
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Mark. Mark 12:13-17, the ‘render to Caesar’ teaching. Primarily a contemporary-application sensitivity risk given the region’s contested-sovereignty history; native-speaker and theologian input recommended for teaching framing.
Teacher
Approved rendering: استاد
Transliteration: ustād
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark. Mark 10:35 (core passage, James and John’s address), among many other occurrences. Must not function as a ceiling on Christ’s identity, especially at 10:35 where the disciples’ use of this modest title ironically understates who they are addressing.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: شکر
Transliteration: shukur
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 8:6 (feeding of the four thousand) and 14:23 (the Last Supper cup), both instances of Jesus giving thanks before distributing food — a genuine point of positive contact with Islamic gratitude-to-Allah devotion.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: رفاقت
Transliteration: rifāqat
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Inherited from Romans package. No direct lexical occurrence in Mark; retained for cross-curriculum consistency with the shared-table and shared-mission life of Jesus and the Twelve (e.g. 6:7-13,30-32; 14:12-25).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: پیشن گوئی
Transliteration: pēshan go’ī
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:2-3 (Isaiah/Malachi citation); 9:11-13 (Elijah); 11:32; 13:14 (Daniel background for the abomination of desolation). Relies on linear, historical fulfillment, not the Quranic superseding-revelations model.
David
Approved rendering: داؤد
Transliteration: Dā’ūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 2:25 (David eating the bread of the Presence); 10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37. The Quranic Dawud narrative does not carry equivalent royal-covenant significance and should not be assumed shared background.
Exhort
Approved rendering: حوصلہ دِنہ
Transliteration: ḥauslah dinah
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. Thematically present in Mark’s watchfulness teaching (13:33-37, see the new term watch_be_alert) and Jesus’s repeated exhortations to the Twelve; no direct single-verse anchor but retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: ہوشعنا
Transliteration: Hoshaʻnā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: Ὡσαννά
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Mark. Mark 11:9-10. Transliterated Hebrew/Aramaic acclamation glossed ‘save now, we pray.‘
Ephphatha
Approved rendering: اِفتہٕ
Transliteration: Iftih
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Ἐφφαθά
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark. Mark 7:34, Jesus’s Aramaic command healing a deaf-mute man, transliterated with gloss ‘be opened.’
Referenced passages