Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Titus (English–Dutch)
This glossary covers every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning Titus 1–3. Terms marked [TM-REUSE] are already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and must be reused exactly — no alternative Dutch rendering is permitted. Terms marked [NEW] are Titus-specific and are proposed here for promotion into an updated translation memory before Phase 2 begins. Risk tiers follow the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework from doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Legend
- Status: [TM-REUSE] = fixed baseline term, reused exactly; [NEW] = new term proposed by this glossary.
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low, per baseline
risk_definitions. - Loc.: primary Titus verse(s) where the term is load-bearing.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline Romans Package
| Term (EN) | Original | Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Status | Risk | Loc. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| grace | χάρις | charis | genade | [TM-REUSE] | High | 1:4; 2:11; 3:7; 3:15 | Grace as acting subject at 2:11 (“grace appeared”); contrasted with works at 3:5, 3:7. |
| faith (trust) | πίστις | pistis | geloof | [TM-REUSE] | Medium | 1:1, 1:4, 1:13; 2:2; 3:15 | See exception below at 2:10 where πίστις means “faithfulness,” not “geloof.” |
| God | θεός | theos | God | [TM-REUSE] | Medium/Critical | throughout | Critical specifically at 2:13 (Deity of Christ) and 3:4. |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | Iēsous | Jezus | [TM-REUSE] | Low | 1:1, 1:4; 2:13; 3:6 | Stable across Dutch traditions. |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | pneuma hagion | Heilige Geest | [TM-REUSE] | Critical/Medium | 3:5-6 | Third Person, personal and divine; agent of regeneration and renewal. |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | apostolos | apostel | [TM-REUSE] | Low | 1:1 | Stable term. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | dikaiosynē | gerechtigheid | [TM-REUSE] | Critical | 2:12; 3:5 | 3:5 explicitly excludes “works done in righteousness” as salvation’s ground. |
| justification | δικαιόω (verb) | dikaioō | rechtvaardigen / gerechtvaardigd | [TM-REUSE] | Critical | 3:7 | Must use baseline’s exact dogmatic verb family, not “vrijgesproken” alone. |
| salvation (verb: to save) | σῴζω | sōzō | behouden | [TM-REUSE, verb form] | Critical | 3:5 | Verb form of baseline’s σωτηρία→behoud mapping; do not switch to “verlossen/gered.” |
| law | νόμος | nomos | wet | [TM-REUSE] | High | 3:9 | Here in “quarrels about the law” — dispute vocabulary, not the doctrine of the Law itself. |
| glory | δόξα | doxa | heerlijkheid | [TM-REUSE] | Medium | 2:13 | ”Appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior.” |
| sin (avoided root) | ἁμαρτία | hamartia | zonde | [TM-REUSE] | High | (not used in Titus) | Titus consistently prefers ἀνομία (“lawlessness”) over ἁμαρτία — flag for translators that this substitution is the author’s own stylistic choice. |
| Israel / covenant people (background) | — | — | (see λαὸς περιούσιος below) | [TM-REUSE, doctrine] | High/Critical | 2:14 | Baseline “election” and “Israel” doctrine flags both apply. |
| exhort | παρακαλέω | parakaleō | vermanen / aansporen | [TM-REUSE, context rule] | Low | 2:15 | At 2:15, use “aansporen” (encouraging sense) since “ἔλεγχε” already covers the admonishing sense. |
B. New Terms Proposed for Titus (Promote to Translation Memory)
| Term (EN) | Original | Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Status | Risk | Loc. | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior (title) | σωτήρ | sōtēr | Zaligmaker | [NEW] | Critical | 1:3, 1:4; 2:10, 2:13; 3:4, 3:6 | ”Redder” (secular lifeguard/rescuer-hero collision in modern Dutch); “Heiland” (devotional/hymnic register, not standard Bible-translation vocabulary) | Applied to both God the Father (3:4) and Jesus Christ (2:13) — must render identically for both to preserve Trinitarian parallel. Critical for Deity of Christ at 2:13’s Granville Sharp construction. |
| Christ (title) | Χριστός | Christos | Christus | [NEW] | Low | 1:1, 1:4; 2:13; 3:6 | — | Stable across all Dutch traditions. |
| hope | ἐλπίς | elpis | hoop | [NEW] | Medium | 1:2; 2:13; 3:7 | — | Confident, God-grounded expectation, not generic optimism; risk of secularized flattening parallel to baseline’s “faith” note. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια / εὐσεβῶς | eusebeia / eusebōs | godsvrucht / godvruchtig | [NEW] | High | 1:1; 2:12 | ”vroomheid” (softer, more generic piety) | Antonym pair with ἀσέβεια; forms doctrine “Grace That Trains for Godly Living.” |
| ungodliness | ἀσέβεια | asebeia | goddeloosheid | [NEW] | Medium | 2:12 | — | Must be kept as the visible antonym of godsvrucht in Dutch. |
| grace-trains/disciplines | παιδεύω | paideuō | opvoedt | [NEW] | High | 2:12 | ”leert” / “onderwijst” (too cognitive-only); “traint” (too athletic/secular) | Anchor verb for doctrine “Grace That Trains for Godly Living” — parental-formation sense, not mere instruction. |
| worldly desires | κοσμικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι | kosmikai epithymiai | wereldse begeerten | [NEW] | Medium | 2:12 | — | Standard, low collision risk. |
| self-control / soundness of mind (word family) | σώφρων, σωφρόνως, σωφρονίζω, σωφρονεῖν | sōphrōn, sōphronōs, sōphronizō, sōphronein | bezonnen(heid) / zelfbeheersing | [NEW] | Medium-High | 1:8; 2:2, 2:4, 2:5, 2:6, 2:12 | ”matig” (too narrow, drink-specific) | Highest-density word family in the letter; enforce one consistent Dutch family across all six occurrences. |
| appearing / epiphany | ἐπιφάνεια / ἐπιφαίνω | epiphaneia / epiphainō | verschijning / verschenen | [NEW] | Medium | 2:11, 2:13; 3:4 | ”openbaring” (better reserved for revelation vocabulary elsewhere) | Structures the letter’s already/not-yet argument; keep tense distinction (aorist=past appearing of grace vs. future appearing of glory) visible. |
| redeem | λυτρόω / λύτρωσις | lytroō / lytrōsis | verlossen / verlossing | [NEW] | High | 2:14 | — | NOT the same decision as baseline’s rejection of “verlossing” for σωτηρία; here it is the linguistically correct match for the distinct ransom-payment root λύτρον. Flag to prevent confusion with the baseline’s unrelated rejection. |
| lawlessness | ἀνομία | anomia | wetteloosheid | [NEW] | Medium | 2:14 | ”zonde” (Titus’s author deliberately avoids this root) | Distinct from baseline’s ἁμαρτία→zonde mapping; preserve the author’s own lexical choice. |
| purify | καθαρίζω | katharizō | reinigen | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 2:14 | — | No live competing ritual-purity concept in Dutch culture. |
| people for his own possession | λαὸς περιούσιος | laos periousios | een volk dat Hem toebehoort | [NEW] | High | 2:14 | ”een overtollig volk” (wrong etymological reading: “surplus/leftover people”) | LXX Sinai-covenant echo (Exodus 19:5) reapplied to the church; must not trigger Israel-nation-state or ethnic-supersessionist misreadings. |
| good works | καλὰ / ἀγαθὰ ἔργα | kala / agatha erga | goede werken | [NEW] | Critical | 1:16; 2:7, 2:14; 3:1, 3:8, 3:14 | — | The letter’s single most frequent theological refrain; fruit of grace, never its ground (contrast at 3:5). Flag every occurrence for human theologian review. |
| reprove / rebuke | ἐλέγχω | elegchō | terechtwijzen / weerleggen | [NEW] | Medium | 1:9, 1:13; 2:15 | — | “Terechtwijzen” for moral correction, “weerleggen” for doctrinal refutation — context-sensitive. |
| authority / command | ἐπιταγή | epitagē | gezag / bevel | [NEW] | Low | 2:15; 3:1 (compound κατ᾿ ἐπιταγήν) | — | Standard. |
| rulers and authorities | ἀρχαὶ καὶ ἐξουσίαι | archai kai exousiai | overheden en machten | [NEW] | High | 3:1 | — | Parallel to Romans 13:1-7’s authority language; Dutch WWII-occupation history heightens reception sensitivity — apply same review escalation the baseline uses for Romans 13. |
| submit / be subject | ὑποτάσσω | hypotassō | onderwerpen / onderworpen zijn | [NEW] | High | 2:5 (wives), 2:9 (slaves), 3:1 (civil authority) | — | Three distinct relational applications of one Greek verb; modern egalitarian Dutch culture creates real reception friction across all three. Attach explanatory translator note at first occurrence (2:5). |
| obey | πειθαρχέω | peitharcheō | gehoorzamen | [NEW] | Medium | 3:1 | — | Standard. |
| kindness | χρηστότης | chrēstotēs | goedertierenheid | [NEW] | Medium | 3:4 | ”vriendelijkheid” (too flat, loses covenant-loyalty overtone) | Reformed dogmatic register term, traditionally used for Hebrew hesed. |
| love for mankind | φιλανθρωπία | philanthropia | mensenliefde / liefde voor de mensen | [NEW] | Critical (forbidden substitution) | 3:4 | ”filantropie” — FORBIDDEN, never use | Modern Dutch “filantropie” denotes secular elite charitable giving; would collapse God’s saving character into a humanitarian-donor category. |
| mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | barmhartigheid | [NEW] | Medium | 3:5 | — | Distinct from genade (grace, favor to the undeserving); ἔλεος = compassion toward the miserable. Both concepts converge in 3:5; do not flatten to one Dutch word. |
| washing / bath | λουτρόν | loutron | het bad | [NEW] | Critical | 3:5 | — | Sits directly on the Reformed/Catholic/evangelical baptismal-regeneration fault line. Mandatory theologian review with explanatory footnote at every occurrence. |
| regeneration | παλιγγενεσία | palingenesia | wedergeboorte | [NEW] | Critical | 3:5 | — | Anchor term for doctrine “Regeneration by the Holy Spirit.” Distinct experiential connotation in Dutch “bevindelijk gereformeerd” subculture (dateable conversion crisis) vs. broader covenantal Reformed doctrine. Flag every occurrence. |
| renewal | ἀνακαίνωσις | anakainōsis | vernieuwing | [NEW] | Medium | 3:5 | — | Complementary ongoing-process term alongside wedergeboorte; cross-reference to baseline’s “sanctification” (heiliging) entry. |
| poured out | ἐκχέω | ekcheō | uitgestort | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 3:6 | — | Echoes Acts 2:17/Joel 2:28 Pentecost language; keep consistent with any parallel Acts rendering elsewhere in the curriculum library. |
| heirs | κληρονόμος | klēronomos | erfgenamen | [NEW] | Medium | 3:7 | — | Legal consequence of adoption; cross-reference baseline’s “aanneming tot kinderen” (adoption) entry though Titus does not use the adoption term itself. |
| Trustworthy is the saying | πιστὸς ὁ λόγος | pistos ho logos | Dit is een betrouwbaar woord | [NEW] | Medium | 3:8 | — | Formulaic Pastoral Epistles phrase (also 1 Tim 1:15, 3:1, 4:9; 2 Tim 2:11); render identically across the whole Pastoral Epistles curriculum library if applicable. |
| slave/servant of God (metaphorical) | δοῦλος θεοῦ | doulos theou | dienstknecht van God | [NEW] | Medium | 1:1 | — | Statenvertaling-tradition softening of literal “slave” for the self-designation sense; contrast with literal household-slave rendering at 2:9-10. |
| elect / chosen ones | ἐκλεκτοί | eklektoi | uitverkorenen | [NEW] | Critical | 1:1 | — | Directly activates baseline’s Canons-of-Dort “election” (verkiezing) doctrine flag for Dutch Reformed readers. |
| knowledge of the truth | ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας | epignōsis alētheias | kennis van de waarheid | [NEW] | Medium | 1:1 | — | Ties to “Sound Doctrine” doctrine. |
| promised | ἐπαγγέλλομαι | epangellomai | beloofd | [NEW] | Medium | 1:2 | — | Ties to baseline’s “verbond” (covenant, High) doctrine. |
| proclamation | κήρυγμα | kērygma | verkondiging | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 1:3 | — | Ties to baseline’s “gospel” and “zending” (mission) doctrines. |
| elder (church office) | πρεσβύτερος | presbyteros | ouderling / oudste | [NEW] | High | 1:5 | — | “Ouderling” for the established Reformed church-office sense; keep visibly distinct from “oudere man/vrouw” (age-based sense, ch. 2). |
| overseer / bishop | ἐπίσκοπος | episkopos | opziener | [NEW] | Critical | 1:7 | ”bisschop” — must not use | Same office as πρεσβύτερος (1:5); “bisschop” would wrongly import Catholic/Anglican translocal diocesan authority structure. Central to doctrine “Qualifications for Elders.” |
| husband of one wife | μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ | mias gynaikos anēr | man van één vrouw | [NEW] | Medium | 1:6 | — | Low lexical risk; flag pastoral-practice application debates (remarriage) for supporting materials, not the translation itself. |
| faithful/believing children | τέκνα πιστά | tekna pista | gelovige kinderen | [NEW] | High | 1:6 | ”gehoorzame/trouwe kinderen” (alternative “faithful/obedient” reading) | Genuine, unresolved exegetical ambiguity (believing vs. well-behaved); flag for theologian decision. |
| sound doctrine | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία | hygiainousa didaskalia | gezonde leer | [NEW] | High | 1:9, 1:13; 2:1, 2:2 | — | Medical-health metaphor; must not collapse into cold intellectual “correctness.” Central to doctrine “Sound Doctrine and Good Works.” |
| circumcision party | οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς | hoi ek tēs peritomēs | de partij van de besnijdenis | [NEW] | Medium | 1:10 | — | Specific Judaizing faction, not “Jewish people” generally; ties to baseline’s “unity_of_jews_and_gentiles” doctrine. |
| Jewish myths | μῦθοι Ἰουδαϊκοί | mythoi Ioudaikoi | Joodse fabels | [NEW] | High | 1:14 | — | Acute Dutch WWII/Holocaust-era sensitivity; mandatory theologian review with contextualizing footnote (refers to extrabiblical legends, not Judaism/Hebrew Scriptures broadly). |
| commandments of men | ἐντολαὶ ἀνθρώπων | entolai anthrōpōn | menselijke geboden | [NEW] | Medium | 1:14 | — | Contrast term against God’s own “wet” (Law). |
| profess to know God but deny by works | ὁμολογοῦσιν εἰδέναι τὸν θεόν, ἀρνοῦνται τοῖς ἔργοις | homologousin eidenai ton theon, arnountai tois ergois | zij belijden God te kennen, maar verloochenen Hem met hun daden | [NEW] | High | 1:16 | — | Nominal-Christianity critique; strikingly relevant to secularized Dutch cultural-Christian self-identification. |
| older man / older woman (age sense) | πρεσβύτης / πρεσβῦτις | presbytēs / presbytis | oudere man / oudere vrouw | [NEW] | Medium | 2:2, 2:3 | — | Keep distinct from ouderling/oudste (church office, ch. 1) despite shared Greek root. |
| slanderer / gossip (common noun) | διάβολος (adj.) | diabolos | kwaadspreekster | [NEW] | Medium-High | 2:3 | any “duivel-” compound (would wrongly import Satan-title association) | Homonym collision with the proper title for Satan elsewhere in the NT; the two senses are unrelated here. |
| worker/keeper at home | οἰκουργός / οἰκουρός | oikourgos / oikouros | actief in de huishouding / zorgzaam voor het huis | [NEW] | High | 2:5 | bare “huisvrouw” (risks universalizing a first-century household-economy role) | High contemporary-reception friction given Dutch gender-egalitarian workforce culture; frame contextually in supporting materials. |
| slave / bondservant (household, literal) | δοῦλος | doulos | slaven | [NEW] | Critical | 2:9-10 | ”dienstknechten” alone (risks obscuring the coercive social structure the text itself addresses) | Acute contemporary Dutch sensitivity given national reckoning with VOC/WIC slave-trade history and the 2023 royal apology; mandatory theologian review with contextualizing footnote. |
| master (household, literal) | δεσπότης | despotēs | heer / meester | [NEW] | Medium | 2:9 | — | Distinct Greek word from κύριος (divine Lord); “meester” is correct here, unlike its rejection for divine κύριος in the baseline — do not over-apply that unrelated rule. |
| faithfulness / good faith (πίστις exception) | πίστις (fidelity sense) | pistis | trouw | [NEW] | High | 2:10 | ”geloof” (correct for the salvation sense elsewhere, wrong here) | Deliberate, context-driven exception to the baseline’s default πίστις→geloof mapping; flag for every πίστις occurrence check. |
| adorn the doctrine | κοσμέω | kosmeō | tot een sieraad strekken / aantrekkelijk maken | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 2:10 | — | Vivid ornamentation metaphor; ties to “Sound Doctrine and Good Works.” |
| foolish controversies | μωραὶ ζητήσεις | mōrai zētēseis | dwaze twistvragen | [NEW] | Low-Medium | 3:9 | — | Central to doctrine “Avoiding Divisive Controversies.” |
| genealogies | γενεαλογίαι | genealogiai | geslachtsregisters | [NEW] | Low | 3:9 | — | Ties back to “Jewish myths” concern at 1:14. |
| quarrels about the law | μάχαι νομικαί | machai nomikai | strijd over de wet | [NEW] | Medium | 3:9 | — | Target is legalistic disputation, not the doctrine of the Law (de Wet) itself. |
| divisive/factious person | αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος | hairetikos anthrōpos | een mens die verdeeldheid sticht | [NEW] | Critical (forbidden substitution) | 3:10 | ”ketter/ketterse mens” — FORBIDDEN, never use | False-friend risk: modern Dutch “ketter” imports the full weight of Reformation-era heresy-trial history (Dutch Anabaptist persecution, anti-Rome/anti-Protestant conflict), far heavier than the text’s actual concern with relational faction-forming. |
| admonition | νουθεσία | nouthesia | vermaning | [NEW] | Low | 3:10 | — | Shares root with baseline’s “exhort” (vermanen) entry. |
| self-condemned | αὐτοκατάκριτος | autokatakritos | zelfveroordeeld | [NEW] | Low | 3:11 | — | Standard. |
C. Forbidden Substitutions List (Titus-Specific Additions)
To be added to the curriculum’s AI translation requirements alongside the baseline’s existing forbidden list (“verdiende gerechtigheid,” etc.):
| Concept | NEVER use | Always use | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| φιλανθρωπία (love for mankind, 3:4) | “filantropie" | "mensenliefde” / “liefde voor de mensen” | Modern Dutch “filantropie” denotes secular elite charitable giving, collapsing God’s saving character into a humanitarian-donor category. |
| αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος (divisive person, 3:10) | “ketter” / “ketterse mens" | "een mens die verdeeldheid sticht” / “een twistziek mens” | Imports the full weight of European Reformation heresy-trial history, far heavier than the text’s relational-faction concern. |
| ἐπίσκοπος (overseer, 1:7) | “bisschop" | "opziener” | Would import Catholic/Anglican translocal diocesan authority into a text describing a plurality of local elders. |
| λουτρὸν παλιγγενεσίας (washing of regeneration, 3:5) | any rendering that silently resolves the baptismal-regeneration debate in favor of one Dutch tradition | ”het bad van de wedergeboorte” with mandatory explanatory footnote | Direct fault line between Reformed, Catholic, and evangelical Dutch traditions; must not be silently adjudicated. |
D. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (Curriculum Doctrines)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms | Primary Passages | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grace That Trains for Godly Living | genade, opvoedt (παιδεύω), godsvrucht, goddeloosheid, bezonnen(heid) | 2:11-12 | High |
| Qualifications for Elders | ouderling/oudste (πρεσβύτερος), opziener (ἐπίσκοπος), onberispelijk, gelovige kinderen, gezonde leer | 1:5-9 | Critical/High |
| Sound Doctrine and Good Works | gezonde leer, goede werken, belijden/verloochenen | 1:9, 1:16; 2:1-2, 2:7, 2:10; 3:8, 3:14 | High/Critical |
| Salvation by Grace not Works | genade, goede werken, gerechtigheid, behouden, gerechtvaardigd, barmhartigheid | 3:5, 3:7 | Critical |
| Regeneration by the Holy Spirit | wedergeboorte (παλιγγενεσία), vernieuwing (ἀνακαίνωσις), het bad (λουτρόν), Heilige Geest, uitgestort | 3:5-6 | Critical |
| Submission to Authority | onderwerpen/onderworpen zijn (ὑποτάσσω), overheden en machten, gehoorzamen | 2:5, 2:9; 3:1 | High |
| Avoiding Divisive Controversies | dwaze twistvragen, strijd over de wet, een mens die verdeeldheid sticht (NOT “ketter”) | 3:9-11 | Critical/High |
This glossary supplements, and must be loaded together with, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. All [NEW] entries require formal promotion (version increment, theologian sign-off on Critical entries) before Phase 2 Titus segment translation begins, per the baseline’s “Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.”
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: gerechtigheid
Transliteration: gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: deugd
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited exactly. Titus 3:5 explicitly excludes ‘werken die wij in gerechtigheid gedaan hebben’ as salvation’s ground; 2:12’s adverb ‘rechtvaardig’ describes conduct flowing from, not producing, right standing — must not be read as the conduct that justifies.
Justification
Approved rendering: rechtvaardiging (noun) / gerechtvaardigd (verb, Titus 3:7)
Transliteration: rechtvaardiging / gerechtvaardigd
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vrijgesproken (too narrow alone), goedgemaakt
Original: δικαιόω (δικαιωθέντες)
Category: Salvation
Inherited exactly. Titus 3:7’s δικαιωθέντες must use the baseline’s exact dogmatic verb family (‘rechtvaardigen/gerechtvaardigd’), central to Heidelberg Catechism Lord’s Day 23, preserving cross-document consistency with the Romans justification doctrine.
Salvation
Approved rendering: behoud (noun) / behouden (verb, Titus 3:5)
Transliteration: behoud / behouden
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: verlossing, zaligheid, gered
Original: σῴζω (ἔσωσεν)
Category: Salvation
Inherited exactly; Titus 3:5’s ἔσωσεν must use ‘behouden,’ the verb form of the baseline’s fixed σωτηρία→behoud mapping, per the baseline’s explicit cross-document consistency rule. Risk elevated to Critical in this curriculum. Do NOT confuse with the separate, correct use of ‘verlossen/verlossing’ for the distinct λύτρωσις (ransom) root at 2:14 — see new term ‘redeem.‘
Election
Approved rendering: verkiezing
Transliteration: verkiezing
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Inherited from Romans package; the abstract-noun form (ἐκλογή), grammatically distinct from Titus 1:1’s ἐκλεκτοί (see new term ‘elect’/uitverkorenen) but carrying identical Canons-of-Dort doctrinal weight. Also risks the everyday political-election homonym reading.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Transliteration: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: verdiende gerechtigheid
Inherited from Romans package. Cross-reference at Titus 3:7’s gerechtvaardigd/erfgenamen cluster, the clearest Titus parallel to the Romans justification-by-faith-not-works argument (Romans 4:3).
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated beyond the baseline’s Medium to Critical for this curriculum, given Titus’s Father/Son shared ‘Zaligmaker’ (Savior)-title structure requiring careful Trinitarian clarity (Father: 1:3, 2:10, 3:4; Son: 1:4, 2:13, 3:6).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from the baseline’s Low to Critical for this curriculum, since Titus 2:13 identifies Jesus as co-referent with ‘our great God and Savior’ (Granville Sharp construction).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: een heilige kracht (impersonal force — FORBIDDEN, cf. Watchtower NWT usage)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. In Titus 3:5-6, explicitly the personal agent of regeneration, ‘poured out richly’ through Jesus Christ. Must never be rendered as an impersonal force; see Forbidden Substitutions in analysis/12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Savior Title
Approved rendering: Zaligmaker
Transliteration: Zaligmaker
Doctrine: Unity of the Savior Title (Father and Son) / Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Redder (modern Dutch: lifeguard/rescue-hero collision), Heiland (devotional/hymnic register, non-standard Bible-translation vocabulary)
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
σωτήρ, applied to both God the Father (1:3, 2:10, 3:4) and Jesus Christ (1:4, 2:13, 3:6). Must render identically for both to preserve the letter’s deliberate Trinitarian parallel. Titus 2:13’s Granville Sharp construction (‘onze grote God en Zaligmaker, Jezus Christus’) is one of the NT’s clearest direct affirmations of Christ’s full deity; Dutch syntax must not insert a comma or conjunction suggesting two distinct persons. Reintroduces the ‘zalig-’ root the baseline deliberately avoided for the abstract salvation noun (‘behoud’), judged acceptable for a title. Mandatory human theologian sign-off.
Good Works
Approved rendering: goede werken
Transliteration: goede werken
Doctrine: Good Works as the Fruit, Not the Ground, of Grace
Original: καλὰ / ἀγαθὰ ἔργα
Category: Salvation
καλὰ / ἀγαθὰ ἔργα — the letter’s single most frequent theological refrain (1:16; 2:7, 2:14; 3:1, 3:8, 3:14). Fruit of grace, never its ground (contrast at 3:5). Every occurrence must be checked against its immediate clause to confirm Dutch syntax cannot be read as making works the basis of salvation. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Love For Mankind
Approved rendering: mensenliefde / liefde voor de mensen
Transliteration: mensenliefde / liefde voor de mensen
Doctrine: Mercy and Kindness of God
Rejected alternatives: filantropie — FORBIDDEN, never use
Original: φιλανθρωπία
Category: God
φιλανθρωπία, Titus 3:4. Modern Dutch has borrowed this exact Greek compound to denote secular, elite charitable giving (wealthy donors, corporate foundations), which would collapse God’s own saving character into a modern secular-humanitarian category. Forbidden substitution.
Washing
Approved rendering: het bad
Transliteration: het bad
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Original: λουτρόν
Category: Salvation
λουτρόν, Titus 3:5, ‘het bad van de wedergeboorte.’ Sits directly on the historic Reformed (baptism as covenant sign)/Catholic (sacramental-causal baptism)/evangelical-‘bevindelijk gereformeerd’ (dateable conversion experience) fault line over baptismal regeneration. Mandatory human theologian review with an explanatory footnote at every occurrence; must not silently favor any one tradition’s reading.
Regeneration
Approved rendering: wedergeboorte
Transliteration: wedergeboorte
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Original: παλιγγενεσία
Category: Salvation
παλιγγενεσία, Titus 3:5. Anchor term for the doctrine ‘Regeneration by the Holy Spirit.’ Carries a distinct experiential-pietistic connotation in Dutch ‘bevindelijk gereformeerd’ subculture (a consciously dateable conversion crisis), narrower than the broader Reformed covenantal doctrine. Flag for theologian review at every occurrence.
Elect
Approved rendering: uitverkorenen
Transliteration: uitverkorenen
Doctrine: Election of God’s People
Original: ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
ἐκλεκτοί, Titus 1:1, grounding Paul’s apostleship ‘according to the faith of God’s elect.’ Directly activates the Canons of Dort’s unconditional-election framework for Dutch Reformed readers. Also risks a secondary democratic-vote misreading given its identical everyday political sense. Must render corporately-inclusive of all believers, not a restricted elite class (cf. Watchtower NWT risk documented in translation landscape).
Overseer
Approved rendering: opziener
Transliteration: opziener
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Rejected alternatives: bisschop — FORBIDDEN, never use
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Church
ἐπίσκοπος, Titus 1:7, the same office as πρεσβύτερος in 1:5 — a key data point in the congregational/presbyterian vs. episcopal church-polity debate. ‘Bisschop’ would wrongly import the Roman Catholic/Anglican translocal diocesan office. Mandatory human theologian review.
Household Slave
Approved rendering: slaven
Transliteration: slaven
Doctrine: Instructions for Household Slaves and Masters
Rejected alternatives: dienstknechten (risks obscuring the coercive social structure the text itself addresses), werknemers/werkgevers (anachronistic euphemism — FORBIDDEN)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
δοῦλος, Titus 2:9-10, Greco-Roman household slavery, addressed pastorally rather than endorsed. Carries exceptional weight given the Netherlands’ recent public reckoning with its own VOC/WIC Atlantic and Indian Ocean slave-trading history and the King’s 2023 national apology. Mandatory human theologian review with a contextualizing footnote.
Divisive Person
Approved rendering: een mens die verdeeldheid sticht
Transliteration: een mens die verdeeldheid sticht
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: ketter / ketterse mens — FORBIDDEN, never use, twistziek mens (acceptable secondary option)
Original: αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Church
αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος, Titus 3:10 — a relationally divisive/factious person, NOT the later technical ‘heretic’ sense. ‘Ketter’ imports the full weight of European Reformation-era heresy-trial history with acute Dutch national salience (16th-century Anabaptist persecution, Reformation-era Rome/Protestant conflict), far heavier than the text’s actual pastoral, two-warnings-then-withdrawal concern.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: genade
Transliteration: genade
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: gunst
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. In Titus, grace (χάρις) is personified as the grammatical subject that ‘appeared’ (2:11) and stands in explicit antithesis to works (3:5, 3:7), reinforcing the baseline’s Canons-of-Dort-shaped requirement that grace be conveyed as unearned and apart from human cooperation. See also new term ‘grace_trains’ (παιδεύω).
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; ‘geloof’ remains correct for the trust-in-Christ sense at 1:1, 1:4, 1:13, 2:2, 3:15. CRITICAL EXCEPTION at 2:10: πίστις there means ‘faithfulness/reliability’ in household slaves’ conduct and must be rendered ‘trouw,’ never ‘geloof’ (see new term ‘faithfulness_fidelity’). Risk elevated to High for this curriculum because of this deliberate, easily-missed exception.
Church
Approved rendering: gemeente
Transliteration: gemeente
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: kerk (institution-default)
Inherited from Romans package. Not a directly lexicalized term in Titus’s Greek, but presupposed by the letter’s entire ecclesiology (elder appointment ‘in every town,’ 1:5). Use ‘gemeente’ for the local congregation sense; reserve ‘kerk’ for institutional/building senses in supporting material.
Law
Approved rendering: wet
Transliteration: wet
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited exactly. Titus 3:9’s ‘μάχαι νομικαί’ (strijd over de wet) targets legalistic disputation, not the doctrine of the Law itself. Capitalize ‘de Wet’ only when the Mosaic Law doctrine itself is in view.
Glory
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid
Transliteration: heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from the baseline’s Medium to High for this curriculum, since Titus 2:13’s ‘de verschijning van de heerlijkheid van onze grote God en Zaligmaker’ directly ties this term to the Critical Deity of Christ doctrine. Keep paired with the ἐπιφάνεια word family (see new term ‘appearing’).
Sin
Approved rendering: zonde
Transliteration: zonde
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Titus’s author deliberately avoids this root in favor of ἀνομία (‘wetteloosheid,’ see new term ‘lawlessness’); preserved here only for contrast — do not substitute ‘zonde’ where the Greek text itself uses the ἀνομία root.
Covenant
Approved rendering: verbond
Transliteration: verbond
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 1:2’s promise ‘before eternal times’ (ἐπηγγείλατο) is a covenantal category in Dutch Reformed dogmatics; see new term ‘promised.‘
Godliness
Approved rendering: godsvrucht / godvruchtig
Transliteration: godsvrucht / godvruchtig
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: vroomheid (softer, more generic piety)
Original: εὐσέβεια / εὐσεβῶς
Category: Sanctification
εὐσέβεια / εὐσεβῶς. Reverent piety toward God expressed in conduct, forming the antonym pair with ἀσέβεια (‘goddeloosheid’) structuring the letter’s ethical vision (1:1; 2:12).
Grace Trains
Approved rendering: opvoedt
Transliteration: opvoedt
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: traint (too athletic/secular), onderwijst/leert (too cognitive-only)
Original: παιδεύω (παιδεύουσα)
Category: Sanctification
παιδεύω (παιδεύουσα), Titus 2:12. Grace itself is the agent of moral formation, countering both antinomianism and legalism. ‘Opvoedt’ preserves the parental-formation sense but risks being heard as address to literal children rather than all believers; translator note recommended.
Self Control
Approved rendering: bezonnen(heid) / zelfbeheersing
Transliteration: bezonnen(heid) / zelfbeheersing
Doctrine: Grace-Trained Self-Control and Sound-Mindedness
Rejected alternatives: matig (too narrow, drink-specific)
Original: σώφρων, σωφρόνως, σωφρονίζω, σωφρονεῖν
Category: Sanctification
σώφρων, σωφρόνως, σωφρονίζω, σωφρονεῖν — the highest-density word family in the letter (1:8; 2:2, 2:4, 2:5, 2:6, 2:12), structuring its whole ethical vision. Must use one consistent Dutch word family across all six occurrences; inconsistent rendering would obscure this structuring motif.
Redeem
Approved rendering: verlossen / verlossing
Transliteration: verlossen / verlossing
Doctrine: Redemption and Purification through Christ
Original: λυτρόω / λύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
λυτρόω / λύτρωσις, Titus 2:14. The linguistically correct Dutch match for this distinct ransom-payment root. NOT the same decision as the baseline’s rejection of ‘verlossing’ as the primary noun for σωτηρία/behoud — that rejection concerned the general salvation concept, not this ransom-specific root. Flag for reviewer confirmation on first occurrence in any document to prevent confusion between these two distinct rules.
Treasured People
Approved rendering: een volk dat Hem toebehoort
Transliteration: een volk dat Hem toebehoort
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: een overtollig volk (wrong etymological reading: ‘surplus/leftover people’)
Original: λαὸς περιούσιος
Category: Covenant
λαὸς περιούσιος, Titus 2:14, LXX echo of Exodus 19:5, Deuteronomy 14:2, 26:18 (Sinai covenant language) reapplied to the church. Must not trigger an Israel-nation-state or ethnic-supersessionist misreading; the referent is the church, Jew and Gentile together.
Rulers And Authorities
Approved rendering: overheden en machten
Transliteration: overheden en machten
Doctrine: Submission to Civil Authority
Original: ἀρχαὶ καὶ ἐξουσίαι
Category: Kingdom
ἀρχαὶ καὶ ἐξουσίαι, Titus 3:1. Parallel to Romans 13:1-7’s authority language already flagged in the baseline; Dutch WWII-occupation history heightens reception risk if presented without the balancing biblical principle that civil obedience is not absolute (cf. Acts 5:29). Apply the same escalation the baseline applies to Romans 13.
Submit
Approved rendering: onderwerpen / onderworpen zijn
Transliteration: onderwerpen / onderworpen zijn
Doctrine: Godly Household Order and Submission
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Church
ὑποτάσσω, governing three distinct relationships: wives to husbands (2:5), slaves to masters (2:9), believers to civil authority (3:1). Modern gender-egalitarian Dutch culture reads unqualified submission language with significant friction. Attach an explanatory translator note at first occurrence (2:5) clarifying voluntary, ordered relational submission within specific God-given structures, not blanket subjugation, and cross-reference at 2:9 and 3:1.
Elder
Approved rendering: ouderling / oudste
Transliteration: ouderling / oudste
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church
πρεσβύτερος, Titus 1:5, the established local church office. ‘Ouderling’ where the text clearly denotes the established church office; reserve ‘oudste’ for purely age-based seniority (2:2-3, πρεσβύτης/πρεσβῦτις) — the two senses must not blur despite the shared Greek root.
Faithful Children
Approved rendering: gelovige kinderen
Transliteration: gelovige kinderen
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Rejected alternatives: gehoorzame/trouwe kinderen (alternative ‘faithful/obedient’ reading)
Original: τέκνα πιστά
Category: Church
τέκνα πιστά, Titus 1:6, an elder qualification with genuine exegetical ambiguity between ‘believing’ and ‘well-behaved.’ The two readings carry materially different pastoral consequences for elder-qualification standards; flag for human theologian decision, not mechanical default.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: gezonde leer
Transliteration: gezonde leer
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Church
ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία (1:9, 1:13; 2:1, 2:2). Medical-health metaphor: teaching that gives spiritual life and health, not sterile intellectual correctness — a risk heightened by the Dutch university theology faculties’ strong historical-critical academic tradition.
Jewish Myths
Approved rendering: Joodse fabels
Transliteration: Joodse fabels
Doctrine: False Teachers and Jewish Myths
Original: μῦθοι Ἰουδαϊκοί
Category: Church
μῦθοι Ἰουδαϊκοί, Titus 1:14. Refers to extrabiblical legendary embellishments circulating among some first-century Jewish teachers, not the Hebrew Scriptures or Judaism as such. Given the Netherlands’ deep post-Holocaust historical consciousness, mandatory human theologian review with an explanatory footnote.
Profess And Deny
Approved rendering: zij belijden God te kennen, maar verloochenen Hem met hun daden
Transliteration: zij belijden God te kennen, maar verloochenen Hem met hun daden
Doctrine: Nominal Faith versus Works That Deny God
Original: ὁμολογοῦσιν εἰδέναι τὸν θεόν, τοῖς δὲ ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται
Category: Church
ὁμολογοῦσιν εἰδέναι τὸν θεόν, τοῖς δὲ ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται, Titus 1:16. Strikingly relevant to a Dutch context where cultural-Christian self-identification without active faith commitment is widespread; must not be softened.
Slanderer
Approved rendering: kwaadspreekster
Transliteration: kwaadspreekster
Doctrine: Godly Household Order and Submission
Rejected alternatives: any ‘duivel-’ compound (wrongly imports the Satan-title association)
Original: διάβολος (adjectival)
Category: Church
διάβολος used adjectivally, Titus 2:3, describing a vice (slanderous gossip) among older women — a homonym collision with the identical word’s unrelated NT usage as the proper title for Satan elsewhere. Must not be rendered with any Dutch word built on ‘duivel.‘
Worker At Home
Approved rendering: actief in de huishouding / zorgzaam voor het huis
Transliteration: actief in de huishouding / zorgzaam voor het huis
Doctrine: Godly Household Order and Submission
Rejected alternatives: huisvrouw (risks universalizing a first-century household-economy role)
Original: οἰκουργός / οἰκουρός
Category: Church
οἰκουργός / οἰκουρός, Titus 2:5. The Netherlands’ high female workforce-participation and gender-egalitarian cultural profile creates real reception friction if rendered as a bare, timeless ‘housewife’ mandate. Frame contextually in supporting materials.
Faithfulness Fidelity
Approved rendering: trouw
Transliteration: trouw
Doctrine: Instructions for Household Slaves and Masters
Rejected alternatives: geloof (correct for the salvation sense elsewhere, wrong here)
Original: πίστις (fidelity sense)
Category: Church
πίστις in its fidelity/reliability sense, Titus 2:10 (‘πίστιν πᾶσαν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν’), not trust in Christ. A deliberate, context-driven exception to the baseline’s default πίστις→geloof mapping. Flag for every πίστις occurrence check rather than mechanical application.
Vice Catalog Former State
Approved rendering: dwaas, ongehoorzaam, dwalend/verleid, slaven van begeerten, allerlei genoegens, boosheid en nijd, verafschuwd, elkaar hatend
Transliteration: n/a
Doctrine: Universal Human Depravity (Former State)
Compact vice catalog describing believers’ former state, Titus 3:3 (ἀνόητοι, ἀπειθεῖς, πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις, ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες, στυγητοί, μισοῦντες ἀλλήλους). Grounds the grace-contrast of 3:4; the rhetorical force of universal former bondage must not be minimized in Dutch even though individual terms are Low-Medium risk.
Medium Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: heilig
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: rein
Inherited from Romans package; corresponds to ὅσιος in the elder-qualifications vice/virtue list (Titus 1:8, rendered ‘heilig/vroom’).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: heidenen
Transliteration: heidenen
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Not a lexical item in Titus’s Greek text, but relevant background to the ‘de partij van de besnijdenis’ (circumcision party, 1:10) and to the church’s Jew-and-Gentile-together identity presupposed at 2:14’s λαὸς περιούσιος.
Father
Approved rendering: Vader
Transliteration: Vader
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 1:4’s salutation ‘ἀπὸ Θεοῦ πατρός’ grounds the greeting; keep distinct from the σωτήρ-title uses of θεός applied to the same Person at 1:3 and 3:4.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Background to Titus 2:14’s λαὸς περιούσιος (LXX echo of Exodus 19:5) reapplied to the church; must not trigger an uncritical Israel-nation-state association given Dutch Reformed Christian Zionism.
Providence
Approved rendering: voorzienigheid
Transliteration: voorzienigheid
Doctrine: Providence
Inherited from Romans package. Background to Titus 1:2’s ‘πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων’ (vóór alle eeuwen), God’s eternal purpose predating creation.
Adoption
Approved rendering: aanneming tot kinderen
Transliteration: aanneming tot kinderen
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: adoptie (bare, legal-procedural)
Inherited from Romans package. Titus does not use the adoption term itself, but 3:7’s κληρονόμοι (‘erfgenamen,’ see new term ‘heirs’) is its legal consequence; cross-reference at every occurrence.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: gemeenschap
Transliteration: gemeenschap
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 1:4’s κοινὴν πίστιν (‘het gemeenschappelijke geloof’) echoes this doctrine via a different Greek root.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: heiliging
Transliteration: heiliging
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 3:5’s ἀνακαίνωσις (see new term ‘renewal’) is the Spirit’s ongoing renewing work, complementary to but distinct from the decisive event of wedergeboorte; cross-reference this baseline entry.
Hope
Approved rendering: hoop
Transliteration: hoop
Doctrine: Christian Hope of Eternal Life
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Eschatology
ἐλπίς. Confident, God-grounded forward expectation, not generic optimism; bookends the letter (1:2 opening, 3:7 closing) and appears at 2:13 as ‘de zalige hoop.’ Render identically at 1:2 and 3:7 to preserve the letter’s bookending structure. Risk of flattening into ordinary wishful optimism in a highly secularized Dutch cultural context.
Ungodliness
Approved rendering: goddeloosheid
Transliteration: goddeloosheid
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: ἀσέβεια
Category: Sanctification
ἀσέβεια. Renounced at Titus 2:12 as part of grace’s training; must be kept as the visible contrastive antonym of ‘godsvrucht’ in Dutch.
Worldly Desires
Approved rendering: wereldse begeerten
Transliteration: wereldse begeerten
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: κοσμικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι
Category: Sanctification
κοσμικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι, Titus 2:12. Standard rendering; low collision risk in Dutch.
Appearing
Approved rendering: verschijning / verschenen
Transliteration: verschijning / verschenen
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: openbaring (better reserved for revelation vocabulary elsewhere)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια / ἐπιφαίνω
Category: Christology
ἐπιφάνεια / ἐπιφαίνω, occurring at 2:11 (past, grace), 2:13 (future, glory), and 3:4 (past, kindness/love for mankind). Structures the letter’s already/not-yet argument; keep the tense distinction visible and use one consistent Dutch verb/noun pair across all three occurrences.
Lawlessness
Approved rendering: wetteloosheid
Transliteration: wetteloosheid
Doctrine: Redemption and Purification through Christ
Rejected alternatives: zonde (Titus’s author deliberately avoids this root)
Original: ἀνομία
Category: Sin
ἀνομία, Titus 2:14. Titus consistently prefers this root over ἁμαρτία; preserve this authorial stylistic choice rather than flattening to the baseline’s ‘zonde.‘
Reprove
Approved rendering: terechtwijzen / weerleggen
Transliteration: terechtwijzen / weerleggen
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐλέγχω
Category: Church
ἐλέγχω (1:9, 1:13, 2:15). ‘Terechtwijzen’ for moral correction, ‘weerleggen’ for doctrinal refutation — context-sensitive.
Obey
Approved rendering: gehoorzamen
Transliteration: gehoorzamen
Doctrine: Submission to Civil Authority
Original: πειθαρχέω
Category: Church
πειθαρχέω, Titus 3:1, paired with submission to civil authority.
Kindness
Approved rendering: goedertierenheid
Transliteration: goedertierenheid
Doctrine: Mercy and Kindness of God
Rejected alternatives: vriendelijkheid (too flat, loses covenant-loyalty overtone)
Original: χρηστότης
Category: God
χρηστότης, Titus 3:4, paired with φιλανθρωπία to describe God’s saving disposition. A distinctly warm, covenantal Dutch Reformed dogmatic term traditionally used for Hebrew hesed.
Mercy
Approved rendering: barmhartigheid
Transliteration: barmhartigheid
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace, Not Works
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
ἔλεος, Titus 3:5, the ground (‘naar Zijn barmhartigheid’) by which God saved us. Distinct from genade (grace, favor toward the undeserving) though closely related; both concepts converge in 3:5 and should not be flattened into one Dutch word.
Renewal
Approved rendering: vernieuwing
Transliteration: vernieuwing
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Original: ἀνακαίνωσις
Category: Sanctification
ἀνακαίνωσις, Titus 3:5. Ongoing renewal by the Holy Spirit, complementary to the decisive new-birth event of regeneration; cross-reference the baseline’s ‘sanctification’ (heiliging) entry.
Poured Out
Approved rendering: uitgestort
Transliteration: uitgestort
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Original: ἐκχέω (ἐξέχεεν)
Category: God
ἐκχέω (ἐξέχεεν), Titus 3:6, of the Holy Spirit poured out through Jesus Christ, echoing Acts 2:17/Joel 2:28. Standard Dutch Pentecost vocabulary.
Heirs
Approved rendering: erfgenamen
Transliteration: erfgenamen
Doctrine: Justification
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
κληρονόμος, Titus 3:7, the outcome of being justified by grace. Legal consequence of adoption; cross-reference the baseline’s ‘aanneming tot kinderen’ (adoption) entry, though Titus does not use the adoption term itself.
Trustworthy Saying
Approved rendering: Dit is een betrouwbaar woord
Transliteration: Dit is een betrouwbaar woord
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Church
πιστὸς ὁ λόγος, Titus 3:8. Formulaic Pastoral Epistles phrase (also 1 Tim 1:15, 3:1, 4:9; 2 Tim 2:11). Render identically across the whole Pastoral Epistles curriculum library if applicable, per the same logic the baseline applies to Romans 1:16-17 and 8:28.
Servant Of God
Approved rendering: dienstknecht van God
Transliteration: dienstknecht van God
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: δοῦλος θεοῦ
Category: Church
δοῦλος θεοῦ, Titus 1:1. Statenvertaling-tradition softening of literal ‘slave’ for this metaphorical self-designation sense; register choice, not doctrinal. Contrast with the literal household-slave rendering required at 2:9-10 (‘slaven’) — never conflate the two.
Knowledge Of Truth
Approved rendering: kennis van de waarheid
Transliteration: kennis van de waarheid
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Church
ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας, Titus 1:1. Ties to the Sound Doctrine doctrine.
Promised
Approved rendering: beloofd
Transliteration: beloofd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: ἐπαγγέλλομαι (ἐπηγγείλατο)
Category: Covenant
ἐπαγγέλλομαι (ἐπηγγείλατο), Titus 1:2, of the God who cannot lie promising eternal life before eternal times. Ties to the baseline’s ‘covenant’ (verbond) doctrine.
Proclamation
Approved rendering: verkondiging
Transliteration: verkondiging
Doctrine: Proclamation of the Word Entrusted to Paul
Original: κήρυγμα
Category: Church
κήρυγμα, Titus 1:3, the message entrusted to Paul. Ties to the baseline’s ‘gospel’ and ‘zending’ (mission) doctrines.
Husband Of One Wife
Approved rendering: man van één vrouw
Transliteration: man van één vrouw
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ
Category: Church
μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ, Titus 1:6, an elder qualification. Low lexical risk; flag pastoral-practice application debates (remarriage) for supporting materials, not the translation itself.
Circumcision Party
Approved rendering: de partij van de besnijdenis
Transliteration: de partij van de besnijdenis
Doctrine: False Teachers and Jewish Myths
Original: οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς
Category: Church
οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς, Titus 1:10. Ties to the baseline’s ‘unity_of_jews_and_gentiles’ doctrine; the target is a specific first-century Judaizing faction, not ‘Jewish people’ generally.
Commandments Of Men
Approved rendering: menselijke geboden
Transliteration: menselijke geboden
Doctrine: False Teachers and Jewish Myths
Original: ἐντολαὶ ἀνθρώπων
Category: Covenant
ἐντολαὶ ἀνθρώπων, Titus 1:14, contrasted with God’s own ‘wet’ (Law). Must not be confused with ‘de Wet’ itself.
Older Man Woman
Approved rendering: oudere man / oudere vrouw
Transliteration: oudere man / oudere vrouw
Doctrine: Godly Household Order and Submission
Original: πρεσβύτης / πρεσβῦτις
Category: Church
πρεσβύτης / πρεσβῦτις, Titus 2:2-3, age-based categories. Keep visibly distinct from ‘ouderling/oudste’ (the church office, ch. 1) despite the shared Greek root; never use bare ‘oudste’ for this age-based sense.
Household Master
Approved rendering: heer / meester
Transliteration: heer / meester
Doctrine: Instructions for Household Slaves and Masters
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Church
δεσπότης, Titus 2:9, a distinct Greek word from κύριος (divine Lord). ‘Meester’ is correct and appropriate here, unlike its rejection for divine κύριος in the baseline — do not over-apply that unrelated rule to this different referent.
Adorn Doctrine
Approved rendering: tot een sieraad strekken / aantrekkelijk maken
Transliteration: tot een sieraad strekken / aantrekkelijk maken
Doctrine: Adorning Sound Doctrine through Conduct
Original: κοσμέω
Category: Church
κοσμέω, Titus 2:10. Vivid ornamentation metaphor (behavior as adornment of doctrine, not merely its accompaniment); must not be flattened into a generic ‘live consistently with your teaching’ paraphrase.
Foolish Controversies
Approved rendering: dwaze twistvragen
Transliteration: dwaze twistvragen
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: μωραὶ ζητήσεις
Category: Church
μωραὶ ζητήσεις, Titus 3:9. Central to the doctrine ‘Avoiding Divisive Controversies.‘
Quarrels About Law
Approved rendering: strijd over de wet
Transliteration: strijd over de wet
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: μάχαι νομικαί
Category: Covenant
μάχαι νομικαί, Titus 3:9, likely disputes over Mosaic ceremonial regulations pressed by the circumcision party. Must be distinguished from any critique of ‘de Wet’ itself.
Cretan Proverb
Approved rendering: Kretenzen zijn altijd leugenaars, kwade beesten, luie buiken
Transliteration: Kretenzen zijn altijd leugenaars, kwade beesten, luie buiken
Doctrine: False Teachers and Jewish Myths
Κρῆτες … ψεῦσται, κακὰ θηρία, γαστέρες ἀργαί, Titus 1:12, Paul’s quotation of a pagan Cretan proverb (traditionally attributed to Epimenides). A quoted ethnic stereotype, not Paul’s own independent characterization. Recommend a translator note clarifying the quotation’s source and rhetorical function to prevent readers receiving it as Scripture’s own ethnic verdict.
Malign Slander
Approved rendering: kwaadspreken / belasteren
Transliteration: kwaadspreken / belasteren
Doctrine: Godly Household Order and Submission
βλασφημέω has two distinct objects in Titus: people (3:2, ‘kwaadspreken/belasteren’) and ‘the word of God’ (2:5, ‘zodat het woord van God niet in diskrediet wordt gebracht’). Context-sensitive rendering required between these two objects; do not use identical phrasing for both without checking the referent.
Elder Vice Virtue Catalog
Approved rendering: eigenzinnig, opvliegend, aan de wijn verslaafd, gewelddadig, uit op winstbejag / gastvrij, een liefhebber van het goede, bezonnen, rechtvaardig, heilig/vroom, zelfbeheerst
Transliteration: n/a
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Compact vice/virtue catalog for elder qualifications, Titus 1:7-8 (αὐθάδης, ὀργίλος, πάροινος, πλήκτης, αἰσχροκερδής / φιλόξενος, φιλάγαθος, σώφρων, δίκαιος, ὅσιος, ἐγκρατής). Individually Low-Medium risk; grouped here for completeness. σώφρων and ἐγκρατής entries must align with the ‘self_control’ word-family entry above; δίκαιος must align with ‘righteousness.‘
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly lexicalized in Titus’s Greek text, but the proclamation entrusted to Paul (1:1-3, κήρυγμα) presupposes this baseline term. Render identically wherever ‘gospel’ vocabulary appears in supporting Titus curriculum material.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostel
Transliteration: apostel
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Paul’s self-designation at Titus 1:1, alongside ‘dienstknecht van God.‘
Peace
Approved rendering: vrede
Transliteration: vrede
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited exactly. Titus 1:4’s salutation ‘χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη’ must render exactly per baseline: ‘genade en vrede.‘
Mission
Approved rendering: zending
Transliteration: zending
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: missie (broader/secular)
Inherited from Romans package. Background to Titus 1:3’s κήρυγμα (see new term ‘proclamation’) and Titus’s own commissioning to organize the church on Crete.
Exhort
Approved rendering: vermanen / aansporen
Transliteration: vermanen / aansporen
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, context rule. At Titus 2:15 use ‘aansporen’ (encouraging sense) since the adjacent ἔλεγχε already covers the admonishing sense in the same verse. The noun form νουθεσία at 3:10 (‘vermaning’) aligns with the baseline’s default admonish/warn sense.
Christ
Approved rendering: Christus
Transliteration: Christus
Doctrine: Christology
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Stable across all Dutch traditions; used throughout Titus alongside ‘Jezus’ and ‘Zaligmaker’ titles.
Purify
Approved rendering: reinigen
Transliteration: reinigen
Doctrine: Redemption and Purification through Christ
Original: καθαρίζω
Category: Sanctification
καθαρίζω, Titus 2:14. No live competing ritual-purity concept in secularized Dutch culture.
Authority Command
Approved rendering: gezag / bevel
Transliteration: gezag / bevel
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐπιταγή
Category: Church
ἐπιταγή (2:15; 3:1, κατ᾿ ἐπιταγήν). Standard, low collision risk.
Genealogies
Approved rendering: geslachtsregisters
Transliteration: geslachtsregisters
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: γενεαλογίαι
Category: Church
γενεαλογίαι, Titus 3:9. Ties back to the ‘Jewish myths’ concern at 1:14 — likely the same category of speculative teaching material.
Admonition
Approved rendering: vermaning
Transliteration: vermaning
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: νουθεσία
Category: Church
νουθεσία, Titus 3:10, the second warning given to a divisive person before withdrawal. Shares root with the baseline’s ‘exhort’ (vermanen) entry.
Self Condemned
Approved rendering: zelfveroordeeld
Transliteration: zelfveroordeeld
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: αὐτοκατάκριτος
Category: Church
αὐτοκατάκριτος, Titus 3:11, describing the divisive person’s own culpability. Standard, low collision risk.
Referenced passages