Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Peter (English → Dutch)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the entire book of 1 Peter (chapters 1-5). Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [Baseline] and reused exactly, per project mandate. New terms are candidates for formal addition to an extended translation memory in Phase 2.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly:
- Critical — Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — Human theologian review required.
- Medium — Native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Automated review sufficient.
Chapter 1
| Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | apostolos | apostel | Low | Apostleship | 1:1 | [Baseline] exact reuse |
| elect / chosen | ἐκλεκτός | eklektos | uitverkoren | Critical | Election | 1:1; 2:9 | Cognate with baseline’s Critical “verkiezing”; Canons of Dort weight |
| sojourners / exiles | παρεπίδημος / πάροικος | parepidēmos / paroikos | vreemdelingen (en bijwoners) | High | Christian Identity / Suffering | 1:1; 2:11 | Collides with modern Dutch immigration-policy vocabulary |
| foreknowledge | πρόγνωσις | prognōsis | voorkennis | High | Election | 1:2; 1:20 | Ground of Reformed/Arminian election dispute |
| sanctification | ἁγιασμός | hagiasmos | heiliging | Medium | Sanctification | 1:2 | [Baseline] exact reuse |
| obedience | ὑπακοή | hypakoē | gehoorzaamheid | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 1:2; 1:14; 1:22 | Distinct from baseline’s fixed phrase “gehoorzaamheid van het geloof” |
| sprinkling of blood | ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος | rantismos haimatos | besprenkeling met het bloed | Medium | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:2 | Requires OT covenant-background gloss |
| blessed (doxology) | εὐλογητός | eulogētos | geprezen | Low | Thanksgiving | 1:3 | Distinct from μακάριος (4:14) |
| mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | barmhartigheid | Medium | Grace | 1:3 | Keep distinct from “genade” nuance |
| born again / regeneration | ἀναγεννάω | anagennaō | wedergeboren / wedergeboorte | High | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3; 1:23 | Loaded Dutch pietist (“bevindelijk”) sub-cultural associations |
| living hope | ἐλπὶς ζῶσα | elpis zōsa | levende hoop | High | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3 | Core doctrine term; “hoop” secularized to mere wish |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις | anastasis | opstanding | Medium | Resurrection of Christ | 1:3 | [Baseline] exact reuse |
| inheritance | κληρονομία | klēronomia | erfenis | High | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:4 | Modern Dutch defaults to financial/legal sense |
| imperishable / undefiled / unfading | ἄφθαρτος / ἀμίαντος / ἀμάραντος | aphthartos / amiantos / amarantos | onvergankelijk / onbevlekt / onverwelkelijk | Medium | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:4 | Stable, must retain full triple description |
| power of God | δύναμις Θεοῦ | dynamis Theou | kracht van God | Medium | Power of God | 1:5 | [Baseline] exact reuse |
| guarded/protected | φρουρέω | phroureō | bewaakt / beschermd | Medium | Assurance of Salvation | 1:5 | Preserve active military-guard nuance, not mere passive keeping |
| faith | πίστις | pistis | geloof | Medium | Faith | 1:5, 7, 9 | [Baseline] exact reuse |
| salvation | σωτηρία | sōtēria | behoud | High | Salvation | 1:5, 9, 10 | [Baseline] exact reuse; confirm register, not verlossing/zaligheid |
| trials | πειρασμός | peirasmos | beproevingen | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1:6 | Use “beproevingen” not “verzoekingen” (temptation) |
| tested genuineness | δοκίμιον | dokimion | echtheid / gehalte | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1:7 | Metallurgical assay image; proven result, not the ordeal itself |
| glory | δόξα | doxa | heerlijkheid | High | Deity of Christ | 1:7, 8 | [Baseline] exact reuse |
| inexpressible, glorified joy | χαρὰ ἀνεκλάλητος καὶ δεδοξασμένη | chara aneklalētos kai dedoxasmenē | onuitsprekelijke en verheerlijkte vreugde | Medium | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:8 | Present joy already touched by future glory |
| soul | ψυχή | psychē | ziel | Medium | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:9 | Secular Dutch risks vague psychological reading |
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζω | euangelion / euangelizō | evangelie | Low | Gospel | 1:12, 25 | [Baseline] exact reuse |
| prophet | προφήτης | prophētēs | profeet | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:10-12 | [Baseline] exact reuse |
| holy | ἅγιος | hagios | heilig | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 1:15-16 | [Baseline] exact reuse |
| conduct / way of life | ἀναστροφή | anastrophē | levenswandel / gedrag | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 1:15, 18; recurs 2:12; 3:1-2, 16 | Pick one Dutch equivalent; use consistently across letter |
| ransomed / redeemed | λυτρόω | lytroō | verlost / vrijgekocht | High | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:18 | Intersects baseline’s behoud/verlossing register tension |
| lamb without blemish | ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος | amnos amōmos kai aspilos | lam zonder gebrek en zonder smet | Medium | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:19 | Requires OT sacrificial-system literacy |
| precious blood | τίμιον αἷμα | timion haima | kostbaar bloed | Medium | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:19 | Standard sacrificial vocabulary |
| imperishable seed | σπορὰ ἄφθαρτος | spora aphthartos | onvergankelijk zaad | High | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:23 | ”Zaad” risks literal/clinical biological misreading (cf. baseline seed_of_David note) |
| living and abiding word of God | λόγος ζῶν καὶ μένων | logos zōn kai menōn | levend en blijvend woord van God | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:23 | Generative agent of new birth |
Chapter 2
| Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| living stone | λίθος ζῶν | lithos zōn | levende steen | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:4-5 | Vivid paradox image |
| cornerstone | ἀκρογωνιαῖος | akrogōniaios | hoeksteen | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:6 | Watch secular “hoeksteen van de samenleving” idiom collision |
| stone of stumbling | λίθος προσκόμματος | lithos proskommatos | steen des aanstoots / struikelsteen | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 2:8 | Register choice archaic/modern |
| spiritual house | οἶκος πνευματικός | oikos pneumatikos | geestelijk huis | Low-Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:5 | Overlaps baseline “gemeente” |
| spiritual sacrifices | θυσίαι πνευματικαί | thysiai pneumatikai | geestelijke offers | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:5 | Risk of Catholic Mass-sacrifice conflation |
| royal priesthood / holy priesthood | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα / ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον | basileion hierateuma / hierateuma hagion | koninklijk priesterschap / heilig priesterschap | Critical | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:5, 9 | Direct Catholic ordained-priesthood vs. Reformed priesthood-of-all-believers collision |
| chosen race / people | γένος ἐκλεκτόν / λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν | genos eklekton / laos eis peripoiēsin | uitverkoren geslacht / volk dat Zijn eigendom is | High | Election / Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:9 | Same election weight as ch.1’s ἐκλεκτός |
| holy nation | ἔθνος ἅγιον | ethnos hagion | heilig volk | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:9 | [Baseline] partial reuse (heilig) |
| sojourners and exiles | πάροικοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι | paroikoi kai parepidēmoi | vreemdelingen en bijwoners | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 2:11 | Same as ch.1 note |
| conduct | ἀναστροφή | anastrophē | levenswandel / gedrag | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 2:12 | See ch.1 |
| submission | ὑποτάσσω / ὑποταγή | hypotassō / hypotagē | onderwerpen / onderworpen | High | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 2:13, 18; 3:1, 5; 5:5 | Domination connotation vs. voluntary ordered submission; gender-role sensitivity |
| emperor / governors | βασιλεύς / ἡγεμόνες | basileus / hēgemones | keizer / gezaghebbers | Low | Submission to Authority | 2:13-14 | Standard historical-political vocabulary |
| honor | τιμή | timē | eer | Low | Submission to Authority | 2:17 | Consistent with core-passage 1:7 rendering |
| household servants / slaves | οἰκέται | oiketai | slaven | High | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 2:18 | Dutch transatlantic/VOC slave-trade historical memory sensitivity |
| suffer / suffering | πάσχω / πάθημα | paschō / pathēma | lijden | Medium-High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake / Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 2:19-21, 23; recurs throughout | Must distinguish Christ’s atoning suffering from believers’ non-atoning suffering |
| example (writing-copy) | ὑπογραμμός | hypogrammos | voorbeeld | Low-Medium | Christlike Endurance | 2:21 | Loses vivid copybook image in translation |
| sin (sinlessness) | ἁμαρτία | hamartia | zonde | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 2:22 | [Baseline] exact reuse; colloquial pity/waste drift risk |
| bore our sins on the tree | ἀναφέρω τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον | anapherō tas hamartias epi to xylon | Hij droeg onze zonden in Zijn lichaam op het hout | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 2:24 | Anchor substitutionary-atonement text; do not soften to mere example |
| by his wounds healed | μώλωψ | mōlōps | door Zijn striemen/wonden genezen | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 2:24 | Prosperity-gospel physical-healing misreading risk (Dutch Pentecostal streams) |
| Shepherd and Overseer of souls | ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν | poimēn kai episkopos tōn psychōn | Herder en Opziener van uw zielen | Medium | Elders and Humility (Christological pattern) | 2:25 | Christological use; see ch.5 for human-elder application (High) |
Chapter 3
| Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| submission (wives) | ὑποτάσσω | hypotassō | onderwerpen | High | Submission to Authority | 3:1, 5 | See ch.2; intensified gender-role sensitivity |
| gentle and quiet spirit | πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος | praeōs kai hēsychiou pneumatos | zachtmoedige en stille geest | Medium | Submission to Authority | 3:4 | Not a gender-specific virtue; not enforced silence |
| heirs of the grace of life | συγκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς | synklēronomoi charitos zōēs | mede-erfgenamen van de genade van het leven | Medium | Grace | 3:7 | [Baseline] partial reuse (genade); combines with inheritance-materialism risk |
| suffering for righteousness’ sake | πάσχω διὰ δικαιοσύνην | paschō dia dikaiosynēn | lijden om/ter wille van de gerechtigheid | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 3:14 | [Baseline] partial reuse (gerechtigheid, Critical) |
| sanctify Christ as Lord | ἁγιάσατε Κύριον τὸν Χριστόν | hagiasate Kyrion ton Christon | heilig Christus als Heer in uw hart | High | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 3:15 | [Baseline] exact reuse of “Heer”; overlaps Lordship-of-Christ escalation rule |
| defense / reason | ἀπολογία | apologia | verantwoording / verdediging | Low | Evangelism | 3:15 | Standard |
| good conscience | συνείδησις ἀγαθή | syneidēsis agathē | goed geweten | Low-Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 3:16, 21 | Stable across traditions |
| Christ suffered once for sins | Χριστὸς ἅπαξ ἔπαθεν περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν | Christos hapax epathen peri hamartiōn | Christus heeft eenmaal geleden voor de zonden | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 3:18 | ”Eenmaal” (non-repeatable) must not weaken to colloquial “een keer” |
| put to death in flesh, made alive in spirit | θανατωθεὶς σαρκί, ζωοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι | thanatōtheis sarki, zōopoiētheis pneumati | ter dood gebracht in het vlees, levend gemaakt door de Geest | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:18 | Highly disputed construction; multiple viable interpretations |
| spirits in prison | πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ | pneumata en phylakē | geesten in de gevangenis | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:19 | Ties to Dutch Apostles’ Creed “nedergedaald ter helle” controversy |
| ark | κιβωτός | kibōtos | ark | Low | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:20 | Stable, culturally familiar |
| antitype / corresponds to | ἀντίτυπον | antitypon | tegenbeeld | Medium | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:21 | Typological vocabulary |
| baptism | βάπτισμα | baptisma | doop | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:21 | Reformed paedobaptist vs. Doopsgezinden/Anabaptist vs. Catholic sacramental fault line |
| right hand of God | δεξιά Θεοῦ | dexia Theou | rechterhand van God | Low | Resurrection of Christ | 3:22 | Stable creedal phrase |
| angels, authorities, powers subjected | ἄγγελοι, ἐξουσίαι, δυνάμεις, ὑποτάσσω | aggeloi, exousiai, dynameis, hypotassō | engelen, machten en krachten onderworpen | Medium | Lordship of Christ | 3:22 | Same verb root as household submission passages; cosmic application |
Chapter 4
| Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| suffered in the flesh | πάσχω σαρκί | paschō sarki | leed in het vlees | Medium-High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 4:1 | See ch.2 suffering note |
| vice list (sensuality, drunkenness, etc.) | ἐπιθυμίαι, ἀσέλγεια, οἰνοφλυγία, κῶμοι, πότοι, εἰδωλολατρία | epithymiai, aselgeia, oinophlygia, kōmoi, potoi, eidōlolatria | begeerten, uitspattingen, dronkenschap, zwelgpartijen, drinkgelagen, afgoderij | Low-Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 4:3 | Standard vice-list vocabulary |
| judge the living and the dead | κρίναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | krinai zōntas kai nekrous | de levenden en de doden oordelen | Low | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 4:5 | Stable creedal phrase |
| gospel preached to the dead | εὐηγγελίσθη νεκροῖς | euēngelisthē nekrois | het evangelie is verkondigd, ook aan de doden | High | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 4:6 | Connected to 3:19’s Critical-risk passage |
| end of all things at hand | πάντων τὸ τέλος ἤγγικεν | pantōn to telos ēngiken | het einde van alle dingen is nabij | Low-Medium | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 4:7 | Standard eschatological vocabulary |
| sober-minded | νήφω | nēphō | bezonnen | Low | Holiness in Conduct | 4:7 | Standard |
| love covers a multitude of sins | ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | agapē kalyptei plēthos hamartiōn | de liefde bedekt een menigte van zonden | High | Elders and Humility (community ethics) | 4:8 | [Baseline] partial reuse (zonde); must not read as atoning |
| hospitality | φιλόξενος / φιλοξενία | philoxenos / philoxenia | gastvrijheid | Low | Elders and Humility (community ethics) | 4:9 | Note ξένος-root link to “vreemdelingen” |
| spiritual gift | χάρισμα | charisma | genadegaven | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 4:10 | [Baseline] exact reuse |
| steward | οἰκονόμος | oikonomos | rentmeester | Low | Elders and Humility | 4:10 | Standard parable term |
| oracles of God | λόγια Θεοῦ | logia Theou | uitspraken van God | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture | 4:11 | Accountability to speak God’s word, not opinion |
| fiery trial | πύρωσις | pyrōsis | vuurproef | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 4:12 | Catholic purgatory-doctrine collision risk |
| share Christ’s sufferings | κοινωνέω παθήμασιν Χριστοῦ | koinōneō pathēmasin Christou | gemeenschap/deel hebben aan het lijden van Christus | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 4:13 | [Baseline] partial reuse (gemeenschap) |
| blessed (beatitude) | μακάριος | makarios | zalig | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 4:14 | ”Zalig” secularized to “delightful”; distinct from εὐλογητός |
| Spirit of glory | τὸ τῆς δόξης πνεῦμα | to tēs doxēs pneuma | de Geest van de heerlijkheid | Medium | Deity of Christ / Holy Spirit | 4:14 | [Baseline] combines Heilige Geest + heerlijkheid |
| household of God | οἶκος τοῦ Θεοῦ | oikos tou Theou | huis van God / huisgezin van God | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 4:17 | Overlaps baseline “gemeente” preference |
| faithful Creator | πιστὸς κτίστης | pistos ktistēs | getrouwe Schepper | Low-Medium | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 4:19 | Entrust/deposit nuance of παρατίθημι to preserve |
Chapter 5
| Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| elders | πρεσβύτεροι | presbyteroi | ouderlingen | High | Elders and Humility | 5:1 | Collides with contemporary Dutch Reformed institutional office structure |
| shepherd the flock of God | ποιμάνατε τὸ ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ | poimanate to poimnion tou Theou | hoed de kudde van God | Medium | Elders and Humility | 5:2 | Flock belongs to God, not the elder |
| exercising oversight | ἐπισκοποῦντες | episkopountes | toezicht houdend / als opzieners | High | Elders and Humility | 5:2 | Must not evoke fully developed “bisschop” office |
| not for shameful gain | μὴ αἰσχροκερδῶς | mē aischrokerdōs | niet uit winstbejag | Low | Elders and Humility | 5:2 | Standard |
| examples to the flock | τύποι τοῦ ποιμνίου | typoi tou poimniou | voorbeelden voor de kudde | Low-Medium | Elders and Humility | 5:3 | Standard |
| chief Shepherd | ἀρχιποιμήν | archipoimēn | Opperherder | Low-Medium | Elders and Humility | 5:4 | NT hapax; corrective to elder-authority overreach |
| unfading crown of glory | στέφανος τῆς δόξης | stephanos tēs doxēs | onverwelkelijke kroon van heerlijkheid | Medium | Elders and Humility | 5:4 | [Baseline] partial reuse (heerlijkheid); athletic-victor image, not royal crown |
| humility | ταπεινοφροσύνη / ταπεινός | tapeinophrosynē / tapeinos | nederigheid (alt. ootmoed) | Medium | Elders and Humility | 3:8; 5:5, 6 | Greco-Roman honor-culture semantic inversion; keep register consistent |
| God gives grace to the humble | δίδωσιν χάριν τοῖς ταπεινοῖς | didōsin charin tois tapeinois | geeft genade aan de nederigen | Medium | Grace | 5:5 | [Baseline] partial reuse (genade) |
| humble under the mighty hand of God | ταπεινώθητε ὑπὸ τὴν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ | tapeinōthēte hypo tēn cheira tou Theou | verneder u onder de machtige hand van God | Medium | Elders and Humility | 5:6 | OT exodus “mighty hand” echo |
| casting your anxiety on him | ἐπιρίψαντες τὴν μέριμναν | epiripsantes tēn merimnan | werp al uw bezorgdheid op Hem | Low | Christlike Endurance | 5:7 | Well-known devotional vocabulary |
| adversary the devil | ἀντίδικος διάβολος | antidikos diabolos | tegenpartij, de duivel | Low | Christlike Endurance | 5:8 | Stable, no folk-deity collision |
| roaring lion | λέων ὠρυόμενος | leōn ōryomenos | brullende leeuw | Low | Christlike Endurance | 5:8 | Standard imagery |
| firm in your faith | στερεοὶ τῇ πίστει | stereoi tē pistei | standvastig in het geloof | Low-Medium | Faith | 5:9 | [Baseline] partial reuse (geloof) |
| God of all grace | ὁ Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος | ho Theos pasēs charitos | de God van alle genade | High | Grace | 5:10 | [Baseline] exact reuse |
| called to his eternal glory | καλέσας εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον δόξαν | kalesas eis tēn aiōnion doxan | geroepen tot Zijn eeuwige heerlijkheid | Medium | Divine Calling | 5:10 | [Baseline] exact reuse (geroepen, heerlijkheid) |
| restore, confirm, strengthen, establish | καταρτίσαι, στηρίξαι, σθενώσαι, θεμελιώσαι | katartisai, stērixai, sthenōsai, themeliōsai | volmaken, bevestigen, versterken, funderen | Low-Medium | Providence / Assurance of Salvation | 5:10 | God’s active completing work |
| dominion | κράτος | kratos | heerschappij | Low | Providence | 5:11 | Standard doxological vocabulary |
| kiss of love | φίλημα ἀγάπης | philēma agapēs | kus der liefde | Low-Medium | Christian Fellowship | 5:14 | Cultural-distance issue, not doctrinal risk |
| peace to all in Christ | εἰρήνη ὑμῖν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ | eirēnē hymin pasin tois en Christō | vrede zij u allen die in Christus zijt | Low | Peace with God | 5:14 | [Baseline] exact reuse (vrede) |
Summary of New Critical-Risk Terms Requiring Immediate Human Theologian Review
| Term | Chapter(s) | Grounded Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Elect/chosen (uitverkoren) | 1:1; 2:9 | Cognate with baseline’s Critical “verkiezing”; Canons of Dort/Remonstrant controversy |
| Royal/holy priesthood (koninklijk/heilig priesterschap) | 2:5, 9 | Catholic ordained-priesthood vs. Reformed priesthood-of-all-believers doctrinal fault line |
| Bore our sins on the tree (droeg onze zonden op het hout) | 2:24 | Anchor substitutionary-atonement text; parallel to baseline’s Romans 3:25 escalation rule |
| By his wounds healed (door Zijn striemen genezen) | 2:24 | Prosperity-gospel physical-healing misreading risk |
| Put to death in flesh, made alive in spirit | 3:18 | Highly disputed construction underlying the proclamation-to-spirits doctrine |
| Spirits in prison (geesten in de gevangenis) | 3:19 | Ties to unresolved Dutch Apostles’ Creed “nedergedaald ter helle” controversy |
| Baptism (doop) — “now saves you” clause | 3:21 | Reformed paedobaptist vs. Doopsgezinden/Anabaptist vs. Catholic sacramental fault line |
Summary of New High-Risk Terms Requiring Human Theologian Review
Sojourners/exiles (vreemdelingen); foreknowledge (voorkennis); living hope (levende hoop); inheritance (erfenis); born again (wedergeboren); ransomed (verlost); chosen race (uitverkoren geslacht); submission (onderwerpen); household servants/slaves (slaven); suffering for righteousness’ sake (lijden om de gerechtigheid); sanctify Christ as Lord (heilig Christus als Heer); Christ suffered once for sins (“eenmaal” preservation); gospel preached to the dead (evangelie… aan de doden); love covers sins (de liefde bedekt zonden); fiery trial (vuurproef); blessed/zalig (4:14); elders (ouderlingen); exercising oversight (toezicht houdend/opzieners); God of all grace (God van alle genade — baseline reuse, retained High per baseline).
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: gerechtigheid
Transliteration: gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: deugd
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: ‘gerechtigheid’ is forensic/covenantal right standing, not human moral virtue (‘deugd’). In 1 Peter this term recurs specifically inside the ‘lijden om de gerechtigheid’ collocation (3:14, and implicitly 3:17, 4:15-16, 4:19) and must retain its forensic sense even inside the suffering-context collocation.
Salvation
Approved rendering: behoud
Transliteration: behoud
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation
Rejected alternatives: verlossing (more common, less precise), zaligheid (older/pietistic register)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. HIGH/CRITICAL RISK: three-way Dutch register split (verlossing/behoud/zaligheid). Recurs in 1 Peter 1:5, 1:9, 1:10; confirm ‘behoud’ (not ‘verlossing’ or ‘zaligheid’) is used per fixed curriculum register. Note the ransom-imagery verb ‘verlossen’ (1:18) is a complementary, not competing, term — see ransomed_redeemed entry below.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: opstanding
Transliteration: opstanding
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package (risk elevated to Critical per this curriculum’s registry, since it grounds the core-passage doctrine). Recurs in 1 Peter 1:3, 1:21, 3:21-22. Bodily, historical, once-for-all event; chief risk is secular-naturalist metaphorical reading.
Lord
Approved rendering: Heer
Transliteration: Heer
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: meester
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (risk elevated to Critical per this curriculum’s registry). Recurs in 1 Peter 1:3, 3:15 (‘heilig Christus als Heer in uw hart’), directly parallel to the baseline’s Romans 10:9 escalation rule. Must never be rendered with a subordinationist or one-lord-among-several sense; guard against Nieuwe-Wereldvertaling-style subordinationist Christology in circulation in the Netherlands.
Election
Approved rendering: verkiezing
Transliteration: verkiezing
Doctrine: Election and Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: the Canons of Dort (Synod of Dordrecht, 1618-19) formulated the definitive Reformed position on unconditional election directly against the Dutch Remonstrants. Directly cognate with 1 Peter’s adjectival ‘uitverkoren’ (1:1, 2:9) — see elect_exiles entry, Section B. Also carries a democratic-vote homonym risk in everyday Dutch.
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Gospel and Evangelism
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (risk elevated to Critical per this curriculum’s registry). Recurs throughout 1 Peter, e.g. 1:2-3, 1:5, 1:21, 4:11, 4:17, 5:2, 5:5, 5:10. The Netherlands’ strong secularization means ‘God’ is increasingly encountered as cultural-historical vocabulary rather than a live personal claim.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (risk elevated to Critical per this curriculum’s registry). Recurs at 1 Peter 1:2, 1:12, 4:14 (‘de Geest van de heerlijkheid,’ a further descriptor of the same personal, divine Person, not a separate generic force).
Elect Exiles
Approved rendering: uitverkoren
Transliteration: uitverkoren
Doctrine: Election and Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: gekozen (too weak/reader-conditional)
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 1:1; 2:9. Directly cognate with the baseline’s Critical ‘verkiezing.’ Functions as the letter’s opening whole-audience identity-marker, raising exposure above a single Romans proof-text. The Canons of Dort’s rejection of the Remonstrants is the direct confessional background. Never soften into a reader-conditional sense (‘chosen because they chose to believe’).
Royal Priesthood
Approved rendering: koninklijk priesterschap
Transliteration: koninklijk priesterschap
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα / ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον
Category: Church
1 Peter 2:5, 2:9 (‘heilig priesterschap’). CRITICAL, structurally unresolvable by translation alone: the identical Dutch noun ‘priesterschap’ denotes the Catholic ordained sacramental office (in the historically Catholic south) AND is the direct scriptural anchor for the Reformation’s ‘priesterschap van alle gelovigen’ doctrine. Mandatory theological framing note required at every occurrence, distinct from translation choice.
Bore Sins On Tree
Approved rendering: droeg onze zonden op het hout
Transliteration: droeg onze zonden op het hout
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: op het kruis (loses OT-typological echo of Deut 21:23)
Original: ἀναφέρω τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον
Category: Christology
1 Peter 2:24. Render in full: ‘Hij heeft Zelf onze zonden in Zijn lichaam gedragen op het hout.’ Functionally equivalent in doctrinal weight to the baseline’s Romans 3:25 atonement escalation rule. Use ‘hout,’ not ‘kruis,’ to preserve the Deuteronomy 21:23 typological echo per modern Dutch versions (HSV/NBV21). Must never soften into merely exemplary or sympathetic suffering.
By His Wounds Healed
Approved rendering: door Zijn striemen genezen
Transliteration: door Zijn striemen genezen
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: μώλωψ
Category: Christology
1 Peter 2:24 (quoting Isaiah 53:5). Documented global flashpoint for prosperity-gospel physical-healing claims, with live pastoral currency in the Netherlands’ Pentecostal/charismatic (‘volle evangelie’) streams. Mandatory study-note clarification: spiritual restoration from sin’s effects, without denying God’s ability to heal physically elsewhere in Scripture.
Put To Death Flesh Alive Spirit
Approved rendering: ter dood gebracht in het vlees, levend gemaakt door de Geest
Transliteration: ter dood gebracht in het vlees, levend gemaakt door de Geest
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: θανατωθεὶς σαρκί, ζωοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι
Category: Christology
1 Peter 3:18. One of the most exegetically disputed constructions in the NT; render literally and conservatively, do not resolve the disputed syntax (dative of means vs. sphere) through translation choice. Foundational to the ‘Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits’ doctrine. Mandatory theologian review.
Spirits In Prison
Approved rendering: geesten in de gevangenis
Transliteration: geesten in de gevangenis
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ
Category: Christology
1 Peter 3:19. Disputed referent (fallen angelic beings of Genesis 6, or the human dead of Noah’s generation). Ties directly to the unresolved Dutch Apostles’ Creed controversy over ‘nedergedaald ter helle’ vs. the modern liturgical variant ‘nedergedaald in het rijk van de dood.’ Mandatory theologian review; do not resolve ambiguity through translation choice alone.
Baptism
Approved rendering: doop
Transliteration: doop
Doctrine: Baptism and the New Covenant Sign
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Church
1 Peter 3:21. Render the full verse including Peter’s own qualifying clause: ‘niet als een verwijderen van lichamelijke onreinheid, maar als een verzoek aan God om een goed geweten.’ Sits on the deep Dutch confessional fault line: Reformed paedobaptist covenant-sign theology, the historic Doopsgezinden/Mennonite believer’s-baptism tradition rooted in the Low Countries under Menno Simons, and Catholic sacramental efficacy. Never translate the ‘saves you’ clause apart from this qualifier. Mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: genade
Transliteration: genade
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: gunst
Inherited from Romans package. Dutch Reformed dogmatics has an unusually developed doctrine of sovereign grace, formalized against the Remonstrants at the Synod of Dordrecht (1618-19). Recurs in 1 Peter 1:10-13, 3:7, 4:10, 5:5, 5:10, 5:12; must always convey grace as unearned, apart from human cooperation, including in 5:5’s ‘grace to the humble’ where humility is the receiving posture, not a merit purchasing grace.
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Netherlands’ strong secularization means ‘geloof’ increasingly reads as a generic, pluralistic term for any religion. Recurs in 1 Peter 1:5, 1:7, 1:9, 5:9; must specify personal trust in Christ, not generic religiosity.
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: heilig
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: rein
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (risk elevated to High per this curriculum’s registry). Recurs in 1 Peter 1:15-16 (quoting Lev 11:44/19:2), 2:9, 3:5. Set apart for God and morally pure; ‘rein’ alone loses the set-apart sense.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: heiliging
Transliteration: heiliging
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (risk elevated to High per this curriculum’s registry). 1 Peter 1:2, ‘heiliging door de Geest’ — the Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy.
Church
Approved rendering: gemeente
Transliteration: gemeente
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: kerk (institution-default)
Inherited from Romans package. Reformed Dutch tradition prefers ‘gemeente’ for the NT ekklesia sense; 1 Peter’s living-stone/spiritual-house/priesthood imagery (2:4-10) and ‘huis van God’ (4:17) reinforce, rather than complicate, this baseline preference.
Sin
Approved rendering: zonde
Transliteration: zonde
Doctrine: Sin and Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. HIGH RISK, distinctly Dutch: dominant everyday sense is ‘a pity/waste,’ almost divorced from moral transgression. Recurs in 1 Peter 2:22 (Christ’s sinlessness), 2:24 (substitutionary bearing of sin), 4:8 (‘love covers a multitude of sins’ — must not read as trivial or as human love substituting for atonement).
Glory
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid
Transliteration: heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and Final Judgment
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (risk elevated to High per this curriculum’s registry). Recurs extensively: 1 Peter 1:7-8, 4:14 (‘de Geest van de heerlijkheid’), 5:1, 5:4 (‘onverwelkelijke kroon van heerlijkheid’), 5:10 (‘geroepen tot Zijn eeuwige heerlijkheid’). God’s radiant presence and honor, and the eschatological splendor believers will share.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: gehoorzaamheid van het geloof
Transliteration: gehoorzaamheid van het geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, retained here for cross-reference only. This fixed Romans phrase is DISTINCT from 1 Peter’s own broader term ‘gehoorzaamheid’ (see obedience, Section B) — do not conflate the two; 1 Peter’s usage denotes general ethical obedience flowing from regeneration, not this specific Romans collocation.
Covenant
Approved rendering: verbond
Transliteration: verbond
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies 1 Peter 1:2’s ‘besprenkeling met het bloed’ (Exodus 24:8 covenant-ratification allusion) and the ark/flood-to-baptism typology of 3:20-21. Dutch Reformed ‘verbondsleer’ remains unusually systematized; keep the relational-covenantal sense primary over a bare commercial-contract reading.
Providence
Approved rendering: voorzienigheid
Transliteration: voorzienigheid
Doctrine: Providence and Divine Sovereignty
Original: πρόνοια (conceptual, cf. 5:10’s completing action)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (risk elevated to High per this curriculum’s registry). Frames 1 Peter 4:19 (‘getrouwe Schepper’) and 5:10’s completing action; Heidelberg Catechism Q&A 27-28 gives Reformed-catechized Dutch readers strong prior vocabulary, though secularized readers will lack this.
Father
Approved rendering: Vader
Transliteration: Vader
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. God as personal Father who begets believers again to a living hope. 1 Peter 1:2-3, 1:17.
Sojourners Exiles
Approved rendering: vreemdelingen
Transliteration: vreemdelingen
Doctrine: Christian Identity as Sojourners and Exiles
Rejected alternatives: bijwoners (used only as a secondary qualifier), ballingen (too exclusively political/exile-specific)
Original: παρεπίδημος / πάροικος
Category: Church
1 Peter 1:1; 1:17; 2:11. Modern Dutch ‘vreemdeling’ is a politically loaded, legally technical term tied to ‘Vreemdelingenwet’/‘vreemdelingenbeleid’ and live Dutch asylum/immigration debate. Recommend standing gloss in study materials: ‘vreemdelingen — d.w.z. burgers van een ander vaderland.‘
Foreknowledge
Approved rendering: voorkennis
Transliteration: voorkennis
Doctrine: Election and Divine Calling
Original: πρόγνωσις
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 1:2 (believers); 1:20 (Christ). Sits at the exact center of the Reformed/Arminian dispute over whether God elects on the basis of foreseen faith or whether foreknowledge is itself effectual. Must not be read as mere cognitive advance-awareness leaving the ultimate choice to human response.
Born Again
Approved rendering: wedergeboren
Transliteration: wedergeboren
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: opnieuw geboren (looser, NBV21-style processual phrasing)
Original: ἀναγεννάω
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 1:3, 1:23. Technical center of Dutch Reformed pietist (‘bevindelijk gereformeerd’) spirituality, denoting a datable, introspectively-verified conversion experience. Secular and mainstream churched readers may hear ‘wedergeboren christen’ as a sectarian sub-cultural label rather than Peter’s confident, corporate, already-accomplished declaration. Must be anchored to God’s decisive action (‘God heeft ons wedergeboren doen worden’), not the reader’s felt experience.
Living Hope
Approved rendering: levende hoop
Transliteration: levende hoop
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: hoop (bare noun, insufficiently anchored), verwachting (loses relational/confident nuance)
Original: ἐλπὶς ζῶσα
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 1:3 (core passage), also 1:13, 1:21, 3:15. HIGHEST lexical-drift risk in the curriculum: everyday secularized Dutch ‘hoop’ denotes an uncertain wish with zero confidence. Treat as a FIXED doctrinal collocation, never a freely modifiable noun phrase; always anchor to the resurrection explicitly within the same clause or sentence.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: erfenis
Transliteration: erfenis
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Eschatology
1 Peter 1:4. Modern Dutch ‘erfenis’ defaults to financial/legal legacy (‘erfbelasting’), risking a materialistic reading of an imperishable, heavenly, familial-covenantal reality. Never let ‘erfenis’ stand alone; always retain the full triple modifier.
Ransomed Redeemed
Approved rendering: verlost
Transliteration: verlost
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: vrijgekocht (acceptable secondary rendering)
Original: λυτρόω
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 1:18 (λυτρόω). Intersects the baseline’s flagged three-way salvation-register tension: ‘verlossen’ is correct for this specific ransom-image but is complementary to, not competing with, the curriculum’s primary salvation noun ‘behoud.‘
Imperishable Seed
Approved rendering: onvergankelijk zaad
Transliteration: onvergankelijk zaad
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: σπορὰ ἄφθαρτος
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 1:23. The baseline already flags ‘zaad’ for ‘seed_of_David’: modern Dutch ‘zaad’ primarily connotes literal/clinical biological seed (semen). Surrounding context (‘onvergankelijk,’ ‘wedergeboren,’ ‘woord van God’) must make the agricultural-regeneration metaphor unmistakable.
Chosen Race
Approved rendering: uitverkoren geslacht
Transliteration: uitverkoren geslacht
Doctrine: Election and Divine Calling
Original: γένος ἐκλεκτόν / λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 2:9 (γένος ἐκλεκτόν, echoing Exodus 19:5-6). Carries the same election-doctrine weight as 1:1’s ἐκλεκτός; part of the fourfold OT-echoing identity statement.
Submission To Authority
Approved rendering: onderwerpen
Transliteration: onderwerpen
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ὑποτάσσω / ὑποταγή
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 2:13, 2:18; 3:1, 3:5; 5:5 (ὑποτάσσω/ὑποταγή). Modern Dutch ‘onderwerpen’ strongly connotes domination/conquest (‘een onderworpen volk’), risking a reading that endorses oppressive power rather than Peter’s voluntary, dignity-preserving ordering. Risk compounded at 3:1 by the Netherlands’ strong cultural commitment to gender equality. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence with explicit ‘voluntary, not coerced’ framing.
Household Servants Slaves
Approved rendering: slaven
Transliteration: slaven
Doctrine: Household Ethics and the Dignity of the Enslaved
Rejected alternatives: dienstknechten (softened, less accurate)
Original: οἰκέται
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 2:18 (οἰκέται). Preferred over softened ‘dienstknechten’ for accuracy. The Netherlands’ own extensive transatlantic and VOC-era slave-trade history means ‘slaven’ carries live, painful national-historical memory; must be framed as addressing the ancient institution, not endorsing it or drawing an uncontextualized parallel.
Suffering
Approved rendering: lijden
Transliteration: lijden
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πάσχω / πάθημα
Category: Suffering
1 Peter 2:19-21, 2:23; 3:14, 3:17-18; 4:1, 4:12-19; 5:9-10 (πάσχω/πάθημα, ~16 occurrences). No lexical collision, but doctrinal precision required at every occurrence: distinguish Christ’s unique, sin-bearing suffering (2:24; 3:18) from believers’ non-atoning, participatory suffering. Conflating the two risks implying believers’ suffering also atones for sin.
Suffering For Righteousness Sake
Approved rendering: lijden om de gerechtigheid
Transliteration: lijden om de gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: lijden ter wille van de gerechtigheid (acceptable variant)
Original: πάσχω διὰ δικαιοσύνην
Category: Suffering
1 Peter 3:14 (also implicit 3:17; 4:15-16, 19). Combines the baseline’s Critical forensic-righteousness risk with the High suffering-vocabulary risk. Human theologian review recommended given the doctrinal weight of both component terms.
Sanctify Christ As Lord
Approved rendering: heilig Christus als Heer in uw hart
Transliteration: heilig Christus als Heer in uw hart
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: ἁγιάσατε Κύριον τὸν Χριστόν
Category: Christology
1 Peter 3:15. Directly parallels the baseline’s Lordship-of-Christ escalation rule (Romans 10:9 ‘Jezus is Heer’); precedes ‘always being ready to give a defense.’ Mandatory theologian review.
Christ Suffered Once
Approved rendering: eenmaal geleden voor de zonden
Transliteration: eenmaal geleden voor de zonden
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: een keer geleden voor de zonden (forbidden — colloquial, loses non-repeatable force)
Original: Χριστὸς ἅπαξ ἔπαθεν περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Christology
1 Peter 3:18 (ἅπαξ). ‘Eenmaal’ (non-repeatably) must be retained precisely; never weaken to colloquial ‘een keer.’ Relevant to Reformed-Catholic sensitivities around repeatable sacrifice (the Mass).
Gospel Preached To The Dead
Approved rendering: het evangelie is verkondigd, ook aan de doden
Transliteration: het evangelie is verkondigd, ook aan de doden
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: εὐηγγελίσθη νεκροῖς
Category: Eschatology
1 Peter 4:6. Directly connected to the Critical-risk 3:19 passage; must not be presented as settled doctrine of post-mortem evangelistic opportunity, which would contradict the wider NT’s teaching on the finality of death for repentance (cf. Heb 9:27). Flag for joint theologian review with 3:19.
Love Covers Sins
Approved rendering: de liefde bedekt een menigte van zonden
Transliteration: de liefde bedekt een menigte van zonden
Doctrine: Sin and Human Accountability
Original: ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 4:8 (echoing Proverbs 10:12). ‘Bedekt’ (relational forbearance) must not be conflated with the atoning sense of Christ’s sin-bearing (2:24), and must not be trivialized by the colloquial ‘zonde=pity’ drift. Flag for human theologian review.
Fiery Trial
Approved rendering: de vuurproef
Transliteration: de vuurproef
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πύρωσις
Category: Suffering
1 Peter 4:12 (πύρωσις). Specific Dutch Reformed-Catholic collision risk: fire-imagery for suffering historically associates with the Catholic purgatory doctrine, which the Reformed tradition explicitly and polemically rejected at the Reformation. Must ensure the present-life persecution/testing meaning is unmistakable, never a purgatorial reading.
Blessed Beatitude
Approved rendering: zalig
Transliteration: zalig
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: gelukkig te prijzen (acceptable clarifying alternative in less formal materials)
Original: μακάριος
Category: Suffering
1 Peter 4:14 (μακάριος). Sharpest lexical-drift risk in the letter: colloquial Dutch ‘zalig’ now overwhelmingly means ‘delightful/delicious,’ almost divorced from the beatitude’s paradoxical divine favor pronounced on suffering. A flat ‘zalig zijt gij’ risks sounding like ‘how lovely for you.’ Requires translator’s note wherever formal register is retained.
Elders
Approved rendering: ouderlingen
Transliteration: ouderlingen
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Church
1 Peter 5:1 (πρεσβύτεροι). ‘Ouderling’ is a currently functioning, formally defined governance office in Dutch Reformed denominations (PKN kerkenraad structure), risking importing an entire modern institutional structure onto the text for Catholic, free-church, and non-denominational readers. Flag for native speaker AND theologian review to keep the text’s functional description (shepherding, humble example) primary.
Exercising Oversight
Approved rendering: toezicht houdend
Transliteration: toezicht houdend
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: als bisschoppen (forbidden — anachronistic hierarchical office)
Original: ἐπισκοποῦντες
Category: Church
1 Peter 5:2 (ἐπισκοποῦντες). Must never be rendered with a Dutch word evoking the fully developed hierarchical ‘bisschop’ office, which did not yet exist in this form at time of writing. ‘Als opzieners’ is the acceptable functional-neutral alternative.
God Of All Grace
Approved rendering: de God van alle genade
Transliteration: de God van alle genade
Doctrine: Grace
Original: ὁ Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος
Category: Grace
1 Peter 5:10. Fixed collocation built from baseline ‘genade’; God as the sole and comprehensive source of unmerited grace.
Called To Eternal Glory
Approved rendering: geroepen tot Zijn eeuwige heerlijkheid
Transliteration: geroepen tot Zijn eeuwige heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Election and Divine Calling
Original: καλέσας εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 5:10. Fixed collocation built from baseline ‘geroepen’ + ‘heerlijkheid’; the calling-to-salvation/glory sense per baseline’s context-sensitivity guidance.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostel
Transliteration: apostel
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (risk elevated from baseline’s Low to Medium per this curriculum’s registry, since Peter’s apostolic authority is doctrinally load-bearing for the whole letter’s authority claim). 1 Peter 1:1.
Called
Approved rendering: geroepen
Transliteration: geroepen
Doctrine: Election and Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive across senses; in 1 Peter 5:10 = effectual calling to eternal glory (‘geroepen tot Zijn eeuwige heerlijkheid’).
Calling
Approved rendering: roeping
Transliteration: roeping
Doctrine: Election and Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Roeping’ is also the ordinary Dutch word for career/life calling, a homonym-flattening risk carried over unchanged into 1 Peter.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: genadegaven
Transliteration: genadegaven
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Stewardship
Rejected alternatives: geestelijke gaven (looser)
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 4:10, cognate exactly with χάρισμα. Ties the gifts explicitly to grace; Dutch Pentecostal (‘Pinkstergemeenten’) streams and traditional Reformed churches read gifts-language differently — keep gifts explicitly grace-given, not natural talent or individual empowerment.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: gemeenschap
Transliteration: gemeenschap
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 4:13, ‘gemeenschap aan het lijden van Christus’ — shared participation in Christ’s sufferings, not atoning contribution. ‘Gemeenschap’ is also the ordinary secular word for community, requiring context to keep the koinonia sense specific.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kracht van God
Transliteration: kracht van God
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation
Original: δύναμις Θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 1:5, ‘die door de kracht van God bewaakt worden’ — sovereign, saving capability actively guarding believers.
Obedience
Approved rendering: gehoorzaamheid
Transliteration: gehoorzaamheid
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ὑπακοή
Category: Sanctification
1 Peter 1:2, 1:14, 1:22. Distinct from the baseline’s fixed Romans phrase ‘gehoorzaamheid van het geloof’ — 1 Peter’s usage is broader ethical obedience flowing from the new birth, not earning it. Do not conflate the two phrases.
Sprinkling Of Blood
Approved rendering: besprenkeling met het bloed
Transliteration: besprenkeling met het bloed
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος
Category: Christology
1 Peter 1:2. Alludes to OT covenant-ratification (Exodus 24:8) and priestly consecration (Leviticus 8) rites. Requires an OT covenant-background gloss given assumed low OT literacy among the target audience.
Mercy
Approved rendering: barmhartigheid
Transliteration: barmhartigheid
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 1:3 (ἔλεος). Covenantal compassion toward the suffering, distinct from ‘genade’s’ unmerited-favor-toward-guilt nuance. Do not collapse ἔλεος and χάρις into a single Dutch word.
Imperishable Undefiled Unfading
Approved rendering: onvergankelijk, onbevlekt en onverwelkelijk
Transliteration: onvergankelijk, onbevlekt en onverwelkelijk
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἄφθαρτος / ἀμίαντος / ἀμάραντος
Category: Eschatology
1 Peter 1:4. Triple negative-privative description contrasting the heavenly inheritance with earthly possessions. Stable, Statenvertaling/HSV-precedented vocabulary; risk is stylistic archaism, not doctrinal distortion.
Guarded By Power Of God
Approved rendering: bewaakt
Transliteration: bewaakt
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation
Rejected alternatives: bewaard (too passive, loses garrison/siege nuance)
Original: φρουρέω
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 1:5 (φρουρέω). Active, vigilant military guarding of persons under siege, distinct from passive safe-keeping of an object (contrast v.4’s τηρέω). Preserve the garrison-like nuance appropriate to a persecution-context letter.
Trials
Approved rendering: beproevingen
Transliteration: beproevingen
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: verzoekingen (temptation — never use)
Original: πειρασμοί ποικίλοι
Category: Suffering
1 Peter 1:6; 4:12. Dutch usefully distinguishes ‘beproeving’ (trial/testing) from ‘verzoeking’ (temptation to sin); confirm ‘beproevingen’ is used consistently to avoid a temptation-to-sin misreading.
Tested Genuineness Of Faith
Approved rendering: de echtheid van uw geloof
Transliteration: de echtheid van uw geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: het gehalte van uw geloof (acceptable metallurgical-register alternative)
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Faith
1 Peter 1:7 (δοκίμιον). Metallurgical assay image: the proven, genuine result of faith, not the ordeal itself. Avoid implying the testing process, rather than the proven result, is what is praiseworthy.
Inexpressible Glorified Joy
Approved rendering: onuitsprekelijke en verheerlijkte vreugde
Transliteration: onuitsprekelijke en verheerlijkte vreugde
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: geweldige vreugde (flattens the perfect-passive ‘already glorified’ sense)
Original: χαρὰ ἀνεκλάλητος καὶ δεδοξασμένη
Category: Faith
1 Peter 1:8. Present joy already touched by future glory; ensure ‘verheerlijkte’ is not flattened into a generic intensifier.
Soul
Approved rendering: ziel
Transliteration: ziel
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 1:9; 2:11; 2:25. Secularized Dutch readers may default to a vague, quasi-therapeutic ‘ziel’ (cf. ‘zielsverwant’); context must clarify this is whole-person salvation, not a separate spiritual reward.
Conduct
Approved rendering: levenswandel
Transliteration: levenswandel
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: gedrag (acceptable but must not be alternated with ‘levenswandel’ within the same document)
Original: ἀναστροφή
Category: Sanctification
1 Peter 1:15, 1:18; 2:12; 3:1-2, 16 (ἀναστροφή). Letter’s single most-repeated ethical term. FIX ‘levenswandel’ as the single Dutch equivalent across the entire curriculum for register consistency; do not alternate with ‘gedrag’ within a document.
Lamb Without Blemish
Approved rendering: lam zonder gebrek en zonder smet
Transliteration: lam zonder gebrek en zonder smet
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος
Category: Christology
1 Peter 1:19. Sacrificial-animal purity language (Leviticus, Passover, Isaiah 53) applied typologically to Christ’s sinless perfection. Requires OT sacrificial-system literacy; likely needs contextual framing in study materials.
Precious Blood
Approved rendering: kostbaar bloed
Transliteration: kostbaar bloed
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: τίμιον αἷμα
Category: Christology
1 Peter 1:19. Standard sacrificial-atonement vocabulary; contrast device with perishable silver/gold.
Living Abiding Word
Approved rendering: levend en blijvend woord van God
Transliteration: levend en blijvend woord van God
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: λόγος ζῶν καὶ μένων
Category: Covenant
1 Peter 1:23, 1:25. Identifies the word of God as the generative means of new birth, closing the chapter’s inclusio with 1:3-9.
Living Stone
Approved rendering: levende steen
Transliteration: levende steen
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λίθος ζῶν
Category: Church
1 Peter 2:4-5. Paradoxical image (stones are inert; Christ, and by extension believers, is ‘living’ building-material) echoing Psalm 118:22 and Isaiah 28:16.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: hoeksteen
Transliteration: hoeksteen
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: ἀκρογωνιαῖος
Category: Christology
1 Peter 2:6. Well-established Dutch Bible term; also a common secular metaphor (‘hoeksteen van de samenleving’ for family/marriage) that may unhelpfully import unrelated social-policy connotations — ensure the Christological referent is primary in context.
Stone Of Stumbling
Approved rendering: steen des aanstoots
Transliteration: steen des aanstoots
Doctrine: Sin and Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: struikelsteen (modern alternative, acceptable if register requires)
Original: λίθος προσκόμματος
Category: Christology
1 Peter 2:8. Classic Statenvertaling phrase, still recognizable; register choice (archaic vs. modern) should match the curriculum’s formal-modern register guidance.
Spiritual House
Approved rendering: geestelijk huis
Transliteration: geestelijk huis
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: οἶκος πνευματικός
Category: Church
1 Peter 2:5. Overlaps conceptually with the baseline’s ‘gemeente’ (church) doctrine; no major additional risk.
Spiritual Sacrifices
Approved rendering: geestelijke offers
Transliteration: geestelijke offers
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: θυσίαι πνευματικαί
Category: Church
1 Peter 2:5. Catholic readers may associate ‘offer’ primarily with the Mass’s eucharistic sacrifice; Reformed readers hold Christ’s sacrifice as once-for-all sufficient, making further ‘offer’ language purely metaphorical (praise, service, generosity). Flag for native-speaker review to prevent Mass-sacrifice conflation.
Holy Nation
Approved rendering: heilig volk
Transliteration: heilig volk
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἔθνος ἅγιον
Category: Sanctification
1 Peter 2:9 (ἔθνος ἅγιον). Part of the fourfold identity statement; ensure the corporate, not individualistic, sense is retained.
Shepherd Overseer Of Souls
Approved rendering: Herder en Opziener van uw zielen
Transliteration: Herder en Opziener van uw zielen
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν
Category: Christology
1 Peter 2:25. Christological application (Christ as ultimate Shepherd-Overseer), the model for human elders in chapter 5; the human-ecclesiological application carries higher (High) risk — see elders, exercising_oversight entries.
Gentle Quiet Spirit
Approved rendering: zachtmoedige en stille geest
Transliteration: zachtmoedige en stille geest
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 3:4. A general Christian character trait (cf. Matt 11:29; Gal 5:23), not a gender-specific virtue or enforced silence. Flag for native-speaker review given contemporary Dutch gender-role sensitivities.
Heirs Grace Of Life
Approved rendering: mede-erfgenamen van de genade van het leven
Transliteration: mede-erfgenamen van de genade van het leven
Doctrine: Grace
Original: συγκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς
Category: Grace
1 Peter 3:7. Combines baseline High-risk ‘genade’ with chapter 1’s inheritance-materialism risk; spouses must be presented as equal co-heirs, not a hierarchy of grace-recipients.
Good Conscience
Approved rendering: goed geweten
Transliteration: goed geweten
Doctrine: Baptism and the New Covenant Sign
Original: συνείδησις ἀγαθή
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 3:16, 3:21. Standard, stable Dutch term across all traditions.
Antitype
Approved rendering: tegenbeeld
Transliteration: tegenbeeld
Doctrine: Baptism and the New Covenant Sign
Original: ἀντίτυπον
Category: Covenant
1 Peter 3:21 (ἀντίτυπον). Typological vocabulary (‘waarvan de doop het tegenbeeld is’); requires some theological literacy but low risk of doctrinal distortion if rendered carefully.
Angels Authorities Powers Subjected
Approved rendering: engelen, machten en krachten Hem onderworpen
Transliteration: engelen, machten en krachten Hem onderworpen
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: ἄγγελοι, ἐξουσίαι, δυνάμεις, ὑποτάσσω
Category: Christology
1 Peter 3:22. Shares the ὑποτάσσω verb root with the household submission passages — an intertextual link (Christ’s exalted lordship is the ground and pattern for creaturely submission) worth preserving for teaching, though the referents differ.
Oracles Of God
Approved rendering: uitspraken van God
Transliteration: uitspraken van God
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: λόγια Θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
1 Peter 4:11 (λόγια Θεοῦ). Ties into the doctrine of Scripture’s inspiration; ensure the speaker’s accountability to God’s word (not personal opinion) is preserved.
Share Christs Sufferings
Approved rendering: gemeenschap aan het lijden van Christus
Transliteration: gemeenschap aan het lijden van Christus
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: κοινωνέω παθήμασιν Χριστοῦ
Category: Suffering
1 Peter 4:13. Combines the baseline’s ‘gemeenschap’ secular-community collision risk with the suffering-vocabulary risk; must convey participatory solidarity, not atoning contribution.
Spirit Of Glory
Approved rendering: de Geest van de heerlijkheid
Transliteration: de Geest van de heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: τὸ τῆς δόξης πνεῦμα
Category: God
1 Peter 4:14. Combines ‘Heilige Geest’ + ‘heerlijkheid’; ensure this is understood as a further descriptor of the Holy Spirit himself, not a separate generic ‘spirit of glory’ force.
Household Of God
Approved rendering: het huis van God
Transliteration: het huis van God
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: het huisgezin van God (acceptable variant)
Original: οἶκος τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Church
1 Peter 4:17. Overlaps with the established preference for ‘gemeente’ over ‘kerk’ for the NT ekklesia sense.
Faithful Creator
Approved rendering: getrouwe Schepper
Transliteration: getrouwe Schepper
Doctrine: Providence and Divine Sovereignty
Original: πιστὸς κτίστης
Category: God
1 Peter 4:19. ‘Schepper’ is stable and low-risk; preserve the entrust/deposit nuance of παρατίθημι (‘toevertrouwen’) rather than a vaguer ‘geven aan.‘
Shepherd The Flock
Approved rendering: hoed de kudde van God
Transliteration: hoed de kudde van God
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ποιμάνατε τὸ ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Church
1 Peter 5:2. Standard pastoral metaphor; ensure the genitive ‘of God’ is preserved against any personality-driven-leadership misreading.
Chief Shepherd
Approved rendering: Opperherder
Transliteration: Opperherder
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: archipoimen (transliteration rejected — opaque and unprecedented in Dutch)
Original: ἀρχιποιμήν
Category: Christology
1 Peter 5:4 (ἀρχιποιμήν, NT hapax). Transparent Dutch compound (opper- + herder), matching HSV/SV precedent; corrective to elder-authority overreach — the human ‘ouderling’ is always subordinate and accountable to Christ.
Unfading Crown Of Glory
Approved rendering: de onverwelkelijke kroon van heerlijkheid
Transliteration: de onverwelkelijke kroon van heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: στέφανος τῆς δόξης
Category: Eschatology
1 Peter 5:4. Athletic victor’s wreath image, not a royal/monarchic diadem; ensure ‘kroon’ is not read as evoking royal/political monarchy imagery.
Humility
Approved rendering: nederigheid
Transliteration: nederigheid
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: ootmoed (deeper devotional register — may appear only as a secondary gloss, never alternating within the same document)
Original: ταπεινοφροσύνη / ταπεινός
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 3:8; 5:5, 5:6 (ταπεινοφροσύνη/ταπεινός). FIX ‘nederigheid’ as the primary modern-register rendering for consistency with ‘levenswandel’; do not mix with ‘ootmoed’ inconsistently within the same document. Note the Greco-Roman honor-culture semantic inversion (ταπεινός was originally a vice, not a virtue) worth preserving for teaching.
Grace To The Humble
Approved rendering: geeft genade aan de nederigen
Transliteration: geeft genade aan de nederigen
Doctrine: Grace
Original: δίδωσιν χάριν τοῖς ταπεινοῖς
Category: Grace
1 Peter 5:5 (quoting Proverbs 3:34). Ensure ‘genade’ retains the baseline’s core sense (unmerited gift), not a reward earned by the virtue of humility itself — humility is the receiving posture, not the merit.
Humble Under Mighty Hand
Approved rendering: verneder u onder de machtige hand van God
Transliteration: verneder u onder de machtige hand van God
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: onder de sterke hand van God (acceptable OT-echo variant)
Original: ταπεινώθητε ὑπὸ τὴν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 5:6. OT exodus-deliverance ‘mighty hand’ echo (cf. Deut 7:8); OT-literacy dimension worth noting in study materials.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Shared, stable term across Reformed and Catholic Dutch Bibles. Recurs in 1 Peter 1:12, 1:25, 4:6, 4:17.
Peace
Approved rendering: vrede
Transliteration: vrede
Doctrine: Gospel and Evangelism
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 5:14, ‘vrede zij u allen die in Christus zijt’ — relational peace through union with Christ, not merely psychological calm.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeet
Transliteration: profeet
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 1:10-12; God’s spokesperson, not an astrologer or fortune-teller.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profetie
Transliteration: profetie
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 1:10-12 (implicit); God-inspired declaration.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Stable across all Dutch traditions. 1 Peter 1:1, 1:3, 1:7.
Exhort
Approved rendering: vermanen
Transliteration: vermanen
Doctrine: Hospitality and Community Love
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive: ‘vermanen’ leans toward admonish/warn; use ‘aansporen’ (encourage/build up) where 1 Peter’s closing exhortation (5:12) carries the building-up sense rather than the admonishing sense.
Blessed Doxology
Approved rendering: geprezen
Transliteration: geprezen
Doctrine: Gospel and Evangelism
Original: εὐλογητός
Category: Faith
1 Peter 1:3, opening doxology (εὐλογητός). Distinct from the beatitude term ‘zalig’ (4:14) and from μακάριος generally; keep the two lexically and doctrinally separate.
Prophecy Searched
Approved rendering: nauwkeurig onderzocht
Transliteration: nauwkeurig onderzocht
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: ζητέω / ἐξεραυνάω
Category: Covenant
1 Peter 1:10-12. OT prophets’ careful search into the salvation they foretold; requires explicit OT cross-referencing given low OT literacy among the target audience.
Emperor Governors
Approved rendering: keizer / gezaghebbers
Transliteration: keizer / gezaghebbers
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: βασιλεύς / ἡγεμόνες
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 2:13-14. Standard historical-political vocabulary; low ambiguity.
Honor Everyone
Approved rendering: eer
Transliteration: eer
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: τιμή
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 2:17. Consistent with the core-passage rendering of τιμή at 1 Peter 1:7.
Writing Copy Example
Approved rendering: voorbeeld
Transliteration: voorbeeld
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ὑπογραμμός
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 2:21 (ὑπογραμμός, a writing-copy/copybook image). Standard equivalent loses the vivid copybook image but causes no doctrinal distortion; restore the image via a study note if desired.
Defense Reason
Approved rendering: verantwoording
Transliteration: verantwoording
Doctrine: Gospel and Evangelism
Rejected alternatives: verdediging (acceptable alternative)
Original: ἀπολογία
Category: Faith
1 Peter 3:15 (ἀπολογία). Standard rendering.
Ark
Approved rendering: ark
Transliteration: ark
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: κιβωτός
Category: Covenant
1 Peter 3:20 (κιβωτός). Stable, culturally familiar even among secularized Dutch readers.
Right Hand Of God
Approved rendering: aan de rechterhand van God
Transliteration: aan de rechterhand van God
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ
Category: Christology
1 Peter 3:22. Stable creedal phrase (Apostles’ Creed).
Vice List
Approved rendering: begeerten, uitspattingen, dronkenschap, zwelgpartijen, drinkgelagen, afgoderij
Transliteration: begeerten, uitspattingen, dronkenschap, zwelgpartijen, drinkgelagen, afgoderij
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἐπιθυμίαι, ἀσέλγεια, οἰνοφλυγία, κῶμοι, πότοι, εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 4:3. Standard vice-list vocabulary; ‘afgoderij’ may need contextual bridging for secular Dutch readers with little felt sense of literal cultic idol-worship.
Judge Living And Dead
Approved rendering: de levenden en de doden oordelen
Transliteration: de levenden en de doden oordelen
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and Final Judgment
Original: κρίναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Eschatology
1 Peter 4:5. Stable creedal phrase (Apostles’ Creed).
End Of All Things
Approved rendering: het einde van alle dingen is nabij
Transliteration: het einde van alle dingen is nabij
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and Final Judgment
Original: πάντων τὸ τέλος ἤγγικεν
Category: Eschatology
1 Peter 4:7. Standard eschatological vocabulary; no unique Dutch collision.
Sober Minded
Approved rendering: bezonnen
Transliteration: bezonnen
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: νήφω
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 4:7; 5:8 (νήφω). Standard.
Hospitality
Approved rendering: gastvrijheid
Transliteration: gastvrijheid
Doctrine: Hospitality and Community Love
Original: φιλόξενος / φιλοξενία
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 4:9. Note the ξένος root overlaps with the ‘vreemdelingen’ vocabulary of 1:1/2:11 — a useful intertextual teaching link.
Steward
Approved rendering: rentmeester
Transliteration: rentmeester
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Stewardship
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 4:10 (οἰκονόμος). Stable Dutch Bible-parable term (cf. Luke 16).
Not For Shameful Gain
Approved rendering: niet uit winstbejag
Transliteration: niet uit winstbejag
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: μὴ αἰσχροκερδῶς
Category: Church
1 Peter 5:2. Standard.
Examples To The Flock
Approved rendering: voorbeelden voor de kudde
Transliteration: voorbeelden voor de kudde
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: τύποι τοῦ ποιμνίου
Category: Church
1 Peter 5:3. Standard.
Casting Anxiety
Approved rendering: werp al uw bezorgdheid op Hem
Transliteration: werp al uw bezorgdheid op Hem
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ἐπιρίψαντες τὴν μέριμναν
Category: Ethics
1 Peter 5:7. Well-known devotional vocabulary in Dutch Christian culture.
Adversary The Devil
Approved rendering: tegenpartij, de duivel
Transliteration: tegenpartij, de duivel
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ἀντίδικος διάβολος
Category: Suffering
1 Peter 5:8. Standard, stable term across all Dutch traditions; no competing folk-deity concept.
Restore Confirm Strengthen Establish
Approved rendering: volmaken, bevestigen, versterken en funderen
Transliteration: volmaken, bevestigen, versterken en funderen
Doctrine: Providence and Divine Sovereignty
Original: καταρτίσαι, στηρίξαι, σθενώσαι, θεμελιώσαι
Category: Salvation
1 Peter 5:10. Four verbs describing God’s completing action; overlaps encouragingly with the doctrines of Providence and Assurance of Salvation.
Dominion
Approved rendering: heerschappij
Transliteration: heerschappij
Doctrine: Providence and Divine Sovereignty
Original: κράτος
Category: God
1 Peter 5:11 (κράτος). Standard doxological vocabulary.
Kiss Of Love
Approved rendering: kus der liefde
Transliteration: kus der liefde
Doctrine: Hospitality and Community Love
Original: φίλημα ἀγάπης
Category: Church
1 Peter 5:14. Cultural-distance pastoral-application issue (contemporary Dutch greeting customs differ), not a doctrinal translation risk.
Referenced passages