Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Matthew 1–28 (English → Dutch)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning Matthew chapters 1–28. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE] and their recorded Dutch rendering is reused exactly, with no alternative permitted. Terms newly introduced by the Matthew curriculum are marked [NEW] and are proposed for addition to translation memory at the risk tier indicated. This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json for all Phase 2 Matthew translation work.
Risk tier definitions follow the baseline exactly:
- Critical — mistranslation alters or destroys essential doctrine; human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — mistranslation creates significant theological confusion or denominational-conflation risk; human theologian review required.
- Medium — mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — mistranslation causes minor misunderstanding; automated review sufficient.
Part 1 — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly in Matthew
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk | Baseline doctrine | Key Matthew occurrences | Reuse note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangelie | Low | Gospel | 4:23; 24:14; 26:13; 28:19 (implied) | Reused exactly; secularization note from baseline applies equally in Matthew’s audience context. |
| grace | genade | High | Grace | Implicit throughout (e.g., 19:26; 20:1-16); no direct χάρις occurrence but doctrine pervasive | Must guard the grace/loon (reward) distinction — see new term “reward” below. |
| faith | geloof | Medium | Faith | 8:10; 9:2,22,29; 14:31; 15:28; 17:20; 21:21 | Reused exactly; object of faith (Jesus, his word) must remain explicit per baseline note. |
| righteousness | gerechtigheid | Critical | Salvation / Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 3:15; 5:6,10,20; 6:1,33; 21:32 | Reused exactly, but Matthew’s semantic range spans forensic and practical-ethical senses (see 07_semantic_analysis Matt 5:6 note) — flag doctrinal nuance in teaching material. |
| salvation | behoud | High | Salvation | 1:21 (“save his people from their sins”); 8:25; 10:22; 24:13 | Reused exactly; three-way register split (behoud/verlossing/zaligheid) still applies. |
| apostle | apostel | Low | Apostleship | 10:2 | Reused exactly. |
| called | geroepen | Medium | Divine Calling | 22:14 (“many are called, but few are chosen”) | Reused exactly; requires careful joint handling with “verkiezing” (election) at 22:14 — see Critical flag in Part 2 analysis. |
| calling | roeping | Medium | Divine Calling | Implicit (discipleship-call narratives, e.g. 4:18-22; 9:9) | Reused exactly. |
| holy | heilig | Medium | Sanctification | 7:6 (“holy things”); 27:52-53 (“holy ones”) | Reused exactly. |
| saints | heiligen | High | Sainthood | 27:52 (“bodies of the saints”) | Reused exactly; Catholic/Reformed fault line noted in baseline applies. |
| sanctification | heiliging | Medium | Sanctification | Implicit throughout ethical teaching (ch. 5-7) | Reused exactly. |
| resurrection | opstanding | Medium | Resurrection of Christ | 22:23-33; 27:53; 28:1-10 | Reused exactly. |
| lord | Heer | High | Lordship of Christ | 7:21-22; 8:2,8,25; 9:28; 12:8; 15:22,25,27; 20:30-33; 21:3 | Reused exactly; extremely frequent in Matthew — every occurrence must retain exclusive, unqualified force. |
| son_of_god | Zoon van God | Critical | Sonship of Christ / Deity of Christ | 3:17; 4:3,6; 8:29; 14:33; 16:16; 26:63; 27:40,43,54 | Reused exactly; Matthew’s most frequently recurring Critical term. |
| peace | vrede | Low | Peace with God | 10:13,34 | Reused exactly; note 10:34’s contrast (“not peace but a sword”) concerns social/familial peace, not the baseline’s Peace-with-God doctrine — must not be conflated. |
| thanksgiving | dankzegging | Low | Thanksgiving | 15:36; 26:27 | Reused exactly. |
| fellowship | gemeenschap | Medium | Christian Fellowship | Implicit (ch. 18 community life) | Reused exactly. |
| church | gemeente | High | Church as God’s People | 16:18; 18:17 (×2) | Reused exactly; Matthew’s two occurrences are the New Testament’s foundational and most procedurally significant uses of this term — mandatory theologian review both times. |
| kingdom_of_god | Koninkrijk van God | Medium | Kingdom Mission | 6:33; 12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43 | Reused exactly; must be taught as synonymous with the new term “Koninkrijk der hemelen” (below), not a distinct kingdom. |
| law | wet | High | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 5:17-18; 7:12; 11:13; 22:36,40; 23:23 | Reused exactly. |
| sin | zonde | High | Universal Human Accountability | 1:21; 3:6; 6:14-15; 9:2,5-6; 12:31; 26:28 | Reused exactly; colloquial “a pity/waste” drift flagged in baseline is a live risk in every Matthew occurrence. |
| gentiles | heidenen | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 4:15; 6:32; 10:5,18; 12:18,21; 20:19 | Reused exactly; must be carefully distinguished from the new term “nations/volken” at 28:19 — see Part 2. |
| glory | heerlijkheid | Medium | Deity of Christ | 16:27; 17:2 (transfiguration); 19:28; 24:30; 25:31 | Reused exactly. |
| power_of_god | kracht van God | Medium | Power of God for Salvation | 22:29; 24:30 | Reused exactly; distinguish from new term “authority/gezag” (exousia) — different Greek word, different sense. |
| messiah | Messias | Medium | Messianic Promise | Conceptual background to every “Christus” occurrence (see Part 2) | Reused exactly for the doctrinal category; running-text occurrences of Χριστός render as “Christus” per established Dutch Bible convention (see new term below). |
| prophet | profeet | Low | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:22; 2:5,15,17,23; 3:3; 4:14; 5:12,17; 7:12; 8:17; 11:9,13; 12:17,39; 13:17,35,57; 21:4,11,26,46; 22:40; 23:29-37; 24:15; 26:56; 27:9 | Reused exactly; extraordinarily frequent in Matthew — the “fulfillment formula” backbone of the whole Gospel. |
| prophecy | profetie | Low | Fulfillment of Prophecy | Implicit throughout fulfillment citations | Reused exactly. |
| covenant | verbond | High | Davidic Covenant | 26:28 (“blood of the covenant”) | Reused exactly; now also directly engaged with Eucharistic/Reformation controversy — see new Lord’s Supper entry, Part 2. |
| election | verkiezing | Critical | Effectual Calling | 22:14 (“many are called, but few are chosen” — ἐκλεκτοί) | Reused exactly; joint occurrence with “geroepen” at 22:14 requires mandatory theologian review. |
| intercession | voorbede | Medium | Prayer and Intercession | 6:9-13 (Lord’s Prayer, conceptually); implicit throughout prayer teaching | Reused exactly. |
| providence | voorzienigheid | Medium | Providence | 6:25-34; 10:29-31 | Reused exactly. |
| mission | zending | Low | Mission to the Nations | 10:5-15; 28:19-20 | Reused exactly; the Great Commission is this doctrine’s climactic text. |
| david | David | Low | Davidic Covenant | 1:1,6,17,20; 9:27; 12:3,23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42,45 | Reused exactly. |
| israel | Israël | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 2:6,20-21; 8:10; 9:33; 10:6,23; 15:24,31; 19:28; 27:9,42 | Reused exactly; baseline’s Christian-Zionism sensitivity note applies. |
| jesus | Jezus | Low | Lordship of Christ | Throughout | Reused exactly. |
| god | God | Medium | Deity of Christ | Throughout | Reused exactly; baseline’s secularization note applies. |
| holy_spirit | Heilige Geest | Medium | Sanctification | 1:18,20; 3:11,16; 12:31-32; 28:19 | Reused exactly. |
| father | Vader | Medium | Adoption into God’s Family | 5:16,45,48; 6:1,4,6,8-9,14-15,18,26,32; 7:11,21; 10:20,29,32-33; 11:25-27; 18:10,14,19,35; 23:9; 28:19 | Reused exactly; extremely frequent, especially in the Sermon on the Mount and the Lord’s Prayer. |
| abba | Abba | Medium | Adoption into God’s Family | Not directly occurring in Matthew (cf. Mark 14:36; Rom 8:15) | Retained in glossary for cross-curriculum consistency; no direct Matthew occurrence requiring active use. |
| exhort | vermanen | Low | Mutual Edification | Not a frequent direct occurrence; conceptually present in 18:15 (private correction) | Reused exactly; note baseline’s context-sensitivity (admonish vs. encourage) applies to 18:15’s correction context specifically. |
| seed_of_david | nakomeling van David | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 1:1-17 (genealogical descent, distinct from the titular “Zoon van David” — see new term) | Reused exactly for descent-claims; NOT interchangeable with the new title term “Zoon van David.” |
| imputed_righteousness | toegerekende gerechtigheid | Critical | Justification by Faith | Not directly worded in Matthew; conceptually adjacent to 5:6, 5:20 | Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; flag if any teaching material imports this Romans-specific forensic category into Matthew’s broader righteousness usage without the distinguishing note above. |
Part 2 — New Terms Introduced by the Matthew Curriculum
| Term (EN) | Original (Greek) | Dutch rendering (primary) | Alternative(s) | Risk | Doctrine | Key passages | Collision / risk notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kingdom of heaven | βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν | Koninkrijk der hemelen | Koninkrijk van de hemel (NBV) | High | The Kingdom of Heaven | 3:2; 4:17; 5:3,10,19-20; 7:21; 8:11; 10:7; 11:11-12; 13:11,24,31,33,44-45,47,52; 16:19; 18:1,3-4,23; 19:12,14,23; 20:1; 22:2; 23:13; 25:1 | Matthew’s signature phrase (~32x); must be taught as synonymous with baseline’s “Koninkrijk van God,” never as a second, different kingdom. |
| Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | Zoon van David | — | Critical/High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David | 1:1; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42 | A messianic confessional title (worship-like address), distinct from baseline’s descriptive “nakomeling van David”; must never be flattened to bare genealogy. |
| blessed | μακάριος | zalig | gelukkig (NBV, risks subjective-happiness misreading) | Critical | The Kingdom of Heaven / core passage | 5:3-11; 11:6; 13:16; 16:17; 24:46 | ”Zalig” has drifted colloquially toward “delicious/delightful,” an exact parallel to the baseline’s flagged “zonde” drift; mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| poor in spirit | πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι | armen van geest | — | Medium-High | The Kingdom of Heaven | 5:3 | Idiomatic phrase; risk of literal-poverty-only misreading among readers unfamiliar with the idiom. |
| merciful / mercy | ἐλεήμων / ἔλεος | barmhartig / barmhartigheid | — | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:7; 9:13; 12:7; 18:21-35; 23:23 | Must be kept distinct from genade (baseline: grace) — mercy withholds deserved judgment/relieves suffering; grace bestows unearned favor. New standalone TM entry recommended. |
| pure in heart | καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ | rein van hart | — | Low-Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:8 | Distinct from baseline’s rejection of “rein” as a substitute for “holy” — here the narrower purity-of-motive sense is correct and intended. |
| peacemakers | εἰρηνοποιοί | vredestichters | — | Low | Discipleship | 5:9 | Stable, active-agency compound; distinct from Peace-with-God doctrine (interpersonal, not forensic, peace). |
| reward | μισθός | loon | — | High | Grace / Discipleship | 5:12,46; 6:1-6,16-18; 10:41-42; 20:8 | ”Loon” is the ordinary Dutch wage-word; every occurrence requires a note distinguishing gracious eschatological reward from earned wages, to avoid contradicting the baseline’s Critical Grace doctrine. |
| perfect | τέλειος | volmaakt | — | Medium-High | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:48; 19:21 | Risk of works-anxiety misreading (flawless performance) instead of relational wholeness/maturity modeled on God’s own consistent love. |
| fulfil (the Law) | πληρόω | vervullen | — | High | Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy | 5:17; 1:22; 2:15,17,23; 4:14; 8:17; 12:17; 13:35; 21:4; 26:54,56; 27:9 | Must not imply abolition (“afschaffen”) of the Law; conveys bringing to full/complete realization. |
| authority | ἐξουσία | gezag | macht (broader, less precise) | High | The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 7:29; 8:9; 9:6,8; 10:1; 21:23-27; 28:18 | Distinct from baseline’s kracht van God (dynamis, capability); exousia is the right/authority to command. |
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | Mensenzoon | Zoon des mensen (HSV/Statenvertaling) | Critical/High | Multiple (Authority, Judgment, Deity of Christ) | 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8,32,40; 13:37,41; 16:13,27-28; 17:9,12,22; 19:28; 20:18,28; 24:27,30,37,39,44; 25:31; 26:2,24,45,64 | Daniel 7 eschatological-authority title; risk of under-reading as “merely a human being,” the inverse risk from Son-of-God confusion. |
| Christ (title/name) | Χριστός | Christus | — | Low-Medium | Jesus as the Promised Messiah | 1:1,16-18; 11:2; 16:16,20; 22:42; 23:10; 24:5,23; 26:63,68; 27:17,22 | Distinct usage-context from baseline’s “Messias” (reserved for explicit Hebrew-gloss contexts); both refer to the same doctrinal reality. |
| repent / repentance | μετανοέω / μετάνοια | bekeren / bekering | — | High | Discipleship | 3:2,8,11; 4:17; 11:20-21; 12:41 | Must not be reduced to “berouw” (emotional regret alone); risk of generic secular “conversion” usage draining the God-ward reorientation sense. |
| baptism / baptize | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | doop / dopen | — | High | The Great Commission | 3:6,11,13-16; 28:19 | Live Dutch ecclesial fault line: paedobaptist Reformed vs. credobaptist evangelical/Doopsgezinde practice; mandatory theologian review. |
| disciple | μαθητής | discipel | leerling (secularizing) | Medium | Discipleship | Throughout (10:1; 28:19, etc.) | ”Discipelen” preserves committed-follower sense better than school-pupil-register “leerlingen.” |
| make disciples | μαθητεύω | maak… tot discipelen | — | Critical/High | The Great Commission | 28:19 | Must render as an active discipleship-formation verb, not mere proclamation/teaching. |
| nations (in Great Commission) | ἔθνη | volken | — | High | The Great Commission / Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 28:19; 24:14; 21:43 (singular ἔθνος: “volk”) | Must NOT be rendered “heidenen” (baseline: Gentiles) here — same Greek word, different referent (all peoples inclusively, not non-Jews specifically); using “heidenen” would wrongly narrow and pejoratively color the universal commission. |
| great commission | (no single Greek term; 28:19-20) | de grote opdracht / het zendingsbevel | — | High | The Great Commission | 28:18-20 | Doctrinal-category label for the closing mandate; ties to baseline’s zending (mission). |
| keys of the kingdom | τὰς κλεῖδας τῆς βασιλείας | de sleutels van het Koninkrijk der hemelen | — | Critical | The Church and Church Discipline | 16:19 | Directly engaged by Heidelberg Catechism Lord’s Day 31; sharp Catholic (papal/Petrine)/Reformed (whole-church, gospel-and-discipline) fault line. Mandatory theologian review. |
| binding and loosing | δέω / λύω | binden en ontbinden | binden en losmaken | Critical | The Church and Church Discipline | 16:19; 18:18 | Same Catholic/Reformed fault line as “keys of the kingdom”; route together for review. |
| the rock (wordplay) | πέτρα (vs. Πέτρος) | deze rots | — | Critical | The Church and Church Discipline | 16:18 | Centuries-old Catholic (Petrine primacy) vs. Protestant (confession/Christ as rock) interpretive divide; Dutch Petrus/rots wordplay is weaker than Greek Petros/petra. |
| church discipline | (interpretive category; 18:15-20) | de gemeentelijke tucht / kerkelijke tucht | — | High | The Church and Church Discipline | 18:15-20 | Historically rooted in the Dutch Reformed church order stemming from the 1618-19 Synod of Dordrecht; must be framed as restorative, not merely punitive. |
| stumbling block | σκάνδαλον | struikelblok | — | Medium | The Church and Church Discipline | 18:6-9 | Naturalized secular idiom; spiritual-downfall sense must be reinforced. |
| little ones | οἱ μικροί | kleinen | — | Medium | The Church and Church Discipline | 18:6,10,14 | Not limited to literal children; refers broadly to vulnerable/humble believers. |
| ransom | λύτρον | losprijs | — | Critical | Atonement (undergirds Kingdom/Discipleship doctrines) | 20:28 | Substitutionary-payment atonement term, on par with baseline’s imputed_righteousness/justification in doctrinal weight. |
| take up the cross | ἄρας τὸν σταυρὸν | zijn kruis op zich nemen | — | High | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 10:38; 16:24 | Risk of domestication via the existing Dutch idiom “een kruisje te dragen” (minor chronic annoyance), which drains the costly, potentially fatal force of the original. |
| worthy | ἄξιος | waardig | — | Medium | Discipleship | 10:10-13,37-38; 22:8; 25:21,23 | Fittingness for calling, not merit earning salvation — parallel caution to “loon” (reward). |
| narrow gate | στενὴ πύλη | nauwe poort | — | Low | Discipleship / Judgment | 7:13-14 | Stable image. |
| yoke | ζυγός | juk | — | Low-Medium | The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 11:29-30 | Rural-agricultural referent needs brief unpacking for urban secular readers. |
| tradition of the elders | ἡ παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων | overlevering van de oudsten | — | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 15:2-3,6 | Must critique elevating human tradition above God’s Word without implicating confessional tradition (Heidelberg Catechism, Belgic Confession, Canons of Dort) as such — a Dutch-specific sensitivity. |
| Pharisees | Φαρισαῖοι | Farizeeën | — | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | Throughout (9:11,34; 12:2,14,24; 15:1,12; 16:1,6,11-12; 19:3; 22:15,34,41; 23:2,13-29) | Dutch idiom “farizeeër” = colloquial “hypocrite,” risking a self-congratulatory flattening of the text’s self-examining force. |
| hypocrites | ὑποκριταί | huichelaars | — | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 6:2,5,16; 15:7; 22:18; 23:13-29 | Naturalized secular word; must be anchored back to specifically religious performance. |
| the stone the builders rejected / cornerstone | λίθος…κεφαλὴ γωνίας | de steen die de bouwers verwierpen… de hoeksteen | — | Critical/High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah / Fulfillment of Prophecy | 21:42 | Christological; must preserve rejection-then-vindication pattern (death, resurrection, exaltation). |
| kingdom given to another nation | ἔθνος | volk | — | Critical | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 21:43 | Distinct word-choice from “heidenen” and from the Great Commission’s “volken”; requires the same historically-aware handling as the baseline’s Unity of Jews and Gentiles doctrine. |
| love (agapē, greatest commandment) | ἀγαπάω | liefde / liefhebben | — | Medium-High | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 22:37-39 | Dutch lacks a lexically distinct word for agapē (willed, self-giving love) apart from romantic/general “liefde”; requires explicit qualification. |
| woe | οὐαί | wee | — | Low-Medium | Judgment and the End of the Age | 23:13-29 | Archaic outside liturgical/biblical register; needs brief framing for secular readers. |
| end of the age | συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος | de voleinding van de wereld | het einde van deze wereld | Medium-High | Judgment and the End of the Age | 24:3; 28:20 | Colloquial “einde van de wereld” evokes secular disaster-apocalyptic associations, not purposeful redemptive consummation. |
| abomination of desolation | τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως | de verwoestende gruwel | de verwoesting aanrichtende gruwel (HSV, fuller) | Medium-High | Judgment and the End of the Age | 24:15 | Technical apocalyptic term; interpretive referent (historical/near/far future) genuinely disputed — keep translation interpretively neutral. |
| coming of the Son of Man / second coming | παρουσία | de wederkomst / de komst van de Mensenzoon | — | High | Judgment and the End of the Age | 24:27,37,39 | Broad eschatological interpretive diversity across Dutch Reformed (amillennial mainstream) vs. dispensationalist-influenced evangelical minority streams. |
| talents (parable) | τάλαντα | talenten | — | Medium-High (false-friend caution) | Judgment and the End of the Age / Discipleship | 25:14-30 | Modern Dutch “talent(en)” = natural ability/skill; teaching material must clarify the parable concerns entrusted resources/responsibility broadly, not “having talent.” |
| eternal punishment / eternal life | κόλασις αἰώνιος / ζωὴ αἰώνιος | eeuwige straf / eeuwig leven | — | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age | 25:46 | Must preserve the parallel grammatical structure (same adjective for both); growing Dutch mainline (PKN) universalist-sympathetic minority stream makes this a live pastoral-doctrinal flashpoint. |
| this is my body / blood of the covenant | τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης | dit is Mijn lichaam / Mijn bloed van het verbond | — | Critical | The Church (Lord’s Supper) | 26:26-28 | Directly engages historic Dutch Reformation-era Eucharistic controversy (transubstantiation vs. spiritual presence vs. memorialism; cf. the 16th-century Beeldenstorm); translation must remain doctrinally neutral in wording. |
| betray / hand over | παραδίδωμι | verraden / overleveren | — | Medium | Discipleship (negative exemplar) | 26:15-16,21-25,45-46 | Shares a verb root with the Father’s “handing over” the Son (cf. Rom 8:32 in the baseline curriculum) — distinct moral valence must be clarified. |
| blasphemy | βλασφημία | godslastering | — | Medium-High | Deity of Christ / Judgment | 12:31-32; 26:65 | The unforgivable-sin occurrence (12:31-32) requires pastoral caution against misapplication to ordinary doubt. |
| virgin | παρθένος | maagd | — | Critical | Jesus as the Promised Messiah (Incarnation) | 1:23 | Historical-critical challenge tradition strong in Dutch university theology faculties; translation itself must not hedge. |
| Immanuel | Ἐμμανουήλ | Immanuël | — | Critical (doctrine) / Low (translit.) | Deity of Christ | 1:23; (echoed 28:20) | Forms literary/theological inclusio with 28:20; “God with us” gloss required in teaching notes. |
| torn veil | τὸ καταπέτασμα | het voorhangsel | — | Medium | Fulfillment of Prophecy / Atonement | 27:51 | Symbolic significance (access to God opened) not self-evident from the Dutch word alone. |
| all authority given to me | πᾶσα ἐξουσία | Mij is alle gezag gegeven | — | Critical/High | The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching / Great Commission | 28:18 | Reuses “gezag” (exousia, ch.7); grounds and must retain unqualified force for the Great Commission that follows. |
| I am with you always | ἐγὼ μεθ’ ὑμῶν εἰμι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας | Ik ben met u al de dagen | — | Medium-High | The Great Commission | 28:20 | Deliberate literary echo of 1:23 Immanuel; must be cross-referenced in teaching material, not merely translated in isolation. |
Part 3 — Chapters Confirmed Reviewed with No New Theological Vocabulary
The following chapter introduces no new load-bearing theological terms beyond those already catalogued above and in the baseline; it is explicitly confirmed reviewed, not silently omitted:
- Chapter 14 — reuses Son of Man (ch.8), faith/geloof (baseline), and Zoon van God (baseline) in its climactic confession (14:33); introduces only the minor compound “kleingelovige” (little-faith), a Low-Medium risk derivative of baseline “geloof,” not a standalone doctrinal term.
Consistency and Enforcement Notes for Phase 2
- Every term marked [BASELINE] in Part 1 must be enforced with zero deviation, per the baseline
translation_memory.json’s own enforcement rule. - Every [NEW] term in Part 2 must be added to translation memory (with version increment) before any Phase 2 segment translation proceeds, per the AI Translation Requirements’ term-discovery protocol.
- The following term pairs require special disambiguation notes traveling with every occurrence, as they involve the same or related source vocabulary rendered differently by context:
- heidenen (Gentiles, baseline) vs. volken (nations, Matt 28:19; cf. 21:43’s singular “volk”)
- Koninkrijk van God (baseline) vs. Koninkrijk der hemelen (new, Matthew-specific) — synonymous, not two kingdoms
- nakomeling van David (baseline, descent) vs. Zoon van David (new, messianic title)
- Messias (baseline, doctrinal category) vs. Christus (new, running-text rendering of Χριστός)
- genade (baseline, grace) vs. barmhartigheid (new, mercy) vs. loon (new, reward) — three distinct, non-interchangeable concepts frequently appearing in close proximity in Matthew
- Terms flagged Critical in Part 2 (blessed; Son of Man in its titular force; keys of the kingdom; binding and loosing; the rock; ransom; eternal punishment/eternal life; this is my body/blood of the covenant; virgin; Immanuel; make disciples; nations in the Great Commission sense; all authority given to me) require mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence, per the same escalation logic as the baseline’s
doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: gerechtigheid
Transliteration: gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Rejected alternatives: deugd
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] CRITICAL: Matthew’s dikaiosynē spans BOTH the baseline’s forensic/received sense AND a practical, lived-conduct sense (5:6 vs. 5:20/6:33); teaching material must tag which sense is active per occurrence so neither is flattened into the other.
Justification
Approved rendering: rechtvaardiging
Transliteration: rechtvaardiging
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vrijspraak (too narrow alone)
[Inherited from Romans package.] Not directly worded in Matthew’s running text but conceptually adjacent to 5:6, 5:20, and the rich young man/vineyard episodes (19:16-20:16); retained for cross-curriculum doctrinal consistency with Heidelberg Catechism Lord’s Day 23.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: opstanding
Transliteration: opstanding
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Matthew occurrences: 22:23-33 (Sadducees’ question); 27:53; 28:1-10 (Christ’s own resurrection). Must never suggest metaphor or reincarnation.
Lord
Approved rendering: Heer
Transliteration: Heer
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: meester
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] CRITICAL in Matthew given extreme frequency (7:21-23; 8:2,8,25; 9:28; 12:8; 15:22,25,27; 20:30-33; 21:3) and the 7:21-23 ‘Heer, Heer’ warning, which must be read alongside the baseline’s Romans 10:9 flag: genuine confession of Jesus as Heer necessarily produces obedience, as grace’s fruit, not its contradiction.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Zoon van God
Transliteration: Zoon van God
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew’s most frequently recurring Critical term (3:17; 4:3,6; 8:29; 14:33; 16:16; 26:63; 27:40,43,54). Must never be confused with the new term ‘kinderen van God’ (believers’ derivative, adoptive sonship, 5:9); must also be actively guarded against the widely-circulated Dutch Jehovah’s Witnesses (Nieuwe-Wereldvertaling) reading of Christ as the first created being rather than co-equal uncreated deity.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: vleeswording
Transliteration: vleeswording
Doctrine: Incarnation and Virgin Birth
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο
Category: Christology
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Matthew’s primary incarnational text is the virgin-birth narrative (1:18-25); the doctrine’s specific translation weight is carried by the new terms ‘maagd’ and ‘Immanuël’ rather than this abstract noun, which does not occur as running vocabulary in Matthew.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Transliteration: Messias
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Reserved as the doctrinal-category term and for passages that explicitly gloss the Hebrew concept; Matthew’s running-text occurrences of Christos render instead with the new term ‘Christus’ — both refer to the same doctrinal reality and must not be treated as competing renderings.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json given the frequency and Christological centrality of this proper name throughout the whole Gospel.] Never substitute Sacred-Name-movement forms (‘Jahshua’/‘Yeshua’).
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] The Netherlands’ secularization pattern noted in the baseline applies equally in Matthew’s audience context; never substitute the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ restored ‘Jehovah’ into OT quotations embedded in Matthew (e.g. 22:44).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Matthew occurrences: 1:18,20; 3:11,16; 12:31-32; 28:19. The personal third Person of the Trinity; 12:31-32’s unforgivable-sin warning requires pastoral caution against misapplication to ordinary doubt.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Transliteration: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Rejected alternatives: verdiende gerechtigheid
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] Not directly worded in Matthew; conceptually adjacent to 5:6 and 5:20. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; flag any teaching material that imports this Romans-specific forensic category into Matthew’s broader dual-sense righteousness usage without the distinguishing note carried on the ‘righteousness’ entry above.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Zoon van David
Transliteration: Zoon van David
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW. CRITICAL: 1:1; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42. A messianic confessional acclamation (worship-like address, e.g. 21:9’s ‘Hosanna’), never bare genealogy; must be kept lexically distinct from the baseline’s descriptive ‘nakomeling van David’. Dutch Reformed Christian-Zionist sensitivity requires this title to stay theological, not geopolitical.
Blessed
Approved rendering: zalig
Transliteration: zalig
Doctrine: The Beatitudes and the Blessed Life
Rejected alternatives: gelukkig (NBV; collapses into subjective happiness, nearly self-contradictory at 5:4’s mourning)
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
NEW. CRITICAL, core-passage term (5:3-11; also 11:6; 13:16; 16:17; 24:46). ‘Zalig’ has drifted colloquially toward ‘delicious/blissful’ (e.g. ‘een zalig bad’), an exact parallel to the baseline’s flagged ‘zonde’ secularization pattern. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Mensenzoon
Transliteration: Mensenzoon
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Rejected alternatives: Zoon des mensen (HSV/Statenvertaling liturgical alternative)
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW. Used ~30x: 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8,32,40; 13:37,41; 16:13,27-28; 17:9,12,22; 19:28; 20:18,28; 24:27,30,37,39,44; 25:31; 26:2,24,45,64. Risks being misheard as merely ‘a human being,’ losing the Daniel 7 eschatological-dominion freight — the inverse risk from Son-of-God confusion.
Make Disciples
Approved rendering: maak… tot discipelen
Transliteration: maak… tot discipelen
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Rejected alternatives: onderwijzen/preken alleen (proclamation only, too weak)
Original: μαθητεύω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 28:19. Must render as an active discipleship-formation verb (‘maak… tot discipelen’), not merely ‘preach to’ or ‘teach’, to preserve the full formation mandate rather than proclamation alone.
Keys Of The Kingdom
Approved rendering: de sleutels van het Koninkrijk der hemelen
Transliteration: de sleutels van het Koninkrijk der hemelen
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: τὰς κλεῖδας τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 16:19. Directly addressed in Heidelberg Catechism Lord’s Day 31 (Q&A 83-85), interpreting the keys as gospel-preaching and church discipline exercised by the whole church — sharply diverging from Catholic Petrine/papal readings. On the same confessional order of magnitude as the baseline’s Critical ‘justification’ (HC LD 23). Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Binding And Loosing
Approved rendering: binden en ontbinden
Transliteration: binden en ontbinden
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Rejected alternatives: binden en losmaken
Original: δέω / λύω
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 16:19; 18:18. Same Catholic/Reformed fault line as ‘keys of the kingdom’; must be routed together for mandatory theologian review.
The Rock
Approved rendering: deze rots
Transliteration: deze rots
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: πέτρα (vs. Πέτρος)
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 16:18. The single most historically contested Catholic (Petrine papal primacy)/Protestant (confession-or-Christ-as-rock) interpretive fault line in the Gospel; the Dutch Petrus/rots wordplay is markedly weaker than Greek Petros/petra. Translation must remain doctrinally neutral; denominational readings belong only in teaching notes.
Ransom
Approved rendering: losprijs
Transliteration: losprijs
Doctrine: Atonement and the Ransom for Many
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW. Matthew 20:28. Core substitutionary-atonement term on par with the baseline’s Critical imputed_righteousness/justification vocabulary; established Reformed Dutch dogmatic rendering preserving the manumission/captive-redemption background.
Kingdom Given To Another Nation
Approved rendering: volk
Transliteration: volk
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: heidenen (FORBIDDEN — wrong word for this referent)
Original: ἀρθήσεται ἡ βασιλεία… καὶ δοθήσεται ἔθνει
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Matthew 21:43. DUTCH-SPECIFIC RISK: engages the same historically-aware, non-supersessionist handling the baseline mandates for ‘israel’, given the Netherlands’ WWII history and its strong Reformed Christian-Zionist stream; a distinct word-choice from both ‘heidenen’ and the Great Commission’s ‘volken’.
Eternal Punishment Eternal Life
Approved rendering: eeuwige straf / eeuwig leven
Transliteration: eeuwige straf / eeuwig leven
Doctrine: Eternal Judgment and the Afterlife
Rejected alternatives: eeuwige afsnijding (FORBIDDEN — Jehovah’s Witnesses’ annihilationist gloss on this verse)
Original: κόλασιν αἰώνιον / ζωὴν αἰώνιον
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Matthew 25:46. A growing Dutch mainline (PKN) universalist/annihilationist-sympathetic minority questions eternal conscious punishment; the parallel grammatical construction (the same adjective modifying both punishment and life) must be rendered without softening.
Lords Supper Body Blood
Approved rendering: dit is Mijn lichaam / Mijn bloed van het verbond
Transliteration: dit is Mijn lichaam / Mijn bloed van het verbond
Doctrine: Atonement and the Ransom for Many
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 26:26-28. Directly engages the historic Dutch Reformation-era Eucharistic controversy (transubstantiation vs. Reformed spiritual presence vs. Zwinglian memorialism; cf. the 16th-century Beeldenstorm). Translation must remain doctrinally neutral in wording; denominational distinctives belong only in teaching notes.
Virgin
Approved rendering: maagd
Transliteration: maagd
Doctrine: Incarnation and Virgin Birth
Rejected alternatives: jonge vrouw (FORBIDDEN as a hedging rendering associated with historical-critical academic argument against the virgin reading)
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 1:23 (quoting Isaiah 7:14). Dutch university theology faculties have a strong historical-critical tradition questioning the virgin reading; the translation itself must not hedge, even where teaching material anticipates the challenge.
Immanuel
Approved rendering: Immanuël
Transliteration: Immanuël
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: Ἐμμανουήλ
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 1:23, echoed at 28:20 forming a literary/theological inclusio around the whole Gospel. The ‘God with us’ gloss must always accompany the transliterated name.
All Authority Given
Approved rendering: Mij is alle gezag gegeven
Transliteration: Mij is alle gezag gegeven
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Original: ἐδόθη μοι πᾶσα ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 28:18. Reuses ‘gezag’; must retain full, unqualified force (‘all… in heaven and on earth’) as the direct warrant for the Great Commission that follows.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Matthew occurrences: 4:23; 9:35; 24:14; 26:13. Must convey an authoritative announcement of Jesus’ saving work, not generic good news; Matthew’s secularized Dutch audience requires the content to be recoverable from context, not assumed.
Grace
Approved rendering: genade
Transliteration: genade
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: gunst
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] No direct χάρις occurrence in Matthew’s narrative text, but the doctrine pervades 19:26 and the vineyard parable (20:1-16); must be actively guarded against the new term ‘loon’ (reward), which risks a merit-earned reading contradicting the Canons of Dort’s rejection of Remonstrant merit-theology.
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Matthew occurrences: 8:10; 9:2,22,29; 14:31; 15:28; 17:20; 21:21. The object of faith (Jesus, his authoritative word) must remain explicit, since secularized Dutch usage reads ‘geloof’ as generic pluralistic religiosity.
Salvation
Approved rendering: behoud
Transliteration: behoud
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: verlossing (more common, less precise), zaligheid (older/pietistic register)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrences: 1:21; 8:25; 10:22; 24:13. The baseline’s three-way Dutch register split (behoud/verlossing/zaligheid) applies identically; ‘behoud’ remains the fixed primary curriculum rendering.
Called
Approved rendering: geroepen
Transliteration: geroepen
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Matthew 22:14 (‘many are called, but few are chosen’) places this term in direct juxtaposition with ‘verkiezing’ for the first time in this curriculum; mandatory theologian review at that occurrence to ensure neither term flattens the other.
Calling
Approved rendering: roeping
Transliteration: roeping
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Implicit in the discipleship-call narratives (4:18-22; 9:9). Must convey sovereign summons, not the identical everyday Dutch vocational/career sense.
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: heilig
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: rein
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Matthew occurrences: 7:6 (‘holy things’); 27:52-53 (‘holy ones’). ‘Rein’ loses the set-apart sense (baseline note); contrast the narrower, correctly-‘rein’-rendered ‘pure in heart’ (5:8) which is a different, non-competing concept.
Saints
Approved rendering: heiligen
Transliteration: heiligen
Doctrine: Sainthood (Holy Ones)
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrence: 27:52 (‘bodies of the saints’). CRITICAL/HIGH RISK context: the baseline’s Catholic ‘de heiligen’ (canonized saints)/Reformed (all believers) fault line recurs at this resurrection-adjacent sign, tracking the Netherlands’ Catholic-south/Reformed-north geography.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: heiliging
Transliteration: heiliging
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Implicit throughout the ethical teaching of chapters 5-7.
Church
Approved rendering: gemeente
Transliteration: gemeente
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Rejected alternatives: kerk (institution-default; explicitly rejected at 16:18 and 18:17, Matthew’s two foundational occurrences)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
[Inherited from Romans package; risk explicitly elevated from the baseline’s Medium for this curriculum.] Matthew occurrences 16:18 and 18:17 (x2) are the New Testament’s foundational and most procedurally significant uses of ekklēsia, unlike most incidental Romans usages — mandatory theologian review at both. Willibrordvertaling’s Catholic ‘kerk’ must not be silently substituted.
Law
Approved rendering: wet
Transliteration: wet
Doctrine: The Law Fulfilled, Not Abolished
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrences: 5:17-18; 7:12; 11:13; 22:36,40; 23:23. Capitalize as ‘de Wet’ for the Torah/Mosaic sense. The Dutch Reformed ‘drie gebruiken van de wet’ tradition is directly engaged by 5:17’s programmatic statement and must be neither imported wholesale nor ignored.
Sin
Approved rendering: zonde
Transliteration: zonde
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrences: 1:21; 3:6; 6:14-15; 9:2,5-6; 12:31; 26:28. The baseline’s flagged colloquial drift toward ‘a pity/waste’ is especially acute at 9:2-6, where Jesus’ claim to forgive sins is a direct divine-prerogative claim that depends on ‘zonde’ retaining full moral-transgression weight.
Glory
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid
Transliteration: heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Matthew occurrences: 16:27; 17:2 (transfiguration); 19:28; 24:30; 25:31.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: gehoorzaamheid van het geloof
Transliteration: gehoorzaamheid van het geloof
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
[Inherited from Romans package.] No identical Greek phrase in Matthew, but 28:20a’s ‘teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you’ occupies the same conceptual territory; must be distinguished from works-based obedience earning standing, echoing but not identical to the Romans phrase.
Covenant
Approved rendering: verbond
Transliteration: verbond
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrence: 26:28 (‘blood of the covenant’), now directly engaged with the Lord’s Supper/Eucharistic controversy — see the new term ‘lords_supper_body_blood’.
Election
Approved rendering: verkiezing
Transliteration: verkiezing
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrence: 22:14 (‘few are chosen’). Its juxtaposition with ‘geroepen’ in the same verse requires mandatory theologian review, per the Canons of Dort’s definitive Reformed position on unconditional election formulated against the Dutch Remonstrants.
Father
Approved rendering: Vader
Transliteration: Vader
Doctrine: Providence and Provision
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Extremely frequent, especially the Sermon on the Mount and Lord’s Prayer (5:16,45,48; 6:1-32; 7:11,21; 10:20,29,32-33; 11:25-27; 18:10-35; 23:9; 28:19). ‘Onze Vader’ is the fixed, universally recognized Dutch liturgical wording across Catholic and Protestant traditions.
Kingdom Of Heaven
Approved rendering: Koninkrijk der hemelen
Transliteration: Koninkrijk der hemelen
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Rejected alternatives: Koninkrijk van de hemel (NBV), Rijk der hemelen (Willibrordvertaling register variant)
Original: βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Matthew’s signature phrase (~32x): 3:2; 4:17; 5:3,10,19-20; 7:21; 8:11; 10:7; 11:11-12; 13:11,24,31,33,44-45,47,52; 16:19; 18:1,3-4,23; 19:12,14,23; 20:1; 22:2; 23:13; 25:1. Must always be taught as synonymous with ‘Koninkrijk van God’, never a second kingdom — a live risk among Dutch evangelical/free-church readers shaped by English-language dispensationalist teaching, which 19:23-24’s interchangeable usage itself contradicts.
Poor In Spirit
Approved rendering: armen van geest
Transliteration: armen van geest
Doctrine: The Beatitudes and the Blessed Life
Rejected alternatives: de nederigen (loses the beggarly/destitute force)
Original: πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Matthew 5:3. A fixed Statenvertaling/HSV idiom, not natural modern Dutch phrasing; risks a literal-economic-poverty-only reading or dismissal as archaic among unchurched readers.
Reward
Approved rendering: loon
Transliteration: loon
Doctrine: Grace, Merit, and Reward
Original: μισθός
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 5:12,46; 6:1-6,16-18; 10:41-42; 20:8. ‘Loon’ is the ordinary Dutch word for a paid salary (cf. ‘minimumloon’), making an earned-wage misreading unusually easy and directly tensioning the baseline’s Critical Grace doctrine. Every occurrence requires a note distinguishing gracious eschatological reward from a wage owed.
Fulfil The Law
Approved rendering: vervullen
Transliteration: vervullen
Doctrine: The Law Fulfilled, Not Abolished
Rejected alternatives: afschaffen (FORBIDDEN — implies abolition)
Original: πληρῶσαι / πληρωθῇ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Matthew 5:17; and the fulfillment-formula at 1:22; 2:15,17,23; 4:14; 8:17; 12:17; 13:35; 21:4; 26:54,56; 27:9. Must never imply abolition/replacement of the Law; conveys bringing to full, complete realization.
Authority
Approved rendering: gezag
Transliteration: gezag
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Rejected alternatives: macht (broader, coercive-power connotation, imprecise)
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 7:29; 8:9; 9:6,8; 10:1; 21:23-27; 28:18. Must be distinguished from ‘kracht van God’ (dynamis, capability) — exousia is specifically the legal-relational right to command.
Repent Repentance
Approved rendering: bekeren / bekering
Transliteration: bekeren / bekering
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: berouw hebben (captures only emotional regret)
Original: μετανοέω / μετάνοια
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 3:2,8,11; 4:17; 11:20-21; 12:41. Colloquial Dutch ‘berouw hebben’ captures only emotional-regret; ‘bekering’ is also used generically of any ideological/political conversion, requiring context to keep the God-ward reorientation sense clear.
Baptism Baptize
Approved rendering: doop / dopen
Transliteration: doop / dopen
Doctrine: The Sacrament/Ordinance of Baptism
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 3:6,11,13-16; 28:19. DUTCH-SPECIFIC RISK: an ongoing ecclesial fault line between paedobaptist Reformed churches (infant baptism as covenant sign) and credobaptist evangelical/Doopsgezinde (historically Dutch Mennonite) and Baptist churches (believer’s baptism only); the command’s wording itself must remain neutral on mode/timing.
Nations Volken
Approved rendering: volken (sg. volk)
Transliteration: volken (sg. volk)
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Rejected alternatives: heidenen (FORBIDDEN in these inclusive contexts)
Original: ἔθνη / ἔθνος
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 28:19; 24:14; 21:43 (singular ethnos: ‘volk’). Must NOT be rendered ‘heidenen’ (the baseline’s Gentiles rendering) — same Greek word, opposite referent scope; using ‘heidenen’ would wrongly narrow and pejoratively color the universal Great Commission.
Great Commission
Approved rendering: de grote opdracht / het zendingsbevel
Transliteration: de grote opdracht / het zendingsbevel
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: (no single Greek term; Matthew 28:19-20)
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 28:18-20. Doctrinal-category label tying to baseline’s ‘zending’; must be taught as flowing from 28:18’s unqualified universal authority claim.
Church Discipline
Approved rendering: de gemeentelijke tucht / kerkelijke tucht
Transliteration: de gemeentelijke tucht / kerkelijke tucht
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: (interpretive category; Matthew 18:15-20)
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 18:15-20. Historically rooted in the Dutch Reformed church order tradition stemming from the 1618-19 Synod of Dordrecht; must be framed as restorative, not punitive, and not conflated with Catholic sacramental excommunication/absolution categories.
Take Up The Cross
Approved rendering: zijn kruis op zich nemen
Transliteration: zijn kruis op zich nemen
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: een kruisje te dragen (FORBIDDEN — existing Dutch idiom for a minor chronic annoyance)
Original: ἄρας τὸν σταυρὸν
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 10:38; 16:24. DUTCH-SPECIFIC RISK: the existing idiom ‘een kruisje te dragen’ domesticates the phrase, draining the costly, potentially fatal force of the original in a secularized, comfort-oriented culture.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: de steen die de bouwers verwierpen… de hoeksteen
Transliteration: de steen die de bouwers verwierpen… de hoeksteen
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: λίθος… κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 21:42 (quoting Psalm 118:22). Requires the rejection-vindication pattern (death then resurrection/exaltation) to be preserved, not read as a merely moral lesson about being underestimated.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: liefde / liefhebben
Transliteration: liefde / liefhebben
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: ἀγαπάω
Category: Ethics
NEW. Matthew 22:37-39. Dutch lacks a lexically distinct word for agapē apart from romantic/general ‘liefde’; requires explicit qualification as willed, self-giving, covenantal love whenever the greatest commandment is taught.
End Of The Age
Approved rendering: de voleinding van de wereld
Transliteration: de voleinding van de wereld
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: het einde van deze wereld (evokes secular disaster-movie apocalypticism)
Original: συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Matthew 24:3; 28:20. Colloquial ‘einde van de wereld’ crowds out the text’s specific sense of purposeful redemptive consummation, not cosmic annihilation.
Parousia Second Coming
Approved rendering: de wederkomst / de komst van de Mensenzoon
Transliteration: de wederkomst / de komst van de Mensenzoon
Doctrine: The Second Coming
Rejected alternatives: aanwezigheid (FORBIDDEN — Jehovah’s Witnesses’ ‘invisible presence’ rendering tied to a falsified 1914 date-claim)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Matthew 24:27,37,39. Broad eschatological interpretive diversity exists across Dutch traditions (amillennial Reformed mainstream vs. dispensationalist-influenced evangelical minority); must curb speculative date-setting per 24:36.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: godslastering
Transliteration: godslastering
Doctrine: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 12:31-32; 26:65. The unforgivable-sin occurrence (12:31-32) requires pastoral caution against misapplication to ordinary doubt, connected to the Dutch Reformed ‘bevindelijke’ tradition’s tendency toward introspective assurance-anxiety.
Children Of God
Approved rendering: kinderen van God
Transliteration: kinderen van God
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Zoon van God (FORBIDDEN for believers — reserved exclusively for Christ)
Original: υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται
Category: Salvation
NEW. Matthew 5:9. Believers’ derivative, adoptive sonship (plural, granted), categorically different from Christ’s unique eternal Sonship; ‘kinderen van God’ keeps the distinction visually unmistakable in Dutch.
Amen Formula
Approved rendering: Voorwaar, Ik zeg u
Transliteration: Voorwaar, Ik zeg u
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Rejected alternatives: Amen, Ik zeg u (risks confusion with the closing liturgical ‘Amen’)
NEW GAP TERM identified in linguistic gap analysis. Jesus’ recurring self-authenticating authority-formula (e.g. 5:18,26; 6:2,5,16; 8:10; 10:15 and dozens more) is the linguistic vehicle of the Authority-of-Jesus’-Teaching doctrine; ‘Voorwaar’ is the established Dutch Bible rendering (Statenvertaling/HSV) signaling this opening authority marker, distinct from a bare transliterated closing ‘Amen’.
Gehenna Hell
Approved rendering: hel
Transliteration: hel
Doctrine: Eternal Judgment and the Afterlife
Rejected alternatives: Gehenna (untransliterated, unintelligible to nearly all Dutch readers outside specialist study)
NEW GAP TERM. Matthew 5:22,29-30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15,33. Modern Dutch ‘hel’ carries strong secularized folk-cultural imagery (devil-with-pitchfork, comic-book damnation) not present in the technical apocalyptic term Gehenna; must be actively reframed in teaching material away from folk-cultural connotations toward the seriousness of final judgment, paired doctrinally with ‘eternal_punishment_eternal_life’.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostel
Transliteration: apostel
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrence: 10:2. Stable, established term with minimal risk.
Adoption
Approved rendering: aanneming tot kinderen
Transliteration: aanneming tot kinderen
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: adoptie (bare, legal-procedural)
[Inherited from Romans package.] No dedicated Matthew pericope; conceptually present in the new term ‘kinderen van God’ (5:9), which must be kept lexically distinct from ‘Zoon van God’ (reserved for Christ).
Peace
Approved rendering: vrede
Transliteration: vrede
Doctrine: Interpersonal Peace Amid Conflict
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
[Inherited from Romans package; risk tier aligned with Matthew-specific bible_term_registry.json.] Matthew occurrences: 10:13, 34. 10:34’s ‘not peace but a sword’ concerns social/familial peace disrupted by allegiance to Christ and must NOT be conflated with the baseline’s forensic Peace-with-God doctrine — distinct referents, not a contradiction.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: genadegaven
Transliteration: genadegaven
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: geestelijke gaven (looser)
[Inherited from Romans package.] Not a distinct Matthew pericope; retained for cross-curriculum vocabulary consistency (cf. the entrusted-resources theme of the talents parable, 25:14-30, which is conceptually adjacent but uses the distinct false-friend term ‘talenten’, never ‘genadegaven’).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Koninkrijk van God
Transliteration: Koninkrijk van God
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Rejected alternatives: Koninkrijk Gods (archaic genitive)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew’s rarer phrase (6:33; 12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43) must be taught as strictly synonymous with the new term ‘Koninkrijk der hemelen’ — never a second, distinct kingdom, a real risk in Dutch evangelical/free-church circles shaped by English-language dispensationalist teaching.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: heidenen
Transliteration: heidenen
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrences: 4:15; 6:32; 10:5,18; 12:18,21; 20:19. MUST NOT be used at 28:19, 24:14, or 21:43, where the same Greek word (ethnē/ethnos) refers inclusively to all peoples and must instead render as the new term ‘volken’/‘volk’.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kracht van God
Transliteration: kracht van God
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrences: 22:29; 24:30. Must be kept distinct from the new term ‘gezag’ (exousia, the legal-relational right to command) — a different Greek word entirely.
Intercession
Approved rendering: voorbede
Transliteration: voorbede
Doctrine: Prayer and the Lord’s Prayer
Original: ἔντευξις / ὑπερεντυγχάνει (cf. Rom 8:26)
Category: Faith
[Inherited from Romans package.] Conceptually present throughout the Lord’s Prayer (6:5-15).
Providence
Approved rendering: voorzienigheid
Transliteration: voorzienigheid
Doctrine: Providence and Provision
Original: πρόνοια (cf. Matt 6:25-34; 10:29-31)
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrences: 6:25-34; 10:29-31. Heidelberg Catechism Q&A 27-28 gives Reformed-catechized readers unusually precise prior vocabulary, though secularized readers will lack this grounding.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrences: 2:6,20-21; 8:10; 9:33; 10:6,23; 15:24,31; 19:28; 27:9,42. The baseline’s Christian-Zionism sensitivity note applies throughout, especially at 2:1-12 and 21:33-43.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package.] No direct occurrence in Matthew (cf. Mark 14:36; Romans 8:15); retained for cross-curriculum vocabulary consistency only.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: nakomeling van David
Transliteration: nakomeling van David
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Rejected alternatives: uit het zaad Davids (archaic/clinical register)
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Applies to Matthew’s genealogical descent-claims (1:1-17); must NOT be used interchangeably with the new titular term ‘Zoon van David’, which carries messianic confessional force rather than bare genealogy.
Merciful Mercy
Approved rendering: barmhartig / barmhartigheid
Transliteration: barmhartig / barmhartigheid
Doctrine: Mercy and Compassion
Original: ἐλεήμων / ἔλεος
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 5:7; 9:13; 12:7; 18:21-35; 23:23. Must be kept distinct from ‘genade’ (grace) — mercy withholds deserved judgment/relieves suffering; grace bestows unearned favor. Recurs in close proximity to ‘genade’ in Matthew’s ‘mercy, not sacrifice’ refrains.
Pure In Heart
Approved rendering: rein van hart
Transliteration: rein van hart
Doctrine: The Beatitudes and the Blessed Life
Original: καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 5:8. Distinct from the baseline’s rejection of bare ‘rein’ as a substitute for ‘heilig’ (loses set-apart sense) — here the narrower purity-of-motive sense is correct and intended, not ritual purity.
Perfect
Approved rendering: volmaakt
Transliteration: volmaakt
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: τέλειος
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 5:48; 19:21. Modern Dutch ‘volmaakt’ leans toward flawless performance, risking a works-anxiety misreading in tension with Grace; gloss as relational wholeness/maturity modeled on God’s own consistent love, not sinless flawlessness.
Christ Title
Approved rendering: Christus
Transliteration: Christus
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew occurrences: 1:1,16-18; 11:2; 16:16,20; 22:42; 23:10; 24:5,23; 26:63,68; 27:17,22. Distinct register-context from ‘Messias’ (reserved for explicit Hebrew-gloss contexts); both refer to the same doctrinal reality and must not be treated as competing renderings.
Disciple
Approved rendering: discipel(en)
Transliteration: discipel(en)
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: leerlingen (school-pupil register, secularizing), volgelingen (loses submission-to-a-master sense)
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Occurs throughout (e.g. 10:1; 28:19). ‘Discipelen’ (established HSV/Statenvertaling term) preferred for preserving the committed-follower, submission-to-a-master sense.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: struikelblok
Transliteration: struikelblok
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: σκάνδαλον
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 18:6-9. Fully naturalized secular Dutch idiom; the specifically spiritual-downfall sense must be reinforced.
Little Ones
Approved rendering: kleinen
Transliteration: kleinen
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: οἱ μικροί
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 18:6,10,14. Must not be limited to literal children; refers broadly to vulnerable/humble believers.
Worthy
Approved rendering: waardig
Transliteration: waardig
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: ἄξιος
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 10:10-13,37-38; 22:8; 25:21,23. Concerns fittingness for the calling of discipleship, not merit earning salvation — a parallel caution to ‘loon’ (reward).
Tradition Of The Elders
Approved rendering: overlevering van de oudsten
Transliteration: overlevering van de oudsten
Doctrine: Authentic Versus Hypocritical Religion
Original: ἡ παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων
Category: Ethics
NEW. Matthew 15:1-9. Must critique elevating human tradition above God’s Word without implicating confessional tradition (Heidelberg Catechism, Belgic Confession, Canons of Dort) as such — a Dutch-specific sensitivity given the strong confessional traditions on both sides of the Catholic/Reformed divide.
Pharisees
Approved rendering: Farizeeën
Transliteration: Farizeeën
Doctrine: Authentic Versus Hypocritical Religion
Original: Φαρισαῖοι
Category: Ethics
NEW. Throughout: 9:11,34; 12:2,14,24; 15:1,12; 16:1,6,11-12; 19:3; 22:15,34,41; 23:2,13-29. Dutch idiom ‘farizeeër’ = colloquial ‘hypocrite’, risking a self-congratulatory flattening of the text’s self-examining force; reserve for the historical proper noun only.
Hypocrites
Approved rendering: huichelaars
Transliteration: huichelaars
Doctrine: Authentic Versus Hypocritical Religion
Original: ὑποκριταί
Category: Ethics
NEW. Matthew 6:2,5,16; 15:7; 22:18; 23:13-29. Naturalized secular Dutch word; must be anchored back to specifically religious performance, not generic social hypocrisy.
Woe
Approved rendering: wee
Transliteration: wee
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: οὐαί
Category: Covenant
NEW. Matthew 23:13-29. Preserved interjection is archaic outside biblical/liturgical register; requires brief contextual framing as a prophetic pronouncement of judgment, not an expression of pity.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: de verwoestende gruwel
Transliteration: de verwoestende gruwel
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: de verwoesting aanrichtende gruwel (HSV, fuller variant)
Original: τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Matthew 24:15. No competing cultural concept in Dutch; the referent (historical/near/far future) is genuinely disputed among interpreters — keep the translation interpretively neutral.
Talents
Approved rendering: talenten
Transliteration: talenten
Doctrine: Stewardship and Faithfulness
Original: τάλαντα
Category: Discipleship
NEW. FALSE-FRIEND RISK. Matthew 25:14-30. Modern Dutch ‘talent(en)’ overwhelmingly means natural ability/skill; must be glossed at every occurrence as entrusted resources/responsibility generally, not innate giftedness.
Betray Hand Over
Approved rendering: verraden / overleveren
Transliteration: verraden / overleveren
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 26:15-16,21-25,45-46. Shares a verb root with the Father’s ‘handing over’ the Son (cf. Romans 8:32 in the baseline curriculum); the distinct moral valence (Judas’s culpable betrayal vs. the Father’s gracious giving-up of the Son) must be clarified in teaching material.
Torn Veil
Approved rendering: het voorhangsel
Transliteration: het voorhangsel
Doctrine: Atonement and the Ransom for Many
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Matthew 27:51. Symbolizes opened access to God through Christ’s death; the Dutch term carries no built-in theological signal and requires teaching-note explanation.
I Am With You Always
Approved rendering: Ik ben met u al de dagen
Transliteration: Ik ben met u al de dagen
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: ἐγὼ μεθ’ ὑμῶν εἰμι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 28:20. Deliberate literary echo of 1:23’s Immanuel, forming a book-spanning inclusio; must be cross-referenced with 1:23 in teaching material, not translated in isolation.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: Koning van de Joden
Transliteration: Koning van de Joden
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 2:2; 27:37. Given contemporary sensitivity around Jewish-Christian relations in the Netherlands, must be framed as a title of messianic kingship, avoiding supersessionist or modern ethnic-political readings.
Temptation
Approved rendering: verzoeking
Transliteration: verzoeking
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: verleiding (leans toward seduction/enticement, loses the ‘put to the test’ sense)
Original: πειρασθῆναι / πειρασμός
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 4:1; 6:13. ‘Verzoeking’ is the established theological term (cf. Lord’s Prayer) but is increasingly displaced by modern ‘verleiding’ in everyday speech.
Mammon
Approved rendering: Mammon
Transliteration: Mammon
Doctrine: Grace, Merit, and Reward
Rejected alternatives: geld (loses the idol/rival-master personification)
Original: μαμωνᾷ
Category: Ethics
NEW. Matthew 6:24. Retain as a transliterated proper-noun-like term per established Dutch Bible tradition; the personification (wealth as rival god) must be reinforced in teaching notes.
False Prophets
Approved rendering: valse profeten
Transliteration: valse profeten
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 7:15; 24:11,24. Fully naturalized idiom in Dutch (‘wolven in schaapskleren’), relevant to discernment within the church.
Mysteries Of The Kingdom
Approved rendering: de geheimenissen van het Koninkrijk
Transliteration: de geheimenissen van het Koninkrijk
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Original: τὰ μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Matthew 13:11. Modern Dutch ‘mysterie/geheim’ tends toward ‘puzzle’ or esoteric/occult connotations; must be glossed as previously hidden, now revealed truth.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: Beëlzebul
Transliteration: Beëlzebul
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: de duivel (erases the specific taunt being made)
NEW GAP TERM. Matthew 10:25; 12:24,27. No Dutch equivalent name exists beyond transliteration; requires a brief gloss identifying this as a name for the prince of demons.
Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani / Mijn God, Mijn God, waarom hebt U Mij verlaten?
Transliteration: Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani
Doctrine: Atonement and the Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: Dutch gloss only, without retaining the Aramaic (loses the historical utterance)
NEW GAP TERM. Matthew 27:46. Retain the Aramaic transliteration followed by the Dutch gloss, per established practice across all Dutch Bible traditions; do not translate only.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: dankzegging
Transliteration: dankzegging
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrences: 15:36; 26:27.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: gemeenschap
Transliteration: gemeenschap
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
[Inherited from Romans package.] Implicit in the community-life instructions of chapter 18.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeet
Transliteration: profeet
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Extraordinarily frequent in Matthew, forming the backbone of the fulfillment-formula structure (1:22; 2:5,15,17,23; 3:3; 4:14; 5:12,17; 7:12; 8:17; 11:9,13; 12:17,39; 13:17,35,57; 21:4,11,26,46; 22:40; 23:29-37; 24:15; 26:56; 27:9).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profetie
Transliteration: profetie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Implicit throughout Matthew’s fulfillment citations.
Mission
Approved rendering: zending
Transliteration: zending
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Rejected alternatives: missie (broader/secular)
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrences: 10:5-15; 28:19-20. The Great Commission is this doctrine’s climactic text; still carries residual Dutch East Indies-era colonial missionary connotations requiring sensitive framing.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package.] Matthew occurrences: 1:1,6,17,20; 9:27; 12:3,23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42,45.
Exhort
Approved rendering: vermanen
Transliteration: vermanen
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
[Inherited from Romans package.] Conceptually present in 18:15’s private-correction instruction, where the admonish sense (rather than encouragement) is active, per the baseline’s own context-sensitivity note.
Peacemakers
Approved rendering: vredestichters
Transliteration: vredestichters
Doctrine: The Beatitudes and the Blessed Life
Original: εἰρηνοποιοί
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 5:9. Stable, active-agency compound; distinct from the baseline’s forensic Peace-with-God doctrine (interpersonal, not vertical, peace).
Narrow Gate
Approved rendering: nauwe poort
Transliteration: nauwe poort
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: στενὴ πύλη
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 7:13-14. Stable image.
Yoke
Approved rendering: juk
Transliteration: juk
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Original: ζυγός
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 11:29-30. Rural-agricultural referent needs brief unpacking for urban secular Dutch readers; rabbinic idiom for ‘the yoke of the Torah’, contrasted with Jesus’ easy yoke.
Devil
Approved rendering: duivel
Transliteration: duivel
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: διάβολος
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 4:1,5,8,11. Stable personal-adversary concept across Dutch traditions; no rival folk-concept requiring disambiguation.
Sign Of Jonah
Approved rendering: het teken van Jona
Transliteration: het teken van Jona
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Matthew 12:39-40. Requires OT narrative context (the Jonah story) given generally low biblical literacy among secular Dutch readers.
Salt Of The Earth
Approved rendering: het zout van de aarde
Transliteration: het zout van de aarde
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: τὸ ἅλας τῆς γῆς
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 5:13. Idiom already fully naturalized in secular Dutch usage; teaching notes should restore the specifically kingdom-oriented biblical referent.
Light Of The World
Approved rendering: het licht van de wereld
Transliteration: het licht van de wereld
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 5:14. Stable, low risk.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosanna
Transliteration: Hosanna
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
NEW GAP TERM. Matthew 21:9,15. Transliterated liturgical acclamation; requires a brief gloss (‘Redt toch!’/a cry of messianic acclamation) since the Hebrew derivation is not transparent from the Dutch transliteration alone.
Golgotha
Approved rendering: Golgotha
Transliteration: Golgotha
Doctrine: Atonement and the Ransom for Many
NEW GAP TERM. Matthew 27:33. Established Dutch Bible-translation convention; brief gloss (‘Schedelplaats’) recommended, low risk.
Referenced passages