Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Galatians
Section 1: Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
These terms already exist in translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json and MUST be reused exactly, without modification, in the Galatians curriculum. Galatians-specific contextual notes are added but do not change the rendering.
| Term (EN) | Dutch rendering | Risk (baseline) | Galatians-specific note |
|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangelie | Low (baseline) → elevated to High in Galatians context | Appears inside the anathema formula (1:8-9) contrasting true/false gospel; review routing elevated though rendering is unchanged |
| grace | genade | High | Central to Law-and-Grace doctrine; Gal 2:21, 5:4 sharpen the stakes (Christ’s death “in vain” if law could justify) |
| faith | geloof | Medium | Thesis term of 2:16, 2:20, 3:2-9, 3:22-26, 5:5-6 |
| righteousness | gerechtigheid | Critical | 2:21, 3:6, 3:21, 5:5 |
| justification | rechtvaardiging | Critical | 2:16-17 (three occurrences in one verse) |
| law | wet (capitalize “de Wet” for Torah) | High | Central antithesis term throughout; paradoxical use in 2:19 |
| sin | zonde | High | Root of new term “zondaar” (see Section 2) |
| gentiles | heidenen | Medium | 2:15, 3:8, 3:14 |
| apostle | apostel | Low/Medium (baseline) → elevated to Medium-High in Galatians | Defended, contested claim in ch.1-2, unlike Romans’ settled usage |
| called / calling | geroepen / roeping | Medium/High | 1:6, 1:15, 5:8, 5:13 |
| holy | heilig | Medium | Implicit background to sanctification-adjacent Spirit-fruit language in ch.5 |
| church | gemeente | High | 1:2, 1:13, 1:22 |
| covenant | verbond | High | 3:15, 3:17 |
| Israel | Israël | Medium | Background to “Jodendom”/ethnic-Israel discussion in ch.1, 3-4 |
| Abba | Abba | Medium | 4:6, identical formula to Romans 8:15 |
| father | Vader | Medium | 1:1, 1:3, 4:6 |
| Son of God | Zoon van God | Critical | 1:16, 2:20, 4:4, 4:6 — must stay visibly distinct from new term “kinderen van God” (believers) |
| Holy Spirit | Heilige Geest | Medium/High (context-dependent per occurrence) | Central to ch.5’s Flesh-versus-Spirit and Fruit-of-the-Spirit doctrines |
| adoption | aanneming tot kinderen | Critical | 4:5 — second major Pauline occurrence after Romans 8 |
| fellowship | gemeenschap | Medium/Low | 2:9 |
| God | God | Medium/Critical (context) | Throughout |
| Jesus | Jezus | Low | Throughout |
| Lord | Heer | High | 1:3, 6:14 (“our Lord Jesus Christ”) |
| David | David | Low | Not directly named in Galatians but the “seed” typology (ch.3) parallels baseline’s “seed_of_david” structure — see new term below |
| imputed righteousness | toegerekende gerechtigheid | Critical | Conceptually underlies 3:6 (Abraham’s faith “counted” as righteousness, quoting Genesis 15:6, the same text underlying Romans 4) |
Section 2: New Terms Introduced in Galatians
These terms do not appear in the Romans baseline and are proposed here for addition to the shared translation memory. Risk levels follow the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline registries.
| Term (EN) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Dutch rendering | Risk | Doctrine | First occurrence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sinner | ἁμαρτωλός | hamartōlos | zondaar | High | Universal Human Accountability (Romans-shared) / Justification by Faith | 2:15 | Built on baseline “zonde” (High); risk of moral flattening if read through colloquial “zonde = pity” drift |
| works of the law | ἔργα νόμου | erga nomou | werken van de wet | Critical | Justification by Faith / Law and Grace | 2:16 | Never soften to “good deeds” generally; strictly Torah-observance in antithesis to faith |
| faith of/in Jesus Christ (genitive) | πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | pistis Iēsou Christou | geloof in Jezus Christus | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:16 | Genuinely ambiguous genitive (objective vs. subjective); objective-genitive rendering required for baseline consistency; flag alternative for review |
| all flesh (idiom) | πᾶσα σάρξ | pasa sarx | (geen enkel) mens / alle vlees | High | Universal Human Accountability | 2:16 | Hebraic idiom for “no human being”; risk of overly literal physical reading |
| servant/agent (of sin) | διάκονος | diakonos | dienaar | Medium | Justification by Faith (rhetorical) | 2:17 | Must not carry later ecclesiastical “deacon” sense here |
| transgressor | παραβάτης | parabatēs | overtreder | Medium | Law’s Purpose | 2:18 | — |
| crucified with Christ | συσταυρόω | synestaurōmai | met Christus gekruisigd (zijn) | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2:19 | Must preserve Greek perfect tense: completed-yet-ongoing-effect; doctrinal anchor term |
| flesh | σάρξ | sarx | vlees | High | Crucified with Christ / Flesh versus Spirit | 2:20; dominant ethical sense from 5:13 on | Dual sense across the letter: neutral-physical (2:20) vs. morally negative (ch.5); flag sense per occurrence |
| die in vain / needlessly | δωρεάν + ἀποθνήσκω | dōrean apethanen | voor niets gestorven | Critical | Law and Grace | 2:21 | Do not confuse with δωρεάν’s other sense “freely, as a gift” — meaning here is “needlessly, in vain” |
| accursed / anathema | ἀνάθεμα | anathema | vervloekt (zijn) | Critical | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:8-9 | Formal curse of exclusion; must retain full gravity |
| distort (the gospel) | μεταστρέφω | metastrepsai | verdraaien | High | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:7 | Deliberate inversion, not innocent misunderstanding |
| a different gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον | heteron euangelion | een ander evangelie | High | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:6-7 | Dutch cannot reproduce ἕτερος/ἄλλος wordplay; footnote recommended |
| revelation | ἀποκάλυψις | apokalypsis | openbaring | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:12 | — |
| Judaism | Ἰουδαϊσμός | Ioudaismos | jodendom | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship (background) | 1:13 | Descriptive of pre-conversion religious system; handle with historical care, not blanket judgment on Jewish people |
| traditions | παράδοσις | paradosis | overleveringen | Low | Paul’s Apostleship (background) | 1:14 | — |
| circumcision | περιτομή | peritomē | besnijdenis | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2:3 | Specifically the Jewish covenant-sign controversy, not general ritual purity |
| freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | vrijheid | High | Freedom in Christ | 2:4 | Freedom from law’s condemnation and ritual bondage; not civic/political liberty; qualified by 5:13 (“not for the flesh”) |
| to enslave | καταδουλόω | katadouloō | tot slaaf maken | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 2:4 | — |
| pillars (leaders) | στῦλος | stylos | pijler / steunpilaar | Low | Paul’s Apostleship (background) | 2:9 | — |
| hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις | hypokrisis | hypocrisie / schijnheiligheid | Medium | Law and Grace (Antioch incident) | 2:13 | — |
| walking in step (with truth) | ὀρθοποδέω | orthopodeō | juist wandelen | Low | Law and Grace | 2:14 | — |
| promise | ἐπαγγελία | epangelia | belofte | Critical | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14 | Categorically distinct from law as basis for inheritance; never collapse into conditional legal arrangement |
| seed/offspring of Abraham (singular, Christological) | σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ | sperma Abraam | nakomeling van Abraham | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:16 | Parallel construction to baseline “nakomeling van David”; Paul’s argument depends on the singular form pointing to Christ |
| seed/offspring of Abraham (corporate) | σπέρμα (Ἀβραάμ) | sperma (Abraam) | nageslacht van Abraham | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:29 | Corporate sense applied to all believers; Dutch “nageslacht” conveniently preserves the collective-singular grammar |
| curse | κατάρα | katara | vloek | Critical | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise / Law’s Purpose | 3:10, 3:13 | Central to substitutionary logic of 3:13; must not soften to “misfortune” |
| blessing | εὐλογία | eulogia | zegen | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14 | — |
| mediator | μεσίτης | mesitēs | middelaar | Medium-High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:19-20 | Referent here is Moses, not Christ; avoid conflation with Christ’s unique mediatorship |
| guardian/tutor (paidagōgos) | παιδαγωγός | paidagōgos | opvoeder (alt.: tuchtmeester) | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 3:24-25 | False-friend risk: modern “opvoeder” suggests benign childcare, not ancient custodial-guardian role; gloss recommended |
| sons/children of God (believers) | υἱοὶ θεοῦ | huioi theou | kinderen van God | High | Adoption and Sonship | 3:26 | Must remain visibly distinct from Critical baseline term “Zoon van God” (Christ’s unique Sonship) |
| baptized | βαπτίζω | baptizō | gedoopt (zijn) / doop | Medium | Adoption and Sonship (background) | 3:27 | — |
| heir | κληρονόμος | klēronomos | erfgenaam | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:1, 4:7 | Must retain full-inheritance-rights sense |
| slave (contrast to son/heir) | δοῦλος | doulos | slaaf | Medium | Adoption and Sonship / Freedom in Christ | 4:1, 4:7 | — |
| guardians and stewards | ἐπίτροπος καὶ οἰκονόμος | epitropos kai oikonomos | voogden en beheerders | Low-Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 4:2 | — |
| elemental things/elements of the world | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | stoicheia tou kosmou | elementaire machten van de wereld | High | The Law’s Purpose / Freedom in Christ | 4:3, 4:9 | Genuinely disputed exegetically (elemental principles vs. cosmic powers); flag for theologian review |
| fullness of time | πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου | plērōma tou chronou | volheid van de tijd | Low-Medium | Adoption and Sonship (background) | 4:4 | — |
| redeem (buy back) | ἐξαγοράζω | exagorazō | vrijkopen | Critical | Adoption and Sonship / Law’s Purpose | 3:13, 4:5 | Must retain purchase/manumission image |
| allegory / typological reading | ἀλληγορέω | allēgoreō | allegorie / in figuurlijke zin gesproken | Low-Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise (background) | 4:24 | — |
| free woman / slave woman | ἐλευθέρα / παιδίσκη | eleuthera / paidiskē | de vrije vrouw / de slavin | Medium | Freedom in Christ (typology) | 4:22-31 | — |
| fall from grace | ἐκπίπτω τῆς χάριτος | ekpiptō tēs charitos | van de genade vervallen (zijn) | Critical | Law and Grace | 5:4 | Sensitive against Dutch Reformed perseverance-of-the-saints doctrine (Canons of Dort); describes self-contradiction of seeking law-righteousness, not loss of genuine saving grace — flag every occurrence |
| faith working through love | πίστις δι᾿ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē | geloof, werkzaam door de liefde | Critical | Faith Working through Love | 5:6 | Preserve instrumental relationship (love as means of faith’s expression); must not imply love earns justification |
| works of the flesh | ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | erga tēs sarkos | werken van het vlees | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:19 | Deliberate three-way lexical parallel with “werken van de wet” and “vrucht van de Geest” — preserve consistently |
| fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος | karpos tou pneumatos | vrucht van de Geest | Critical | Fruit of the Spirit | 5:22-23 | Preserve Greek singular “vrucht” (not plural) — one unified organic outcome, not a checklist |
| desire of the flesh | ἐπιθυμία σαρκός | epithymia sarkos | begeerte van het vlees | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:16 | — |
| crucified the flesh | σταυρόω τὴν σάρκα | stauroō tēn sarka | het vlees gekruisigd (hebben) | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit / Crucified with Christ | 5:24 | Definitive, Christ-accomplished reality, not an ongoing self-effort project |
| walk in step (with the Spirit) | στοιχέω | stoicheō | wandelen (op het spoor van de Geest) | Low-Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:25 | — |
| bear one another’s burdens | ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε | allēlōn ta barē bastazete | elkaars lasten dragen | High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | Distinguish βάρος (shared burden) from φορτίον (6:5, one’s own load) — communal support ≠ elimination of personal responsibility |
| law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | nomos tou Christou | wet van Christus | High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens / Law and Grace | 6:2 | Law fulfilled through Spirit-empowered love, not a new merit-earning code |
| own load | φορτίον | phortion | eigen last | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:5 | — |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | kainē ktisis | nieuwe schepping | Critical | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:15 | Full re-creative force; not mere moral improvement or sociological identity shift |
| cross of Christ | σταυρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ | stauros tou Christou | kruis van Christus | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 6:14 | Exclusive ground of boasting, displacing law-observance and all other status markers |
| marks (of Jesus) | στίγματα | stigmata | littekens / merktekens (van Jezus) | Low-Medium | Paul’s Apostleship (background) | 6:17 | — |
| transgression (restorative context) | παράπτωμα | paraptōma | overtreding | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:1 | Retain moral seriousness while framing response as restorative, not punitive |
| restore (gently) | καταρτίζω | katartizō | herstellen | Low | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:1 | — |
Section 3: Risk Tier Summary (Galatians New Terms)
| Risk | Count | Requires |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 11 | Human theologian review, every occurrence |
| High | 12 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 15 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 6 | Automated review sufficient |
Section 4: Cross-Cutting Notes for Phase 2
- σάρξ (“vlees”) requires per-occurrence sense-tagging. Galatians uses this term in at least two distinct senses (neutral-physical in 2:20; morally-negative in ch.5) plus compound forms (“works of the flesh,” “desire of the flesh,” “crucified the flesh”). Every occurrence must be tagged with its active sense before translation.
- The law/flesh/Spirit three-way lexical parallel (“werken van de wet,” “werken van het vlees,” “vrucht van de Geest”) is a structural argument feature of the letter and must be rendered with visibly parallel Dutch constructions throughout, not varied for stylistic reasons.
- “Kinderen van God” (believers) vs. “Zoon van God” (Christ) must never be interchanged; this distinction protects the Critical baseline Sonship-of-Christ doctrine from dilution.
- “Van de genade vervallen” (5:4) and “werken van de wet” both require explicit framing statements in any teaching material to prevent readers from concluding (a) that saving grace can be lost by believers, or (b) that “law” here means moral effort in general rather than specifically Torah-observance as a badge of covenant membership.
- All Section 1 terms carry their Romans baseline rendering forward unchanged; only review-routing priority may be elevated for Galatians-specific polemical context (e.g., “evangelie,” “apostel”).
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: gerechtigheid
Transliteration: gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: deugd
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Galatians 2:21, 3:6, 3:21, 5:5. Must remain forensic standing granted by faith, never a term for moral virtue (‘deugd’).
Justification
Approved rendering: rechtvaardiging
Transliteration: rechtvaardiging
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: vrijspraak (too narrow alone)
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:16 contains the verb three times in a single verse — the densest justification statement in Paul outside Romans 3-4; must match the Romans rendering exactly, consistent with Heidelberg Catechism Lord’s Day 23 (Q&A 60-61).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Transliteration: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: verdiende gerechtigheid
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 3:6 quotes the same Genesis 15:6 text underlying Romans 4. NEVER render as ‘verdiende gerechtigheid’ (earned righteousness).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Zoon van God
Transliteration: Zoon van God
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Galatians 1:16, 2:20, 4:4, 4:6. Must remain visibly, non-negotiably distinct from the new corporate Galatians term ‘kinderen van God’ (believers, 3:26; 4:5-7) — the two terms cluster within a few verses of each other in ch.3-4, a sharper collision risk than in Romans 8.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Central to chapter 5’s Flesh-versus-Spirit and Fruit-of-the-Spirit doctrines; every occurrence in ch.5 must be checked to confirm the divine-Person sense is intended, which it consistently is.
Adoption
Approved rendering: aanneming tot kinderen
Transliteration: aanneming tot kinderen
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: adoptie (bare, legal-procedural)
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:5 is the second major Pauline occurrence after Romans 8; full inheritance-rights sense required, not the bare legal-procedural ‘adoptie.‘
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Same Dutch secularization risk noted in the baseline applies equally throughout Galatians.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Stable across all Dutch traditions.
Lord
Approved rendering: Heer
Transliteration: Heer
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: meester
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Galatians 1:3 and 6:14 (‘onze Heer Jezus Christus’); the exclusive-Lordship claim requires deliberate, unqualified rendering as in the Romans baseline. Never substitute a subordinated title (see cult/sect warning re: NWT-NL ‘Jehovah’ substitution).
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: werken van de wet
Transliteration: werken van de wet
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: wetsgehoorzaamheid, goede werken / goede daden (generic good deeds)
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Covenant
New fixed compound term for ἔργα νόμου. Occurs at Galatians 2:16 (twice), 3:2, 3:5, 3:10. NEVER soften to ‘good deeds’ generally — this is specifically Torah-observance and covenant boundary-markers (circumcision, food laws), in antithesis to ‘geloof’/‘genade’ throughout the letter.
Faith In Christ Genitive
Approved rendering: geloof in Jezus Christus
Transliteration: geloof in Jezus Christus
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: geloof van Jezus Christus (subjective-genitive alternative)
Original: πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ / πίστεως Χριστοῦ
Category: Faith
New term for the genuinely ambiguous Greek genitive πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ / πίστεως Χριστοῦ. Occurs at Galatians 2:16, 2:20, 3:22. Objective-genitive rendering required for consistency with Romans 3:22 and this curriculum’s baseline. Flag every occurrence for human theologian review with the subjective-genitive alternative recorded as ‘alternatives_considered.‘
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: met Christus gekruisigd (zijn)
Transliteration: met Christus gekruisigd (zijn)
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: werd met Christus gekruisigd (simple past — forbidden, loses perfect-tense force)
Original: συσταυρόω
Category: Christology
New term; doctrinal anchor for ‘Crucified with Christ.’ Occurs at Galatians 2:19-20, echoed at 5:24 and 6:14. Must preserve the Greek perfect passive’s completed-yet-ongoing-effect sense using the Dutch perfect construction (‘ik ben met Christus gekruisigd’), never a simple past, which collapses the doctrine into a merely historical event.
Die In Vain
Approved rendering: voor niets gestorven
Transliteration: voor niets gestorven
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: gestorven als een geschenk (would invert the meaning — absolutely forbidden)
Original: δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν
Category: Salvation
New term for δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν (2:21). δωρεάν here means ‘without cause/purpose, needlessly,’ distinct from its other biblical sense ‘freely, as a gift.’ Mistranslating this as the ‘free gift’ sense would invert Paul’s climactic argument that a law-based righteousness renders the cross pointless.
Accursed Anathema
Approved rendering: vervloekt (zijn)
Transliteration: vervloekt (zijn)
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: afgekeurd (too weak), verdoemd (over-specifies eternal damnation), anathema (bare transliteration — opaque to Dutch readers)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Church
New term for ἀνάθεμα. The double formal curse of Galatians 1:8-9 against preachers of ‘een ander evangelie’ is the strongest polemical language in the Pauline corpus. Human theologian review required for both occurrences. Matches established HSV/NBV practice (‘vervloekt’).
Promise
Approved rendering: belofte
Transliteration: belofte
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
New term for ἐπαγγελία. Occurs at Galatians 3:14,16-18,21-22,29. The chapter’s entire argument depends on ‘promise’ being categorically distinct from ‘law’ as a basis for inheritance and blessing — never render in a way that collapses promise into a conditional legal arrangement. Reinforce covenantal register by consistent pairing with ‘verbond’ in surrounding teaching text.
Curse
Approved rendering: vloek
Transliteration: vloek
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: misfortune / tegenslag (forbidden softening)
Original: κατάρα
Category: Covenant
New term for κατάρα. Occurs at Galatians 3:10 (the Law’s covenant curse) and 3:13 (Christ ‘became a curse for us’); central to the substitutionary logic of the passage — must not be softened to ‘misfortune’ or ‘tegenslag.‘
Redeem
Approved rendering: vrijkopen
Transliteration: vrijkopen
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: redden / bevrijden (generic ‘save’ — too weak, loses purchase image)
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
New term for ἐξαγοράζω. Occurs at Galatians 3:13, 4:5. Must retain the purchase/manumission image (buying a slave out of bondage), not weaken to a generic ‘save.‘
Fall From Grace
Approved rendering: van de genade vervallen (zijn)
Transliteration: van de genade vervallen (zijn)
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: sluit u zich buiten van de genade (NBV21’s self-exclusion reframing — may be cited in review but does not replace this fixed glossary term without theologian sign-off)
Original: ἐκπίπτω τῆς χάριτος
Category: Salvation
New term for ἐκπίπτω τῆς χάριτος. Occurs at Galatians 5:4. Theologically sensitive against Dutch Reformed perseverance-of-the-saints doctrine (Canons of Dort, Fifth Head); must be framed as describing the self-contradiction of seeking law-righteousness while professing grace, NEVER as teaching that genuine Spirit-worked saving grace can be lost. Flag every occurrence for human theologian review with a mandatory framing note in adjoining teaching material.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: geloof, werkzaam door de liefde
Transliteration: geloof, werkzaam door de liefde
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: geloof en liefde (coordinated pair — rejected, flattens the instrumental relationship)
Original: πίστις δι᾿ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
New compound term for πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη. Occurs at Galatians 5:6. Must preserve the instrumental relationship (love as the means by which faith is active/expressed), never collapse into ‘faith and love’ as two separate items, and must not be read as love earning justification.
Fruit Of Spirit
Approved rendering: vrucht van de Geest
Transliteration: vrucht van de Geest
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: vruchten van de Geest (plural — forbidden, misrepresents the doctrine as a checklist)
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
New term for καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος. Occurs at Galatians 5:22-23. The Greek singular must be preserved as Dutch singular ‘vrucht,’ never plural ‘vruchten,’ to retain the sense of one unified organic outcome of the Spirit’s work rather than nine separately cultivated virtues.
Crucified Flesh
Approved rendering: het vlees gekruisigd (hebben)
Transliteration: het vlees gekruisigd (hebben)
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σταυρόω τὴν σάρκα
Category: Christology
New term for σταυρόω τὴν σάρκα. Occurs at Galatians 5:24, echoing and applying 2:19-20’s ‘crucified with Christ.’ Must be understood as a definitive, Christ-accomplished-and-appropriated reality, not an ongoing self-mortification project achieved by human effort alone.
New Creation
Approved rendering: nieuwe schepping
Transliteration: nieuwe schepping
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: een nieuw begin (trivializes to self-help register — forbidden), een nieuw mens (GNB’s individualizing narrowing — forbidden, loses cosmic scope)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
New term for καινὴ κτίσις. Occurs at Galatians 6:15, the culmination of the Circumcision and New Creation doctrine. Must retain full re-creative, cosmic-scope force (cf. 2 Corinthians 5:17’s identical phrase), never reduced to individual moral improvement.
Cross Of Christ
Approved rendering: kruis van Christus
Transliteration: kruis van Christus
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: martelpaal (Jehovah’s Witness NWT-NL ‘torture stake’ rendering — absolutely forbidden)
Original: σταυρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Christology
New term for σταυρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Occurs at Galatians 6:14. Directly ties to 2:19-20 and 5:24’s crucifixion imagery — must be the exclusive ground of boasting, displacing both law-observance and any other status marker. Never render as ‘martelpaal’ or any stake-imagery substitute.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (baseline doctrine_risk: Low). Elevated to High in Galatians because the term operates inside the double anathema formula (1:8-9) contrasting the true gospel with a false one, and appears seven times in ch.1 alone in a defensive/polemical frame absent from Romans. Rendering itself is unchanged; only review priority is elevated. Baseline note retained: shared, stable term across Reformed and Catholic Dutch Bibles, though content can no longer be assumed as common knowledge given Dutch secularization.
Grace
Approved rendering: genade
Transliteration: genade
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: gunst
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:21 and 5:4 sharpen the baseline’s sovereign-grace stakes further: a law-based righteousness would render Christ’s death ‘voor niets’ (in vain), directly engaging the Synod of Dordrecht’s condemnation of Remonstrant/Arminian teaching. Must always convey grace as unearned and apart from human cooperation.
Law
Approved rendering: wet
Transliteration: wet
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (capitalize ‘de Wet’ for Torah). Central antithesis term throughout Galatians 2:16-21, 3:2-25, 5:4; the paradoxical usage in 2:19 (‘through the Law I died to the Law’) must be preserved, not smoothed into simple abolition of the law’s validity. Capitalization convention must be applied with unusual consistency given how much argumentative weight the term carries in this letter specifically.
Sin
Approved rendering: zonde
Transliteration: zonde
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Root of the new Galatians term ‘zondaar’ (2:15,17); the colloquial Dutch drift of ‘zonde’ toward ‘a pity/waste’ applies exactly as in the Romans baseline.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostel
Transliteration: apostel
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (baseline doctrine_risk: Low). Elevated to High in Galatians because chapters 1-2 mount a sustained, defensive argument for Paul’s apostolic authority (‘niet vanuit mensen, en ook niet door een mens’), unlike Romans’ settled usage. Rendering unchanged; review priority elevated for every occurrence in Gal. 1-2.
Called
Approved rendering: geroepen
Transliteration: geroepen
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive across at least three senses in Galatians (1:6 call to grace/gospel, 1:15 apostolic call, 5:8/5:13 call to freedom) — verify active sense per occurrence.
Calling
Approved rendering: roeping
Transliteration: roeping
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Roeping’ collides with the ordinary secular career/life-calling sense in modern Dutch; Galatians adds a specific sense of a calling ‘to freedom’ (5:13), which must not be misheard as secular self-actualization.
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: heilig
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: rein
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Background term to chapter 5’s Spirit-fruit ethics; retained for cross-document consistency though not a primary load-bearing term in Galatians.
Covenant
Approved rendering: verbond
Transliteration: verbond
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 3:15,17 argues from human testament-practice for the Abrahamic covenant’s irrevocability, engaging the unusually developed Dutch Reformed federal theology (‘verbondsleer’) already flagged High in the baseline.
Father
Approved rendering: Vader
Transliteration: Vader
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Galatians 1:1, 1:3, 4:6.
Sinner
Approved rendering: zondaar
Transliteration: zondaar
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
New term, built on the High-risk baseline term ‘zonde.’ Occurs at Galatians 2:15,17; must retain full moral weight against the now-dominant colloquial Dutch drift of ‘zonde’ toward ‘a pity/waste,’ which would flatten Paul’s ironic quotation of the Jewish ‘sinners of the Gentiles’ premise into something trivial and undercut the rhetorical setup for 2:16’s justification argument.
All Flesh
Approved rendering: geen enkel mens / alle vlees
Transliteration: geen enkel mens / alle vlees
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: πᾶσα σάρξ
Category: Sin
New term for the Hebraic idiom πᾶσα σάρξ (‘all flesh’ = ‘no human being’). Occurs at Galatians 2:16. Literal ‘alle vlees’ is a recognizable biblical Hebraism in Dutch but risks a purely physical-body reading for secularized readers; ‘geen enkel mens’ recommended with a footnote preserving the idiom where register allows.
Flesh
Approved rendering: vlees
Transliteration: vlees
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: zondige natuur (paraphrase gloss only, never primary text rendering)
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sin
New term for σάρξ. Dual sense across the letter: neutral-physical (2:20, ‘het leven dat ik nu in het vlees leid’) vs. morally negative, opposed to the Spirit (dominant from 5:13 on). Dutch has no lexical split; every occurrence must be sense-tagged before translation. Retain literal ‘vlees’ even in 2:20’s neutral sense (do not de-idiomatize to ‘hier op aarde’ as NBV21/WV95 do) to preserve the letter’s structural law/flesh/Spirit argument.
Distort Gospel
Approved rendering: verdraaien
Transliteration: verdraaien
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: μεταστρέφω
Category: Church
New term for μεταστρέφω. Occurs at Galatians 1:7; must convey deliberate inversion of the gospel, not innocent misunderstanding or minor variation.
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: een ander evangelie
Transliteration: een ander evangelie
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Church
New term for ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον (1:6-7). Dutch cannot reproduce the heteros (‘different in kind’)/allos (‘another of the same kind’) wordplay — both collapse to ‘ander.’ Mandatory translator’s footnote required at 1:6-7 explaining Paul denies this ‘different gospel’ is a legitimate variant gospel at all.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: besnijdenis
Transliteration: besnijdenis
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
New term for περιτομή. Occurs at Galatians 2:3,7-9,12; 5:2-6; 6:12-15. Must be handled as a specifically Jewish covenant-sign controversy, not a general ritual-purity or contemporary medical/multicultural topic — Dutch public discourse on circumcision is clinical/medical-register and risks displacing the letter’s actual first-century argument. Culminates in the Critical ‘nieuwe schepping’ doctrine at 6:15.
Freedom
Approved rendering: vrijheid
Transliteration: vrijheid
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Salvation
New term for ἐλευθερία. Occurs at Galatians 2:4, 5:1, 5:13. Must be distinguished from purely political/civic liberty — an unusually strong competing frame in Dutch public life — and must be immediately qualified by 5:13’s ‘niet als een aanleiding voor het vlees’ wherever the term appears in teaching material.
Seed Of Abraham Singular
Approved rendering: nakomeling van Abraham
Transliteration: nakomeling van Abraham
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
New term for σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ in its Christological-singular sense. Occurs at Galatians 3:16; parallels the baseline ‘nakomeling van David’ construction. Paul’s argument hinges on the grammatically singular form pointing to one descendant, Christ; flag for human theologian review, and keep visibly distinct from the corporate sense below.
Seed Of Abraham Corporate
Approved rendering: nageslacht van Abraham
Transliteration: nageslacht van Abraham
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα (Ἀβραάμ)
Category: Covenant
New term for σπέρμα (Ἀβραάμ) applied corporately to all believers. Occurs at Galatians 3:29. Dutch ‘nageslacht’ conveniently preserves the collective-singular grammar Paul’s argument depends on. Must be distinguished per occurrence from the Christological-singular sense of 3:16.
Mediator
Approved rendering: middelaar
Transliteration: middelaar
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
New term for μεσίτης. Occurs at Galatians 3:19-20; the referent here is Moses, not Christ. Must be kept distinct from Christ’s unique mediatorship (cf. 1 Timothy 2:5) — readers primed by other NT teaching risk misapplying that unique category to Moses.
Sons Of God Believers
Approved rendering: kinderen van God
Transliteration: kinderen van God
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: Zonen van God (would collide visually/aurally with the Critical baseline term ‘Zoon van God’ — forbidden)
Original: υἱοὶ θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
New term for υἱοὶ θεοῦ in its corporate believer sense. Occurs at Galatians 3:26. Must remain visibly distinct from the Critical baseline term ‘Zoon van God’ reserved for Christ’s unique eternal Sonship — the two cluster within the same short unit (3:26; 4:4-7), a sharper risk than in Romans 8.
Heir
Approved rendering: erfgenaam
Transliteration: erfgenaam
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
New term for κληρονόμος. Occurs at Galatians 4:1,7. Must retain full-inheritance-rights sense, paralleling the baseline caution that adoption implies complete, not reduced, filial status.
Elemental Things
Approved rendering: elementaire machten van de wereld
Transliteration: elementaire machten van de wereld
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: elementaire beginselen (principles-only reading — recorded as alternative, not adopted)
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Covenant
New term for στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου. Occurs at Galatians 4:3,9. Genuinely disputed exegetically (elemental principles vs. personal cosmic/spiritual powers) — the Dutch translation landscape itself splits along this fault line (HSV ‘grondbeginselen’; NBV21 ‘machten’; WV95 ‘elementen’). Flag for mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Works Of Flesh
Approved rendering: werken van het vlees
Transliteration: werken van het vlees
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sin
New term for ἔργα τῆς σαρκός. Occurs at Galatians 5:19-21. Deliberately parallels and contrasts with ‘werken van de wet’ (2:16) and ‘vrucht van de Geest’ (5:22) — this three-way lexical structure must be rendered with visibly parallel Dutch constructions throughout, never varied for stylistic reasons.
Desire Of Flesh
Approved rendering: begeerte van het vlees
Transliteration: begeerte van het vlees
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἐπιθυμία σαρκός
Category: Sin
New term for ἐπιθυμία σαρκός. Occurs at Galatians 5:16, ‘walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh’; shares the σάρξ dual-sense risk noted under ‘flesh.‘
Bear Burdens
Approved rendering: elkaars lasten dragen
Transliteration: elkaars lasten dragen
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε
Category: Church
New term for ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε. Occurs at Galatians 6:2. Must be held together with 6:5’s ‘eigen last’ (own load, φορτίον) without contradiction — communal support does not eliminate personal responsibility. Dutch ‘last’ does not lexically distinguish βάρος from φορτίον; a translator’s note distinguishing the two is recommended.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: wet van Christus
Transliteration: wet van Christus
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Covenant
New term for νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Occurs at Galatians 6:2. Must be read in light of chapters 2-3’s law/grace argument, not as a reintroduction of legal-merit religion — this is the Law fulfilled through Spirit-empowered love (echoing 5:6).
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Thesis-level term across Galatians 2:16, 2:20, 3:2-9, 3:22-26, 5:5-6. Baseline secularization caution (pluralistic-religiosity drift) applies unchanged.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: heidenen
Transliteration: heidenen
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Galatians 2:15, 3:8, 3:14; retains the pejorative secular connotation noted in the baseline.
Church
Approved rendering: gemeente
Transliteration: gemeente
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: kerk (institution-default)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Galatians 1:2 (‘de gemeenten van Galatië’), 1:13, 1:22; prefer ‘gemeente’ over ‘kerk’ per baseline convention for the gathered-people sense.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Background to the ‘jodendom’/ethnic-Israel discussion in chapters 1, 3-4, and 6:16’s ‘Israël van God’; same political-sensitivity caution as the Romans baseline applies.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:6 uses the identical formula to Romans 8:15 (‘Abba, Vader’); cross-document consistency rule requires an identical rendering.
Servant Agent
Approved rendering: dienaar
Transliteration: dienaar
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church
New term for διάκονος in its general-agency sense. Occurs at Galatians 2:17, the rhetorical-absurd suggestion that Christ would be an agent of sin. Must not carry the later ecclesiastical ‘deacon’ office sense.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: overtreder
Transliteration: overtreder
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Sin
New term for παραβάτης. Occurs at Galatians 2:18; Paul’s self-incriminating hypothetical if he rebuilt the law-system he had abandoned.
Revelation
Approved rendering: openbaring
Transliteration: openbaring
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: inzicht (insight — reduces to subjective feeling), ervaring (experience)
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Christology
New term for ἀποκάλυψις. Occurs at Galatians 1:12,16, grounding Paul’s apostolic authority in direct divine disclosure rather than human instruction or subjective religious experience.
Judaism
Approved rendering: jodendom
Transliteration: jodendom
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: Ἰουδαϊσμός
Category: Covenant
New term for Ἰουδαϊσμός. Occurs at Galatians 1:13-14; must be handled with historical-descriptive care, not as a blanket negative judgment on Jewish people or on ethnic Israel, paralleling the sensitivity of the baseline’s ‘Israël’ note.
Enslave
Approved rendering: tot slaaf maken
Transliteration: tot slaaf maken
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: καταδουλόω
Category: Salvation
New term for καταδουλόω. Occurs at Galatians 2:4, the false brothers’ goal of re-subjecting Gentile believers to law-observance.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: hypocrisie / schijnheiligheid
Transliteration: hypocrisie / schijnheiligheid
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Sin
New term for ὑπόκρισις. Occurs at Galatians 2:13, Peter’s and Barnabas’s inconsistency at Antioch. Prefer formal ‘hypocrisie’ over colloquial ‘schijnheiligheid,’ which carries a loose everyday moralizing register detached from the specific Jew-Gentile table-fellowship controversy.
Blessing
Approved rendering: zegen
Transliteration: zegen
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: εὐλογία
Category: Covenant
New term for εὐλογία. Occurs at Galatians 3:14, ‘so that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham might come to the Gentiles.‘
Guardian Paidagogos
Approved rendering: opvoeder (alt.: tuchtmeester)
Transliteration: opvoeder (alt.: tuchtmeester)
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: pedagoog (severe false friend — modern professional-educator connotation), leraar (implies instructional rather than custodial-restrictive role)
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Covenant
New term for παιδαγωγός. Occurs at Galatians 3:24-25, ‘the law was our guardian until Christ came.’ False-friend risk: modern Dutch ‘opvoeder’ suggests a warm, nurturing childcare role, whereas the ancient paidagōgos was a custodial disciplinary guardian over a minor. Prefer ‘tuchtmeester’ where the disciplinary-guardian sense must be foregrounded; use ‘opvoeder’ only with an explanatory gloss.
Baptized
Approved rendering: gedoopt (zijn) / doop
Transliteration: gedoopt (zijn) / doop
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: βαπτίζω
Category: Sanctification
New term for βαπτίζω. Occurs at Galatians 3:27, ‘as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ.‘
Slave Contrast
Approved rendering: slaaf
Transliteration: slaaf
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Salvation
New term for δοῦλος in contrast to son/heir status. Occurs at Galatians 4:1,7, the pre-maturity condition under the Law.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: volheid van de tijd
Transliteration: volheid van de tijd
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: Christology
New term for πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου. Occurs at Galatians 4:4, echoing the Romans baseline ‘vleeswording’ doctrine’s timing.
Allegory
Approved rendering: allegorie / in figuurlijke zin gesproken
Transliteration: allegorie / in figuurlijke zin gesproken
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορέω
Category: Covenant
New term for ἀλληγορέω. Occurs at Galatians 4:24, Paul’s typological reading of Sarah and Hagar. ‘Allegorie’ is a naturalized Dutch loanword with no false-friend risk.
Free Woman Slave Woman
Approved rendering: de vrije vrouw / de slavin
Transliteration: de vrije vrouw / de slavin
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθέρα / παιδίσκη
Category: Salvation
New term for ἐλευθέρα / παιδίσκη. Occurs at Galatians 4:22-31, Sarah (free) versus Hagar (slave) as covenant types. Requires explicit framing as Paul’s own allegorical covenant argument, not a general moral tale about servitude.
Walk In Step Spirit
Approved rendering: wandelen (op het spoor van de Geest)
Transliteration: wandelen (op het spoor van de Geest)
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: στοιχέω
Category: Sanctification
New term for στοιχέω. Occurs at Galatians 5:25, the practical outworking of Spirit-life.
Own Load
Approved rendering: eigen last
Transliteration: eigen last
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: φορτίον
Category: Church
New term for φορτίον, distinct from the shared βάρος of 6:2. Occurs at Galatians 6:5.
Transgression Restorative
Approved rendering: overtreding
Transliteration: overtreding
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: παράπτωμα
Category: Sin
New term for παράπτωμα. Occurs at Galatians 6:1; retain moral seriousness while framing the community’s response as restorative, not punitive.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: gemeenschap
Transliteration: gemeenschap
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Galatians 2:9, ‘de rechterhand van de gemeenschap’ extended to Paul and Barnabas.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly named in Galatians, but the ‘seed of Abraham’ typology in chapter 3 parallels the baseline’s ‘seed_of_david’ grammatical structure; retained for cross-reference consistency.
Traditions
Approved rendering: overleveringen
Transliteration: overleveringen
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Covenant
New term for παράδοσις. Occurs at Galatians 1:14, ‘de overleveringen van mijn vaderen.‘
Pillars
Approved rendering: pijler / steunpilaar
Transliteration: pijler / steunpilaar
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στῦλος
Category: Church
New term for στῦλος. Occurs at Galatians 2:9, James, Peter, and John as ‘pillars’ of the Jerusalem church; must not read as an institutional-hierarchy title alien to the passage’s point about mutual apostolic recognition.
Walking In Step
Approved rendering: juist wandelen
Transliteration: juist wandelen
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ὀρθοποδέω
Category: Sanctification
New term for ὀρθοποδέω. Occurs at Galatians 2:14, Paul’s charge that Peter’s conduct was not in step with the truth of the gospel.
Guardians Stewards
Approved rendering: voogden en beheerders
Transliteration: voogden en beheerders
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ἐπίτροπος καὶ οἰκονόμος
Category: Covenant
New term for ἐπίτροπος καὶ οἰκονόμος. Occurs at Galatians 4:2; parallel image to the paidagōgos of chapter 3.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: littekens / merktekens (van Jezus)
Transliteration: littekens / merktekens (van Jezus)
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: stigmata (transliteration forbidden — imports false Catholic mystical-phenomena association absent from Paul’s plain sense)
Original: στίγματα
Category: Christology
New term for στίγματα. Occurs at Galatians 6:17, Paul’s suffering as evidence of belonging to Christ. Must not be transliterated as ‘stigmata,’ which carries strong post-medieval Catholic mystical-wound connotations entirely absent from Paul’s plain sense of persecution scars/ownership-brands.
Restore
Approved rendering: herstellen
Transliteration: herstellen
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: καταρτίζω
Category: Church
New term for καταρτίζω. Occurs at Galatians 6:1, restoring a brother caught in transgression in a spirit of gentleness.
Referenced passages