Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Revelation (Openbaring) 1–22
English → Dutch | Full-Book Term Inventory
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the entire book of Revelation, into a single per-term reference table. It extends — and never contradicts — the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. Terms already present in the baseline are listed in Table A with their rendering confirmed unchanged. Terms newly introduced by Revelation’s apocalyptic vocabulary are listed in Table B, organized by curriculum doctrine, using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low risk framework as the baseline.
Table A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (Confirmed Unchanged)
| English term | Dutch rendering | Baseline risk | Revelation chapters where it recurs | Notes on extended context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangelie | Low | 14 | ”Eternal gospel” (14:6) extends universal-scope doctrine into judgment context. |
| grace (unmerited gift) | genade | High | 21:6 (δωρεάν, “freely”) | δωρεάν doctrinally echoes χάρις without using the exact noun; treat as thematic reinforcement of the Critical grace doctrine. |
| faith / believe | geloof | Medium | 21:8 (ἄπιστοι), 17:14 (πιστοί), 14:12 | Antonym forms (ἄπιστος) and adjective forms (πιστός) both derive from this root; consistency required. |
| salvation | behoud | High | 7:10, 12:10 (implied), 19:1 | Register discipline (behoud/verlossing/zaligheid) applies identically in Revelation contexts. |
| apostle | apostel | Low | 18:20, 21:14 | ”Twelve apostles” as New Jerusalem foundation-names. |
| called | geroepen | Medium | 17:14 (κλητοί) | Combined with “elect/chosen” and “faithful” in a Critical Dort-resonant triad; see Table B “called-chosen-faithful triad.” |
| calling | roeping | Medium | not directly re-used as a noun in Revelation | Retained for consistency reference only. |
| holy | heilig | Medium | 21:2 (city), 4:8 (Trisagion), throughout | Extended from persons (Romans) to a place (the holy city) and to God’s own character (Trisagion). |
| saints | heiligen | High | 5:8, 8:3-4, 11:18, 13:7,10, 14:12, 16:6, 17:6, 18:24, 19:8, 20:9 | Very frequent in Revelation; Catholic canonized-saints vs. Reformed all-believers fault line documented in baseline applies with full force to every occurrence. |
| sanctification | heiliging | Medium | implied throughout, not a distinct noun-occurrence | Retained for consistency reference. |
| adoption | aanneming tot kinderen | Medium | 21:7 (υἱός, “son”) | Filial-inheritance logic underlies the overcomer’s “son” status; see Table B “son” entry for the distinct Critical risk of conflating this with Christ’s unique Sonship. |
| resurrection | opstanding | Medium (Critical in ch. 20 context) | 20:5-6 (“first resurrection”) | Escalated to Critical when qualified as “first resurrection” due to millennial-interpretation sensitivity; see Table B. |
| lord | Heer | High (Critical in key confessional verses) | 1:8, 4:8, 11:15, 17:14, 19:16, 22:20-21 | ”King of kings and Lord of lords” (19:16) and “kingdom… of our Lord” (11:15) are thesis-level Critical occurrences requiring unqualified, consistent rendering. |
| glory | heerlijkheid | Medium | 1:6, 4:9,11, 5:12-13, 7:12, 15:8, 19:1, 21:11,23,24,26 | Extremely frequent doxological term; consistency of the “glory and honor and power” formula required. |
| church (local congregation) | gemeente(n) | High | 1:4,11,20; 2:1-3:22 (all seven letters); 22:16 | Plural “gemeenten” used for the seven local congregations; singular “gemeente” for the Church universal where applicable. |
| kingdom of God | Koninkrijk van God | Medium | 1:9, 11:15, 12:10 | Extended into “kingdom of the world” contrast (11:15) and “kingdom and priests” (5:10, cf. Table B). |
| covenant | verbond | High | 11:19 (ark of the covenant) | OT tabernacle-continuity imagery; reinforces the already-High baseline covenant doctrine. |
| election | verkiezing (noun) / uitverkoren (adj.) | Critical | 17:14 (ἐκλεκτοί) | Adjectival form combined with “called” and “faithful” in a direct Canons-of-Dort-resonant triad; flag for theologian review every occurrence. |
| david | David | Low | 3:7 (key of David), 5:5, 22:16 (root/offspring of David) | Proper name form stable; “root of David” (ῥίζα Δαυίδ) is a related but distinct Greek term from baseline’s “seed of David” (σπέρμα Δαυίδ) — see Table B. |
| jesus | Jezus | Low | throughout, esp. 1:1,5,9; 22:16,20-21 | Stable. |
| god | God | Medium (Critical in key verses) | throughout | Extended to the “Alpha and Omega” self-designation (1:8; 21:6; 22:13) — Critical when combined with that title. |
| holy_spirit | Heilige Geest | Medium | 1:4 (“the seven Spirits,” symbolic fullness of the one Spirit), 2:7 and parallels (“what the Spirit says to the churches”), 22:17 | The “seven Spirits before his throne” (1:4; 4:5; 5:6) is a symbolic-numerical representation of the one Holy Spirit’s fullness, not seven distinct spirits — flag for native speaker/theologian review to prevent a polytheistic-sounding misreading. |
| amen | Amen | Low | 1:6-7, 3:14 (title of Christ), 5:14, 7:12, 19:4, 22:20-21 | Also used as a title for Christ himself (“de Amen,” 3:14) — a Critical-adjacent extension worth flagging for theologian awareness even though the transliteration itself is Low risk. |
| exhort | vermanen / aansporen | Low | implied in letters’ rebuke-sections (2:5,16; 3:3,19) | Context-sensitive per baseline note; the seven letters generally lean toward the “vermanen” (admonish/warn) sense given their corrective tone. |
| seed_of_david | nakomeling van David | Medium | (contrast term only; Revelation itself uses ῥίζα Δαυίδ, “root of David,” a related but distinct phrase — see Table B) | Retained for cross-reference; do not conflate the two Greek phrases in translation. |
| prophet / prophecy | profeet / profetie | Low | 1:3, 10:7, 11:10,18, 16:6, 18:20,24, 19:10, 22:6,7,9,10,18-19 | Very frequent; also extended to “false prophet” (ψευδοπροφήτης, Table B) and to the book’s own self-description as “profetie” (1:3; 22:18-19), which carries added weight as a canon-closing formula. |
| sin | zonde | High | 18:4-5 | Corporate/systemic sin (Babylon’s sins); baseline’s colloquial “pity/waste” drift risk applies undiminished. |
| righteousness / justification (word-family) | gerechtigheid / rechtvaardiging | Critical | 15:4 (δικαιώματα, “righteous acts/judgments”), 16:5,7, 19:2 (δίκαιος, “just/righteous”) | Extended from soteriological to forensic-judgment contexts; the same forensic-verdict logic underlies both doctrines — see Table B “judgment” entries. |
Table B — New Terms Introduced by Revelation, Organized by Curriculum Doctrine
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | Primary chapters | Notes / alternatives rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the one who is coming | Die komt / de Komende | Medium | ὁ ἐρχόμενος | ho erchomenos | 1:4,8 | Part of the triune-echoing divine-title formula. |
| Son of Man | Mensenzoon | High | υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου | huios anthrōpou | 1:13 | Alternative rejected: bare “Zoon des mensen” (archaic, but carries stronger Daniel 7 resonance for catechized readers — flag for reviewer choice by audience). |
| kingdom of the world becomes the Lord’s | het koninkrijk van de wereld is… van onze Heer | Critical | βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου… τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν | basileia tou kosmou… tou kyriou hēmōn | 11:15 | Thesis-level verse; cross-document consistency required. |
| King of kings and Lord of lords | Koning der koningen en Heer der heren | Critical | βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων | basileus basileōn kai kyrios kyriōn | 17:14, 19:16 | Must never be qualified or softened. |
| to reign | heersen / regeren | Critical | βασιλεύω | basileuō | 5:10, 20:4,6, 22:5 | Believers’ derivative reign under Christ’s own supreme kingship — guard against triumphalist misreading. |
| I am coming quickly/soon | Ik kom spoedig | Medium | ἔρχομαι ταχύ | erchomai tachy | 22:7,12,20 | ”Spoedig” preferred over “snel” to preserve prophetic imminence-without-timetable sense. |
| Amen, come Lord Jesus | Amen, kom, Heer Jezus | Medium (thematic) | Ἀμήν, ἔρχου κύριε Ἰησοῦ | Amēn, erchou kyrie Iēsou | 22:20-21 | Canon-closing prayer; render identically wherever quoted. |
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | Primary chapters | Notes / alternatives rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almighty | de Almachtige | Low | παντοκράτωρ | pantokratōr | 1:8, 4:8, 11:17, 15:3, 16:7,14, 19:6,15, 21:22 | Stable Dutch liturgical term. |
| Alpha and Omega | Alfa en Omega | Low | Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ | Alpha kai to Ō | 1:8, 21:6, 22:13 | Also applied to Christ (22:13) — Critical when combined with Deity of Christ doctrine. |
| beginning and end | begin en einde | Low | ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος | archē kai telos | 21:6, 22:13 | |
| throne | troon | Low | θρόνος | thronos | throughout (40+ occurrences) | Structural image of authority underlying the whole book. |
| scroll / book (sealed) | boekrol | Low-Medium | βιβλίον | biblion | 5:1-9, 6:1-17 | ”Boekrol” preferred over generic “boek” to preserve the physical unsealing-narrative. |
| seal (noun/verb) | zegel / verzegelen | Medium | σφραγίς / σφραγίζω | sphragis / sphragizō | 5:1-9, 6:1-12, 7:2-8, 8:1 | Positive resonance with Reformed sacramental “zegel” language; must not be conflated with sacramental sealing. |
| Hades | het rijk van de dood | Medium-High | Ἅιδης | Hadēs | 1:18, 6:8, 20:13-14 | Descriptive rendering preferred over transliteration to avoid Greek-mythology underworld associations. |
| the abyss | afgrond | Low-Medium | ἄβυσσος | abyssos | 9:1-2,11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1,3 | |
| bind (Satan) | binden | Low-Medium | δέω | deō | 20:2-3,7 | |
| mystery (revealed) | geheimenis | Medium | μυστήριον | mystērion | 1:20, 10:7, 17:5,7 | ”Geheimenis” preferred over secular “mysterie” to preserve revealed-not-unsolvable sense. |
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | Primary chapters | Notes / alternatives rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| testimony / witness(es) | getuigenis / getuige(n) | High | μαρτυρία / μάρτυς | martyria / martys | 1:2,5,9; 2:13; 6:9; 11:3,7; 12:11,17; 17:6; 19:10; 20:4 | Semantic bridge to “martelaar” (martyr) must be judged per-occurrence; flag every instance for theologian review. |
| tribulation / affliction | verdrukking | Medium | θλῖψις | thlipsis | 1:9, 2:9-10,22, 7:14 | Neutral rendering; leave millennial/tribulation-schema debates to commentary. |
| endurance / perseverance | volharding | Critical | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | 1:9, 2:2-3,19, 3:10, 13:10, 14:12 | Direct resonance with the Canons of Dort’s Fifth Head of Doctrine (“de volharding der heiligen”); must be framed as grace-sustained, not self-willed. |
| overcome / conquer | overwinnen | High | νικάω | nikaō | 2:7,11,17,26; 3:5,12,21; 5:5; 6:2; 11:7; 12:11; 15:2; 17:14; 21:7 | Guard against a self-achieved-heroism misreading; must be framed as Lamb-accomplished victory (12:11). |
| trial / test | verzoeking / beproeving | Medium | πειρασμός | peirasmos | 3:10 | ”Beproeving” preferred to keep external-trial sense primary. |
| synagogue of Satan | synagoge van Satan | High | συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ | synagōgē tou Satana | 2:9, 3:9 | Historically specific first-century local dispute; requires explicit historical-contextual framing to prevent anti-Judaic misuse. |
| souls of those slain | zielen van de geslachten | Medium | ψυχαὶ τῶν ἐσφαγμένων | psychai tōn esphagmenōn | 6:9 | Martyrs’ cry for judgment/vindication. |
| the two witnesses | de twee getuigen | High | οἱ δύο μάρτυρες | hoi dyo martyres | 11:3-13 | Narrative embodiment of witness-unto-death and vindication. |
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | Primary chapters | Notes / alternatives rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| to judge / judgment | oordelen / oordeel | High | κρίνω / κρίσις / κρίμα | krinō / krisis / krima | 6:10, 11:18, 14:7, 16:5,7, 18:8,10,20, 19:2, 20:11-13 | Shares forensic-verdict logic with baseline’s righteousness/justification family. |
| wrath / fury (of God) | toorn | High | ὀργή / θυμός | orgē / thymos | 6:16-17, 14:10,19, 15:1,7, 16:1,19, 19:15 | Must not be softened into mere disappointment; guard against arbitrary-cruelty misreading. |
| winepress of God’s wrath | wijnpersbak van de toorn van God | High | ληνὸς τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ | lēnos tou thymou tou theou | 14:19-20 | Intentionally shocking imagery; do not euphemize. |
| lake of fire and sulfur | poel van vuur en zwavel | High | λίμνη πυρὸς καὶ θείου | limnē pyros kai theiou | 19:20, 20:10,14-15, 21:8 | Concrete judgment imagery; must not be softened despite Dutch secular hell-skepticism. |
| the second death | de tweede dood | High | ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος | ho thanatos ho deuteros | 2:11, 20:6,14, 21:8 | Must remain terminologically distinct from ordinary “dood.” |
| the beast | het beest | Critical | θηρίον | thērion | 11:7; 13:1-18; 14:9,11; 15:2; 16:2,10,13; 17:3-17; 19:19-20; 20:4,10 | Guard against anachronistic contemporary-political over-identification. |
| the mark (of the beast) | het merkteken | Critical | χάραγμα | charagma | 13:16-17, 14:9,11, 16:2, 19:20, 20:4 | Guard against sensationalist chip-implant/conspiracy readings. |
| his number, 666 | zijn getal, 666 | High | ἀριθμὸς αὐτοῦ, χξϛ | arithmos autou | 13:18 | Teach as apocalyptic-symbolic, not literalistic ID-hunting. |
| false prophet | valse profeet | Medium | ψευδοπροφήτης | pseudoprophētēs | 16:13, 19:20, 20:10 | ”Profeet” is baseline reuse; “valse” new but low-risk. |
| Babylon the great | Babylon de grote | High | Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη | Babylōn hē megalē | 14:8, 16:19, 17:5, 18:2,10,21 | Historic Dutch Reformed anti-Catholic polemical identification must NOT be revived; teach as OT-typological symbol. |
| the great prostitute | de grote hoer | High | ἡ πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη | hē pornē hē megalē | 17:1,15-16, 19:2 | Retain the text’s harsh judgment-rhetoric; clarify symbolic-corporate (not gendered-personal) referent. |
| Gog and Magog | Gog en Magog | Low-Medium | Γὼγ καὶ Μαγώγ | Gōg kai Magōg | 20:8 | Symbolic; guard against speculative geopolitical identification. |
| Armageddon | Armageddon | Medium | Ἁρμαγεδών | Harmagedōn | 16:16 | Pop-culture dilution of the term as generic “catastrophe” risk. |
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | Primary chapters | Notes / alternatives rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new (qualitative) | nieuw | Medium | καινός | kainos | 21:1,5 | Qualitative re-creation, not renovation; catechetical framing required. |
| sea (symbolic absence) | zee | Low-Medium | θάλασσα | thalassa | 21:1 | Symbolic chaos-removal, not merely literal geography. |
| holy city | heilige stad | Medium | πόλις ἁγία | polis hagia | 21:2,10 | ”Heilig” is baseline reuse. |
| Jerusalem (heavenly) | Jeruzalem | High | Ἰερουσαλήμ | Ierousalēm | 21:2,10 | Must be anchored as eschatological/symbolic, not modern-geopolitical. |
| tabernacle / dwell | tent / zijn tent opslaan | High | σκηνή / σκηνόω | skēnē / skēnoō | 21:3, 7:15, 12:12, 13:6, 15:5 | Same root as John 1:14’s Incarnation vocabulary (vleeswording); preserve typological link. |
| tear | traan | Low | δάκρυον | dakryon | 21:4 | |
| mourning | rouw | Low | πένθος | penthos | 21:4, 18:7-8 | |
| crying / outcry | gejammer / geween | Low-Medium | κραυγή | kraugē | 21:4 | |
| pain | moeite / smart / pijn | Low-Medium | πόνος | ponos | 21:4 | |
| the one seated on the throne | Hij die op de troon zit | Medium | ὁ καθήμενος ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ | ho kathēmenos epi tō thronō | 4:2,9-10; 5:1,7,13; 6:16; 7:10; 19:4; 20:11; 21:5 | Recurring liturgical title; consistency required. |
| I make all things new | Zie, Ik maak alle dingen nieuw | Critical | ἰδοὺ καινὰ ποιῶ πάντα | idou kaina poiō panta | 21:5 | Thesis-level verse; identical cross-document rendering required. |
| It is done | Het is gebeurd / Het is geschied | Medium | Γέγοναν | gegonan | 16:17, 21:6 | Must be kept distinct from John 19:30’s “Het is volbracht.” |
| freely / as a gift | om niet / voor niets | Medium-High | δωρεάν | dōrean | 21:6, 22:17 | Echoes baseline’s Critical/High grace doctrine (genade); should not read as commercial “gratis.” |
| spring/fountain of the water of life | bron van het water van het leven | Medium | πηγὴ τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς | pēgē tou hydatos tēs zōēs | 21:6, cf. 22:1,17 | Must be rendered identically at every occurrence. |
| tree of life | boom van het leven | Medium | ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς | xylon tēs zōēs | 2:7, 22:2,14,19 | Genesis 2-3 typological bookend; identical rendering at every occurrence. |
| curse | vloek | Low-Medium | κατάρα | katara | 22:3 | Reversal of Genesis 3’s curse. |
| wall, gates, foundations | muur, poorten, fundamenten | Low-Medium | τεῖχος, πύλαι, θεμέλιοι | teichos, pylai, themelioi | 21:12-21 | Integrates OT and NT peoples-of-God imagery. |
| temple (explicit absence) | tempel (“geen tempel”) | Medium | ναός | naos | 21:22, cf. 11:1,19 | Absence, not presence, carries the theological weight. |
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | Primary chapters | Notes / alternatives rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bride | bruid | Critical | νύμφη | nymphē | 19:7, 21:2,9, 22:17 | Central covenantal-nuptial image; must not flatten into decorative imagery. |
| adorned | getooid / versierd | Medium | κοσμέω (κεκοσμημένην) | kosmeō | 21:2 | ”Getooid” preferred to avoid vanity/cosmetics connotation; passive, grace-given sense. |
| marriage/wedding of the Lamb | bruiloft van het Lam | Critical | γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου | gamos tou arniou | 19:7,9; cf. 21:2,9 | Consummation of covenant imagery; identical rendering required at every occurrence. |
| wedding supper of the Lamb | bruiloftsmaal van het Lam | Medium | δεῖπνον τοῦ γάμου τοῦ ἀρνίου | deipnon tou gamou tou arniou | 19:9 | |
| the wife of the Lamb | de vrouw van het Lam | Critical | ἡ γυνὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου | hē gynē tou arniou | 21:9 | Completes bride/wife imagery. |
| the woman (symbolic) | vrouw | Medium | γυνή | gynē | 12:1-17 | Symbolic-corporate figure; guard against unrelated Marian-devotion conflation. |
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | Primary chapters | Notes / alternatives rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lamb | Lam | Critical | ἀρνίον | arnion | 5:6-14 and 27 further occurrences through ch. 22 | Central christological title; always capitalized; consistent across all occurrences. |
| slain / slaughtered | geslacht | Medium | ἐσφαγμένον | esphagmenon | 5:6,9,12; 13:8 | Preserve sacrificial (not gratuitously violent) register. |
| worthy | waardig | Low-Medium | ἄξιος | axios | 4:11, 5:2,4,9,12 | |
| worship (proper and false) | aanbidden | Critical | προσκυνέω | proskyneō | 4:10; 5:14; 7:11; 9:20; 11:1,16; 13:4,8,12,15; 14:7,9,11; 15:4; 16:2; 19:4,10,20; 20:4; 22:8-9 | Must be rendered identically whether describing proper or idolatrous worship, preserving the deliberate parallel. |
| serve (cultic service) | dienen | Medium | λατρεύω | latreuō | 7:15, 22:3 | Distinguish from προσκυνέω. |
| living creatures | levende wezens | Medium | ζῷα | zōa | 4:6-9, 5:6,8,14, 6:1,3,5-7, 7:11, 14:3, 15:7, 19:4 | Not “dieren” (animals) — preserve exalted status. |
| elders (twenty-four) | oudsten | Medium | πρεσβύτεροι | presbyteroi | 4:4,10; 5:5-14; 7:11,13; 11:16; 14:3; 19:4 | Distinguish from local-church office “ouderling.” |
| glory and honor and power | heerlijkheid en eer en kracht | Medium | δόξα καὶ τιμὴ καὶ δύναμις | doxa kai timē kai dynamis | 4:9,11; 5:12-13; 7:12; 19:1 | ”Heerlijkheid” baseline reuse; doxology formula consistency required. |
| Holy, holy, holy | heilig, heilig, heilig | Medium | ἅγιος ἅγιος ἅγιος | hagios hagios hagios | 4:8 | Baseline reuse (“heilig”); Trisagion echo of Isaiah 6:3. |
| new song | nieuw lied | Low | ᾆσμα καινόν | asma kainon | 5:9, 14:3 | |
| the seven Spirits | de zeven Geesten | Medium | τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα | ta hepta pneumata | 1:4, 4:5, 5:6 | Symbolic fullness of the one Holy Spirit; guard against polytheistic misreading. |
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | Primary chapters | Notes / alternatives rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| revelation / unveiling | openbaring | Low-Medium | ἀποκάλυψις | apokalypsis | 1:1 (book title) | Genre-defining term; God-given disclosure, not human speculation. |
| the thousand years / millennium | duizend jaar | Critical | χίλια ἔτη | chilia etē | 20:2-7 | Most interpretively contested phrase in the book; translation must remain schema-neutral. |
| first resurrection | eerste opstanding | Critical | πρώτη ἀνάστασις | prōtē anastasis | 20:5-6 | ”Opstanding” baseline reuse escalated to Critical by millennial-debate entanglement. |
| woe! | wee | Medium | οὐαί | ouai | 8:13, 9:12, 11:14, 12:12, 18:10,16,19 | Recognizable OT prophetic-oracle form; do not paraphrase away. |
| mystery (revealed) | geheimenis | Medium | μυστήριον | mystērion | 1:20, 10:7, 17:5,7 | See also Sovereignty table above. |
| Son of Man | Mensenzoon | High | υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου | huios anthrōpou | 1:13 | See also Return and Reign table above. |
| trumpet | bazuin | Low | σάλπιγξ | salpinx | 1:10, 4:1, 8:2-13, 9:1-14, 11:15 | Iconic, stable Dutch Bible term. |
| bowl | schaal | Low | φιάλη | phialē | 15:7, 16:1-17, 17:1, 21:9 | |
| number 666 | 666 | High | ἀριθμὸς αὐτοῦ, χξϛ | arithmos autou | 13:18 | See also Judgment table above. |
| morning star | morgenster | High | ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός | astēr ho prōinos | 2:28, 22:16 | Risk of confusion with the Latin/Vulgate “Lucifer” (Satan) tradition; Christ, not Satan, is in view. |
| dragon | draak | Critical | δράκων | drakōn | 12:3-17, 13:2,4,11, 16:13, 20:2 | Dutch fantasy/fairy-tale “draak” risks trivializing the Satan-identification. |
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | Primary chapters | Notes / alternatives rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the Living One | de Levende | Low-Medium | ὁ ζῶν | ho zōn | 1:18 | |
| keys of Death and Hades | sleutels van de dood en het rijk van de dood | Medium-High | κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου | kleis tou thanatou kai tou hadou | 1:18 | See also Hades entry in Sovereignty table. |
| devil | duivel | Medium-High | διάβολος | diabolos | 2:10, 12:9,12, 20:2,10 | Same being as Satan/dragon; consistency required. |
| the ancient serpent | de oude slang | Medium | ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος | ophis ho archaios | 12:9, 20:2 | Genesis 3 typological link. |
| accuser | aanklager | Medium | κατήγορος | katēgoros | 12:10 | Ties to Assurance of Salvation doctrine (no accusation can stand). |
| blood of the Lamb | bloed van het Lam | Critical | αἷμα τοῦ ἀρνίου | haima tou arniou | 12:11, 7:14 | Victory grounded in Christ’s atonement, not human strength. |
| blessed | zalig / gelukkig | High | μακάριος | makarios | 1:3, 14:13, 16:15, 19:9, 20:6, 22:7,14 | Same three-way register tension as baseline’s “behoud”; flag every occurrence for reviewer confirmation. |
| Hallelujah | Halleluja | Low | Ἁλληλουϊά | Hallelouia | 19:1,3,4,6 | Baseline-established transliteration; extend unchanged. |
| firstfruits | eerstelingen | Low-Medium | ἀπαρχή | aparchē | 14:4 | |
| harvest | oogst | Low-Medium | θερισμός | therismos | 14:15-16 | |
| rest | rust | Low | ἀνάπαυσις | anapausis | 14:13 |
Personal Vice-List and Judgment Vocabulary (Revelation 21:8 and parallels)
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk | Original Greek | Transliteration | Primary chapters | Notes / alternatives rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cowardly | lafhartigen | Medium | δειλοί | deiloi | 21:8 | ”Bang” alone too mild/psychological. |
| unbelieving | ongelovigen | Medium | ἄπιστοι | apistoi | 21:8 | Direct antonym of baseline “geloof.” |
| detestable / abominable | verfoeilijken | Medium | ἐβδελυγμένοι | ebdelygmenoi | 21:8 | Preserve moral-cultic gravity. |
| murderers | moordenaars | Low | φονεῖς | phoneis | 21:8, 9:21 | |
| sexually immoral (masc.) | ontuchtplegers | Medium | πόρνοι | pornoi | 21:8, 22:15 | Distinguish from symbolic-corporate πόρνη (Babylon). |
| sorcerers | tovenaars | Medium | φαρμακοί | pharmakoi | 21:8, 9:21, 18:23, 22:15 | Guard against fairy-tale “tovenaar” trivialization. |
| idolaters | afgodendienaars | Low-Medium | εἰδωλολάτραι | eidōlolatrai | 21:8, 22:15 | Direct antithesis of Worship of the Lamb doctrine. |
| liars | leugenaars | Low | ψευδεῖς | pseudeis | 21:8, 22:15 | Inverts v.5’s “faithful and true.” |
Risk Summary
| Risk tier | Count of new Revelation-specific terms | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 15 | Includes: Lam, aanbidden, beest, merkteken, draak, duizend jaar, eerste opstanding, bruid, bruiloft van het Lam, de vrouw van het Lam, het Woord van God, Koning der koningen en Heer der heren, heersen/regeren, Zie Ik maak alle dingen nieuw, bloed van het Lam. |
| High | 20 | Includes: getuigenis/getuige, overwinnen, volharding, synagoge van Satan, de twee getuigen, oordelen/oordeel, toorn, wijnpersbak van de toorn van God, poel van vuur en zwavel, de tweede dood, zijn getal 666, Babylon de grote, de grote hoer, morgenster, Mensenzoon, Jeruzalem, getrouw en waarachtig, zalig/gelukkig, Hades/het rijk van de dood (borderline High), 666. |
| Medium | ~38 | The majority of newly-introduced apocalyptic-symbolic vocabulary (seals, bowls, trumpets, beatitude formulas, architectural New Jerusalem imagery, vice-list terms, etc.). |
| Low | ~20 | Stable proper nouns, transliterations, and terms with no significant collision risk in Dutch culture (Alfa en Omega, troon, bazuin, Gog en Magog, Halleluja, etc.). |
This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 processing of any Revelation segment. All Table A terms are enforced exactly as recorded in the baseline; all Table B terms require new entries to be added to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 translation begins, per the baseline’s “Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.”
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: gerechtigheid
Transliteration: gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: deugd
Original: δικαιοσύνη / δίκαιος / δικαιώματα
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Extended from soteriological to forensic-judgment contexts (15:4 δικαιώματα; 16:5,7; 19:2 δίκαιος) — the same forensic-verdict logic underlies both salvation and final judgment.
Justification
Approved rendering: rechtvaardiging
Transliteration: rechtvaardiging
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vrijspraak (too narrow alone)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Shares its forensic-verdict logic with Revelation’s judgment vocabulary (oordelen/oordeel).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Transliteration: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: verdiende gerechtigheid
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not directly re-occurring as a distinct Revelation phrase but retained for cross-document consistency and forbidden-substitution enforcement.
Lord
Approved rendering: Heer
Transliteration: Heer
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: meester
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Escalated within Revelation to Critical because it appears in thesis-level confessional formulas requiring identical, unqualified cross-document rendering (11:15; 17:14; 19:16; 22:20-21), matching the discipline already required for Romans 10:9.
Election
Approved rendering: verkiezing
Transliteration: verkiezing
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Adjectival form ‘uitverkoren’ occurs in the Critical 17:14 called-chosen-faithful triad, the single most Dutch-specific doctrinal flashpoint (Canons of Dort) recurring in this book.
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Escalated from Medium to Critical within Revelation because ‘God’ is directly combined with the Alpha-and-Omega self-designation (1:8; 21:6) in thesis-level statements requiring absolute doctrinal precision.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Zoon van God
Transliteration: Zoon van God
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Must remain visibly distinct from the generic ‘zoon’ applied to overcomer-believers at 21:7 (see son_generic_believer) so the two categories of sonship are never collapsed.
Lamb
Approved rendering: Lam
Transliteration: Lam
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ἀρνίον
Category: Christology
NEW. ἀρνίον, used 28 times (ch. 5-22). Always capitalize when referring to Christ; render with unwavering consistency at every occurrence. Low cultural-collision risk in Dutch (no competing folk ‘lamb’ concept) but Critical doctrinal weight: the Lamb’s reception of the same worship-doxology given to God (5:13) is a direct, undiluted deity claim.
Word Of God Title
Approved rendering: het Woord van God
Transliteration: het Woord van God
Doctrine: Incarnation and Divine Presence
Rejected alternatives: Gods boodschap (message-only, non-titular)
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW. ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (19:13), a direct Christological title echoing John 1:1,14. Must be recognized as personal/titular — Christ IS the Word, not merely a messenger.
King Of Kings Lord Of Lords
Approved rendering: Koning der koningen en Heer der heren
Transliteration: Koning der koningen en Heer der heren
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: koning van de koningen en heer van de heren (modernized NBV21 construction; breaks fixed cross-document consistency rule)
Original: βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων
Category: Christology
NEW. βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων (17:14; 19:16). Must be rendered without qualification exactly as required for ‘Jezus is Heer’ (Rom 10:9); HSV’s archaic genitive form is the fixed rendering.
First Resurrection
Approved rendering: eerste opstanding
Transliteration: eerste opstanding
Doctrine: Millennial Interpretation
Original: πρώτη ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
NEW qualified term built on baseline ‘opstanding’. Escalated to Critical because directly entangled with the amillennial-vs-premillennial interpretive debate live within Dutch church life; must not be treated as a simple extension of the baseline’s Medium-risk resurrection entry.
Called Chosen Faithful Triad
Approved rendering: geroepenen en uitverkorenen en gelovigen
Transliteration: geroepenen en uitverkorenen en gelovigen
Doctrine: Election and Effectual Calling
Original: κλητοὶ καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ καὶ πιστοί
Category: Salvation
NEW composite term built entirely from baseline-established roots (‘geroepen’, ‘verkiezing/uitverkoren’, ‘getrouw’). κλητοὶ καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ καὶ πιστοί (17:14), the book’s most direct Canons-of-Dort-resonant verse; mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Perseverance
Approved rendering: volharding
Transliteration: volharding
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance
NEW. ὑπομονή (1:9; 2:2-3,19; 3:10; 13:10; 14:12). Directly names ‘de volharding der heiligen’, the Fifth Head of Doctrine of the Canons of Dort (1618-19). Must be framed as grace-sustained, not unaided self-reliance (‘eigen kracht’).
Dragon
Approved rendering: draak
Transliteration: draak
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: δράκων
Category: Symbolism
NEW. δράκων (12:3-17; 13:2,4,11; 16:13; 20:2). Dutch fairy-tale/fantasy ‘draak’ associations risk trivializing the identification with Satan (12:9); explicit identity-chain framing mandatory at every occurrence.
Blood Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: bloed van het Lam
Transliteration: bloed van het Lam
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: αἷμα τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Worship
NEW. αἷμα τοῦ ἀρνίου (7:14; 12:11). Grounds believers’ victory in Christ’s atoning death, not human strength — guards ‘overwinnen’ against a merit-based misreading.
The Beast
Approved rendering: het beest
Transliteration: het beest
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: dier (loses technical, symbolic force)
Original: θηρίον
Category: Judgment
NEW. θηρίον (11:7; 13:1-18; 14:9,11; 15:2; 16:2,10,13; 17:3-17; 19:19-20; 20:4,10). High risk of anachronistic contemporary-political over-identification, a recurring temptation in Dutch popular prophecy literature.
Mark Of The Beast
Approved rendering: het merkteken
Transliteration: het merkteken
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: χάραγμα
Category: Judgment
NEW. χάραγμα (13:16-17; 14:9,11; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4). Widely known through Dutch chip-implant conspiracy subcultures; rendering must remain plain and non-sensationalized.
Worship
Approved rendering: aanbidden
Transliteration: aanbidden
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Worship
NEW. προσκυνέω, used identically of legitimate worship of God/the Lamb (4:10; 5:14; 7:11; 15:4; 19:4,10; 22:8-9) and the beast’s idolatrous demand for worship (13:4,8,12,15). Must be rendered identically in both cases — the deliberate parallel is itself the theological point.
Millennium
Approved rendering: duizend jaar
Transliteration: duizend jaar
Doctrine: Millennial Interpretation
Original: χίλια ἔτη
Category: Symbolism
NEW. χίλια ἔτη (20:2-7). The single most interpretively contested phrase in the book; translation must remain strictly literal and schema-neutral (Dutch amillennial Reformed tradition vs. evangelical/Pentecostal dispensational premillennialism).
I Make All Things New
Approved rendering: Zie, Ik maak alle dingen nieuw
Transliteration: Zie, Ik maak alle dingen nieuw
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Rejected alternatives: Ik maak alles nieuw (NBV21/WV95-style; drops ‘Zie’ and the fuller phrase)
Original: ἰδοὺ καινὰ ποιῶ πάντα
Category: Eschatology
NEW. ἰδοὺ καινὰ ποιῶ πάντα (21:5), the thesis-statement of the core passage and the doctrine. Must be rendered identically everywhere in the curriculum, per the same discipline the baseline applies to Romans 1:16-17 and 8:28. Follows HSV.
Bride
Approved rendering: bruid
Transliteration: bruid
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: νύμφη
Category: Church
NEW. νύμφη (19:7; 21:2,9; 22:17). Central covenantal-nuptial image; must not flatten into decorative imagery or the contemporary Dutch bridal-industry register.
Marriage Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: bruiloft van het Lam
Transliteration: bruiloft van het Lam
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Church
NEW, built on Critical ‘Lam’. γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου (19:7,9; cf. 21:2,9). Must be rendered identically at every recurrence, per HSV/NBV convention.
Wife Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: de vrouw van het Lam
Transliteration: de vrouw van het Lam
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: ἡ γυνὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Church
NEW. ἡ γυνὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου (21:9), completing the covenantal-nuptial imagery.
Kingdom Of World Becomes Lords
Approved rendering: het koninkrijk van de wereld is… van onze Heer
Transliteration: het koninkrijk van de wereld is… van onze Heer
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου… τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW, built on baseline ‘Heer’ and ‘Koninkrijk van God’. βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου… τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν (11:15), a thesis-level Return-and-Reign verse requiring identical cross-document rendering.
To Reign
Approved rendering: heersen / regeren
Transliteration: heersen
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: βασιλεύω
Category: Kingdom
NEW. βασιλεύω (5:10; 20:4,6; 22:5). Reserve ‘heersen’ (not ‘regeren,’ which imports a bureaucratic-cabinet association) for Christ’s own reign and the derivative reign of the saints; guard against a triumphalist misreading of believers’ own reign as independent sovereignty.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: genade
Transliteration: genade
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: gunst
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Echoed thematically in 21:6/22:17’s ‘om niet’ (δωρεάν) — the book’s own sola-gratia bookend to Paul’s gospel.
Salvation
Approved rendering: behoud
Transliteration: behoud
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: verlossing (more common, less precise), zaligheid (older/pietistic register)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Register discipline (behoud/verlossing/zaligheid) applies identically at 7:10, 12:10 (implied), 19:1.
Saints
Approved rendering: heiligen
Transliteration: heiligen
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs markedly more frequently in Revelation than in Romans (5:8; 8:3-4; 11:18; 13:7,10; 14:12; 16:6; 17:6; 18:24; 19:8; 20:9); apply the mandatory ‘alle gelovigen’ disambiguating gloss at every occurrence, and note the unrelated LDS naming collision (‘Heiligen der Laatste Dagen’).
Church
Approved rendering: gemeente
Transliteration: gemeente
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: kerk (institution-default)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Plural ‘gemeenten’ used for the seven named local congregations (1:4,11,20; ch. 2-3); singular for the Church universal (22:16).
Sin
Approved rendering: zonde
Transliteration: zonde
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Appears corporately/systemically (‘Babylon’s sins have piled up to heaven’, 18:4-5); the baseline’s documented colloquial drift (‘a pity/waste’) applies with added force in these judgment contexts.
Covenant
Approved rendering: verbond
Transliteration: verbond
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked via ‘ark van het verbond’ (11:19) and underlies the covenantal-nuptial ‘bruid’ imagery (Church as Bride of Christ doctrine).
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Mensenzoon
Transliteration: Mensenzoon
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Zoon des mensen (archaic, carries stronger Daniel 7 resonance for catechized readers)
Original: υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW. υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου (1:13; 14:14), the Daniel 7:13 messianic-judicial figure. Modern ‘Mensenzoon’ risks foregrounding Christ’s humanity over the judicial force; supplementary catechetical framing required.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: morgenster
Transliteration: morgenster
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός
Category: Christology
NEW. ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός (2:28; 22:16), a messianic self-designation of Christ. The Vulgate’s ‘Lucifer’ rendering of Isaiah 14:12 has attached ‘morgenster’ primarily to Satan in Dutch popular imagination; must be explicitly glossed that Christ, not Satan, is in view.
Alpha And Omega
Approved rendering: Alfa en Omega
Transliteration: Alfa en Omega
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: lowercase ‘alfa en de omega’ (NBV21 de-emphasizes divine-title register)
Original: Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ
Category: God
NEW. Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ (1:8; 21:6; 22:13). Escalated to Critical weight where applied to Christ (22:13), a direct deity-of-Christ claim requiring capitalized, unqualified rendering per HSV convention.
Faithful And True
Approved rendering: getrouw en waarachtig
Transliteration: getrouw en waarachtig
Doctrine: Faithfulness and Truthfulness of God’s Word
Rejected alternatives: getrouw en waar (flatter, loses ontological ‘genuine’ sense)
Original: πιστὸς καὶ ἀληθινός
Category: Christology
NEW. πιστὸς καὶ ἀληθινός (3:14; 19:11; 21:5), also of God’s judgments (16:7; 19:2). Must be rendered identically at every occurrence — a deliberate literary bookend across the book.
Freely As A Gift
Approved rendering: om niet / voor niets
Transliteration: om niet
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: gratis (commercial connotation), zomaar (NBV21; risks reading as casual/arbitrary rather than gracious)
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
NEW. δωρεάν (21:6; 22:17), the climactic invitation of Scripture given as pure grace. Must visibly echo the Critical/High baseline grace doctrine (genade) — consistent with Romans 3:24 ‘uit genade… om niet’.
Son Generic Believer
Approved rendering: zoon
Transliteration: zoon
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱός
Category: Salvation
NEW. υἱός (21:7), the overcomer’s filial inheritance-status. Must never be confused with the Critical ‘Zoon van God’ (Christ’s unique, eternal Sonship) — same Dutch word, two theologically distinct categories requiring contextual disambiguation.
Blessed
Approved rendering: zalig / gelukkig
Transliteration: zalig
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation
Original: μακάριος
Category: Salvation
NEW. μακάριος, used seven times (1:3; 14:13; 16:15; 19:9; 20:6; 22:7,14). Same three-way register tension the baseline documents for ‘behoud’: ‘zalig’ (devotional/archaic) vs. ‘gelukkig’ (modern, risks secular happiness-talk). Flag every occurrence for reviewer confirmation of register.
Testimony Witness
Approved rendering: getuigenis / getuige
Transliteration: getuigenis
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: μαρτυρία / μάρτυς
Category: Perseverance
NEW. μαρτυρία / μάρτυς (1:2,5,9; 2:13; 6:9; 11:3,7; 12:11,17; 17:6; 19:10; 20:4). Dutch splits this word-family into ‘getuige’ (witness) and ‘martelaar’ (martyr); flag every occurrence for per-instance theologian judgment.
Two Witnesses
Approved rendering: de twee getuigen
Transliteration: de twee getuigen
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: οἱ δύο μάρτυρες
Category: Perseverance
NEW. οἱ δύο μάρτυρες (11:3-13); the clearest narrative enactment of faithful witness leading to martyrdom and vindication.
Overcome
Approved rendering: overwinnen
Transliteration: overwinnen
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: νικάω
Category: Perseverance
NEW. νικάω, the recurring refrain closing all seven letters and structuring the whole book (17 occurrences). Must be grounded in the Lamb’s own atoning victory (12:11), not self-achieved heroism — a real risk given Dutch cultural admiration for ‘eigen kracht’.
Synagogue Of Satan
Approved rendering: synagoge van Satan
Transliteration: synagoge van Satan
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ
Category: Perseverance
NEW. συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ (2:9; 3:9), a specific first-century local dispute. Given Dutch WWII history, requires mandatory explicit historical-contextual framing to prevent anti-Judaic misuse.
Devil
Approved rendering: duivel
Transliteration: duivel
Doctrine: Cosmic Conflict and Satan’s Defeat
Original: διάβολος
Category: Assurance
NEW. διάβολος (2:10; 12:9,12; 20:2,10). Must be kept consistent with ‘Satan’ and ‘draak’ as referring to one single being.
Keys Of Death And Hades
Approved rendering: sleutels van de dood en het rijk van de dood
Transliteration: sleutels van de dood en het rijk van de dood
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου
Category: Assurance
NEW. κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου (1:18). Christ’s authority even over the intermediate state of the dead.
Judgment
Approved rendering: oordelen / oordeel
Transliteration: oordeel
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: κρίνω / κρίσις / κρίμα
Category: Judgment
NEW. κρίνω / κρίσις / κρίμα (6:10; 11:18; 14:7; 16:5,7; 18:8,10,20; 19:2; 20:11-13). Shares forensic-verdict logic with the Critical righteousness/justification word-family.
Wrath
Approved rendering: toorn
Transliteration: toorn
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ὀργή / θυμός
Category: Judgment
NEW. ὀργή / θυμός (6:16-17; 14:10,19; 15:1,7; 16:1,19; 19:15). Must not be softened into disappointment nor read as arbitrary cruelty divorced from justice; fence away from ‘wraak’ (vengeance).
Winepress Of Wrath
Approved rendering: wijnpersbak van de toorn van God
Transliteration: wijnpersbak van de toorn van God
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ληνὸς τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Judgment
NEW. ληνὸς τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ (14:19-20), echoing Isaiah 63:3. Intentionally shocking imagery; must not be euphemized.
Lake Of Fire
Approved rendering: poel van vuur en zwavel
Transliteration: poel van vuur en zwavel
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: λίμνη πυρὸς καὶ θείου
Category: Judgment
NEW. λίμνη πυρὸς καὶ θείου (19:20; 20:10,14-15; 21:8), echoing Sodom (Genesis 19:24). Must remain concrete and unsoftened despite Dutch secular hell-skepticism.
Second Death
Approved rendering: de tweede dood
Transliteration: de tweede dood
Doctrine: Eternal Punishment and the Second Death
Original: ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος
Category: Judgment
NEW, built on ‘dood’. ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος (2:11; 20:6,14; 21:8). Must remain terminologically distinct from ordinary ‘dood’ (already abolished at 21:4) in every occurrence.
Number 666
Approved rendering: zijn getal, 666
Transliteration: zijn getal, 666
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: ἀριθμὸς αὐτοῦ, χξϛ
Category: Judgment
NEW. ἀριθμὸς αὐτοῦ, χξϛ (13:18). Retain the Arabic numeral (matching YouVersion reference systems); teach as apocalyptic-symbolic, not literalistic ID-hunting.
Babylon The Great
Approved rendering: Babylon de grote
Transliteration: Babylon de grote
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη
Category: Judgment
NEW. Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη (14:8; 16:19; 17:5; 18:2,10,21). Historic Dutch Reformed anti-Catholic polemic identified this with the Papacy — must NOT be revived; teach as OT-typological symbol only.
Great Prostitute
Approved rendering: de grote hoer
Transliteration: de grote hoer
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: softened euphemisms (rejected — HSV/NBV21 retain the harsh term)
Original: ἡ πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη
Category: Judgment
NEW. ἡ πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη (17:1,15-16; 19:2). Retain the text’s deliberately shocking judgment-rhetoric; clarify symbolic-corporate, not gendered-personal, referent.
Hades
Approved rendering: het rijk van de dood
Transliteration: het rijk van de dood
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: Hades (bare transliteration; risks Greek-mythology underworld associations), hel (risks conflation with the final lake of fire)
Original: Ἅιδης
Category: Symbolism
NEW. Ἅιδης (1:18; 6:8; 20:13-14), the general realm of the dead, distinct from the final lake of fire.
New Jerusalem
Approved rendering: Jeruzalem
Transliteration: Jeruzalem
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή (21:2,10). Must be anchored explicitly as eschatological/symbolic given the Netherlands’ strong Reformed Christian-Zionist tradition, which risks conflation with contemporary Middle East geopolitics.
Tabernacle Dwell
Approved rendering: tent / zijn tent opslaan
Transliteration: zijn tent opslaan
Doctrine: Incarnation and Divine Presence
Rejected alternatives: wonen (bare; severs the John 1:14 tabernacle-typology link)
Original: σκηνή / σκηνόω
Category: Eschatology
NEW. σκηνή / σκηνόω (21:3; also 7:15; 12:12; 13:6; 15:5). Shares its root with the Incarnation doctrine (‘vleeswording’).
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Root of new antonym ‘ongelovigen’ (ἄπιστοι, 21:8) and adjectival ‘gelovigen’ in the 17:14 triad.
Called
Approved rendering: geroepen
Transliteration: geroepen
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Combined with ‘elect’ and ‘faithful’ in the Critical 17:14 triad (see called_chosen_faithful_triad).
Calling
Approved rendering: roeping
Transliteration: roeping
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not directly re-used as a distinct noun-occurrence in Revelation; retained for cross-document consistency.
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: heilig
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: rein
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Extended from persons to a place (the holy city, 21:2) and to God’s own character (Trisagion, 4:8).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: heiliging
Transliteration: heiliging
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Implied throughout Revelation but not a distinct noun-occurrence; retained for consistency.
Adoption
Approved rendering: aanneming tot kinderen
Transliteration: aanneming tot kinderen
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: adoptie (bare, legal-procedural)
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies the filial-inheritance logic of the overcomer’s ‘son’ status (21:7; see son_generic_believer).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: opstanding
Transliteration: opstanding
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged in its general sense. Escalated to Critical when qualified as ‘eerste opstanding’ (20:5-6, see first_resurrection) due to millennial-interpretation entanglement.
Glory
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid
Transliteration: heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Extremely frequent doxological term in Revelation (1:6; 4:9,11; 5:12-13; 7:12; 15:8; 19:1; 21:11,23,24,26); culminates as the New Jerusalem’s own light-source.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Koninkrijk van God
Transliteration: Koninkrijk van God
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: Koninkrijk Gods (archaic genitive)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Extended into the ‘kingdom of the world becomes our Lord’s’ contrast (11:15) and ‘kingdom and priests’ (5:10).
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Transliteration: Messias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package for the titular sense. Revelation’s dominant usage (1:1,2,5; 11:15; 12:10; 20:4,6) fuses this into the compound name ‘Jezus Christus’ rather than standing alone — a distinct register decision from Romans’ titular contexts.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: nakomeling van David
Transliteration: nakomeling van David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: uit het zaad Davids (archaic/clinical register)
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged; retained for cross-reference contrast. Do NOT conflate with Revelation’s own distinct phrase ‘wortel van David’ (ῥίζα Δαυίδ, see root_of_david).
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked in the sealing of the twelve tribes (7:4) and the New Jerusalem’s gate-names (21:12); the baseline’s documented Dutch Christian-Zionist reading risk applies with full force.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The Spirit’s fullness is symbolically represented as ‘de zeven Geesten’ (see seven_spirits) — must not be misread as seven distinct spirits.
Father
Approved rendering: Vader
Transliteration: Vader
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked in the doxology of 1:6 and the overcomer promises of 3:5,21; 14:1.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: vleeswording
Transliteration: vleeswording
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο / σκηνόω
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. John 1:14’s σκηνόω root resurfaces at 21:3 (see tabernacle_dwell), tying the Incarnation to the eschatological tabernacling of God among his people.
Root Of David
Approved rendering: wortel van David
Transliteration: wortel van David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: ῥίζα Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW. ῥίζα Δαυίδ (5:5; 22:16), a distinct Greek phrase from baseline’s ‘seed of David’. Must not be conflated with ‘nakomeling van David’ (σπέρμα Δαυίδ) — different images serving the same doctrine.
The Living One
Approved rendering: de Levende
Transliteration: de Levende
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: ὁ ζῶν
Category: Christology
NEW. ὁ ζῶν (1:18), Christ’s self-designation grounding his deity and resurrection-based authority over death.
The One Who Is Coming
Approved rendering: Die komt / de Komende
Transliteration: de Komende
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ὁ ἐρχόμενος
Category: Christology
NEW. ὁ ἐρχόμενος (1:4,8; 4:8), part of the triune-echoing divine-title formula ‘who is and who was and who is to come’. Consistency required with ‘Ik kom spoedig’ (22:7,12,20, see coming_quickly).
Seven Spirits
Approved rendering: de zeven Geesten
Transliteration: de zeven Geesten
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα
Category: God
NEW. τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (1:4; 4:5; 5:6), a symbolic-numerical representation of the one Holy Spirit’s sevenfold fullness. Flag for review to prevent a polytheistic-sounding misreading.
One Seated On Throne
Approved rendering: Hij die op de troon zit
Transliteration: Hij die op de troon zit
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: ὁ καθήμενος ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ
Category: God
NEW. ὁ καθήμενος ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ, a recurring divine title (4:2,9-10; 5:1,7,13; 6:16; 7:10; 19:4; 20:11; 21:5). Consistency required across every occurrence.
Unbelieving
Approved rendering: ongelovigen
Transliteration: ongelovigen
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ἄπιστοι
Category: Faith
NEW. ἄπιστοι (21:8), direct antonym of baseline ‘geloof’ — willful unbelief, not mere doubt; the judgment context supplies the object (Christ) the baseline requires.
Book Of Life
Approved rendering: boek van het leven
Transliteration: boek van het leven
Doctrine: Election and Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: boek des levens (archaic genitive)
Original: βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Salvation
NEW. βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς (3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12,15; 21:27). Connects to the Critical Election doctrine and to Assurance of Salvation.
Gentiles Nations
Approved rendering: natie, stam, volk en taal
Transliteration: natie, stam, volk en taal
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνος, φυλή, λαός, γλῶσσα
Category: Church
NEW. ἔθνος, φυλή, λαός, γλῶσσα, a fourfold formula (5:9; 7:9; 11:9; 13:7; 14:6; 17:15) distinct from baseline’s narrower ‘heidenen’. Must be rendered identically at every occurrence.
Twenty Four Elders
Approved rendering: oudsten
Transliteration: oudsten
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: πρεσβύτεροι (εἴκοσι τέσσαρες)
Category: Church
NEW. πρεσβύτεροι εἴκοσι τέσσαρες (4:4,10; 5:5-14; 7:11,13; 11:16; 14:3; 19:4). Must be kept distinct from the Dutch church-office term ‘ouderling’.
Living Creatures
Approved rendering: levende wezens
Transliteration: levende wezens
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: dieren (animals — loses exalted, semi-angelic character)
Original: ζῷα
Category: Worship
NEW. ζῷα (4:6-9; 5:6-14; 6:1-7; 7:11; 14:3; 15:7; 19:4), cherubim-like throne attendants.
Bondservants
Approved rendering: dienstknechten / dienaren
Transliteration: dienstknechten
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: slaven (chattel-slavery connotation, inappropriate)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
NEW. δοῦλος (1:1; 7:3; 22:3), total belonging as a status of honor. ‘Dienstknechten’ (SV/HSV register) preserves total-ownership force better than modern ‘dienaren’.
Ark Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: ark van het verbond
Transliteration: ark van het verbond
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
NEW, built on baseline ‘verbond’. ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης (11:19); part of the literary bookend with the temple’s absence at 21:22.
Key Of David
Approved rendering: sleutel van David
Transliteration: sleutel van David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: κλεῖς Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
NEW, built on baseline ‘David’. κλεῖς Δαυίδ (3:7), Isaiah 22:22 messianic authority image.
Twelve Tribes
Approved rendering: de twaalf stammen (van Israël)
Transliteration: de twaalf stammen
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: αἱ δώδεκα φυλαὶ (τοῦ Ἰσραήλ)
Category: Covenant
NEW, built on baseline ‘Israël’. αἱ δώδεκα φυλαί (7:4-8; gate-names 21:12). Supports the Unity of Jews and Gentiles doctrine alongside the twelve-apostle foundations.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: verdrukking
Transliteration: verdrukking
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Perseverance
NEW. θλῖψις (1:9; 2:9-10,22; 7:14). The translation itself must remain interpretively neutral regarding pre/post-tribulation rapture schemes.
Trial Test
Approved rendering: verzoeking / beproeving
Transliteration: beproeving
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: verzoeking alone (leans toward temptation-to-sin in modern Dutch)
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Perseverance
NEW. πειρασμός (3:10), eschatological testing. ‘Beproeving’ preferred to keep the external-trial sense primary.
Souls Of The Slain
Approved rendering: zielen van de geslachten
Transliteration: zielen van de geslachten
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ψυχαὶ τῶν ἐσφαγμένων
Category: Perseverance
NEW. ψυχαὶ τῶν ἐσφαγμένων (6:9-11), the martyrs’ cry for judgment/vindication.
Crown Wreath
Approved rendering: kroon
Transliteration: kroon
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: στέφανος
Category: Perseverance
NEW. στέφανος (2:10; 3:11), the victor’s wreath given to believers, distinct from the royal διάδημα worn by the dragon/beast (see diadem). Consider ‘overwinnaarskroon’ where the distinction carries theological weight.
White Robes
Approved rendering: witte gewaden / witte klederen
Transliteration: witte gewaden
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: στολαὶ λευκαί
Category: Perseverance
NEW. στολαὶ λευκαί (6:11; 7:9,13-14), garments of purity/victory given, not self-provided — grace over merit.
Ancient Serpent
Approved rendering: de oude slang
Transliteration: de oude slang
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος
Category: Symbolism
NEW. ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος (12:9; 20:2), a direct allusion to Genesis 3, tying Revelation’s climax to Genesis’s opening conflict.
Accuser
Approved rendering: aanklager
Transliteration: aanklager
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation
Original: κατήγορος
Category: Assurance
NEW. κατήγορος (12:10), Satan’s role decisively ended; ties to Assurance of Salvation (cf. Romans 8:33-34, already present in baseline).
Armageddon
Approved rendering: Armageddon
Transliteration: Armageddon
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: Ἁρμαγεδών
Category: Symbolism
NEW. Ἁρμαγεδών (16:16). Pop-culture usage generalizes the word to any catastrophe; contextual gloss advisable.
Cowardly
Approved rendering: lafhartigen
Transliteration: lafhartigen
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: bangen (too mild/psychological)
Original: δειλοί
Category: Judgment
NEW. δειλοί (21:8). ‘Lafhartig’ better preserves the culpable, faith-abandoning sense.
Detestable
Approved rendering: verfoeilijken
Transliteration: verfoeilijken
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: onaangenamen (loses moral gravity)
Original: ἐβδελυγμένοι
Category: Judgment
NEW. ἐβδελυγμένοι (21:8), echoing OT idolatry-abomination vocabulary.
Sexually Immoral
Approved rendering: ontuchtplegers
Transliteration: ontuchtplegers
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: πόρνοι
Category: Judgment
NEW. πόρνοι (21:8; 22:15), a personal vice category. Distinguish from the symbolic-corporate ‘de grote hoer’ (ch. 17).
Sorcerers
Approved rendering: tovenaars
Transliteration: tovenaars
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: φαρμακοί
Category: Judgment
NEW. φαρμακοί (21:8; 9:21; 18:23; 22:15). Guard against fairy-tale ‘tovenaar’ (benign wizard) trivialization.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: lasteren
Transliteration: lasteren
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Justice
Original: βλασφημέω
Category: Judgment
NEW. βλασφημέω (16:9,11,21), the wicked’s hardened response to judgment rather than repentance.
Diadem
Approved rendering: diadeem
Transliteration: diadeem
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: διάδημα
Category: Judgment
NEW. διάδημα (12:3; 13:1; 19:12), royal diadem contrasted with στέφανος. Distinguish ‘diadeem’ (royal claim, dragon/beast/Christ) from ‘kroon’ (victor’s wreath, believers).
False Prophet
Approved rendering: valse profeet
Transliteration: valse profeet
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ψευδοπροφήτης
Category: Judgment
NEW, built on baseline ‘profeet’. ψευδοπροφήτης (16:13; 19:20; 20:10).
Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: dienen
Transliteration: dienen
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: λατρεύω
Category: Worship
NEW. λατρεύω (7:15; 22:3), cultic religious service, distinct from ‘aanbidden’ (προσκυνέω).
Glory Honor Power
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid en eer en kracht
Transliteration: heerlijkheid en eer en kracht
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: δόξα καὶ τιμὴ καὶ δύναμις
Category: Worship
NEW composite, built on baseline ‘heerlijkheid’. δόξα καὶ τιμὴ καὶ δύναμις (4:9,11; 5:12-13; 7:12; 19:1), the recurring doxology formula.
Holy Holy Holy
Approved rendering: heilig, heilig, heilig
Transliteration: heilig, heilig, heilig
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ἅγιος ἅγιος ἅγιος
Category: Worship
NEW, built on baseline ‘heilig’. The Trisagion (4:8), echoing Isaiah 6:3; preserve the threefold repetition exactly.
Worthy
Approved rendering: waardig
Transliteration: waardig
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ἄξιος
Category: Worship
NEW. ἄξιος (4:11; 5:2,4,9,12), the doctrinal ground for exclusive worship of the Lamb.
Slain
Approved rendering: geslacht
Transliteration: geslacht
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ἐσφαγμένον
Category: Worship
NEW. ἐσφαγμένον (5:6,9,12; 13:8). Carries a strong everyday butchery connotation in modern Dutch; surrounding worship-scene co-text must frame it sacrificially.
Revelation Unveiling
Approved rendering: openbaring
Transliteration: openbaring
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Symbolism
NEW. ἀποκάλυψις (1:1, book title). Genre-defining term: God’s disclosure, not human speculation.
Mystery
Approved rendering: geheimenis
Transliteration: geheimenis
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Rejected alternatives: mysterie (secular detective-novel/unsolved-puzzle connotation)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Symbolism
NEW. μυστήριον (1:20; 10:7; 17:5,7), a revealed secret, not an unsolvable puzzle.
Seal
Approved rendering: zegel / verzegelen
Transliteration: zegel
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: σφραγίς / σφραγίζω
Category: Symbolism
NEW. σφραγίς / σφραγίζω (5:1-9; 6:1-12; 7:2-8; 8:1). Must not be conflated with Dutch Reformed sacramental ‘zegel’ language (Heidelberg Catechism); related but distinct categories.
Woe
Approved rendering: wee
Transliteration: wee
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: οὐαί
Category: Symbolism
NEW. οὐαί (8:13; 9:12; 11:14; 12:12; 18:10,16,19), the recognizable OT prophetic-oracle form; do not paraphrase away.
Abyss
Approved rendering: afgrond
Transliteration: afgrond
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: ἄβυσσος
Category: Symbolism
NEW. ἄβυσσος (9:1-2,11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1,3).
Bind Satan
Approved rendering: binden
Transliteration: binden
Doctrine: Cosmic Conflict and Satan’s Defeat
Original: δέω
Category: Symbolism
NEW. δέω (20:2-3,7), a decisive but not yet final act of divine restraint.
New Qualitative
Approved rendering: nieuw
Transliteration: nieuw
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: καινός
Category: Eschatology
NEW. καινός (21:1,5), qualitatively new, not merely renewed. Dutch ‘nieuw’ does not carry this distinction unaided; requires catechetical framing.
Sea Symbolic Absence
Approved rendering: zee
Transliteration: zee
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: θάλασσα
Category: Eschatology
NEW. θάλασσα (21:1), ‘no more sea’ signaling chaos-removal, not a literal geographic claim — risk elevated in Dutch maritime culture.
Holy City
Approved rendering: heilige stad
Transliteration: heilige stad
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: πόλις ἁγία
Category: Eschatology
NEW composite, built on baseline ‘heilig’. πόλις ἁγία (21:2,10).
Death Abolished
Approved rendering: dood
Transliteration: dood
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: θάνατος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. θάνατος (21:4, abolished for the redeemed). Must remain distinct from ‘de tweede dood’ (v.8).
It Is Done
Approved rendering: Het is gebeurd / Het is geschied
Transliteration: Het is geschied
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Rejected alternatives: Het is volbracht (forbidden — John 19:30’s distinct τελέω verb)
Original: Γέγοναν
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Γέγοναν (16:17; 21:6). Must NOT be rendered identically to John 19:30’s ‘Het is volbracht’; keeps the cross’s finished work distinct from history’s consummation.
Spring Of Water Of Life
Approved rendering: bron van het water van het leven
Transliteration: bron van het water van het leven
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: πηγὴ τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Eschatology
NEW. πηγὴ τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς (21:6; cf. 22:1,17). Must be rendered identically at every occurrence; not flattened to ordinary ‘drinkwater’.
River Of Life
Approved rendering: rivier van het water van het leven
Transliteration: rivier van het water van het leven
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς
Category: Eschatology
NEW. ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς (22:1); full-river extension of the 21:6 spring imagery.
Tree Of Life
Approved rendering: boom van het leven
Transliteration: boom van het leven
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Eschatology
NEW. ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς (2:7; 22:2,14,19). Must be rendered identically at every occurrence, bookending Scripture’s Eden-to-New-Jerusalem arc.
Paradise
Approved rendering: paradijs
Transliteration: paradijs
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. παράδεισος (2:7). Modern Dutch commercial usage (‘een waar paradijs’ for resorts) risks trivializing the term.
Curse Removed
Approved rendering: vloek
Transliteration: vloek
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: κατάρα
Category: Eschatology
NEW. κατάρα (22:3), the reversal of Genesis 3’s curse.
Wall Gates Foundations
Approved rendering: muur, poorten, fundamenten
Transliteration: muur, poorten, fundamenten
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: τεῖχος, πύλαι, θεμέλιοι
Category: Eschatology
NEW. τεῖχος, πύλαι, θεμέλιοι (21:12-21), integrating OT (twelve tribes/gates) and NT (twelve apostles/foundations) peoples of God.
Temple Absence
Approved rendering: tempel (“geen tempel”)
Transliteration: tempel
Doctrine: Incarnation and Divine Presence
Original: ναός
Category: Eschatology
NEW. ναός (21:22, its explicit absence, cf. 11:1,19). The negation itself carries the theological weight — ‘Ik zag geen tempel’ must be clearly rendered.
Adorned
Approved rendering: getooid / versierd
Transliteration: getooid
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Rejected alternatives: opgemaakt (colloquial; vanity/cosmetics connotation)
Original: κεκοσμημένην
Category: Church
NEW. κεκοσμημένην (21:2), the bride’s adornment given by God, not self-achieved.
Wedding Supper Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: bruiloftsmaal van het Lam
Transliteration: bruiloftsmaal van het Lam
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: δεῖπνον τοῦ γάμου τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Church
NEW. δεῖπνον τοῦ γάμου τοῦ ἀρνίου (19:9), the invited guests’ blessedness ties Worship of the Lamb and Church as Bride together.
The Woman Symbolic
Approved rendering: vrouw
Transliteration: vrouw
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: γυνή
Category: Church
NEW. γυνή (12:1-17), a symbolic-corporate figure. Guard against unrelated Catholic Marian-devotion conflation given the Netherlands’ Catholic-south/Reformed-north divide.
Coming Quickly
Approved rendering: Ik kom spoedig
Transliteration: Ik kom spoedig
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Ik kom snel (temporally-precise; loses prophetic imminence-without-timetable sense)
Original: ἔρχομαι ταχύ
Category: Eschatology
NEW. ἔρχομαι ταχύ (22:7,12,20). ‘Spoedig’ preferred over ‘snel’; render consistently at all three occurrences.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Extended by ‘eeuwig evangelie’ (14:6) into an apocalyptic-judgment context; gospel proclamation continues even amid unfolding judgment.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostel
Transliteration: apostel
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Recurs as ‘twaalf apostelen’ foundation-names (21:14) and at 18:20.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeet
Transliteration: profeet
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Very frequent (1:3; 10:7; 11:10,18; 16:6; 18:20,24; 19:10; 22:6,9); extended by ‘valse profeet’ (see false_prophet).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profetie
Transliteration: profetie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used of the book’s own self-description as prophecy (1:3; 22:7,10,18-19), a canon-closing formula carrying added doctrinal weight.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked at 3:7 (key of David), 5:5 (root of David), 22:16.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Stable throughout (1:1,5,9; 22:16,20-21).
Exhort
Approved rendering: vermanen / aansporen
Transliteration: vermanen
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The seven letters’ rebuke-sections (2:5,16; 3:3,19) generally lean toward the ‘vermanen’ (admonish/warn) sense.
Mission
Approved rendering: zending
Transliteration: zending
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: missie (broader/secular)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Doctrinal correlate to ‘eeuwig evangelie’ (14:6) and the two witnesses’ prophetic proclamation (11:3-13).
Peace
Approved rendering: vrede
Transliteration: vrede
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked in the epistolary greeting (1:4).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: dankzegging
Transliteration: dankzegging
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία (εὐχαριστοῦμεν)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Expressed in the heavenly liturgy (11:17).
Beginning And End
Approved rendering: begin en einde
Transliteration: begin en einde
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος
Category: God
NEW. ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος (21:6; 22:13), reinforcing the Alpha/Omega claim in ordinary vocabulary.
Almighty
Approved rendering: de Almachtige
Transliteration: de Almachtige
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: παντοκράτωρ
Category: God
NEW. παντοκράτωρ (1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7,14; 19:6,15; 21:22). Stable, well-established Dutch liturgical term (cf. Apostles’ Creed).
Throne
Approved rendering: troon
Transliteration: troon
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: θρόνος
Category: God
NEW (Revelation-specific TM entry; stable across all Dutch traditions). Structural image of authority underlying the whole book (40+ occurrences).
Lampstand
Approved rendering: kandelaar
Transliteration: kandelaar
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: λυχνία
Category: Church
NEW. λυχνία (1:12,20; 2:5), OT tabernacle furniture used symbolically for the churches themselves.
Satan
Approved rendering: Satan
Transliteration: Satan
Doctrine: Cosmic Conflict and Satan’s Defeat
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Assurance
NEW. Σατανᾶς (2:9,13,24; 3:9; 12:9; 20:2,7). Stable transliteration; part of a single-being identity chain with duivel/draak/oude slang.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: eerstelingen
Transliteration: eerstelingen
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Assurance
NEW. ἀπαρχή (14:4), OT sacrificial/agricultural offering-category applied to the 144,000.
Rest
Approved rendering: rust
Transliteration: rust
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: ἀνάπαυσις
Category: Assurance
NEW. ἀνάπαυσις (14:13), anticipates the full rest of 21:4.
Gog And Magog
Approved rendering: Gog en Magog
Transliteration: Gog en Magog
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: Γὼγ καὶ Μαγώγ
Category: Symbolism
NEW. Γὼγ καὶ Μαγώγ (20:8), Ezekiel 38-39 typology. Symbolic; guard against speculative geopolitical identification.
Plague
Approved rendering: plaag(en)
Transliteration: plaag
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: πληγή
Category: Judgment
NEW. πληγή (ch. 16, 18), the concrete form the bowl-judgments take.
Merchants
Approved rendering: kooplui / handelaars
Transliteration: kooplui
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ἔμπορος
Category: Judgment
NEW. ἔμπορος (18:3,11,15,23), economic complicity in Babylon’s idolatrous system — relevant to a modern, highly commercialized Dutch context.
Murderers
Approved rendering: moordenaars
Transliteration: moordenaars
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: φονεῖς
Category: Judgment
NEW. φονεῖς (21:8; 9:21).
Idolaters
Approved rendering: afgodendienaars
Transliteration: afgodendienaars
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: εἰδωλολάτραι
Category: Judgment
NEW. εἰδωλολάτραι (21:8; 22:15), the direct antithesis of the Worship of the Lamb doctrine.
Liars
Approved rendering: leugenaars
Transliteration: leugenaars
Doctrine: Faithfulness and Truthfulness of God’s Word
Original: ψευδεῖς
Category: Judgment
NEW. ψευδεῖς (21:8; 22:15), deliberately inverting the ‘faithful and true’ formula of 21:5.
Harvest
Approved rendering: oogst
Transliteration: oogst
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: θερισμός
Category: Judgment
NEW. θερισμός (14:15-16), Matthew 13:39 harvest-judgment metaphor.
New Song
Approved rendering: nieuw lied
Transliteration: nieuw lied
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ᾆσμα καινόν
Category: Worship
NEW. ᾆσμα καινόν (5:9; 14:3).
Hallelujah
Approved rendering: Halleluja
Transliteration: Halleluja
Doctrine: Doxology and Liturgical Worship Forms
Original: Ἁλληλουϊά
Category: Worship
NEW formal TM entry (referenced but not previously tabled in baseline Romans TM). Ἁλληλουϊά (19:1,3,4,6). Stable transliterated liturgical form across all Dutch traditions.
Amen
Approved rendering: Amen
Transliteration: Amen
Doctrine: Faithfulness and Truthfulness of God’s Word
NEW formal TM entry (referenced in baseline AI requirements transliteration list but not previously a distinct TM entry). Ἀμήν; also used as a Christological title (‘de Amen’, 3:14) — flag this titular usage for theologian awareness even though the transliteration itself is Low risk.
Scroll
Approved rendering: boekrol
Transliteration: boekrol
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: boek (generic; loses physical unsealing-narrative)
Original: βιβλίον
Category: Symbolism
NEW. βιβλίον (5:1-9; 6:1-17), the sealed scroll of God’s redemptive plan.
Trumpet
Approved rendering: bazuin
Transliteration: bazuin
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: σάλπιγξ
Category: Symbolism
NEW. σάλπιγξ (1:10; 4:1; 8:2-13; 9:1-14; 11:15). Iconic, stable Statenvertaling-derived Dutch Bible term.
Bowl
Approved rendering: schaal
Transliteration: schaal
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: φιάλη
Category: Symbolism
NEW. φιάλη (15:7; 16:1-17; 17:1; 21:9).
Tear
Approved rendering: traan
Transliteration: traan
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: δάκρυον
Category: Eschatology
NEW. δάκρυον (21:4).
Mourning
Approved rendering: rouw
Transliteration: rouw
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: πένθος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. πένθος (21:4; 18:7-8).
Crying Outcry
Approved rendering: gejammer / geween
Transliteration: geween
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: κραυγή
Category: Eschatology
NEW. κραυγή (21:4); register choice between ‘gejammer’ (slightly informal) and ‘geween’ (weeping) per surrounding liturgical tone.
Pain
Approved rendering: moeite / smart / pijn
Transliteration: pijn
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: πόνος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. πόνος (21:4); register choice between archaic ‘smart’ and modern ‘pijn’.
Referenced passages