Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians (English → Dutch)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across all 13 chapters of 2 Corinthians, into a single per-term reference table. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked Reused (exact) and MUST NOT be altered. Terms new to this curriculum are marked New — proposed addition and should be added to translation memory before Phase 2 processing begins, per the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review recommended), Low (automated review sufficient).
A. Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | TM Status | Key Passages | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reconciliation / reconcile | καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω — katallagē / katallassō | verzoening / verzoenen | Critical | New — proposed addition | 5:18-20 | Major Reformed atonement term; modern secular Dutch usage (conflict mediation, “Waarheids- en Verzoeningscommissie”) risks a horizontal, mutual, human-negotiated reading rather than the vertical, God-initiated, once-for-all act this passage requires. |
| Ministry of reconciliation | διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς — diakonia tēs katallagēs | bediening van de verzoening | High | New — proposed addition | 5:18 | Combines “bediening” (Medium risk on its own) with “verzoening” (Critical). |
| Not counting [trespasses] / non-imputation | μὴ λογιζόμενος — mē logizomenos | niet toerekenen | Critical | Reuses baseline “toerekenen” verb (from imputed_righteousness) | 5:19 | The mirror image of the baseline’s Critical imputed_righteousness entry: sin is not credited to the sinner because it was credited to Christ. Must not be softened to “vergeven” (forgive), which loses the forensic-accounting sense central to Heidelberg Catechism Q&A 60. |
| Be reconciled to God (imperative) | καταλλάγητε τῷ Θεῷ — katallagēte tō Theō | laat u met God verzoenen | Critical | New — proposed addition | 5:20 | Passive imperative must remain passive in Dutch — reconciliation is received, not self-achieved; reinforces Grace ≠ merit. |
| World [reconciled] | κόσμος — kosmos | wereld | Medium | New — proposed addition | 5:19 | Echoes baseline’s High-risk Universal Scope of the Gospel doctrine; retain unqualified universal scope. |
B. Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | TM Status | Key Passages | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New creation | καινὴ κτίσις — kainē ktisis | nieuwe schepping | High | New — proposed addition | 5:17 | Modern Dutch self-help/wellness culture (“nieuwe start,” “een betere versie van jezelf”) risks flattening a sovereign divine act into voluntary self-reinvention. |
| In Christ | ἐν Χριστῷ — en Christō | in Christus | Medium | Reuses baseline “Christian Identity in Christ” doctrine concept | 5:17, 5:19, 5:21, 13:5 | Union formula; identity grounded in union with Christ, not heritage or denominational identity. |
| The old / the new | τὰ ἀρχα�ία / καινά — ta archaia / kaina | het oude / het nieuwe | Low-Medium | New — proposed addition | 5:17 | Decisive, once-for-all transition; avoid gradualist framing. |
| One died for all / all died | εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν… οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον | Eén is voor allen gestorven… zij allen zijn gestorven | High | New — proposed addition | 5:14 | Substitutionary, representative death; “allen” must not be softened, per baseline’s Universal Scope rule. |
C. Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | TM Status | Key Passages | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comfort / consolation | παράκλησις — paraklēsis | vertroosting | High | New — proposed addition | 1:3-7; 7:4-13 | Shares a root with baseline’s “exhort” (παρακαλέω → vermanen/aansporen). Here a third distinct sense (comfort/consolation) is active — flag every occurrence to prevent register confusion across the whole letter. |
| Affliction / tribulation | θλῖψις — thlipsis | verdrukking | Medium | New — proposed addition | 1:4, 1:8; 4:17; 7:4 | Also used for economic/social pressure in modern Dutch; theological register is retained but should be reinforced by context. |
| God appeals through us (a parakaleō sense) | παρακαλοῦντος — parakalountos | doet een oproep/smeekbede | Medium | New — proposed addition | 5:20 | A fourth sense of the parakaleō root (appeal/entreat), distinct from comfort, admonish, and encourage-to-action senses elsewhere in the corpus. |
| Thorn in the flesh | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί — skolops tē sarki | doorn in het vlees | Medium | New — proposed addition | 12:7 | Has entered general Dutch idiom with a weakened, secularized sense (“minor annoyance”); must retain the specific God-permitted, humility-producing affliction sense. |
D. Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | TM Status | Key Passages | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη — kainē diathēkē | nieuw verbond | High | Reuses baseline “verbond” (High) + new modifier | 3:6 | Dutch Reformed federal theology’s technical covenant apparatus (“verbondsleer”) risks being imported wholesale onto Paul’s narrower letter-vs-Spirit contrast here. |
| Letter / Spirit | γράμμα / πνεῦμα — gramma / pneuma | de letter / de Geest | High | New — proposed addition | 3:6 | Capitalization decision (Geest = Holy Spirit vs. geest = abstract spirit) carries genuine doctrinal weight and is exegetically disputed; flag every occurrence. |
| Glory | δόξα — doxa | heerlijkheid | Medium | Reused (exact) from baseline | 3:7-11, 18; 4:4, 6, 17 | Contrast between the fading glory of the old covenant and the surpassing glory of the new. |
| Veil | κάλυμμα — kalumma | bedekking/sluier | Low-Medium | New — proposed addition | 3:13-16 | Must retain the spiritual-blindness metaphor, not merely literal cloth. |
| Ministry / minister | διακονία / διάκονος — diakonia / diakonos | bediening / dienaar | Medium | New — proposed addition | 3:6-9; 4:1; 5:18; 6:3-4; 11:15, 23 | Modern Dutch “bediening” also denotes service-industry table service; “diaken” denotes a later, distinct ecclesiastical office — do not conflate. |
| Transformed | μεταμορφούμεθα — metamorphoumetha | veranderd | Low-Medium | New — proposed addition | 3:18 | Dutch avoids the biological-metamorphosis cognate risk present in English “transformed/metamorphosis.” |
E. Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | TM Status | Key Passages | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sincerity (integrity sense) | ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια — haplotēs / eilikrineia | eenvoud / oprechtheid | High | New — proposed addition | 1:12; 2:17; 11:3 | ἁπλότης recurs in chs. 8-9 with a different sense (generosity) — same Greek word, two distinct required Dutch renderings; flag at every occurrence. |
| Commending [ourselves] | συνιστάνομεν — synistanomen | aanprijzen/aanbevelen | Medium | New — proposed addition | 3:1; 5:12; 10:12, 18 | Must not carry a modern self-marketing register. |
| Boasting | καύχησις / καύχημα / καυχάομαι — kauchēsis / kauchēma / kauchaomai | roem / roemen | High | New — proposed addition | 1:12; 5:12; 10:8, 13, 17; 11:16-30; 12:1-9 | Modern Dutch “roem” defaults to worldly fame; the term shifts between forbidden self-glorying and legitimate “boasting in the Lord” — context-sensitive at every occurrence, similar in kind to baseline’s “called”/“roeping” flag. |
| Ambassador | πρεσβεύω — presbeuō | gezant | Medium-High | New — proposed addition | 5:20 | Prefer “gezant” over “ambassadeur,” which in modern Dutch commonly denotes a marketing/brand representative, risking trivialization of apostolic authority. |
| Peddling [God’s word] | καπηλεύοντες — kapēleuontes | venten met / sjoemelen met | Medium | New — proposed addition | 2:17 | Needs a vivid, clearly pejorative verb to retain the charge of commercializing the gospel. |
| False apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι — pseudapostoloi | valse apostelen | High | New — proposed addition | 11:13 | See Section H below (shared with Genuine vs. False Apostleship doctrine). |
| Sufficient / competent | ἱκανός / ἱκανότης — hikanos / hikanotēs | bekwaam(heid) | Medium-High | New — proposed addition | 2:16; 3:5-6 | Modern Dutch HR/corporate “competentie” vocabulary risks framing God-given ministerial adequacy as professional qualification. |
F. Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | TM Status | Key Passages | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grace [in giving] | χάρις — charis | genade | High | Reused (exact) from baseline | 8:1, 9; 9:8, 14 | Secularized readers may hear this economic-giving usage as mere natural generosity, losing the specifically divine, unmerited-gift theological freight already flagged in baseline. |
| Fellowship / participation [in giving] | κοινωνία — koinōnia | gemeenschap | Medium | Reused (exact) from baseline | 8:4; 9:13 | A third nuance (grace-motivated material participation) beyond the two senses already noted in baseline; distinguish from secular “samenwerking.” |
| Generosity / liberality | ἁπλότης — haplotēs | gulheid / vrijgevigheid | High | New — proposed addition | 8:2; 9:11, 13 | Same Greek word as Section E’s “sincerity” entry but a distinct required rendering here — flag to avoid mismatch. |
| Equality | ἰσότης — isotēs | gelijkheid | Medium-High | New — proposed addition | 8:13-14 | Contemporary Dutch political/social “gelijkheid” discourse risks importing ideological freight foreign to Paul’s point about material balance between congregations. |
| Cheerful giver | ἱλαρός — hilaros | blijmoedig(e gever) | Low | New — proposed addition | 9:7 | Vivid, well-established rendering. |
| Seed [sown] | σπόρος — sporos | zaad | Medium | New — proposed addition | 9:6, 10 | Appropriate agricultural sense here; still must not be read purely clinically/literally. |
| Readiness / eagerness | προθυμία — prothymia | bereidwilligheid | Low-Medium | New — proposed addition | 8:11-12; 9:2 | |
| Abundance | περισσεία — perisseia | overvloed | Low | New — proposed addition | 8:2 |
G. Doctrine: Power in Weakness
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | TM Status | Key Passages | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weakness | ἀσθένεια — astheneia | zwakheid | High | New — proposed addition | 11:29-30; 12:5-10; 13:4, 9 | Modern Dutch therapeutic/self-improvement culture frames weakness as a deficiency to overcome, risking the loss of Paul’s paradoxical point that God’s power is displayed precisely through weakness. |
| Thorn in the flesh | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί — skolops tē sarki | doorn in het vlees | Medium | New — proposed addition | 12:7 | See Section C; secularized idiom drift risk. |
| Grace is sufficient | ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου — arkei hē charis mou | Mijn genade is u genoeg | High | New — proposed addition (fixed phrase) | 12:9 | Recommend a FIXED consistent Dutch rendering across all curriculum documents, following the same rule the baseline applies to Romans 8:28/10:9. |
| Power [of God] | δύναμις — dynamis | kracht | Medium | Reuses baseline “kracht van God” concept | 4:7; 12:9; 13:4 | God’s power “made perfect” in weakness. |
| Messenger of Satan | ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ — angelos Satana | engel van de satan | Low | New — proposed addition | 12:7 | Affliction’s adversarial source remains under God’s sovereign permission (Providence). |
H. Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | TM Status | Key Passages | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| False apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι — pseudapostoloi | valse apostelen | High | New — proposed addition | 11:13 | Must not be softened to “andere apostelen” or “concurrerende leraars” (competing teachers), which would blunt Paul’s sharp denunciation. |
| Deceitful workers | ἐργάται δόλιοι — ergatai dolioi | bedrieglijke arbeiders | Medium | New — proposed addition | 11:13 | |
| Disguise themselves | μετασχηματίζονται — metaschēmatizontai | vermommen zich | Medium | New — proposed addition | 11:13-15 | |
| Angel of light | ἄγγελος φωτός — angelos phōtos | engel van het licht | Low | New — proposed addition | 11:14 | |
| Tested / approved | δόκιμος / δοκιμή — dokimos / dokimē | beproefd / goedgekeurd | Medium | New — proposed addition | 10:18; 13:5-7 | Connects self-examination vocabulary (ch. 13) with the genuine-ministry-approval theme (ch. 10). |
| Disqualified | ἀδόκιμος — adokimos | afgekeurd | Medium | New — proposed addition | 13:5-7 | Negative pole of the dokimos/dokimē word-family. |
| Examine yourselves | δοκιμάζετε ἑαυτούς — dokimazete heautous | onderzoek uzelf | Medium | New — proposed addition | 13:5 | |
| Pure virgin (betrothal metaphor) | παρθένος ἁγνή — parthenos hagnē | reine maagd | Medium-High | New — proposed addition | 11:2 | Modern secular Dutch “maagd” is almost exclusively clinical/biological, risking loss of the covenantal fidelity metaphor. |
| Godly jealousy | ζῆλος Θεοῦ — zēlos Theou | ijver voor God | Medium | New — proposed addition | 11:2 | Avoid “jaloezie” (petty envy connotation). |
I. Cross-Cutting Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline (Romans Translation Memory)
| English Term | Dutch Rendering | Risk (baseline) | Key 2 Corinthians Passages | Notes on 2 Corinthians Usage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | God | Critical | throughout | No new nuance; reuse exactly. |
| Jesus | Jezus | Low | throughout | No new nuance; reuse exactly. |
| Christ (title, name-formula) | Christus | Low | throughout, esp. “in Christus,” “ambassadeurs voor Christus” | Distinguish from baseline’s “Messias” (Χριστός in OT-fulfillment argument sense); “Christus” is the stable rendering when functioning as part of the proper name/title “Jesus Christ” or the union formula “in Christ,” which is pervasive in 2 Corinthians. |
| Lord | Heer | High | 1:2-3; 4:5; 5:6-8; 10:17-18; 13:14 | No new nuance beyond baseline’s exclusive-Lordship guard. |
| Holy Spirit | Heilige Geest | Critical | 1:22; 3:3, 6, 8, 17-18; 5:5; 13:13-14 | Capitalization vigilance needed in ch. 3’s letter/Spirit contrast (see Section D). |
| Grace | genade | High | 1:2; 4:15; 6:1; 8:1, 9; 9:8, 14; 12:9; 13:13-14 | See Section F for the giving-specific nuance. |
| Faith | geloof | Medium | 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5 | No new nuance. |
| Righteousness | gerechtigheid | Critical | 3:9; 5:21; 6:7, 14; 9:9-10; 11:15 | See Section A (5:21) for the passage of highest doctrinal weight. |
| Sin | zonde | High | 5:19, 21; 11:7 | 5:21’s “made him to be sin” compounds the baseline’s colloquial drift risk with a unique substitutionary Christology claim — treat as Critical for that specific verse. |
| Glory | heerlijkheid | Medium | 1:20; 3:7-11, 18; 4:4, 6, 15, 17; 8:19, 23 | See Section D. |
| Apostle | apostel | Low | 1:1; 11:5, 13; 12:11-12 | Contrasted throughout with “valse apostelen” (Section H). |
| Church (local congregation sense) | gemeente | High | 1:1; 8:1, 18-19, 23-24; 11:8, 28; 12:13 | Consistent with baseline’s “gemeente” preference over institutional “kerk.” |
| Saints | heiligen | High | 1:1; 8:4; 9:1, 12; 13:12 | Reuse baseline’s Catholic-canonized vs. Reformed-corporate collision warning at every occurrence. |
| Holy / Holiness | heilig / heiligheid | Medium/High | 6:6; 7:1 | See Section D (ch. 3, ministry holiness) and glossary Section C notes. |
| Fellowship | gemeenschap | Medium/Low | 1:7; 6:14; 8:4; 9:13; 13:13-14 | Three distinct nuances now attested across the corpus (Christ-fellowship, believer-fellowship, giving-participation); context-sensitive at every occurrence. |
| Thanksgiving | dankzegging | Low | 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 9:11-12 | No new nuance. |
| Power of God | kracht (van God) | Medium | 4:7; 12:9; 13:4 | See Section G. |
| Exhort / appeal (parakaleō family) | vermanen / aansporen / vertroosting / smeken | Low–High (context-dependent) | 1:3-7; 2:8; 5:20; 6:1; 7:4-13; 10:1; 12:8; 13:11 | The most context-sensitive word-family in this curriculum: at least four distinct senses attested (admonish, encourage/build up, comfort/console, entreat/appeal) — every occurrence requires disambiguation; see 07_semantic_analysis.md chs. 1, 5, 7. |
| Israel | Israël | Medium | 3:7, 13 | No new nuance beyond baseline’s Christian Zionism sensitivity note. |
Glossary Maintenance Note
All terms marked “New — proposed addition” in this glossary must be entered into an updated translation_memory.json (version incremented) before Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Corinthians begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. Terms marked Critical or High additionally require theologian sign-off before entry, consistent with the Glossary Enforcement Priority Order already established for the Romans curriculum.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: gerechtigheid
Transliteration: gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: deugd
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. In 2 Corinthians 5:21 this is the passage of highest doctrinal weight in the whole letter (‘de gerechtigheid van God worden’); 9:9-10 carries a secondary ethical-fruit-of-generosity nuance that must not blur with the forensic sense at 5:21.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Transliteration: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: verdiende gerechtigheid
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. Occurs at 2 Corinthians 5:21 (‘become the righteousness of God’) and echoes at 9:9-10; must never be rendered ‘earned righteousness’ — always ‘toegerekende gerechtigheid’, consistent with Heidelberg Catechism Q&A 60.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: verzoening
Transliteration: verzoening
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω
Category: Salvation
New term, first introduced in 2 Corinthians. God’s decisive, once-for-all act of restoring estranged sinners to himself through Christ’s death (5:18-20). Modern secular Dutch usage (conflict mediation, ‘Waarheids- en Verzoeningscommissie’) risks a horizontal, mutual, human-negotiated reading; God must always remain the grammatical subject/agent in translation.
Reconcile Verb
Approved rendering: verzoenen
Transliteration: verzoenen
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
New term, verb form of ‘reconciliation’ above (2 Cor 5:18-19, katallassō). Must retain God as the acting subject (‘God heeft de wereld met Zichzelf verzoend’), never a mutual or reflexive human action.
Non Imputation Of Sin
Approved rendering: niet toerekenen
Transliteration: niet toerekenen
Doctrine: Non-Imputation of Sin
Rejected alternatives: vergeven (loses forensic/crediting sense)
Original: μὴ λογιζόμενος (τὰ παραπτώματα)
Category: Salvation
New term. Uses the identical forensic verb ‘toerekenen’ as ‘imputed_righteousness’ above (Heidelberg Catechism Q&A 60’s logic in reverse). 2 Corinthians 5:19; must never soften to ‘vergeven’.
Be Reconciled Imperative
Approved rendering: laat u met God verzoenen
Transliteration: laat u met God verzoenen
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: verzoen u met God (wrongly implies self-achieved reconciliation)
Original: καταλλάγητε τῷ Θεῷ
Category: Salvation
New fixed-phrase term. The Greek passive imperative (katallagēte tō Theō) must remain passive in Dutch: reconciliation is received, not self-achieved. 2 Corinthians 5:20.
Christ Made Sin
Approved rendering: zonde gemaakt/gerekend
Transliteration: zonde gemaakt/gerekend
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement: Christ Made Sin
Original: ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν
Category: Christology
New term, unique in Paul. Compounds baseline’s High-risk ‘zonde’ colloquial ‘pity/waste’ drift with a singular substitutionary Christology claim distinct from universal-sinfulness passages. 2 Corinthians 5:21; requires unglossed precision and a mandatory translator’s note distinguishing this from both ‘vergeving’ and moral-improvement language.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: genade
Transliteration: genade
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: gunst
Original: χάρις
Category: Giving
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. In 2 Corinthians, additionally load-bearing in the giving passages (8:1,9; 9:8,14) and the fixed pastoral phrase ‘Mijn genade is u genoeg’ (12:9), where secularized readers may hear it as mere natural generosity rather than the specifically divine, unmerited gift.
Sin
Approved rendering: zonde
Transliteration: zonde
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. At 2 Corinthians 5:21 (‘made him to be sin’) this term functions in a unique, singular Christological substitution claim rather than the universal-sinfulness sense; see the new entry ‘christ_made_sin’ below, treated as Critical for that specific verse.
Church
Approved rendering: gemeente
Transliteration: gemeente
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: kerk (institution-default)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. Occurs at 1:1; 8:1,18-19,23-24; 11:8,28; 12:13; connects to 6:16’s ‘tempel van de levende God’ as corporate-indwelling imagery.
Saints
Approved rendering: heiligen
Transliteration: heiligen
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. Occurs at 1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12; 13:12. The Catholic canonized-saint (historically Catholic south) vs. Reformed corporate-believer (all Christians) collision applies at every occurrence; gloss toward ‘alle gelovigen’ for general audiences per the baseline’s forbidden-substitution rule.
Lord
Approved rendering: Heer
Transliteration: Heer
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: meester
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. In 2 Corinthians anchors the ‘boasting in the Lord’ resolution of the boasting paradox (10:17-18) and the fear-of-the-Lord motive clause (5:11); occurs also at 1:2-3; 4:5; 5:6-8; 13:14.
Covenant
Approved rendering: verbond
Transliteration: verbond
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. Base term for the new entry ‘new_covenant’ (‘nieuw verbond’) below; Dutch Reformed federal theology’s ‘verbondsleer’ risks being imported wholesale onto Paul’s narrower letter-vs-Spirit argument in 2 Corinthians 3.
Ministry Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: bediening van de verzoening
Transliteration: bediening van de verzoening
Doctrine: The Ministry of Reconciliation
Original: διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Ministry
New term. Combines Medium-risk ‘bediening’ (service-industry collision risk) with Critical ‘verzoening’; the apostolic, Christ-delegated authority must be retained. 2 Corinthians 5:18.
World Reconciled
Approved rendering: wereld
Transliteration: wereld
Doctrine: Universal Scope of Reconciliation
Original: κόσμος
Category: Salvation
New term. Echoes the baseline’s Universal Scope of the Gospel doctrine; ‘wereld’ must retain unqualified universal scope without ethnic, national, or denominational narrowing. 2 Corinthians 5:19.
New Creation
Approved rendering: nieuwe schepping
Transliteration: nieuwe schepping
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: nieuwe mens (NBV21 reading, drifts toward psychological self-improvement), nieuw leven (Het Boek paraphrase, loses divine-agency sense)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
New term, fixed compound noun. Dutch wellness/self-help culture (‘een nieuwe start,’ ‘de beste versie van jezelf’) risks flattening a sovereign divine act into voluntary self-reinvention. 2 Corinthians 5:17. Must not be rendered ‘nieuwe mens’ even though this is NBV21’s more readable choice.
One Died For All
Approved rendering: Eén is voor allen gestorven… zij allen zijn gestorven
Transliteration: Eén is voor allen gestorven… zij allen zijn gestorven
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν… οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον
Category: Salvation
New fixed-phrase term. Christ’s substitutionary, representative death; ‘allen/alle’ must not be softened or qualified, consistent with the baseline’s Universal Scope of the Gospel rule. 2 Corinthians 5:14.
Comfort
Approved rendering: vertroosting
Transliteration: vertroosting
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Suffering
New term. Shares a root with the baseline’s ‘exhort’ entry (vermanen/aansporen); here a third distinct sense (comfort/consolation) is active. Requires disambiguation at every occurrence: 1:3-7; 7:4-13.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: de rechterstoel van Christus
Transliteration: de rechterstoel van Christus
Doctrine: Assurance and the Judgment Seat of Christ
New term. Must be clearly distinguished from a final, condemnatory judgment so as not to undermine the baseline’s High-risk Assurance of Salvation doctrine; Dutch Reformed ‘bevindelijke’ introspective piety must be balanced against Paul’s confident tone. 2 Corinthians 5:10-11.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: nieuw verbond
Transliteration: nieuw verbond
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
New term, reuses baseline ‘verbond’ with a new modifier. Dutch Reformed federal theology’s technical ‘verbondsleer’ risks being imported wholesale onto Paul’s narrower letter-vs-Spirit contrast. 2 Corinthians 3:6.
Letter And Spirit
Approved rendering: de letter / de Geest
Transliteration: de letter / de Geest
Doctrine: Letter and Spirit
Original: γράμμα / πνεῦμα
Category: Covenant
New term. Capitalization (Geest for Holy Spirit vs. lowercase geest for abstract spirit/disposition) carries genuine, exegetically disputed doctrinal weight. All mainstream Dutch translations (SV, HSV, NBV21, WV95) capitalize ‘Geest’ here; this curriculum requires the same. 2 Corinthians 3:6.
Sincerity
Approved rendering: eenvoud / oprechtheid
Transliteration: eenvoud / oprechtheid
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Apostleship
New term. ἁπλότης recurs in chapters 8-9 with a distinct required sense (generosity, see ‘generosity_liberality’ below) — flag every occurrence to prevent mismatch. 1:12; 2:17; 11:3.
Boasting
Approved rendering: roem / roemen
Transliteration: roem / roemen
Doctrine: The Boasting Paradox
Original: καύχησις / καύχημα / καυχάομαι
Category: Apostleship
New term. Modern Dutch ‘roem’ defaults to worldly fame/celebrity; the word shifts in valence between forbidden self-glorying and legitimate ‘boasting in the Lord’ across the letter, requiring context-sensitive handling at every occurrence. Require the qualifying phrase ‘in de Heer’/‘in Christus’ wherever the legitimate sense is intended. 1:12; 5:12; 10:8,13,17; 11:16-30; 12:1-9.
Ambassador
Approved rendering: gezant
Transliteration: gezant
Doctrine: The Ministry of Reconciliation
Rejected alternatives: ambassadeur (FORBIDDEN — now primarily denotes a marketing/brand representative in modern Dutch)
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Apostleship
New term. ‘Gezant’ preferred over ‘ambassadeur’ to avoid trivializing apostolic, Christ-delegated authority into promotional endorsement. 2 Corinthians 5:20.
Generosity Liberality
Approved rendering: gulheid / vrijgevigheid
Transliteration: gulheid / vrijgevigheid
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἁπλότης
Category: Giving
New term. Same Greek word (ἁπλότης) as ‘sincerity’ above but a distinct required rendering here — flag every occurrence to avoid mismatch. 8:2; 9:11,13.
Equality
Approved rendering: gelijkheid
Transliteration: gelijkheid
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: gelijkmatigheid / gelijke verdeling (softer alternatives where ideological overreading is a live risk)
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Giving
New term. Contemporary Dutch political/social ‘gelijkheid’ discourse risks importing ideological freight foreign to Paul’s simple point about material balance between congregations. 2 Corinthians 8:13-14.
Weakness
Approved rendering: zwakheid
Transliteration: zwakheid
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀσθένεια
Category: Suffering
New term. Modern Dutch therapeutic/self-improvement culture frames ‘zwakte/zwakheid’ as a personal deficiency to be overcome, risking the loss of Paul’s paradoxical, counter-cultural point. Always co-locate with the power/grace-sufficiency statement in the same segment. 11:29-30; 12:5-10; 13:4,9.
Grace Is Sufficient
Approved rendering: Mijn genade is u genoeg
Transliteration: Mijn genade is u genoeg
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: Mijn genade is voor u genoeg (HSV variant, acceptable but this curriculum fixes the shorter SV/NBV21/WV95-shared form)
Original: ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου
Category: Suffering
New FIXED-PHRASE term, near-universal agreement across SV/NBV21/WV95. Must be rendered identically across every curriculum document, following the same consistency rule the baseline applies to Romans 8:28 and 10:9. 2 Corinthians 12:9.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: valse apostelen
Transliteration: valse apostelen
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: andere apostelen (FORBIDDEN — blunts Paul’s denunciation), concurrerende leraars (FORBIDDEN — blunts Paul’s denunciation)
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
New term. Must retain Paul’s sharp denunciation. 2 Corinthians 11:13.
Pure Virgin
Approved rendering: reine maagd
Transliteration: reine maagd
Doctrine: The Bridal Fidelity of the Church
Rejected alternatives: kuise bruid (NBV21 reading, sacrifices betrothal-purity image for a softer covenant metaphor)
Original: παρθένος ἁγνή
Category: Church
New term. Modern secular Dutch ‘maagd’ is now almost exclusively clinical/biological; consider a brief explanatory clause (‘als een maagd die trouw blijft aan haar bruidegom’) to keep the covenantal metaphor active. 2 Corinthians 11:2.
Super Apostles
Approved rendering: de zogenaamde “voortreffelijke” apostelen / de opperapostelen
Transliteration: de zogenaamde “voortreffelijke” apostelen
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: superapostelen (anachronistic English-loanword feel, no Dutch tradition)
New term. Paul’s ironic, sarcastic label for the rival false teachers; no established Dutch idiom carries the sarcasm, so a literal rendering risks being read as sincere praise, inverting the passage’s rhetorical function. 11:5; 12:11.
Godly Grief Repentance
Approved rendering: droefheid naar God / bekering
Transliteration: droefheid naar God / bekering
Doctrine: Godly Grief and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: berouw (captures only the emotional register, loses the turning/reorientation sense)
Original: λύπη κατὰ Θεόν / μετάνοια
Category: Faith
New term, absent from the Romans baseline package entirely. ‘Bekering’ is used loosely in everyday Dutch for any lifestyle change; must be paired with ‘droefheid naar God’ as a fixed compound. 2 Corinthians 7:8-11.
Trinitarian Benediction Fellowship
Approved rendering: de gemeenschap van de Heilige Geest
Transliteration: de gemeenschap van de Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Trinitarian Benediction and Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: de eenheid met de heilige Geest (NBV21 reading, lowercase and reworded), de gemeenschap van de heilige Geest (WV95’s lowercase ‘heilige’)
Original: ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: God
New FIXED-PHRASE term, part of a fixed, widely used liturgical benediction formula in Dutch church services. ‘Heilige Geest’ must be capitalized without exception, consistent with the baseline’s Critical holy_spirit personhood mandate and to avoid any resemblance to the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Nieuwe-Wereldvertaling’s lowercase, impersonal-force rendering. 2 Corinthians 13:14.
Third Heaven Paradise
Approved rendering: de derde hemel… het paradijs
Transliteration: de derde hemel… het paradijs
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: opgenomen worden (bare form — heavily overloaded with unrelated modern senses: audio/video recording, hospital admission, institutional acceptance)
New term. Prefer ‘weggevoerd’/‘opgetrokken’ over bare ‘opgenomen’ where context does not immediately disambiguate; avoid entirely in headings or isolated phrases. 2 Corinthians 12:2-4.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. Occurs at 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5 with no new nuance beyond the baseline’s secularization note.
Glory
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid
Transliteration: heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. In 2 Corinthians 3-4 additionally describes Moses’ fading facial radiance, contrasted with the surpassing, permanent glory of the new covenant (3:7-11,18; 4:4,6,17); also 8:19,23.
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: heilig
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: rein
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. Occurs at 6:6; 7:1; underlies the ‘heilige kus’ greeting (13:12, see new entry below).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: heiliging
Transliteration: heiliging
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. Underlies the ch. 7 ‘heiligheid’ (holiness) and ch. 3 ‘transformed’ vocabulary; see new entries ‘holiness’ and ‘transformed’ below.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: gemeenschap
Transliteration: gemeenschap
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Giving
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. 2 Corinthians attests at least four senses (fellowship with Christ 1:7,13:13-14; fellowship among believers 6:14; giving-participation 8:4,9:13); the bare noun must never stand without an anchoring genitive/object phrase.
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly, field values reproduced verbatim from the baseline. Pervasive as the initiating agent of reconciliation throughout 2 Corinthians 5:18-19; reviewers should note that bible_term_registry.json treats the underlying concept as Critical-risk at the doctrine level, so in practice apply the higher (Critical) review routing wherever ‘God’ functions as the subject of reconciliation, non-imputation, or new creation.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly, field values reproduced verbatim. Capitalization vigilance is essential at 1:22; 3:3,6,8,17-18; 5:5; 13:13-14, especially in ch. 3’s letter/Spirit contrast and the closing Trinitarian benediction; per the translation landscape survey, capitalized ‘Heilige Geest’ must never be lowercased, since the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Nieuwe-Wereldvertaling systematically lowercases ‘geest’ to support a non-personal, impersonal-force doctrine of the Spirit that this curriculum must not echo.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. In 2 Corinthians 3:7,13 the historical referent for the old covenant’s recipients; baseline’s Christian Zionism sensitivity note applies equally here.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kracht van God
Transliteration: kracht van God
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: Suffering
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. In 2 Corinthians 4:7 and 12:9,13:4 God’s power is explicitly ‘made perfect’ through, not despite, weakness — always co-locate ‘kracht’ with the paradox statement in the same segment rather than letting it stand as a bare descriptive noun.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: opstanding
Transliteration: opstanding
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. Underlies 5:15’s ‘gestorven en opgewekt/opgestaan’ (died and was raised); bodily, historical, once-for-all event.
Father
Approved rendering: Vader
Transliteration: Vader
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. Underlies 1:3’s ‘Vader van de barmhartigheden’ (Father of mercies) and the Trinitarian benediction’s ‘liefde van God’ (13:14).
In Christ
Approved rendering: in Christus
Transliteration: in Christus
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: Salvation
New term (union formula), reuses baseline’s ‘Christian Identity in Christ’ doctrine concept exactly. Occurs at 5:17,19,21; 13:5. Identity grounded in union with Christ, not denominational heritage or cultural Christianity.
Old And New
Approved rendering: het oude / het nieuwe
Transliteration: het oude / het nieuwe
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: τὰ ἀρχαῖα / καινά
Category: Salvation
New term. Decisive, once-for-all transition, not gradual evolution or lifestyle upgrade. 2 Corinthians 5:17.
Affliction
Approved rendering: verdrukking
Transliteration: verdrukking
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering
New term. Also used for economic/social pressure in modern Dutch; theological register must be reinforced by context. 1:4,8; 4:17; 7:4.
Parakaleo Appeal
Approved rendering: doet een oproep/smeekbede
Transliteration: doet een oproep/smeekbede
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
New term. A fourth sense of the parakaleō root (appeal/entreat), distinct from comfort, admonish, and encourage-to-action senses elsewhere in the corpus. 2 Corinthians 5:20 (‘God doet door ons een oproep’).
Thorn In The Flesh
Approved rendering: doorn in het vlees
Transliteration: doorn in het vlees
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Suffering
New term. Has entered general Dutch idiom for a minor persistent annoyance, a secularized, weakened sense; must retain the specific God-permitted, humility-producing affliction sense. 2 Corinthians 12:7.
Guarantee Pledge
Approved rendering: onderpand
Transliteration: onderpand
Doctrine: Holy Spirit as Guarantee and Seal
New term. Modern Dutch ‘onderpand’ is primarily a financial/mortgage collateral term, risking a transactional rather than relational reading of the Spirit’s guarantee. 1:22; 5:5.
Veil
Approved rendering: bedekking/sluier
Transliteration: bedekking/sluier
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
New term. Must retain the spiritual-blindness metaphor, not merely literal cloth. 2 Corinthians 3:13-16.
Ministry Minister
Approved rendering: bediening / dienaar
Transliteration: bediening / dienaar
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: διακονία / διάκονος
Category: Ministry
New term. Modern Dutch ‘bediening’ also denotes ordinary service-industry table service, and ‘diaken’ denotes a later, distinct ecclesiastical office; the general NT sense must not be conflated with either. Never let ‘bediening’ stand alone without an anchoring genitive. 3:6-9; 4:1; 5:18; 6:3-4; 11:15,23.
Transformed
Approved rendering: veranderd
Transliteration: veranderd
Doctrine: Transformation into Christ’s Image
Original: μεταμορφούμεθα
Category: Sanctification
New term. Dutch usefully avoids the biological life-cycle cognate risk present in English ‘transformed/metamorphosis’; chief risk is secular mindfulness culture’s ‘innerlijke groei’ vocabulary. 2 Corinthians 3:18.
Image Of God
Approved rendering: beeld van God
Transliteration: beeld van God
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
New term. Christological referent (Christ uniquely bears/reveals God’s glory, 4:4), distinct from ch. 3’s transformation-into-image sense applied to believers; connects to secular ‘imago’/public-image (PR) usage requiring contextual anchoring.
Outer Inner Man
Approved rendering: de uitwendige mens / de inwendige mens
Transliteration: de uitwendige mens / de inwendige mens
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
New term. Modern secular self-help/mindfulness culture’s ‘innerlijke mens’ language risks flattening Spirit-wrought renewal into pop-psychology self-care. 2 Corinthians 4:16.
God Of This Age
Approved rendering: de god van deze wereld/eeuw
Transliteration: de god van deze wereld/eeuw
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
New term. Lowercase ‘god’ is doctrinally correct across all mainstream Dutch traditions (referring to Satan as a false, usurping object of worship, not ontological deity). Translators must avoid any surrounding gloss that could suggest a multi-tiered-deity cosmology; keep 5:19/5:21’s full-deity Christology unambiguous nearby. 2 Corinthians 4:4.
Commending Ourselves
Approved rendering: aanprijzen/aanbevelen
Transliteration: aanprijzen/aanbevelen
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνιστάνομεν
Category: Apostleship
New term. Must not carry a modern self-marketing or personal-branding register. 3:1; 5:12; 10:12,18.
Peddling Gods Word
Approved rendering: venten met / sjoemelen met
Transliteration: venten met / sjoemelen met
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: sjacheren met (HSV’s register-acceptable model, but not fixed as the curriculum term)
Original: καπηλεύοντες
Category: Apostleship
New term. Needs a vivid, clearly pejorative Dutch verb to retain the charge of commercializing the gospel. 2 Corinthians 2:17.
Sufficient Competent
Approved rendering: bekwaam(heid)
Transliteration: bekwaam(heid)
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: competentie/kwalificatie (corporate/HR register, risks framing God-given adequacy as earned professional qualification)
Original: ἱκανός / ἱκανότης
Category: Apostleship
New term. Must be grounded explicitly in ‘uit God’/‘door God’ phrasing (2:16; 3:5-6) rather than an unqualified competence claim.
Forgive Graciously
Approved rendering: vergeven
Transliteration: vergeven
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Forgiveness
New term (χαρίζομαι). The Greek wordplay linking forgiveness to grace (χάρις) is lost in Dutch (‘vergeven’ shares no root with ‘genade’); a translator’s note preserving the theological connection is recommended. 2 Corinthians 2:5-11.
Triumphal Procession
Approved rendering: triomftocht/zegetocht
Transliteration: triomftocht/zegetocht
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
New term. Roman military victory-parade metaphor; Christ’s decisive victory displayed through the apostles. 2 Corinthians 2:14.
Fragrance Of Christ
Approved rendering: geur van Christus
Transliteration: geur van Christus
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: reuk (archaic Statenvertaling register)
New term. Retains OT sacrificial-offering ‘pleasing aroma’ imagery; a cross-reference footnote to OT sacrifice is recommended if curriculum materials permit. 2 Corinthians 2:14-16.
Strongholds
Approved rendering: bolwerken
Transliteration: bolwerken
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
New term. Contemporary Dutch political usage (‘een bolwerk van de oppositie’) risks reframing this as a political metaphor; anchor with ‘van het denken’/‘van de redenering’ to keep it cognitive/spiritual. 2 Corinthians 10:4.
Seed Sown
Approved rendering: zaad
Transliteration: zaad
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: σπόρος
Category: Giving
New term. Agricultural metaphor for generous giving yielding a harvest of righteousness; lower risk than the Davidic ‘seed’ case in the baseline, but must not be read purely literally/clinically. 9:6,10.
Deceitful Workers
Approved rendering: bedrieglijke arbeiders
Transliteration: bedrieglijke arbeiders
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἐργάται δόλιοι
Category: Apostleship
New term. Retain the pejorative force of deliberate fraud, not mere incompetence. 2 Corinthians 11:13.
Disguise As Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: vermommen zich (als) een engel van het licht
Transliteration: vermommen zich (als) een engel van het licht
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: μετασχηματίζονται… ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Apostleship
New term. Must preserve the deception motif. 2 Corinthians 11:13-15.
Dokimos Family
Approved rendering: beproefd / goedgekeurd / afgekeurd
Transliteration: beproefd / goedgekeurd / afgekeurd
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: δόκιμος / δοκιμή / ἀδόκιμος
Category: Apostleship
New term. Connects ch. 10’s ministry-approval theme with ch. 13’s self-examination call; must retain the testing/proving sense rather than a bare pass/fail grade. 10:18; 13:5-7.
Examine Yourselves
Approved rendering: onderzoek uzelf
Transliteration: onderzoek uzelf
Doctrine: Self-Examination and Genuine Faith
Original: δοκιμάζετε ἑαυτούς
Category: Apostleship
New term. Should retain the diagnostic, testing sense rather than a vague call to general introspection, which could feed Dutch Reformed ‘bevindelijke’ assurance-anxiety. 2 Corinthians 13:5.
Godly Jealousy
Approved rendering: ijver voor God
Transliteration: ijver voor God
Doctrine: The Bridal Fidelity of the Church
Rejected alternatives: jaloezie (petty-envy connotation)
Original: ζῆλος Θεοῦ
Category: Church
New term. Paul’s protective, zealous love for the church’s exclusive devotion to Christ. 2 Corinthians 11:2.
Fools Speech
Approved rendering: dwaze taal / als een dwaas spreken
Transliteration: dwaze taal
Doctrine: The Boasting Paradox
New term. Must retain Paul’s self-conscious, ironic role-play, not generic foolishness. 2 Corinthians 11:1,16-21.
Holiness
Approved rendering: heiligheid
Transliteration: heiligheid
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιωσύνη
Category: Sanctification
New term (ἁγιωσύνη), reuses the baseline ‘heilig’/‘heiliging’ concept-family. 2 Corinthians 7:1 (‘let us perfect holiness’).
Unequally Yoked
Approved rendering: ongelijk verbonden / onder een ander juk
Transliteration: ongelijk verbonden
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
New term. Agricultural yoke metaphor (‘span’), transparent in Dutch farming vocabulary; must not be over-read as prohibiting all social contact with non-believers. 2 Corinthians 6:14.
Temple Of The Living God
Approved rendering: tempel van de levende God
Transliteration: tempel van de levende God
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
New term. Must convey corporate indwelling, not a physical building; echoes the baseline’s ‘church’ (gemeente vs. kerk) collision. 2 Corinthians 6:16.
Love Of Christ
Approved rendering: liefde (van Christus/God)
Transliteration: liefde
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
New term. Dutch ‘liefde’ is the single generic word for all forms of love, unlike Greek’s distinct terms; context must carry the covenantal, self-giving agapē sense. 2 Corinthians 5:14; 13:14.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly, no alteration. Stable across Reformed and Catholic Dutch Bibles; relevant throughout 2 Corinthians as the content Paul defends and proclaims (2:12; 4:3-4; 9:13; 11:4,7).
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostel
Transliteration: apostel
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. In 2 Corinthians repeatedly contrasted with ‘valse apostelen’ (11:5,13; 12:11-12).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: dankzegging
Transliteration: dankzegging
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. Occurs at 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 9:11-12; no significant risk.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly. Stable across all Dutch traditions; no new nuance in 2 Corinthians.
Exhort
Approved rendering: vermanen
Transliteration: vermanen
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package translation_memory.json (v1); reused exactly as the admonish/warn sense. 2 Corinthians dramatically extends this παρακαλέω word-family with at least three further distinct senses (comfort/consolation, encourage-to-build-up, urgent entreaty/appeal); see the new entries ‘comfort’ and ‘parakaleo_appeal’ below, which must never be collapsed into ‘vermanen’.
Christ
Approved rendering: Christus
Transliteration: Christus
Doctrine: Christology
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New term, distinct from the baseline’s ‘Messias’ (used for the OT-fulfillment argument sense of Χριστός). ‘Christus’ is the stable rendering when Χριστός functions as part of the proper name/title ‘Jesus Christ’ or the union formula ‘in Christ,’ pervasive throughout 2 Corinthians.
Seal
Approved rendering: verzegelen/zegel
Transliteration: verzegelen/zegel
Doctrine: Holy Spirit as Guarantee and Seal
New term. God’s authenticating mark on believers. 2 Corinthians 1:22.
Tent Earthly House
Approved rendering: tent/aardse woning
Transliteration: tent/aardse woning
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
New term. The mortal body as a temporary dwelling. 2 Corinthians 5:1.
Naked Unclothed
Approved rendering: naakt/ontkleed
Transliteration: naakt/ontkleed
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
New term. Metaphor for the undesirable disembodied intermediate state. 2 Corinthians 5:3.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: blijmoedig(e) gever
Transliteration: blijmoedig(e) gever
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρός
Category: Giving
New term. Vivid, well-established Dutch rendering of a beloved, oft-quoted verse. 2 Corinthians 9:7.
Readiness Eagerness
Approved rendering: bereidwilligheid
Transliteration: bereidwilligheid
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
New term. The heart-disposition God desires in giving. 8:11-12; 9:2.
Abundance
Approved rendering: overvloed
Transliteration: overvloed
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
New term. 2 Corinthians 8:2 (Macedonian churches’ ‘overvloed van vreugde’).
Messenger Of Satan
Approved rendering: engel van de satan
Transliteration: engel van de satan
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ
Category: Suffering
New term. The affliction’s adversarial source remains under God’s sovereign permission (Providence). 2 Corinthians 12:7.
Belial
Approved rendering: Belial
Transliteration: Belial
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: de duivel/Satan (loses the distinct rare NT hapax and OT-catena register)
New term, transliterated proper noun per established Dutch Bible tradition (SV, HSV). 2 Corinthians 6:15.
Treasure In Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: schat in aarden vaten
Transliteration: schat in aarden vaten
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
New term. Classic, well-established Dutch Bible idiom (SV/HSV); no paraphrase needed. 2 Corinthians 4:7.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: heilige kus
Transliteration: heilige kus
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: hartelijke groet (loses the culturally distant but doctrinally intact liturgical greeting practice)
New term, retained literally per HSV/NBV21 convention; a footnote explaining first-century greeting custom is recommended for secularized readers. 2 Corinthians 13:12.
Amen
Approved rendering: Amen
Transliteration: Amen
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
New term, transliterated per baseline’s established transliteration standard; no paraphrase risk. 2 Corinthians 1:20; 13:11 (doxological close).
Conscience
Approved rendering: geweten
Transliteration: geweten
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
New term. Stable, standard Dutch rendering; the Corinthians’ own moral judgment as a check on Paul’s integrity. 2 Corinthians 5:11.
Referenced passages