Linguistic Gap Analysis — Hebrews (English → Dutch)

Scope and Method

This analysis covers the full extent of Hebrews (chapters 1–13), anchored theologically on the core passage Hebrews 9:11-28, and builds directly on 08_core_glossary.md and bible_term_registry.json (Hebrews additions) without contradicting any already-fixed rendering. It extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json conventions to the curriculum’s eight doctrines:

1. The Superiority of Christ over Angels, Moses, and the Levitical Priesthood
2. Christ as the Great High Priest
3. The New Covenant versus the Old
4. The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
5. The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
6. Faith of the Old Testament Saints
7. Perseverance and Assurance
8. Access to God through Christ’s Blood

No chapter of Hebrews is silently skipped: chapters 1–2 (superiority over angels), 3–4 (superiority over Moses; rest), 5–7 (priesthood, Melchizedek), 8–10 (covenant, sacrifice, access — including the core passage), 11 (faith), 12 (perseverance, discipline, unshakeable kingdom), and 13 (closing exhortations, altar/outside-the-camp typology) are all represented in the matrix and fencing sections below, either as primary doctrine carriers or as explicitly reviewed-but-no-new-terms chapters (noted in §B.3).

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A. Doctrine Vocabulary Matrix

1. The Superiority of Christ over Angels, Moses, and the Levitical Priesthood

Available Dutch terms	Risk	Weaknesses	Recommended strategy
engelen (angels)	Low	None significant; no competing deity/angel folk-concept in Dutch culture.	Reuse as-is.
beter (comparative “better”)	Medium	Hebrews’ single most frequent evaluative keyword (~13 occurrences); if translated inconsistently (“voortreffelijker,” “superieur,” “meer waard”) the book’s cumulative rhetorical architecture collapses.	Fix “beter” as the only rendering for κρείττων at every occurrence; do not vary for stylistic reasons.
de Wet / wet	High	[Baseline reuse].	As baseline.
priesterschap, hogepriester	High	See Doctrine 2.	See Doctrine 2.
erfgenaam / Leidsman	Medium/High	Ch.1’s “heir of all things” (1:2) sets up the whole book’s inheritance theme.	Reuse per registry.
Mozes (Moses, proper name)	Low (new)	Gap: not yet present in bible_term_registry.json despite being central to chs. 3 and 11.	Add “Mozes” to translation memory using the established Dutch Bible form; Low risk, standard across all traditions.

Doctrine-specific note: Hebrews 3’s argument that Christ is “worthy of more glory than Moses” (3:3) must be framed carefully in Dutch given the baseline’s already-flagged sensitivity around Jewish-Christian relations (cf. baseline’s unity_of_jews_and_gentiles doctrine and the Netherlands’ WWII history). The superiority argument is Christological (Son vs. servant, builder vs. house), not a supersessionist dismissal of Moses’ own faithfulness (3:2, “trouw,” is affirmed, not denied). Teaching notes should make this explicit.

2. Christ as the Great High Priest

Available Dutch terms	Risk	Weaknesses	Recommended strategy
hogepriester	High	Dutch “priester” (bare) strongly signals ordained Catholic clergy performing sacramental acts; Protestant clergy are “dominee”/“predikant.” Using “hogepriester” is safer than bare “priester” but the underlying collision with the Mass-sacrifice pattern persists across ~10 occurrences.	Never abbreviate to bare “priester” for Christ. Treat every occurrence as automatically High-risk per the core glossary’s book-wide finding.
priesterschap / blijvend priesterschap	High	Same collision; permanence/non-transferability (7:24) is itself part of the anti-repetition argument against the re-presented Mass sacrifice.	Reuse exactly; supply a standing translator’s note at 7:23-24 distinguishing Christ’s singular office from an ongoing ordained class.
naar de orde van Melchizedek	Medium	Requires Genesis 14 background low-OT-literacy Dutch readers (Reformed, Catholic, and secular alike) will lack.	Supply a teaching-note gloss at first occurrence (5:6) explaining Melchizedek’s typological function.
Borg (guarantor)	Medium	Established Dutch Reformed devotional title (“Christus, onze Borg”); low ambiguity but strongly denominationally coded — Catholic and secular readers may not recognize the term without gloss.	Retain; add one explanatory clause at 7:22.
leerde gehoorzaamheid	Medium	Must not be confused with baseline’s “gehoorzaamheid van het geloof” (believers’ obedience); here the subject is Christ’s own experiential learning.	Keep phrase distinct in both wording and surrounding syntax.
volmaken / volmaakt	High	See ranked ambiguities §D.9.	See §D.9.

3. The New Covenant versus the Old

Available Dutch terms	Risk	Weaknesses	Recommended strategy
verbond / nieuwe verbond / eerste verbond–oude verbond	High	Triple collision with “Nieuwe Testament”/“Oude Testament” (the canonical corpus names), since both pairs derive from the same διαθήκη root ambiguity transposed into Dutch.	Reserve “verbond” strictly for the theological covenant-bond sense; never use “verbond” as a synonym for the Bible’s two Testaments as literary corpora.
testament	Critical	Applies only at 9:16-17’s legal-will wordplay; using “verbond” there destroys the testator-must-die legal analogy Hebrews is making.	Mandatory translator’s note at 9:16-17 explaining the deliberate one-time terminological shift; revert to “verbond” immediately after v.17.
Middelaar	Medium	Stable, shared Reformed/Catholic title.	Reuse exactly at all three occurrences (8:6; 9:15; 12:24).
de Wet	High	[Baseline reuse].	As baseline; 8:13’s “obsolete” language (see §B.2) needs framing care.

4. The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice

Available Dutch terms	Risk	Weaknesses	Recommended strategy
eens voor altijd / eenmaal	High	The book’s central anti-repetition polemic; historically deployed by Dutch Reformed theology against the Catholic sacrifice-of-the-Mass doctrine.	Render identically at all 6 occurrences (7:27; 9:12,26,27,28; 10:10); never soften “eens voor altijd” to bare “eenmaal” where finality is asserted.
verzoendeksel (mercy seat)	Critical	Same Greek word as the already-Critical Romans 3:25 flag; risk of conflation with “troon van de genade” (4:16) if translators substitute “genadetroon.”	Standardize on “verzoendeksel” exclusively; mandatory theologian review every occurrence (only 9:5 in Hebrews, but adjacent to the core passage).
verzoening (propitiation)	High	Dutch mainline (PKN) theology has an unresolved internal debate between penal/propitiatory and exemplary/reconciliation-only atonement models; “verzoening” alone does not guarantee wrath-propitiation content survives.	Reviewer must confirm the wrath-bearing sense is not silently softened at 2:17.
verlossing (redemption)	High	Risk of conflation with baseline’s fixed “behoud” (salvation, a different Greek term).	Keep lexically distinct from “behoud” at every occurrence (9:12,15).
vergeving (forgiveness)	Medium–High	One of five distinct Greek atonement-terms crowding chs. 9-10 (see §B.1); must not collapse into “verzoening” or “verlossing.”	Fence per §B.1 below.
zonde tenietdoen (put away sin)	High	Legal-forensic nullification, not mere pardon; over-legalizing risks losing the personal/relational dimension.	Reviewer confirms both legal comprehensiveness and relational warmth are present at 9:26.
altaar	High	Same Reformed-Catholic collision as priesthood terms; Reformed churches historically replaced physical altars with communion tables on grounds derived from this very doctrine.	Treat as automatically High-risk (13:10).
eeuwige Geest (eternal Spirit)	High	Ambiguous referent (Holy Spirit vs. Christ’s own eternal divine spirit) sits inside the core passage itself (9:14).	Do not silently disambiguate; flag for mandatory theologian review every time.
reiniging/reinigen, onbevlekt/zonder gebrek, besprenkeling, bloed	Low–Medium	Stable, established ritual vocabulary.	Reuse as recorded.

5. The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages

Available Dutch terms	Risk	Weaknesses	Recommended strategy
afvalligheid / afvallen	Critical	Directly intersects “volharding der heiligen” (Canons of Dort, 1618-19), formulated against the Dutch Remonstrants’ position that true believers can apostatize — this curriculum’s single most Dutch-specific flashpoint.	Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence (2:1-3; 3:12; 6:4-6; 10:26-31; 12:25); reviewer must confirm the Reformed exposition specified in the AI instruction set is followed without inducing works-based introspection.
moedwillig zondigen	Critical	The doctrinal apex of the warning cluster (10:26-31).	Mandatory theologian review without exception.
verharding van het hart / ongeloof	Medium	Shares vocabulary and root with the broader warning cluster and with baseline “geloof.”	Consistency required across 3:8-4:11.
terugdeinzen	Medium	Structural transition term into ch.11’s faith exposition (10:38-39).	Keep vocabulary-family consistent with the perseverance terms below.
een vreselijke verwachting van het oordeel	High	Requires pastoral-tonal balance: doctrinal severity must not read as merely punitive terror divorced from the book’s overall confident tone (baseline tone rule).	Native-speaker-plus-theologian joint review at 10:27.

6. Faith of the Old Testament Saints

Available Dutch terms	Risk	Weaknesses	Recommended strategy
geloof	Medium	[Baseline reuse]; Dutch secularization risks a generic-pluralistic reading across ch.11’s long roll call.	Reinforce personal-trust-in-God content at each named example.
de zekerheid der dingen die men hoopt (11:1)	High	Same Greek word (ὑπόστασις) as 1:3’s “de afdruk van Zijn wezen”; risk of under- or over-theologizing.	Mandatory translator’s note distinguishing the two uses; see §D.15.
vreemdelingen en bijwoners; een stad met fundamenten/een beter vaderland	Low–Medium	Stable, classic Statenvertaling/HSV phrasing.	Reuse as recorded.
trouw (faithful, distinct from “gelovig”)	Medium	Must be kept distinct from “gelovig” despite shared πιστ- root in Greek (no such shared root in Dutch, but habitual translator drift toward “gelovig” is a real risk).	Flag for proofreading wherever πιστός modifies a person’s character rather than their belief-act.
~18-20 OT proper names (Abel, Enoch/Henoch, Noach, Abraham, Sara, Isaak, Jakob, Jozef, Mozes, Rachab, Gideon, Simson, David, Samuël, Egypte, etc.)	Low (batch, new)	Gap: not individually logged in the current registry; ch.11’s roll call requires all of them.	Add as a single batch entry to translation memory using standard Dutch Bible (HSV/NBV) proper-name forms; uniformly Low risk; no individual doctrinal analysis required per name.

7. Perseverance and Assurance

Available Dutch terms	Risk	Weaknesses	Recommended strategy
volharding	Critical	Direct terminological link to “volharding der heiligen,” one of the Canons of Dort’s Five Points — foundational to Dutch Reformed confessional identity.	Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence (3:14; 6:11-12; 10:36; 12:1).
verzekerdheid / volle verzekerdheid	High	Reuses the baseline doctrine registry’s exact phrase (“de verzekerdheid van het behoud”); risk of feeding rather than resolving Dutch “bevindelijk gereformeerd” introspective assurance-anxiety.	Reviewer must confirm the passage reads as confident rest in Christ’s finished work, not an invitation to self-examine for subjective evidence.
tucht (discipline)	High	Dutch “tucht” carries a strong institutional/ecclesiastical connotation (“kerkelijke tucht” = church censure), risking a punitive rather than warm, formative father-son reading.	Reviewer weighs “opvoeding” as an alternative per passage context (12:5-11); confirm register fits the warm framing.
anker voor de ziel	Low	Nautical metaphor transfers naturally into Dutch, a historically maritime culture.	Reuse as-is.
onwankelbaar Koninkrijk	Medium	Modifier “onwankelbaar” must be retained to preserve the contrast with the preceding shaking-imagery (12:26-27).	Do not drop the qualifier for stylistic economy.

8. Access to God through Christ’s Blood

Available Dutch terms	Risk	Weaknesses	Recommended strategy
vrijmoedigheid	Medium	Established Dutch Reformed pietistic term; risks feeling archaic/insider to secular or Catholic readers without any prior devotional vocabulary.	Use consistently at all four occurrences (3:6; 4:16; 10:19,35); consider a light contextual gloss for first-time secular readers.
troon van de genade	Medium	Must be kept distinct from “verzoendeksel” (9:5) despite thematic overlap — the core passage places both images within a few chapters of each other.	Standing note fencing the metaphor (4:16) from the literal ark-cover object (9:5).
een nieuwe en levende weg	Medium	Central image (10:20); must retain “levende” (living), not merely “nieuwe” (new).	Do not drop either adjective.
voorhangsel, bloed, geweten	Low	Stable, established terms.	Reuse as recorded.
de heilige plaatsen / het Heiligdom	Medium	Shares root with baseline “heilig”/“heiligen”; must stay distinct from the corporate-believers sense.	Fence per §B.1 holiness cluster below.
lofoffer (sacrifice of praise)	Medium	Must not be read as contributing to atonement — this is responsive worship only, dependent on Christ’s completed sacrifice.	Reinforce distinction at 13:15 given the surrounding atonement-sufficiency argument.

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B. Missing Vocabulary and Crowded Semantic Neighborhoods

B.1 Crowded Semantic Neighborhoods Requiring Fencing (ranked by density and doctrinal stakes)

1. The five-term atonement cluster (HIGHEST FENCING PRIORITY — directly inside the core passage): verzoendeksel (ἱλαστήριον) / verzoening (ἱλάσκομαι) / verlossing (λύτρωσις-ἀπολύτρωσις) / vergeving (ἄφεσις) / zonde tenietdoen (ἀθέτησις). Hebrews 9:11-28 alone uses at least four of these five within seventeen verses. A translator defaulting to a smaller working vocabulary (e.g., collapsing all five into “verzoening” and “vergeving”) would destroy Hebrews’ own layered legal-sacrificial argument. Fencing rule: each of the five Dutch terms must map to exactly one Greek source term throughout the book; produce a standing side-by-side glossary note for reviewers translating any segment within Hebrews 9-10.

2. The covenant/testament/canon-name cluster: verbond / nieuwe verbond / eerste-oude verbond / testament / (Nieuwe Testament, Oude Testament as canon names — external to Hebrews but omnipresent in Dutch Bible culture). Fencing rule: “verbond” never doubles as a synonym for the canonical Testaments; “testament” is reserved exclusively for 9:16-17.

3. The priesthood/Mass-sacrifice cluster: hogepriester / priesterschap / blijvend priesterschap / altaar (never bare “priester” for Christ). Fencing rule: treat the whole cluster as a standing book-wide High-risk category per the core glossary’s finding, not merely passage-by-passage.

4. The holiness/sanctuary root-family: heilig (moral/relational) / heiligen (corporate believers) / heiliging-heiligen (verb, sanctifying process) / de heilige plaatsen–het Heiligdom (physical sanctuary space). Four distinct referents sharing one Dutch root, occurring within a few verses of each other repeatedly in chs. 9-10. Fencing rule: context must always disambiguate which of the four senses is active; reviewers should not assume adjacency of the same root implies the same referent.

5. The typological-vocabulary cluster: schaduw (σκιά) / afbeelding-patroon (ὑπόδειγμα) / tegenbeeld (ἀντίτυπος) / waarachtig (ἀληθινός). All four occur within 8:5-9:24. Fencing rule: do not default to a single generic Dutch word (e.g., “beeld”) for more than one of these; each carries a distinct layer of the earthly-copy/heavenly-original argument.

6. The completion/equipping cluster: volmaken/volmaakt (τελειόω) / Voleinder (τελειωτής) / toerusten (καταρτίζω, 13:21). Fencing rule: καταρτίζω’s more practical “equip for service” sense must not be merged into the τελειόω family’s more structural “qualify/complete” sense, despite semantic adjacency.

7. A form-level (not semantic) collision — proofreading risk: verzocht/verzoeking (πειράζω, tempted) versus verzoening (ἱλάσκομαι, atonement/propitiation). These are unrelated concepts that are near-homographs in Dutch. Fencing rule: flag every occurrence of either term for a dedicated proofreading pass distinct from doctrinal review.

8. The rest cluster: rust/sabbatsrust (κατάπαυσις/σαββατισμός) versus ordinary Dutch “rust” (mere relaxation/repose). Fencing rule: every occurrence in 3:11-4:11 requires the “sabbatsrust”-anchored eschatological gloss; bare “rust” alone is insufficient across this unit.

B.2 Missing Vocabulary — No Existing Dutch Term Without Coinage or Paraphrase

• ὑπόστασις (1:3, Christ’s “essence”) — no single Dutch noun; resolved as the paraphrase “de afdruk van Zijn wezen.” No native Dutch equivalent captures the Greek’s philosophical-technical weight; this is an acceptable, necessary gap-filling paraphrase, not a translation weakness to be further optimized.
• ὑπόστασις (11:1, “assurance/substance”) — deliberately resolved with a different paraphrase, “de zekerheid der dingen die men hoopt,” precisely because the same Dutch word cannot serve both senses without collapsing them. This double gap is itself the highest-ranked ambiguity in §D below.
• ἀρχηγός (2:10; 12:2) — no single Dutch word conveys both “originating source” and “one who goes ahead as leader”; “Leidsman” is the best available compromise, a deliberate coinage-adjacent choice rather than a natural lexical match.
• ἀπαράβατος (7:24, “non-transferable/permanent”) — Dutch “blijvend” captures permanence but not the specific legal nuance of non-transferability to a successor; recommend supplementing with an explanatory clause (“niet overdraagbaar aan een opvolger”) in teaching notes rather than attempting a single-word fix.
• διαθήκη’s dual legal sense (9:16-17) — Dutch “verbond” and “testament” do not share a root the way Greek διαθήκη’s two senses do; this is a structural, unfixable gap requiring the mandatory one-time terminological shift already logged in the registry, not a vocabulary choice that can be optimized further.
• 8:13’s “obsolete/waxing old” language — Dutch has adequate vocabulary (“verouderd”) but the doctrinal content gap is real: without a teaching note, readers risk hearing a blanket dismissal of the Hebrew Scriptures rather than the Sinai covenant-administration specifically. This is a framing gap, not a lexical one.

B.3 Chapters Reviewed with No New Load-Bearing Terms Beyond Those Already Logged

Per the full-book-coverage mandate, the following chapter-level content has been reviewed and confirmed to introduce no additional terms beyond those already captured in 08_core_glossary.md and the sections above: Hebrews 2:1-4 (transitional warning, vocabulary already covered under Doctrine 5), Hebrews 4:12-13 (word of God as living/discerning — vocabulary is descriptive, not doctrine-load-bearing in the technical sense used here), Hebrews 13:1-9, 13:16-25 (closing ethical exhortations — brotherly love, hospitality, love of money, and the benediction are all already logged as Low-risk stable terms in the core glossary). These are explicitly noted as reviewed, not silently omitted.

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C. Transliteration vs. Paraphrase Decisions

Source term	Decision type	Dutch rendering	Rationale
Μελχισέδεκ (Melchizedek)	Transliteration (proper name)	Melchizedek	Stable proper name across all Dutch Bible traditions; etymology (“king of righteousness”) is teaching-note material, not a translation change.
Σαλήμ (Salem, 7:1-2)	Transliteration (proper name)	Salem	Standard Dutch Bible form.
Σιών / Ἱερουσαλήμ (Zion/Jerusalem, 12:22)	Transliteration (proper name)	Sion / Jeruzalem	Standard, stable forms; add to translation memory batch alongside the ch.11 proper-name list.
Μωϋσῆς (Moses)	Transliteration (proper name)	Mozes	Gap-fill addition — see §A.1; standard Dutch Bible form.
ἱλαστήριον (hilastērion)	Paraphrase (established Bible-tradition term, not transliteration)	verzoendeksel	Transliterating the Greek would be meaningless to readers; Dutch Bible tradition (Statenvertaling/HSV lineage) already supplies a precise native compound.
διαθήκη (legal-will sense, 9:16-17)	Lateral borrowing (Latin-derived legal loanword, not a transliteration of the Greek)	testament	Dutch has no cognate double-meaning; borrowing the existing Dutch legal term “testament” preserves the argument even though it does not preserve the Greek word’s form.
ἀρχηγός (archēgos)	Paraphrase / native compound	Leidsman	No transliteration option exists in a living Dutch Bible tradition; a native compound was constructed instead.
ἀρχιερεύς (archiereus)	Native compound calque	hogepriester	Direct morphological calque (“high” + “priest”), already fully naturalized in Dutch Bible tradition — not a transliteration but a structural translation.
χαρακτήρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως	Paraphrase	de afdruk van Zijn wezen	No single Dutch noun; “karakter” was rejected as a false-friend candidate because it means “personality” in modern Dutch, not “exact imprint.”
παιδεία (paideia)	Lateral borrowing (established theological/legal register term)	tucht	Chosen over a transliteration-adjacent option because Dutch already has a live theological register for this concept, albeit with the institutional-connotation risk flagged in §A.7.
ἔγγυος (engyos)	Established devotional title (native word elevated to technical term)	Borg	Not a transliteration; a plain Dutch word (“guarantor,” used in ordinary financial/legal Dutch) elevated to fixed theological title by Reformed devotional tradition.
σαββατισμός (sabbatismos)	Hybrid: native word + established loan root	sabbatsrust	”Sabbat” itself is a stable transliterated loanword already fully naturalized in Dutch; combined with native “rust” to carry the eschatological weight.
ἐφάπαξ / ἅπαξ (ephapax/hapax)	Paraphrase	eens voor altijd / eenmaal	No transliteration option; the two-part Dutch phrase is required to convey both “once” and “with permanent effect.”

General finding: Unlike Romans (which required preserving one genuine transliteration, “Abba”), Hebrews contains almost no untranslatable technical terms requiring transliteration of the source language itself. The translation-strategy burden in Hebrews falls almost entirely on (a) precise proper-name transliteration (Melchizedek, Salem, Sion, Mozes, and the ch.11 roll call) and (b) deliberate paraphrase or lateral borrowing from existing Dutch theological/legal registers (testament, tucht, Borg, verzoendeksel) rather than coinage of new vocabulary.

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D. Ranked List of Highest-Risk Ambiguities

Ranked by combined doctrinal severity and Dutch-specific collision risk. Items marked [CORE] fall directly within or immediately adjacent to the core passage, Hebrews 9:11-28.

1. ἱλαστήριον / verzoendeksel (9:5) — Critical. [CORE-adjacent] Direct link to the already-Critical Romans 3:25 baseline flag; must never be confused with “troon van de genade” (4:16).
2. διαθήκη testament-shift (9:16-17) — Critical. [CORE] The book’s only two-verse exception to the whole-book “verbond” rule; getting this wrong destroys the testator-argument entirely.
3. ἀποστασία/ἀφίστημι → afvalligheid/afvallen — Critical. Direct Canons of Dort/Remonstrant fault line; the single most Dutch-specific doctrinal flashpoint in the whole curriculum.
4. ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτάνειν → moedwillig zondigen (10:26) — Critical. The book’s most severe warning passage, same fault line as #3.
5. ὑπομονή → volharding — Critical. “Volharding der heiligen” is a named article of Dutch Reformed confessional identity (Canons of Dort).
6. πνεῦμα αἰώνιον → eeuwige Geest (9:14) — High. [CORE] Ambiguous Trinitarian/Christological referent sitting inside the core passage itself; must not be silently disambiguated.
7. The five-term atonement cluster (verzoendeksel/verzoening/verlossing/vergeving/zonde tenietdoen) — High. [CORE] At least four of the five terms occur within Hebrews 9:11-28 alone; highest-density fencing requirement in the whole book.
8. ἀρχιερεύς / priesterschap / altaar (Reformed-Catholic Mass-sacrifice axis) — High. Book-wide, not passage-specific; pervasive across nearly every chapter.
9. τελειόω family → volmaken/volmaakt — High. Recurs ~9 times including within the core passage’s immediate surrounding argument (9:9); moral-flawlessness misreading risk is real and recurring.
10. ἀρχηγός/τελειωτής pairing → Leidsman/Voleinder — High. No natural single Dutch equivalent; consistency risk across two widely separated verses (2:10; 12:2).
11. κατάπαυσις/σαββατισμός → rust/sabbatsrust — High. Ordinary-Dutch flattening risk sustained across an entire two-chapter argument (3:11-4:11).
12. Perseverance/assurance pastoral-tonal risk (volharding, verzekerdheid, tucht) — High. Specific to Dutch “bevindelijk gereformeerd” introspective piety; risk is tonal/pastoral, not merely lexical.
13. New/old covenant vs. “Nieuwe Testament”/“Oude Testament” canon-name conflation — High. Unique Dutch orthographic collision since both pairs share the διαθήκη root.
14. ὑπόστασις double-duty (1:3 “wezen” vs. 11:1 “zekerheid”) — High. Readers moving between the ch.1 Christology lesson and the ch.11 faith lesson risk cross-contaminating the two senses.
15. πολλῶν ἀνενεγκεῖν ἁμαρτίας → de zonden van velen dragen (9:28) — Medium-High. [CORE] Isaiah 53 LXX echo must remain recognizable; if flattened to generic “took away sins,” the deliberate intertextual link Dutch readers need to trace to the Suffering Servant is lost.
16. δικαιώματα σαρκός → verordeningen voor het lichaam (9:9) — Medium-High. [CORE] Shares the δικ- root with “gerechtigheid”/“rechtvaardiging”; subtle risk of unintended semantic bleed into forensic-righteousness vocabulary at the doctrinally sensitive Critical tier.
17. Typological cluster fencing (schaduw/afbeelding-patroon/tegenbeeld/waarachtig) — Medium-High. [CORE-adjacent] Four terms within 8:5-9:24, immediately surrounding the core passage.
18. verzocht/verzoeking vs. verzoening (proofreading-level, not doctrinal) — Medium. Near-homograph collision requiring a dedicated proofreading pass separate from theological review.

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E. Summary Recommendations for Phase 2

1. Load this document alongside 08_core_glossary.md and bible_term_registry.json before any Phase 2 segment translation of Hebrews.
2. Treat the five-term atonement cluster (§B.1.1) and the priesthood/Mass-sacrifice cluster (§B.1.3) as standing, book-wide High-risk categories, evaluated on every occurrence regardless of surrounding context — not merely at the specific verses flagged in the matrix.
3. Add the missing proper-name batch (Mozes, Salem, Sion, and the ~18-20 Hebrews 11 OT figures) to translation memory before beginning ch. 3 and ch. 11 segment work respectively.
4. Route all Critical-tier ambiguities in §D (items 1-5) to mandatory human theologian review without exception, consistent with the baseline’s escalation rules.
5. Because six of the top eighteen ranked ambiguities converge directly in or immediately around Hebrews 9:11-28, this passage should be treated in Phase 2 as requiring the highest reviewer-attention density of any single passage in the curriculum — consistent with its status as this curriculum’s theological anchor.