Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16 (English → Dutch)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [Reused] and carry forward their baseline Dutch rendering and risk tier exactly, per the hard rule that established renderings must not be altered. New terms introduced by Mark are marked [New] and are proposed here for addition to translation memory (pending Phase 1 Step 8/Phase 2 sign-off), with version increment as specified in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
A. Reused Terms (Baseline Romans Translation Memory — Dutch rendering unchanged)
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Original | Risk | Doctrine (Mark-specific) | Key Mark citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangelie | εὐαγγέλιον | Low (Medium in Mark context) | Gospel; structural thesis-word | 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15 |
| son_of_god | Zoon van God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | Critical | Deity/Sonship of Christ | 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 15:39 |
| faith | geloof | πίστις | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 2:5, 4:40, 5:34-36, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22-24 |
| holy_spirit | Heilige Geest | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | Medium/Critical | Sanctification; Blasphemy against the Spirit | 1:8-12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11 |
| kingdom_of_god | Koninkrijk van God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:14-15, 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 10:14-15, 12:34, 14:25 |
| lord | Heer | κύριος | High | Lordship of Christ | 1:3, 2:28, 5:19, 7:28, 11:3, 11:9-10, 12:36-37 |
| messiah | Messias | Χριστός | Medium (High at 8:29) | Messianic Secret | 1:1, 8:29, 9:41, 14:61 |
| sin | zonde | ἁμαρτία | High | Universal Human Accountability | 1:4-5, 2:5-10, 3:28-29 |
| law | wet | νόμος | High | Fulfillment of the Law | 2:23-28, 7:1-13, 10:2-9, 12:28-34 |
| gentiles | heidenen | ἔθνη | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 7:26, 10:33, 10:42, 11:17, 13:10 |
| glory | heerlijkheid | δόξα | Medium (High at 10:37) | Deity of Christ; Son of Man’s coming glory | 8:38, 10:37, 13:26 |
| covenant | verbond | διαθήκη | High (Critical at 14:24) | Davidic Covenant; The Ransom for Many | 14:24 |
| election | verkiezing | ἐκλογή (cf. ἐκλεκτός) | Critical | Effectual Calling | 13:20, 13:22, 13:27 |
| israel | Israël | Ἰσραήλ | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 12:29, 15:32 |
| david | David | Δαυίδ | Low | Davidic Covenant | 2:25, 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37 |
| jesus | Jezus | Ἰησοῦς | Low | — | throughout |
| god | God | θεός | Medium | — | throughout |
| father | Vader | πατήρ | Medium | Adoption; Gethsemane prayer | 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 |
| abba | Abba | Ἀββά | Medium | Adoption; Gethsemane prayer (source text for Rom 8:15) | 14:36 |
| apostle | apostel | ἀπόστολος | Low/Medium | Apostleship | 3:14, 6:30 |
| called | geroepen | κλητός/καλέω | Medium | Divine Calling | 1:20, 2:17 |
| resurrection | opstanding | ἀνάστασις | Medium | Resurrection of Christ | 12:18-27, 16:6 |
| peace | vrede | εἰρήνη | Low | Peace with God | 5:34 |
| thanksgiving | dankzegging | εὐχαριστία (εὐχαριστήσας) | Low | Thanksgiving | 14:23 |
| prophet | profeet | προφήτης | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | 6:4, 6:15, 8:28, 11:32 |
| prophecy | profetie | προφητεία (implicit citation formulae) | Low | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:2-3, 7:6, 11:17, 14:27,49 |
| power_of_god (kracht) | kracht | δύναμις | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Nature/Sickness | 5:30, 6:2,5,14, 9:1, 13:25 |
| salvation | behoud | σωτηρία (σῴζω, eschatological sense) | High | Salvation | 8:35, 10:26, 13:13,20 |
B. New Terms Introduced by Mark
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Original | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Key Mark citations | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | Mensenzoon (also: Zoon des mensen, HSV) | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | huios tou anthrōpou | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God; Messianic Secret | 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:12, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62 | Danielic (Dan 7:13-14) throne-claiming title; risk of flattening to “mere human being” in low-literacy Dutch context. |
| Ransom | losprijs | λύτρον | lytron | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | Payment-for-release; must be taught with slavery/manumission background, linked to “slaaf” (10:44). |
| for many (substitution) | voor velen | ἀντὶ πολλῶν | anti pollōn | Critical | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 10:45, 14:24 | Dutch “voor” underdetermines the substitutionary force of ἀντί; requires explicit doctrinal commentary. |
| Slave | slaaf | δοῦλος | doulos | Critical | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:44 | Direct collision with Dutch transatlantic slave-trade history (VOC/WIC, Suriname; 2022-23 state apology); mandatory theologian review whenever taught. |
| Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit | godslastering tegen de Heilige Geest | βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον | blasphēmia eis to Pneuma to Hagion | Critical | Assurance amid the Messianic Secret’s opposite pole (hardened rejection) | 3:28-30 | Pastoral risk in Dutch bevindelijke piety of introspective misapplication to ordinary doubt. |
| Eloi Eloi lama sabachthani | Eloï, Eloï, lama sabachtani / “Mijn God, Mijn God, waarom hebt U Mij verlaten?” | Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ, λαμὰ σαβαχθανί | Elōi Elōi, lama sabachthani | Critical | Necessity of the Cross; Suffering Servant | 15:34 | Retain Aramaic + gloss; must never be softened or allegorized away. |
| Blood of the covenant | bloed van het verbond | αἷμα διαθήκης | haima diathēkēs | Critical | The Ransom for Many; Davidic/New Covenant | 14:24 | Pairs with 10:45’s “voor velen”; engages Dutch Reformed verbondsleer. |
| Servant (table servant) | dienaar | διάκονος | diakonos | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 9:35, 10:43, 10:45 | Risk of narrowing to the formal Dutch Reformed church office “diaken.” |
| Authority | gezag / macht (context-sensitive) | ἐξουσία | exousia | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, 11:28-33 | Dutch splits one Greek word into two; consistency required across doctrine unit. |
| Baptism (metaphorical, suffering) | doop / gedoopt worden | βάπτισμα, βαπτίζω | baptisma, baptizō | High | Necessity of the Cross; Faith and Discipleship | 1:4-11, 10:38-39 | Paedobaptist/credobaptist register sensitivity; metaphorical sense risks sacrament-conflation. |
| Save/heal (dual-field) | genezen / redden / behouden (context-sensitive) | σῴζω | sōzō | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness; Salvation | 5:23,28,34; 6:56; 8:35; 10:26,52; 13:13,20; 15:30-31 | One Greek word spans healing and salvation; Dutch requires splitting, risking loss of intentional overlap. |
| Soul/life (dual-field) | leven / ziel (context-sensitive) | ψυχή | psychē | High | Necessity of the Cross; Discipleship | 8:35-37 | Same word rendered two ways in adjacent verses; wordplay must be flagged. |
| Lord it over / exercise authority over | heersen over / macht uitoefenen over | κατακυριεύω, κατεξουσιάζω | katakyrieuō, katexousiazō | Medium-High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:42 | Shares root with κύριος/Heer; Dutch “heerser” from “heer” offers a parallel wordplay opportunity. |
| Mystery/secret | geheimenis | μυστήριον | mystērion | High | The Messianic Secret; Kingdom of God Breaking In | 4:11 | Prefer “geheimenis” (confessional register) over occult-flavored “mysterie.” |
| Tradition | overlevering | παράδοσις | paradosis | High | Fulfillment of the Law; Purity redefinition | 7:3-13 | Avoid “traditie” — Dutch Catholic/Reformed Tradition-vs-Scripture fault line. |
| Torn curtain/veil | voorhangsel | καταπέτασμα | katapetasma | High | Necessity of the Cross | 15:38 | Prefer “voorhangsel” (sacral register) over generic “gordijn.” |
| Son of David | Zoon van David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | huios Dauid | High | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Secret | 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37 | Titular/vocative messianic acclamation, distinct from descriptive “seed of David”; political-messianic overtones. |
| High priest / Son of the Blessed | hogepriester / Zoon van de Gezegende | ἀρχιερεύς, υἱὸς τοῦ εὐλογητοῦ | archiereus, huios tou eulogētou | High | Messianic Secret’s resolution; Deity of Christ | 14:61-62 | The one place Jesus openly, publicly claims full messianic/divine identity. |
| Cross / crucify | kruis / kruisigen | σταυρός, σταυρόω | stauros, stauroō | High | Necessity of the Cross | 8:34, 15:20-25 | Word stable, but centuries of devotional use risk domesticating original shame/horror. |
| Gehenna/hell | de hel | γέεννα | geenna | High | Necessity of the Cross (implicit judgment backdrop) | 9:43-48 | Colloquial Dutch trivializes “de hel” as hyperbole, echoing the “zonde”-drift pattern in the baseline. |
| Must (divine necessity) | moet | δεῖ | dei | High | Necessity of the Cross | 8:31 | Must convey theological necessity, not mere obligation/fatalism. |
| Elect/chosen | uitverkorenen | ἐκλεκτός | eklektos | Critical | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Effectual Calling | 13:20, 13:22, 13:27 | Directly reuses baseline’s Canons-of-Dort-linked election flashpoint. |
| Cup | beker | ποτήριον | potērion | Medium | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 10:38-39, 14:23, 14:36 | OT wrath-cup background must be actively supplied. |
| Repentance/repent | bekering / zich bekeren | μετάνοια, μετανοέω | metanoia, metanoeō | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:4, 1:15 | Risk of narrowing to dramatic evangelical-conversion register. |
| Unclean spirit/demon | onreine geest / demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον, δαιμόνιον | pneuma akatharton, daimonion | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:23-27, 3:11, 5:1-20, 7:24-30, 9:14-29 | Secular readers risk psychologizing/metaphorizing exorcism accounts. |
| Unclean/common (ritual) | onrein / gewoon | κοινός | koinos | Medium | Fulfillment of the Law | 7:2, 7:5, 7:15, 7:18-23 | Distinct from πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον; must not collapse ritual and moral categories. |
| Heart | hart | καρδία | kardia | Medium | Fulfillment of the Law | 7:6, 7:19, 7:21, 12:30 | Hebraic whole-person/volitional sense vs. modern romantic-emotion default. |
| Unbelief | ongeloof | ἀπιστία | apistia | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 6:6, 9:24 | Risk of reading as mere non-religiosity rather than culpable resistance. |
| Fear | vrees / angst | φόβος, φοβέομαι | phobos, phobeomai | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 4:41, 5:15, 6:50, 9:6, 10:32, 16:8 | Preserve Dutch’s useful vrees/angst distinction (reverence vs. anxiety). |
| Compassion | met ontferming bewogen zijn | σπλαγχνίζομαι | splagchnizomai | Medium | Suffering Servant; Jesus’ Authority over Sickness | 1:41, 6:34, 8:2, 9:22 | Prefer liturgical “ontferming” register over flatter “medelijden.” |
| Tribulation | verdrukking | θλῖψις | thlipsis | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 13:19, 13:24 | Standard apocalyptic term; guard against fatalism or date-setting speculation. |
| Watch/be alert | waakzaam zijn / waken | γρηγορέω | grēgoreō | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Necessity of the Cross | 13:34-37, 14:34-38 | Deliberate verbal echo links Ch.13 teaching to Gethsemane failure. |
| Deny (self / Jesus) | verloochenen | ἀπαρνέομαι | aparneomai | Medium | Servanthood; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 8:34, 14:30, 14:72 | Same root links self-denial call to Peter’s denial — preserve consistently. |
| Passover | Pascha / paasmaaltijd | πάσχα | pascha | Medium | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 14:1, 14:12, 14:14, 14:16 | Exodus-deliverance typology must be actively supplied for low-OT-literacy readers. |
| Divorce | scheiden / wegzenden | ἀπολύω | apolyō | Medium | Fulfillment of the Law | 10:2-12 | Pastorally sensitive; not a novel Dutch-specific collision. |
| Eternal life / inherit | eeuwig leven / beërven | ζωὴ αἰώνιος, κληρονομέω | zōē aiōnios, klēronomeō | Medium | Salvation; Kingdom of God Breaking In | 10:17, 10:30 | Must read as gracious inheritance, not renunciation-earned reward. |
| Vineyard / cornerstone | wijngaard / hoeksteen | ἀμπελών, κεφαλὴ γωνίας | ampelōn, kephalē gōnias | Medium | Messianic Secret; Necessity of the Cross | 12:1-12 | Requires Isaiah 5 / Psalm 118 background for full force. |
| King of the Jews/Israel | Koning van de Joden / Koning van Israël | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων, βασιλεὺς Ἰσραήλ | basileus tōn Ioudaiōn, basileus Israēl | Medium | Davidic Covenant; Necessity of the Cross | 15:2, 15:9, 15:18, 15:26, 15:32 | Same contemporary-political-sensitivity flag as baseline’s “Israël." |
| "It is I” | Ik ben het | ἐγώ εἰμι | egō eimi | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Nature; Son of God | 6:50 | Possible divine-Name echo; avoid overclaiming a grammatically absolute usage. |
| Stumbling block | struikelblok | σκάνδαλον, σκανδαλίζω | skandalon, skandalizō | Medium | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 9:42-47 | Standard, low-ambiguity rendering. |
| Parable | gelijkenis | παραβολή | parabolē | Low | The Messianic Secret; Kingdom of God Breaking In | 4:2-34, 7:17, 12:1-12, 13:28 | Stable, standard Dutch Bible term. |
| Leprosy/leper | melaatsheid / melaatse | λέπρα, λεπρός | lepra, lepros | Low | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness | 1:40-45 | Stable rendering; minor note on modern medical mismatch. |
| Sabbath | sabbat | σάββατον | sabbaton | Low | Fulfillment of the Law | 1:21, 2:23-28, 3:1-6, 16:1-2 | Requires brief covenantal-significance gloss for low-OT-literacy readers. |
| Fasting | vasten | νηστεύω | nēsteuō | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 2:18-20 | Standard term. |
| Hosanna | Hosanna | ὡσαννά | hōsanna | Low | Davidic Covenant; The Ransom for Many | 11:9-10 | Retain transliterated; gloss original “save us” sense. |
| Love | liefhebben | ἀγαπάω | agapaō | Low | Fulfillment of the Law | 12:30-31 | Distinguish from diminished modern-Dutch romantic “houden van.” |
| Mercy (cry for) | ontferm U over mij | ἐλέησον | eleēson | Low | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 10:47-48 | Stable liturgical Dutch phrase (Kyrie tradition). |
| Angel | engel | ἄγγελος | angelos | Low | Resurrection of Christ | 16:5-6 | Stable, standard term. |
| Indignant | verontwaardigd / boos | ἀγανακτέω | aganakteō | Low | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:41 | Straightforward emotional term. |
| Prepared/appointed | bereid / voorbereid | ἑτοιμάζω | hetoimazō | Medium | Providence; Effectual Calling | 10:40 | Connects to Reformed verkiezing categories; must retain divine determination sense. |
C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Index (for Phase 1 Step 2 alignment)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary terms (this glossary) |
|---|---|
| Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | Son of God, Son of Man, glory, beloved Son, compassion, suffer/must |
| The Kingdom of God Breaking In | Kingdom of God, gospel, mystery/secret, parable, repentance, elect, tribulation |
| Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | faith, fear, unbelief, mercy, deny (self), soul/life |
| The Necessity of the Cross | cross/crucify, must (dei), suffer, cup, blood of the covenant, Gehenna, Eloi Eloi lama sabachthani, torn curtain |
| Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | servant (diakonos), slave (doulos), lord it over, stumbling block, indignant |
| The Messianic Secret | Son of Man, mystery/secret, blasphemy against the Holy Spirit, high priest/Son of the Blessed, vineyard/cornerstone |
| Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | authority, unclean spirit/demon, save/heal, “It is I”, leprosy, sin/forgive sins |
| The Ransom for Many | ransom, for many (anti pollōn), slave, blood of the covenant, Passover, cup |
This glossary extends, and must never contradict, translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json from the baseline Romans Language Package. New terms above are proposed for formal addition to translation memory under Phase 1 Step 8 / Phase 2 governance, with theologian review mandatory for all Critical-tier entries per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md escalation rules.
Critical Risk Terms
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Elevated to Critical for Mark specifically: Mark 3:29 makes blasphemy against this Person the one unforgivable sin, and Dutch Reformed ‘bevindelijke’ piety has a documented pastoral history of introspective believers wrongly fearing they have committed it.
Lord
Approved rendering: Heer
Transliteration: Heer
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: meester
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Elevated to Critical for Mark: 12:35-37 stages an explicit scriptural argument (Ps 110) for Jesus’ Lordship exceeding mere Davidic descent, and 10:42’s ‘heersen over’ shares the same root, creating a deliberate wordplay this curriculum must preserve, not flatten.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Zoon van God
Transliteration: Zoon van God
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ / Deity of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. The full phrase is required at every Mark occurrence (1:1; 1:11; 3:11; 5:7; 9:7; 15:39) so the inclusio structure opened at the baptism and closed at the centurion’s confession is not lost.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Transliteration: Messias
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Elevated to Critical specifically at Mark 8:29, Peter’s confession, since it is immediately followed by the first Passion prediction (8:31) redefining Messiahship against popular nationalist-liberator expectations; confession and correction must never be separated in Dutch teaching material.
Election
Approved rendering: verkiezing
Transliteration: verkiezing
Doctrine: Effectual Calling and Election
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged, retained at Critical per the baseline’s Canons-of-Dort doctrinal flashpoint. Directly reused at Mark 13:20,22,27 alongside the related adjectival form ‘uitverkorenen’ (see separate entry below); apply the same Reformed-sensitive framing already established in the baseline.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Sonship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged (established Dutch Christian Bible-translation form). Risk tracking elevated to Critical for this book given Jesus is Mark’s central subject throughout and every Christological doctrine in this curriculum depends on maintaining his identity without softening or reduction.
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. As in the baseline, the Netherlands’ high secularization rate means ‘God’ is increasingly encountered as cultural-historical vocabulary; Mark’s dense divine-action vocabulary (kingdom, authority, Spirit, Son) must consistently reinforce personal, active reference.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: opstanding
Transliteration: opstanding
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Mark 16:6’s terse announcement (‘Hij is opgestaan’) must retain full historical, bodily force against any naturalistic-metaphor reading by secular Dutch audiences.
Salvation
Approved rendering: behoud
Transliteration: behoud
Doctrine: Salvation / The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: verlossing (more common, less precise), zaligheid (older/pietistic register)
Original: σωτηρία (σῴζω, eschatological sense)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. The baseline’s three-way Dutch register split (verlossing/behoud/zaligheid) is complicated further in Mark because the same Greek verb sōzō also covers physical healing (see ‘save_heal’ below); teaching material must show how Mark deliberately overlaps the two fields rather than letting the Dutch split sever a connection Mark intends.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Mensenzoon
Transliteration: huios tou anthropou
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God / The Messianic Secret
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term (Mark-specific). Primary rendering ‘Mensenzoon’ (NBV/modern register); ‘Zoon des mensen’ (HSV/Statenvertaling register) is an acceptable secondary form, not rejected, but must not be treated as a lower-stakes variant. Both readings are semantically transparent as ‘son of a human being’ and default, in a low-Bible-literacy, secularized Dutch readership, to a mere humanity-emphasis, entirely missing the Danielic (Dan 7:13-14) throne-claim. Every occurrence (2:10; 2:28; 8:31; 8:38; 9:31; 10:33; 10:45; 13:26; 14:62, etc.) requires a contextual gloss connecting it to Daniel 7 and to Mark’s paired suffering/glory sayings. Mandatory human theologian review.
Ransom
Approved rendering: losprijs
Transliteration: lytron
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: bevrijding (NBV21’s dynamic-equivalence drift, loses payment/manumission sense), rantsoen (Statenvertaling’s older commercial-payment register, archaic)
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
New term (Mark-specific). ‘Losprijs’ (established HSV/WV95 rendering) correctly retains the payment/exchange sense but is now encountered by ordinary Dutch readers almost exclusively in kidnapping-ransom news contexts. The commercial/manumission background linking directly to ‘slaaf’ (10:44) must be actively taught. NBV21’s ‘bevrijding’ must never be substituted. Mandatory human theologian review.
For Many
Approved rendering: voor velen
Transliteration: anti pollōn
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
New term (Mark-specific). Dutch ‘voor’ is ambiguous between substitution (‘in place of’) and mere representation/benefit (‘on behalf of’); it does not force the substitutionary reading Greek ἀντί requires. Must be rendered identically at both 10:45 and 14:24 (NBV21 inconsistently shifts to ‘bevrijding’ at 10:45 while retaining ‘voor velen’ at 14:24 — this curriculum must not follow that inconsistency). Mandatory human theologian review supplying explicit doctrinal commentary echoing Isaiah 53.
Slave
Approved rendering: slaaf
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: dienstknecht (euphemistic softening that mutes Jesus’ deliberate shock)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship
New term (Mark-specific). The Netherlands has a documented, still-live public reckoning with its own history as a major transatlantic and Indian Ocean slave-trading nation (VOC/WIC; plantation slavery in Suriname and the Dutch Caribbean), formally apologized for by the Dutch government and King Willem-Alexander in 2022-23. Retain ‘slaaf’ (matching HSV/NBV21/WV95 precedent) but require mandatory pastoral/historical framing and human theologian review wherever taught.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: godslastering tegen de Heilige Geest
Transliteration: blasphēmia eis to Pneuma to Hagion
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit (the Unforgivable Sin)
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον
Category: Sin
New term (Mark-specific). Dutch Reformed ‘bevindelijke’ (experiential) piety has a well-documented pastoral history of introspective believers wrongly fearing they have committed this ‘unforgivable sin.’ Requires careful theological framing distinguishing hardened, deliberate rejection of the Spirit’s testimony from ordinary doubt or scrupulous conscience. Mandatory human theologian review.
Eloi Lama Sabachthani
Approved rendering: Eloï, Eloï, lama sabachtani / Mijn God, Mijn God, waarom hebt U Mij verlaten?
Transliteration: Elōi Elōi, lama sabachthani
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: fully-translated-only rendering without the Aramaic (BGT’s practice, rejected for this curriculum)
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ, λαμὰ σαβαχθανί
Category: Christology
New term (Mark-specific). Retain the Aramaic transliteration with the established Dutch gloss. Must never be softened, allegorized away, or explained as quotation-without-real-experience; must be allowed to stand in full weight before being resolved in the resurrection (ch. 16). Mandatory human theologian review.
Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: bloed van het verbond
Transliteration: haima diathēkēs
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Blood of Christ
Original: αἷμα διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
New term (Mark-specific). Pairs directly with the ransom saying’s ‘voor velen’ (10:45) and engages the baseline’s flagged, unusually developed Dutch Reformed covenant theology (‘verbondsleer’). Must be taught as a matched pair with 10:45, not a separate, lesser-connected saying. Mandatory human theologian review.
Elect
Approved rendering: uitverkorenen
Transliteration: eklektos
Doctrine: Effectual Calling and Election
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
New term (Mark-specific, adjectival counterpart of baseline noun ‘verkiezing’). Directly reuses the baseline’s flagged doctrinal flashpoint rooted in the Canons of Dort’s (1618-19) formulation against the Dutch Remonstrants. Must not be treated as a fresh, lower-stakes term simply because the adjectival form differs from the baseline’s noun ‘verkiezing’; apply identical Reformed-sensitive framing. Mandatory human theologian review.
Lijdende Dienstknecht
Approved rendering: lijdende Dienstknecht
Transliteration: ebed YHWH (Isaiah 53 register; cf. pais/doulos in Greek reception)
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: dienaar (reserved exclusively for diakonos/discipleship servanthood, doctrine 5), slaaf (reserved exclusively for doulos/status-reversal shock, doctrine 5)
New term, formally registered per linguistic gap analysis recommendation (06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md, section A.1) as a fencing decision. Dutch already has three competing words (knecht/dienaar/dienstknecht) for Isaiah’s ebed figure, two of which sit dangerously close to the diakonos-servant vocabulary used for Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness. Reserve this fixed, capitalized phrase exclusively for the Isaiah 53 / Suffering-Servant Christological title, always paired with ‘Zoon van God’ to hold suffering and deity together across Mark’s 1:1/1:11 to 15:39 inclusio. Mandatory human theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Elevated to High for Mark specifically: Mark 1:1 gives the word unmatched structural prominence as the Gospel’s title-word, and in the Netherlands’ highly secularized context it risks being received as generic ‘nice news’ rather than an authoritative, history-altering announcement requiring active unpacking from the very first verse.
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Elevated to High for Mark: the Gospel structurally pairs ‘geloof’ against fear/unbelief at every major turning point (4:40; 5:34-36; 9:23-24; 10:52), and Dutch secularization makes ‘geloof’ read as generic pluralistic religiosity unless the object of trust (Jezus specifically) is kept explicit.
Sin
Approved rendering: zonde
Transliteration: zonde
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. The baseline’s documented drift of colloquial Dutch ‘zonde’ toward ‘a pity/waste’ applies with full force at Mark 2:5-10, where the scandal that only God can forgive sins collapses entirely if ‘zonde’ is heard as ‘wat een zonde’ rather than culpable moral debt.
Law
Approved rendering: wet
Transliteration: wet
Doctrine: Fulfillment of the Law and Sabbath
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged, capitalized as ‘de Wet’ for Torah per baseline convention. Dutch Reformed dogmatics’ ‘drie gebruiken van de wet’ tradition means Mark’s law controversies (2:23-28; 7:1-13; 10:2-9; 12:28-34) will be read through an existing technical grid that must be respected.
Glory
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid
Transliteration: heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Elevated to High at Mark 10:37 (core passage): James and John request Jesus’ ‘heerlijkheid’ immediately after his third Passion prediction, revealing a ‘glory without cross’ theology the whole 10:35-45 pericope corrects.
Covenant
Approved rendering: verbond
Transliteration: verbond
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Blood of Christ
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Elevated toward Critical specifically at 14:24 (‘bloed van het verbond… voor velen’), directly engaging Dutch Reformed ‘verbondsleer’; see the dedicated ‘blood_of_the_covenant’ entry below.
Father
Approved rendering: Vader
Transliteration: Vader
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Mark 14:36 is the narrative source text underlying the baseline’s own Romans 8:15 entry; the pairing with ‘Abba’ must be rendered identically to that baseline occurrence.
Called
Approved rendering: geroepen
Transliteration: geroepen
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός/καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Context-sensitivity noted in the baseline (career/vocation homonym risk) applies equally in Mark 1:20 and 2:17.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kracht
Transliteration: kracht
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering (baseline used the fuller construction ‘kracht van God’); Mark renders the bare noun ‘kracht’ consistent with that baseline construction. Distinguish consistently from ‘gezag/macht’ used for exousia so Jesus’ miracles read as an integrated exercise of divine right and capability, not two separate lesser categories.
Servant
Approved rendering: dienaar
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Discipleship
New term (Mark-specific). Dutch Reformed church polity has a concrete, formal ecclesiastical office called ‘diaken’ (deacon), governing organized mercy ministry (‘diaconie’). Readers may too readily narrow Jesus’ universal call to servanthood into ‘become a deacon’ rather than a posture required of every disciple; teaching material must explicitly widen the referent. Keep strictly distinct from ‘slaaf’ (doulos) and from ‘lijdende Dienstknecht’ (Isaiah 53 register, see separate entry).
Authority
Approved rendering: gezag / macht
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Healing
New term (Mark-specific). Dutch splits the single Greek term into two words (‘gezag’ for legitimate right, ‘macht’ for raw capability) where Greek uses one flexible word; consistent, context-sensitive rendering across 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, and 11:28-33 is required so Jesus’ authority reads as one integrated reality. Apply both terms in fixed collocation (‘gezag en macht’) at first major occurrence (1:22, 1:27) to signal underlying unity.
Baptism
Approved rendering: doop
Transliteration: baptisma / baptizō
Doctrine: Necessity of the Cross / Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Sanctification
New term (Mark-specific). Dutch church life has a live denominational fault line between Reformed paedobaptist infant baptism and Baptist/evangelical credobaptist believer’s baptism. The metaphorical, non-sacramental sense at 10:38-39 (Jesus’ coming immersion in suffering) risks being read as a literal reference to the water sacrament in either tradition; teaching material must make the metaphor explicit.
Save Heal
Approved rendering: genezen / redden / behouden
Transliteration: sōzō
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature / Salvation
Original: σῴζω
Category: Healing
New term (Mark-specific). Dutch has no single word spanning both fields; translators must choose contextually among ‘genezen’ (heal), ‘redden’ (rescue), and baseline ‘behouden’ (eschatological salvation), but must flag passages (5:23-34; 10:52) where Mark deliberately exploits the overlap so the Dutch split does not sever a connection Mark intends.
Soul Life
Approved rendering: leven / ziel
Transliteration: psychē
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross / Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ψυχή
Category: Discipleship
New term (Mark-specific). Splitting one Greek word into two different Dutch words (‘leven’ for physical life, ‘ziel’ for eternal self) across adjacent verses (8:35-37) risks losing Mark’s deliberate paradox entirely; teaching material must explicitly note the underlying single Greek term.
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: heersen over
Transliteration: katakyrieuō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Discipleship
New term (Mark-specific). Shares its root with kyrios (Lord/‘Heer’), the very title Mark reserves climactically for Jesus. Dutch has a parallel, pedagogically useful resonance: ‘heerser’ (ruler/tyrant) derives from ‘heer.’ The contrast between Jesus, who truly is ‘Heer,’ yet refuses to ‘heersen’ in this domineering sense, should be drawn out explicitly in Dutch teaching material — this is a collision to exploit, not fence apart.
Mystery Secret
Approved rendering: geheimenis
Transliteration: mystērion
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: mysterie (occult/detective-novel connotation in modern Dutch, excluded from all doctrinal use)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
New term (Mark-specific). ‘Mysterie’ in everyday Dutch usage now suggests detective-novel intrigue or new-age esotericism; ‘geheimenis’ retains the confessional Reformed dogmatic register (cf. ‘de verborgenheid van Christus’) and must be preferred throughout, directly grounding the Messianic Secret doctrine at Mark 4:11.
Tradition
Approved rendering: overlevering
Transliteration: paradosis
Doctrine: Fulfillment of the Law and Sabbath
Rejected alternatives: traditie (excluded — carries live Dutch confessional freight around Catholic sacred Tradition as co-authority with Scripture)
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Covenant
New term (Mark-specific). Rendering paradosis as ‘traditie’ risks being heard by Catholic readers (concentrated in the historically Catholic south) as an attack on Tradition-as-such, when Jesus’ critique in context (7:1-13) targets a specific misused human custom (Corban, 7:11), not the category of tradition/teaching-transmission generally. ‘Overlevering’ is the safer, neutral rendering and must be used exclusively.
Torn Curtain
Approved rendering: voorhangsel
Transliteration: katapetasma
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: gordijn (generic household curtain, strips the term of sacral access-to-God freight)
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Christology
New term (Mark-specific). ‘Voorhangsel’ (traditional HSV/Statenvertaling term) retains the necessary cultic resonance and must be used consistently wherever the temple veil is in view (15:38), immediately followed by the centurion’s confession (15:39).
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Zoon van David
Transliteration: huios Dauid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
New term (Mark-specific, distinct from baseline’s descriptive ‘nakomeling van David’ for ‘seed of David’). As a vocative title of public acclamation (10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37), this functions as a messianic confession risking political overtones (crowd expectation of a militant liberator-king); connects to Dutch Reformed Christian Zionism sensitivities already flagged for ‘Israël’.
High Priest Son Of Blessed
Approved rendering: hogepriester / Zoon van de Gezegende
Transliteration: archiereus, huios tou eulogētou
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἀρχιερεύς, υἱὸς τοῦ εὐλογητοῦ
Category: Christology
New term (Mark-specific). This is the theological hinge of the Messianic Secret: the one place Jesus openly, publicly claims full messianic and divine identity (14:61-62). Teaching material must make clear why Jesus now speaks openly what he suppressed earlier, since the secret’s purpose (avoiding a premature, cross-less messianic movement) is fulfilled precisely as the cross becomes unavoidable.
Cross Crucify
Approved rendering: kruis / kruisigen
Transliteration: stauros / stauroō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Christology
New term (Mark-specific). The word itself is uncontested in Dutch, but centuries of devotional and decorative use (jewelry, architecture, idioms like ‘elk huisje heeft zijn kruisje’) risk domesticating its original shame and horror; teaching material should recover this shock, noting the resonance with the ‘slaaf’ theme of 10:44, before drawing out redemptive meaning.
Gehenna Hell
Approved rendering: de hel
Transliteration: geenna
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and Hell
Rejected alternatives: Gehenna (unnecessary transliteration; ‘de hel’ is the settled Dutch Bible-translation convention)
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
New term (Mark-specific). Modern colloquial Dutch uses ‘de hel’ freely as hyperbole for any unpleasant situation (‘het is hier de hel’), a drift-to-triviality pattern paralleling the baseline’s ‘zonde’ drift toward ‘a pity/waste,’ risking loss of Mark’s genuinely severe eschatological warning (9:43-48) to casual idiom.
Must Divine Necessity
Approved rendering: moet
Transliteration: dei
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: δεῖ
Category: Christology
New term (Mark-specific). Plain Dutch ‘moet’ can read as mere obligation or fatalistic inevitability; teaching material must specify this is the Father’s ordained redemptive plan for the Suffering Servant. Render the 8:31/9:31/10:33 Passion-prediction triad identically so their structural repetition is visible in Dutch.
Silencing Command
Approved rendering: en Hij gebood hun scherp dit aan niemand te zeggen
Transliteration: epitimaō / phimoō (silencing formula)
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: ad-hoc synonym variation per occurrence (gebood, verbood, zei streng — rejected because it erases the deliberate narrative refrain)
New term, formally registered per linguistic gap analysis recommendation. Mark repeats this structural silencing formula at least six times (1:34; 1:44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9). A single fixed Dutch formula must be applied uniformly across all occurrences so the deliberate narrative rhythm defining the Messianic Secret remains visible; flag every occurrence for cross-reference in teaching notes.
Medium Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Koninkrijk van God
Transliteration: Koninkrijk van God
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: Koninkrijk Gods (archaic genitive)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Mark 1:14-15 gives this phrase the same thesis-statement function that Romans 1:16-17 has in the baseline; must render identically across every curriculum document. The word-level rendering is Medium risk; the overarching doctrine is tracked at High risk in the doctrine registry because secularized readers will not supply the already/not-yet tension without explicit teaching.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: heidenen
Transliteration: heidenen
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Mission to the Nations
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Mark 10:42 uses the term in a negative political sense (worldly rulers) distinct from 13:10’s positive missionary sense (nations reached by the gospel); keep the two rhetorical functions distinct.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Dutch orthodox Reformed Christian Zionism raises the same risk of conflating biblical Israel with the modern nation-state; Mark 15:32’s mocking use (‘Koning van Israël’) requires care to keep the first-century referent clear.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Mark 14:36 is the narrative source for the baseline’s Romans 8:15 entry; render identically as ‘Abba, Vader’ across both curricula.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostel
Transliteration: apostel
Doctrine: Apostleship and Sending
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Mark 6:7-13’s sending of the Twelve with delegated exousia is a concrete enactment of the office worth teaching.
Peace
Approved rendering: vrede
Transliteration: vrede
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Mark 5:34 pairs ‘vrede’ with healing-faith language (‘ga heen in vrede’); keep the relational, not merely emotional, sense.
Exercise Authority Over
Approved rendering: macht uitoefenen over
Transliteration: katexousiazō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: heerschappij voeren over (alternative rendering, acceptable but secondary)
Original: κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Discipleship
New term (Mark-specific). Must be distinguished from the legitimate, Jesus-endorsed exousia treated elsewhere; the kata- prefix marks illegitimate, self-serving use of power, a nuance plain ‘macht’ risks losing without contextual glossing.
Cup
Approved rendering: beker
Transliteration: potērion
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many / The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Christology
New term (Mark-specific). ‘Beker’ is linguistically unremarkable in Dutch, but the OT wrath-cup background (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17) is unfamiliar to low-OT-literacy Dutch readers and must be actively supplied, not left to the bare word, across both 10:38-39 and 14:36.
Repentance
Approved rendering: bekering
Transliteration: metanoia / metanoeō
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Kingdom
New term (Mark-specific). In secular Dutch usage ‘bekering’ is almost exclusively associated with dramatic evangelical-conversion testimonies, risking a narrower, more emotionally charged reading than Mark’s broader call to reoriented living (1:4, 1:15).
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: onreine geest / demon
Transliteration: pneuma akatharton, daimonion
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον, δαιμόνιον
Category: Healing
New term (Mark-specific). Standard, stable Dutch Bible vocabulary, but secularized Dutch readers are likely to read exorcism episodes as ancient psychiatric misdiagnosis or metaphor rather than genuine personal spiritual conflict, undercutting the doctrine.
Unclean Common
Approved rendering: onrein / gewoon
Transliteration: koinos
Doctrine: Purity, the Heart, and True Defilement
Original: κοινός
Category: Covenant
New term (Mark-specific). Translators must avoid collapsing this ritual-purity term into the same Dutch word used for demonic uncleanness (akathartos), since Jesus’ argument in 7:15-23 specifically depends on distinguishing ritual from moral categories.
Heart
Approved rendering: hart
Transliteration: kardia
Doctrine: Purity, the Heart, and True Defilement
Original: καρδία
Category: Covenant
New term (Mark-specific). Modern Dutch ‘hart’ skews toward emotion/romance like its English counterpart; teaching material should recover the Hebraic whole-person, volitional sense at work in 7:6, 7:19, 7:21, 12:30.
Unbelief
Approved rendering: ongeloof
Transliteration: apistia
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Faith
New term (Mark-specific). The Dutch secularization context means ‘ongeloof’ risks reading as simply ‘not being religious’ rather than the culpable resistance to clear revelation Mark depicts (6:6; 9:24).
Fear
Approved rendering: vrees / angst
Transliteration: phobos, phobeomai
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος, φοβέομαι
Category: Faith
New term (Mark-specific). Dutch usefully distinguishes ‘vrees’ (reverential fear) from ‘angst’ (anxious fear); teaching material should preserve this distinction and resist the temptation to soften Mark 16:8’s deliberately open, fear-laden ending.
Compassion
Approved rendering: met ontferming bewogen zijn
Transliteration: splagchnizomai
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: medelijden hebben (flatter, can carry a faintly condescending tone in Dutch)
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Healing
New term (Mark-specific). The rich, traditional liturgical Dutch phrase ‘met ontferming bewogen zijn’ (cf. the Kyrie ‘Heer, ontferm U’) should be preferred, retaining the visceral, covenantal warmth the Greek conveys.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: verdrukking
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and Hell
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology
New term (Mark-specific). Standard apocalyptic-register Dutch term, low ambiguity, but requires framing to avoid either fatalistic dread or speculative date-setting, both pastoral risks in end-times teaching (13:19, 13:24).
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: waakzaam zijn / waken
Transliteration: grēgoreō
Doctrine: Watchfulness and Eschatological Hope
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
New term (Mark-specific). Teaching material should note the deliberate verbal echo linking Mark 13’s eschatological watchfulness (13:34-37) to Mark 14’s Gethsemane failure-to-watch (14:34,37,38), a structurally important connection.
Deny
Approved rendering: verloochenen
Transliteration: aparneomai
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness / Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι
Category: Discipleship
New term (Mark-specific). The same verb links the call to self-denial (8:34) to Peter’s denial of Jesus (14:30, 72) — a deliberate ironic echo Dutch teaching material should preserve by using the same root consistently across both passages.
Passover
Approved rendering: Pascha
Transliteration: pascha
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many / The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: paasmaaltijd (anachronistically imports the Christian festival name into a pre-resurrection narrative moment)
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant
New term (Mark-specific). Low OT-narrative literacy among secular and even some Catholic/Reformed Dutch readers requires the Exodus-deliverance background to be actively supplied, or the Last Supper (14:1,12,14,16) reads as a generic farewell meal rather than fulfillment of Israel’s founding redemption narrative.
Divorce
Approved rendering: scheiden / wegzenden
Transliteration: apolyō
Doctrine: Marriage and Divorce
Original: ἀπολύω
Category: Covenant
New term (Mark-specific). Pastorally sensitive given high real-world Dutch divorce rates across Reformed, Catholic, and secular groups alike; requires non-condemning framing grounded in creational intent (10:2-12).
Eternal Life Inherit
Approved rendering: eeuwig leven / beërven
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios, klēronomeō
Doctrine: Salvation / The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος, κληρονομέω
Category: Salvation
New term (Mark-specific). Connects to the baseline’s ‘behoud’ (salvation) and ‘verkiezing’ (election) doctrinal cluster; must not be read as a reward earned by renunciation but as gracious inheritance (10:17, 30).
Vineyard Cornerstone
Approved rendering: wijngaard / hoeksteen
Transliteration: ampelōn, kephalē gōnias
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἀμπελών, κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology
New term (Mark-specific). Requires Isaiah 5’s vineyard-song and Psalm 118 background to land with full force for low-OT-literacy Dutch readers (12:1-12); connects to the Messianic Secret doctrine as a veiled self-disclosure.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: Koning van de Joden / Koning van Israël
Transliteration: basileus tōn Ioudaiōn, basileus Israēl
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων, βασιλεὺς Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
New term (Mark-specific). Same contemporary-political-sensitivity flag as the baseline’s ‘Israël’ entry; teachers should keep the first-century royal-messianic mocking-title referent (15:2,9,18,26,32) clearly distinct from any modern nation-state application.
It Is I
Approved rendering: Ik ben het
Transliteration: egō eimi
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Ik ben (absolute rendering, overclaims a grammatically absolute egō eimi not present in the Markan construction, which includes a predicate)
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
New term (Mark-specific). Teaching material should flag the possible echo of the divine Name (Exodus 3:14) without overclaiming a grammatically absolute self-naming the Greek text itself does not fully warrant at 6:50.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: struikelblok
Transliteration: skandalon, skandalizō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: σκάνδαλον, σκανδαλίζω
Category: Discipleship
New term (Mark-specific). Standard, stable rendering (‘struikelblok’/‘doen struikelen’); low ambiguity risk beyond ordinary pastoral application (9:42-47).
Prepared Appointed
Approved rendering: bereid / voorbereid
Transliteration: hetoimazō
Doctrine: Providence and Divine Appointment
Original: ἑτοιμάζω
Category: Salvation
New term (Mark-specific). Must retain the sense of divine, not merely first-come, determination; connects to the baseline’s ‘voorzienigheid’ (providence) and ‘verkiezing’ (election) doctrinal cluster — Dutch Reformed readers will readily supply ‘election’ categories here at 10:40.
Suffer
Approved rendering: lijden
Transliteration: paschō / pathein
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
New term, formally registered per linguistic gap analysis recommendation (06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md, section A). Linguistically unremarkable but doctrinally load-bearing every time it co-occurs with ‘moet’ (dei) in the three Passion predictions (8:31; 9:31; 10:33-34); always render the triad identically so their structural repetition is visible in Dutch.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: bestraffen
Transliteration: epitimaō
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: tot bedaren brengen (natural for the storm alone, but severs the cross-domain rhetorical link), uitdrijven (natural for demons alone, same objection)
New term, formally registered per linguistic gap analysis recommendation. Mark uses one verb across three domains the doctrine explicitly names together: rebuking the wind/sea (4:39), rebuking demons (1:25; 9:25), and rebuking Peter (8:33). Use ‘bestraffen’ consistently across all three; accept the mild oddness of applying it to the sea as a deliberate, marked choice.
Corban
Approved rendering: korban (dat wil zeggen: aan God gegeven)
Transliteration: korban
Doctrine: Fulfillment of the Law and Sabbath
Rejected alternatives: a purely Dutch legal/financial paraphrase without transliteration (BGT’s practice, loses the loaded ritual-vow background)
New term (Mark-specific, 7:11). Transliterate with immediate in-text gloss, mirroring Mark’s own explanatory technique (‘Korban — dat wil zeggen: aan God gegeven’). Dropping the transliteration flattens the legal-technical force of Jesus’ critique of a specific misused vow-custom, which must not be conflated with an attack on tradition/Tradition generally.
First Last
Approved rendering: eerste / laatste
Transliteration: prōtos / eschatos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: voorste/belangrijkste (casual synonym variation, rejected because it erases the deliberate paradoxical repetition)
New term, formally registered per linguistic gap analysis recommendation. Mark’s paradoxical reversal (‘wie eerste wil zijn, moet de laatste van allen zijn,’ 9:35; 10:31, 44) depends entirely on consistent, deliberate repetition; lock these renderings across every occurrence in chapters 9-10.
Great Least
Approved rendering: groot / klein
Transliteration: megas / mikros (implied contrast)
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
New term, formally registered per linguistic gap analysis recommendation, paired with ‘eerste/laatste’ above; lock to single, fixed renderings so the greatness-reversal paradox reads as a deliberate refrain.
Volgen Volgeling
Approved rendering: discipel / leerling (noun); volgen (verb, with explicit cost-of-discipleship framing)
Transliteration: akoloutheō
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: volgeling as the default noun (risks the passive, low-commitment social-media ‘follower’ reading dominant in contemporary Dutch usage)
New term, formally registered per linguistic gap analysis recommendation (a Mark-specific collision not present in the Romans baseline). ‘Volgeling’/‘volgen’ is now the dominant Dutch word for social-media following (‘volgers,’ ‘iemand volgen op Instagram’). Prefer ‘discipel’ or ‘leerling’ as the noun for Jesus’ committed followers; reserve ‘volgen’ as a verb only with explicit costly-discipleship framing nearby (8:34).
Low Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Standard proper name form across all Dutch traditions.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: dankzegging
Transliteration: dankzegging
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Standard, low-risk term at Mark 14:23.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeet
Transliteration: profeet
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Mark 6:4, 6:15, 8:28 use the category as an inadequate identification of Jesus that the narrative corrects.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profetie
Transliteration: profetie
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline rendering; unchanged. Low OT literacy among secular and Catholic Dutch readers requires active cross-referencing wherever Mark cites fulfillment (1:2-3; 11:17; 14:27,49).
Parable
Approved rendering: gelijkenis
Transliteration: parabolē
Doctrine: Parables as Teaching Method
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
New term (Mark-specific). Standard, stable Dutch Bible term; tied to the Messianic Secret since parables both reveal and conceal (4:11-12).
Leprosy
Approved rendering: melaatsheid / melaatse
Transliteration: lepra, lepros
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: λέπρα, λεπρός
Category: Healing
New term (Mark-specific). Stable, standard rendering; minor note that the biblical referent (Lev 13-14) is broader than the modern clinical term (1:40-45).
Sabbath
Approved rendering: sabbat
Transliteration: sabbaton
Doctrine: Fulfillment of the Law and Sabbath
New term (Mark-specific). Stable transliteration in Dutch Bible tradition, though low OT-literacy readers need brief explanation of its covenantal significance beyond ‘a day off’ (1:21; 2:23-28; 3:1-6; 16:1-2).
Fasting
Approved rendering: vasten
Transliteration: nēsteuō
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
New term (Mark-specific). Standard term; 2:18-20 introduces the ‘new wine in new wineskins’ saying about the newness the gospel inaugurates.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosanna
Transliteration: hōsanna
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / The Ransom for Many
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Covenant
New term (Mark-specific). Retain transliterated per established Dutch Bible tradition; gloss its original ‘save us/save now’ sense (11:9-10), subtly reinforcing the ransom/salvation theme running through the curriculum.
Love
Approved rendering: liefhebben
Transliteration: agapaō
Doctrine: Fulfillment of the Law and Sabbath
Original: ἀγαπάω
Category: Covenant
New term (Mark-specific). Standard, stable Dutch Bible term (12:30-31); teaching material should note the distinction from the diminished, purely affectionate modern-Dutch use of ‘liefde/houden van.‘
Mercy Cry
Approved rendering: ontferm U over mij
Transliteration: eleēson
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἐλέησον
Category: Faith
New term (Mark-specific). Stable liturgical Dutch phrase (cf. Kyrie eleison tradition), reinforcing the ‘ontferming’ register already recommended for splagchnizomai (10:47-48).
Angel
Approved rendering: engel
Transliteration: angelos
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Eschatology
New term (Mark-specific). Stable, standard term; heavenly confirmation of the resurrection announcement (16:5-6).
Indignant
Approved rendering: verontwaardigd
Transliteration: aganakteō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: boos (acceptable secondary rendering, less precise)
Original: ἀγανακτέω
Category: Discipleship
New term (Mark-specific). Straightforward emotional term (10:41); the theological weight lies in the narrative point (universal susceptibility to status-seeking), not the word itself.
Referenced passages