Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Timothy (English → Dutch)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across all four chapters of 2 Timothy into a single reference table for Phase 2 translation-memory construction. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked TM-REUSE and their Dutch rendering is carried forward unchanged, per the governing rule that established renderings must be reused exactly. New terms proposed here are candidates for addition to translation memory, each with a proposed risk tier consistent with the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline Romans Translation Memory
| Term | Dutch Rendering | Risk (baseline) | First Occurrence in 2 Timothy | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangelie | Low | 1:8, 1:10, 2:8, 4:5 | Root of “evangelist” (εὐαγγελιστής), new term below. |
| grace | genade | High | 1:2, 1:9, 2:1, 4:22 | Reinforced by “before the ages” (1:9) and doxological benediction (4:22). |
| faith | geloof | Medium | 1:5, 1:13, 3:15, 4:7 | Object-specificity rule applies (“faith in Christ Jesus,” 3:15). |
| righteousness | gerechtigheid | Critical | 2:22, 3:16, 4:8 | Two distinct senses present: formational (3:16, “training in righteousness”) and reward-related (4:8, “crown of righteousness”) — neither is the Romans forensic-justification sense; flag for reviewer disambiguation. |
| salvation | behoud | High | 3:15 | Register choice (“behoud” vs. “verlossing”/“zaligheid”) applies identically to 2 Timothy; see also new term “Savior” below, which shares this register split. |
| apostle | apostel | Low | 1:1 | Stable. |
| called / calling | geroepen / roeping | Medium | 1:9 (“holy calling”) | Collides with “roeping” as career/vocation in ordinary Dutch. |
| holy | heilig | Medium | 1:9 | Combined with “roeping” in “heilige roeping.” |
| sanctification | heiliging | Medium | (implicit, 2:21 “cleanses himself”) | Not lexically present but conceptually active in 2:20-21. |
| lord | Heer | High | 1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22 | Very frequent in 2 Timothy; exclusive-Lordship register must hold throughout. |
| glory | heerlijkheid | Medium | 2:10, 4:18 | Doxological use in closing formula. |
| power_of_god | kracht van God | Medium | 1:8 (“power of God”), 1:7 (“spirit of power”) | Extends to the non-gendered virtue triad in 1:7. |
| resurrection | opstanding | Medium | 2:8, 2:18 | 2:18 involves a false teaching about resurrection (Hymenaeus/Philetus) — doctrinally sensitive occurrence. |
| seed_of_david | nakomeling van David | Medium | 2:8 | Direct reuse, unchanged context. |
| david | David | Low | 2:8 | Proper name. |
| jesus | Jezus | Low | throughout | Stable. |
| god | God | Medium | throughout | Stable. |
| holy_spirit | Heilige Geest | Medium | 1:14 | Indwelling/guardian of the “good deposit.” |
| exhort | vermanen | Low | 4:2 | Flag: baseline’s own ambiguity note (admonish vs. encourage) is directly triggered by the 4:2 triad; consider “aansporen” if the escalation from rebuke to encouragement needs disambiguation. |
| peace | vrede | Low | 1:2 | Part of the “grace, mercy, peace” salutation triad. |
| kingdom_of_god | Koninkrijk van God | Medium | 4:1, 4:18 | Rendered “Zijn Koninkrijk” (his/Christ’s kingdom) — same theological field. |
B. New Terms Proposed for Translation Memory (2 Timothy-Specific)
| Term ID | English Gloss | Greek (Transliteration) | Dutch Rendering (Primary) | Alternative(s) Considered | Risk Tier | Doctrine | Rationale / Rendering Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| holy_scriptures | Sacred/holy writings | ἱερὰ γράμματα (hiera grammata) | de heilige Schriften | ”geschriften” (rejected — too generic) | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Immediate lead-in to 3:16; must retain categorical divine-authority claim, not merely “old writings.” |
| all_scripture | All/every Scripture | πᾶσα γραφή (pasa graphē) | elke Schrifttekst / heel de Schrift | ”alle geschriften” (rejected — loses canonical specificity) | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Distributive/collective ambiguity must not narrow Scripture’s scope; Dutch historical-critical academic theology creates pressure toward a merely literary reading. |
| god_breathed | Breathed out by God, inspired | θεόπνευστος (theopneustos) | door God ingegeven | ”door God geïnspireerd” (flagged as acceptable modern/NBV-register alternative, not rejected outright) | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Register choice with doctrinal stakes: “ingegeven” preserves the vivid “breathed” image and Reformed-confessional register (parallel to incarnation = “vleeswording” over “incarnatie” in baseline); “geïnspireerd” risks a softened, generic “inspired the way art inspires” reading. |
| sound_doctrine | Sound/healthy teaching | ὑγιαινούσης διδασκαλίας (hygiainousēs didaskalias) | gezonde leer | ”gezonde onderwijzing” (rejected — awkward) | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | ”Gezond” primarily denotes physical health in everyday Dutch; must be used as a fixed technical term consistently across all four occurrences in the Pastoral Epistles corpus (1:13 “gezonde woorden”; 4:3 “gezonde leer”). |
| sufficiency_of_scripture | Fully equipped / thoroughly furnished | ἐξηρτισμένος (exartismenos) | volledig toegerust | ”goed voorbereid” (rejected — too weak) | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Textual basis (with 3:16) for Scripture’s sufficiency; must not imply Scripture is merely one input among several for ministry formation. |
| good_deposit | The good thing entrusted | ἡ καλὴ παραθήκη (hē kalē parathēkē) | het goede pand | ”de goede erfenis” (rejected — loses the “held in trust, to be returned/passed on” legal sense) | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | ”Pand” primarily denotes financial collateral/pledge or a building in ordinary Dutch; requires contextual reinforcement to retain the “sacred trust to be guarded and handed on” sense. |
| entrusting_chain | Entrust to faithful people | παράθου πιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις (parathou pistois anthrōpois) | vertrouw toe aan betrouwbare mensen | — | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Should echo “het goede pand” root vocabulary where possible to keep the multi-generational transmission chain visible across ch. 1–2. |
| crown_of_righteousness | Crown/wreath of righteousness | ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος (ho tēs dikaiosynēs stephanos) | de krans van de gerechtigheid | ”de kroon der gerechtigheid” (traditional Statenvertaling register, flagged as acceptable alternative requiring reviewer sign-off) | Critical | Assurance of Reward | Stephanos is a victor’s wreath, not a royal crown (diadēma); more importantly, this reward must never be framed as self-earned merit apart from grace — direct collision risk with the baseline’s Critical grace-vs-merit concerns (Canons of Dort context) if mishandled. |
| righteous_judge | The righteous Judge | ὁ δίκαιος κριτής (ho dikaios kritēs) | de rechtvaardige Rechter | — | Low | Assurance of Reward | Stable, transparent; reuses “gerechtigheid” root. |
| kept_the_faith | I have kept the faith | τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα (tēn pistin tetērēka) | het geloof behouden (flag) / het geloof trouw gebleven (recommended) | “het geloof behouden” (flagged, not rejected — usable with reviewer caution) | High | Perseverance under Suffering; Assurance of Reward | The verb “behouden” (to keep/preserve) is morphologically and semantically adjacent to the fixed noun behoud (salvation, High risk in baseline); risk of a Dutch reader blending “kept the faith” with a soteriological “salvation of the faith” reading. Recommend “trouw gebleven aan het geloof” where ambiguity is a concern. |
| poured_out_libation | I am already being poured out | σπένδομαι (spendomai) | ik word als een plengoffer uitgegoten | ”ik sterf al bijna” (rejected — loses sacrificial image entirely) | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering; Assurance of Reward | OT sacrificial drink-offering image may be unfamiliar to low-OT-literacy secular readers; retain image with light contextual support rather than flattening to plain death-language. |
| departure_euphemism | The time of my departure | ἡ ἐμὴ ἀνάλυσις (hē emē analysis) | mijn heengaan | — | Low | Perseverance under Suffering | Established, gentle Dutch euphemism for death, well-suited to the nautical/military “release” image. |
| appearing | Appearing (of Christ) | ἐπιφάνεια (epiphaneia) | verschijning | ”wederkomst” (acceptable contextual gloss at 4:1/4:8, not at 1:10) | High | Assurance of Reward; related to Lordship/Deity of Christ (baseline) | Occurs at three distinct doctrinal moments (1:10 incarnation; 4:1 judgment/second coming; 4:8 reward) — generic “verschijning” in secularized Dutch usage can flatten eschatological weight; consistent contextual markers required across all three. |
| savior_title | Savior | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | Heiland | ”Zaligmaker” (Statenvertaling/pietistic register, flagged not rejected); “Verlosser” (generic-deliverer register, flagged not rejected) | High | Salvation (extends baseline’s salvation High-risk register split) | Agent-noun form of the same three-way Dutch register split (behoud/verlossing/zaligheid) the baseline already flags for the noun salvation; must be fixed and applied consistently, paired here with “behoud.” |
| godly_form_no_power | Form of godliness, denying its power | μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας … δύναμιν ἠρνημένοι (morphōsis eusebeias … dynamin ērnēmenoi) | uiterlijke schijn van godsvrucht, [maar] de kracht daarvan verloochenen | ”gedaante van godsvrucht” (rejected alone — too neutral without “schijn”) | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Must retain Paul’s pejorative, contrastive judgment (hollow form vs. denied substance); a bare “gedaante”/“vorm” alone risks reading as morally neutral. |
| godliness | Godliness, piety | εὐσέβεια (eusebeia) | godsvrucht | ”religiositeit” (rejected — too generic/neutral) | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | New term; distinguish from generic religiosity — specifically reverent, God-honoring life. |
| last_days | The last days | ἔσχαται ἡμέραι (eschatai hēmerai) | de laatste dagen | ”de moderne tijd” (rejected — collapses eschatology into secular cultural commentary) | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Risk of a purely this-worldly “difficult modern times” reading without the church-age eschatological framework; requires contextual reinforcement for low-OT/NT-literacy readers. |
| persecution | Persecutions | διωγμούς (diōgmous) | vervolgingen | — | High | Perseverance under Suffering | Must retain 3:12’s universalizing claim (“all who desire to live godly … will be persecuted”) without softening for a comparatively comfortable, non-persecuted Dutch cultural context. |
| deceivers_deceived | Deceiving and being deceived | πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι (planōntes kai planōmenoi) | verleiders en verleid | — | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Modern Dutch “verleiden” carries a strong romantic/sexual connotation; context must clarify doctrinal/spiritual deception is primary, without erasing the text’s own connection to exploitation of the vulnerable (3:6). |
| weak_women | Weak women burdened with sins | γυναικάρια σεσωρευμένα ἁμαρτίαις (gynaikaria sesōreumena hamartiais) | zwakke vrouwen, beladen met zonden | ”vrouwtjes” (rejected — sharpens the diminutive into outright disparagement inappropriate for a modern audience) | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Cultural/gender sensitivity: Greek diminutive is pejorative in the original but must be framed as a warning against predatory false teachers targeting the vulnerable, not a general statement about women. |
| itching_ears | Itching ears | κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν (knēthomenoi tēn akoēn) | jeukende oren | paraphrase, e.g. “steeds nieuwe dingen willen horen” (flagged as acceptable but less vivid alternative) | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Established literal Dutch Bible idiom; retain rather than paraphrase to preserve diagnostic vividness for teaching contexts. |
| preach_the_word | Preach the word | κήρυξον τὸν λόγον (kēryxon ton logon) | predik het Woord | ”vertel het Woord” / “deel het Woord” (both rejected — lose the herald’s authoritative register) | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | Central imperative of the core passage; “Woord” must be capitalized as the authoritative gospel/Scripture message, and the verb must retain public, authoritative-proclamation force. |
| solemn_charge | I solemnly charge | διαμαρτύρομαι (diamartyromai) | Ik beveel u plechtig / Ik roep u dringend op | ”Ik vraag u” (rejected — loses covenantal-oath solemnity) | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | Elevates the following imperatives (4:2) from advice to a witnessed, oath-like charge before God and Christ. |
| sound_words | Sound words | ὑγιαινόντων λόγων (hygiainontōn logōn) | gezonde woorden | — | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Same technical-term family as “gezonde leer” (4:3); consistency across occurrences (1:13; 4:3) is required. |
| gangrene_metaphor | Spread like gangrene | γάγγραινα (gaggraina) | kanker / gangreen | ”kanker” flagged as communicatively vivid but medically imprecise alternative to literal “gangreen” | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Apostasy and False Teachers | Translation-choice flag: “gangreen” preserves textual accuracy but is less familiar; “kanker” trades precision for immediate comprehension. Fix one choice and apply consistently. |
| rightly_handling_truth | Rightly handling the word of truth | ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας (orthotomounta ton logon tēs alētheias) | het woord van de waarheid recht snijden | ”correct uitleggen” (rejected — flattens the craftsman image) | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Established vivid Dutch Bible idiom (craftsman/roadbuilder image); retain rather than replace with an abstract paraphrase. |
| faithful_saying | Faithful is the saying | πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (pistos ho logos) | het is een getrouw woord | — | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | ”Getrouw” (of a saying/of God) must be kept distinct from “geloof” (human trust) to avoid conflating the reliability of the message with the human act of believing it. |
| god_remains_faithful | He remains faithful | ἐκεῖνος πιστὸς παραμένει (ekeinos pistos paramenei) | Hij blijft getrouw | — | Medium | Assurance of Reward | Same “getrouw”/“geloof” disambiguation as above; must not be read as removing the real stakes of 2:12’s preceding denial-clause. |
| word_not_bound | The word of God is not bound | ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται (ho logos tou theou ou dedetai) | het Woord van God is niet gebonden | ”het Woord van God kan niet gestopt worden” (rejected — loses the literal chains-image echoing Paul’s own imprisonment) | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering; Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Vivid chains-image directly tied to Paul’s literal imprisonment (2:9); should not be abstracted away. |
| evangelist_office | Evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής (euangelistēs) | evangelist | — | Low | The Charge to Preach the Word | Transparent cognate loanword sharing the root of gospel = evangelie (baseline). |
| ministry_service | Ministry / fulfill your ministry | διακονία (diakonia) | dienst(werk) / bediening | — | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word; Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | ”Bediening” carries a more institutional/ordained-ministry register than “dienstwerk”; either acceptable, apply consistently across 4:5 and 4:11. |
| rescue_vs_save | The Lord will rescue me … and save/bring me into his heavenly kingdom | ῥύσεταί … σώσει (rhysetai … sōsei) | verlossen … veilig brengen | — | Medium | Assurance of Reward; Perseverance under Suffering | Distinguishes situational deliverance (rhyomai) from ultimate salvation (sōzō, cognate with the fixed noun behoud); must not be confused with or substituted for the fixed soteriological noun. |
| clear_conscience | Clear/pure conscience | συνείδησις καθαρά (syneidēsis kathara) | zuiver geweten | ”gerust gevoel” (rejected — too psychological, loses God-ward moral sense) | Medium | Assurance of Reward (supporting) | Must retain the moral, God-ward sense of conscience, not mere subjective ease. |
| unfeigned_faith | Sincere/unfeigned faith | ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις (anypokritos pistis) | ongeveinsd geloof / oprecht geloof | — | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Register choice between traditional (“ongeveinsd”) and modern (“oprecht”) Dutch; “geloof” root fixed by baseline. |
| gift_of_god | Gift of God (ministry endowment) | χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ (charisma tou theou) | genadegave van God | — | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word (supporting) | Draws on same root family as baseline’s spiritual_gifts = genadegaven; must stay tied to grace, not natural talent. |
| spirit_power_love_selfcontrol | Spirit of power, love, and self-control | πνεῦμα δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ (pneuma dynameōs kai agapēs kai sōphronismou) | geest van kracht en liefde en bezonnenheid | ”zelfbeheersing” alone for σωφρονισμός (rejected — loses “sound judgment” nuance) | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering (supporting) | “Bezonnenheid” (sound-mindedness) should not be flattened to bare self-control. |
| holy_calling | Holy calling | κλῆσις ἁγία (klēsis hagia) | heilige roeping | — | Medium-High | Guarding Sound Doctrine (foundational calling); extends baseline calling | Combination of two baseline Medium-risk terms (“roeping,” “heilig”) compounds risk of a career/vocation misreading in ordinary Dutch usage. |
| before_the_ages | Before times eternal | πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων (pro chronōn aiōniōn) | van vóór alle tijden / van eeuwigheid | — | High | Assurance of Reward; extends baseline grace/election concerns | Any rendering implying grace as a later divine response rather than eternally purposed would contradict Reformed sovereign-grace doctrine (Canons of Dort context, per baseline). |
| apostasy_doctrine | Apostasy (falling away from sound doctrine) | (conceptual — cf. 3:1-9; 4:3-4; 2:16-18) | afvalligheid / afval van het geloof | ”afval” alone (rejected — primary modern Dutch meaning is “garbage/waste,” a homonym collision) | Critical | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Named curriculum doctrine; bare “afval” risks the dominant modern Dutch sense of “garbage/waste,” analogous to the baseline’s sin/“zonde”-as-pity drift pattern — must use the fuller form “afvalligheid” or “afval van het geloof” to avoid this collision. |
| love | Love | ἀγάπη (agapē) | liefde | — | Low | Guarding Sound Doctrine (virtue list, 2:22) | Stable; no significant Dutch-cultural collision. |
| vessel_honor_dishonor | Vessel for honor / for dishonor | σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν … εἰς ἀτιμίαν (skeuos eis timēn … eis atimian) | voorwerp tot eer … tot onterende doeleinden | — | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Must avoid implying fixed, unchangeable categories of persons (a predestinarian misreading not intended by 2:21’s call to self-cleansing). |
| repentance_to_truth | Repentance leading to knowledge of the truth | μετάνοια εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας (metanoia eis epignōsin alētheias) | bekering tot erkentenis van de waarheid | — | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | New term; distinguish genuine repentance from mere behavioral correction, tied explicitly to “de waarheid.” |
C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (Curriculum Doctrines)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms (Glossary IDs) | Primary Passages |
|---|---|---|
| Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | holy_scriptures, all_scripture, god_breathed, sufficiency_of_scripture, sound_words | 3:15-17; 1:13 |
| Perseverance under Suffering | poured_out_libation, departure_euphemism, kept_the_faith, persecution, word_not_bound, spirit_power_love_selfcontrol | 1:8, 1:12, 2:3, 2:9, 3:11-12, 4:5-7 |
| Guarding Sound Doctrine | sound_doctrine, sound_words, gangrene_metaphor, rightly_handling_truth, vessel_honor_dishonor, repentance_to_truth, love | 2:14-26; 3:16; 4:3 |
| Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | good_deposit, entrusting_chain, faithful_saying, god_remains_faithful, unfeigned_faith, evangelist_office, ministry_service | 1:5, 1:13-14, 2:2, 2:11-13, 4:5 |
| The Charge to Preach the Word | preach_the_word, solemn_charge, gift_of_god, holy_calling, ministry_service | 4:1-2; 1:6, 1:9 |
| Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | last_days, godly_form_no_power, godliness, deceivers_deceived, weak_women, itching_ears, apostasy_doctrine, gangrene_metaphor | 3:1-9, 4:3-4, 2:16-18 |
| Assurance of Reward | crown_of_righteousness, righteous_judge, appearing, savior_title, rescue_vs_save, before_the_ages, clear_conscience | 4:6-8, 4:18; 1:9-10 |
D. Notes for Phase 2 Handoff
- All Section A terms must be loaded into Phase 2 translation memory unchanged from baseline; no re-derivation permitted.
- All Section B terms are new candidates and must be formally added to
translation_memory.jsonandbible_term_registry.json(with correspondingdoctrine_risk_registry.jsonentries) before Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Timothy begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in12_ai_translation_requirements.md. - Critical-risk new terms (
holy_scriptures,all_scripture,god_breathed,crown_of_righteousness,apostasy_doctrine) require human theologian review for every occurrence, consistent with baseline routing conventions. - Terms flagged with an internal Dutch homonym or register collision (
good_depositvs. banking “pand”;kept_the_faithvs. soteriological “behoud”;apostasy_doctrinevs. “afval” [garbage];sound_doctrine/sound_wordsvs. physical health) require particular attention in the forbidden-substitution and validation-rule sections of the Phase 2 AI instruction set update for 2 Timothy. - Every chapter of 2 Timothy (1–4) has contributed load-bearing vocabulary; no chapter is without new or reused theological terms requiring tracking.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: gerechtigheid
Transliteration: gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture / Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: deugd, deugdzaam leven
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL EXTENSION for 2 Timothy: two distinct non-forensic senses occur here — formational/ethical (3:16, ‘training in righteousness’) and eschatological-reward (4:8, ‘crown of righteousness’) — neither is Romans’ forensic-justification sense in isolation, and reviewers must not import that sense reflexively. The NBV/NBV21 rendering of 3:16 as ‘een deugdzaam leven’ is a CONFIRMED FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION per the baseline’s rejection of ‘deugd’ for this term; always use ‘gerechtigheid’ with contextual disambiguation, never ‘deugd’ or ‘deugdzaam’.
Holy Scriptures
Approved rendering: de heilige Schriften
Transliteration: de heilige Schriften
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: geschriften (too generic), teksten (too generic)
Original: ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
New term, 2 Timothy 3:15. Immediate lead-in to 3:16’s inspiration statement. A generic rendering strips the categorical divine-authority claim grounding the entire doctrine of Scripture’s inspiration and sufficiency.
All Scripture
Approved rendering: elke Schrifttekst
Transliteration: elke Schrifttekst
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: alle geschriften (loses canonical specificity)
Original: πᾶσα γραφή
Category: Scripture
New term, 2 Timothy 3:16 (πᾶσα γραφή). The distributive/collective grammatical ambiguity must not narrow Scripture’s authority to selected texts. Dutch academic historical-critical theology (Leiden, Utrecht, VU Amsterdam faculties) creates real pressure toward a merely literary-historical, document-by-document reading. Per 05_translation_landscape.md, default toward the HSV-style COLLECTIVE framing (‘heel de Schrift’) unless the immediate surrounding clause is specifically distributive; do not let the NBV/WV95 distributive default reinforce a ‘collection of separately-inspired documents’ model.
God Breathed
Approved rendering: door God ingegeven
Transliteration: door God ingegeven
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: door God geïnspireerd (flagged NBV/modern-register alternative, not rejected outright, requires reviewer sign-off)
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
New term, 2 Timothy 3:16 (θεόπνευστος), a NT hapax legomenon. CRITICAL register choice with doctrinal stakes: ‘ingegeven’ preserves the vivid breathed-into image and Reformed-confessional register (Belgic Confession Art. 3), consistent with this curriculum’s preference for vivid native compounds over Latinate alternatives (parallel: baseline’s ‘vleeswording’ over ‘incarnatie’). ‘Geïnspireerd’ risks a softened, generic ‘inspired the way an artist is inspired’ reading in secularized modern Dutch.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: krans van de gerechtigheid
Transliteration: krans van de gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: kroon der gerechtigheid (traditional Statenvertaling register, flagged for reviewer sign-off, not rejected), de erekrans die hoort bij een rechtvaardig leven (NBV interpretive expansion — FORBIDDEN, nudges toward merit-earned framing)
Original: ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος
Category: Eschatology
New term, 2 Timothy 4:8 (ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος). Stephanos is a victor’s wreath, not a royal diadem. This reward must never be framed as self-earned merit apart from grace — direct collision risk with the Critical grace-versus-merit concern rooted in the Synod of Dordrecht’s rejection of Arminian synergism. Must always retain the fixed rendering ‘gerechtigheid’ (never ‘rechtvaardigheid’ or ‘deugd’) per the Romans-baseline-consistency rule, even though HSV itself uses ‘rechtvaardigheid’ here.
Apostasy Doctrine
Approved rendering: afvalligheid
Transliteration: afvalligheid
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: afval (bare — FORBIDDEN: dominant modern-Dutch sense is ‘garbage/waste’, a homonym collision analogous to the baseline’s flagged ‘zonde’-as-pity drift)
Original: (conceptual — cf. 3:1-9; 4:3-4; 2:16-18)
Category: Apostasy
New term, the named curriculum doctrine (conceptual, cf. 3:1-9; 4:3-4; 2:16-18). Never use bare ‘afval’; always the fuller construction ‘afvalligheid’ or ‘afval van het geloof’.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: genade
Transliteration: genade
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Eternal Grace
Rejected alternatives: gunst
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reinforced in 2 Timothy by ‘before the ages’ (1:9) and the closing benediction (4:22); must never read as a later divine response to foreseen merit or faith, directly touching the Canons of Dort’s unconditional-grace concern.
Salvation
Approved rendering: behoud
Transliteration: behoud
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture (3:15 goal clause)
Rejected alternatives: verlossing (more common, less precise), zaligheid (older/pietistic register)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Confirmed as a natural fit for 3:15’s catechetical, formational context (‘wijs maken tot behoud’). The agent-noun form σωτήρ (‘savior_title’) and the verb τετήρηκα-adjacent ‘behouden’ (‘kept_the_faith’, 4:7) both interact morphologically with this fixed noun and must not be confused with it — see those entries below.
Lord
Approved rendering: Heer
Transliteration: Heer
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: meester, Jehovah
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs with exceptional frequency in 2 Timothy (1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22), raising cumulative risk of register drift eroding the exclusive-Lordship claim through repetition. CRITICAL CULT-COLLISION: the Dutch Nieuwe-Wereldvertaling (Jehovah’s Witnesses) renders 2:19’s κύριος allusion as ‘Jehovah’; this curriculum must render 2:19 as ‘Heer’ consistent with every other κύριος occurrence in the letter and must never substitute ‘Jehovah’.
Sufficiency Of Scripture
Approved rendering: volledig toegerust
Transliteration: volledig toegerust
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: goed voorbereid (too weak), goed toegerust (weaker intensifier)
Original: ἐξηρτισμένος
Category: Scripture
New term, 2 Timothy 3:17 (ἐξηρτισμένος). Textual basis, with 3:16, for Scripture’s sufficiency for ministry. Any rendering implying Scripture is merely one input among several for ministry formation undercuts this doctrine. Paraphrase Bibles (Het Boek, BGT) soften this into generic ‘de Bijbel helpt je’ — must not be echoed.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: gezonde leer
Transliteration: gezonde leer
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: gezonde onderwijzing (awkward), wat waar is (BGT paraphrase, loses technical term entirely)
Original: ὑγιαινούσης διδασκαλίας
Category: Doctrine
New term, 2 Timothy 4:3 (ὑγιαινούσης διδασκαλίας). ‘Gezond’ is dominated in everyday Dutch by physical health (‘gezonde voeding’); must be used as a fixed technical term consistently across every Pastoral-Epistles occurrence (linked to ‘sound_words’ at 1:13). Confirmed stable across HSV and NBV in the published landscape — enforce with confidence.
Sound Words
Approved rendering: gezonde woorden
Transliteration: gezonde woorden
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑγιαινόντων λόγων
Category: Doctrine
New term, 2 Timothy 1:13 (ὑγιαινόντων λόγων). Same technical-term family as ‘sound_doctrine’ (4:3); readers must recognize this as part of one continuous vocabulary family, not a separate unrelated phrase.
Good Deposit
Approved rendering: het goede pand
Transliteration: het goede pand
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: de goede erfenis (loses the held-in-trust legal sense)
Original: ἡ καλὴ παραθήκη
Category: Gospel Transmission
New term, 2 Timothy 1:14 (ἡ καλὴ παραθήκη). ‘Pand’ in ordinary modern Dutch primarily denotes mortgage collateral or a physical building; without contextual reinforcement (‘het goede pand dat u is toevertrouwd’) Dutch readers may miss the sacred-trust-to-be-preserved-and-handed-on sense. Never allow standalone ‘het pand’ in a ministry-transmission context.
Holy Calling
Approved rendering: heilige roeping
Transliteration: heilige roeping
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Eternal Grace
Original: κλῆσις ἁγία
Category: Salvation
New term, 2 Timothy 1:9 (κλῆσις ἁγία). Compounds two independently Medium-risk baseline terms (‘roeping’, ‘heilig’); the career-vocation drift risk is multiplicative. Must be paired explicitly with the eternal-purpose clause ‘van vóór alle tijden’ every time it occurs.
Before The Ages
Approved rendering: van vóór alle tijden
Transliteration: van vóór alle tijden
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Eternal Grace
Rejected alternatives: van eeuwigheid (acceptable secondary phrasing)
Original: πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων
Category: Salvation
New term, 2 Timothy 1:9 (πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων). Any rendering suggesting grace was a later divine response to human faith or circumstance, rather than eternally purposed, contradicts Reformed sovereign-grace doctrine — the precise Canons of Dort fault line against Remonstrant synergism.
Kept The Faith
Approved rendering: het geloof trouw gebleven
Transliteration: het geloof trouw gebleven
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: het geloof behouden (flagged, usable only with reviewer caution, not silently rejected)
Original: τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα
Category: Perseverance
New term, 2 Timothy 4:7 (τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα). The verb ‘behouden’ (to keep/preserve) is morphologically and semantically adjacent to the fixed soteriological noun ‘behoud’ (salvation); risk of a Dutch reader blending ‘kept the faith’ with a soteriological ‘salvation of the faith’ reading. Default to ‘het geloof trouw gebleven’; flag any use of ‘behouden’ in this verse for reviewer confirmation.
Appearing
Approved rendering: verschijning
Transliteration: verschijning
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
New term (ἐπιφάνεια), occurring at three doctrinally distinct moments in 2 Timothy: incarnation (1:10), future judgment/second coming (4:1), and reward (4:8). A generic, undifferentiated ‘verschijning’ in secularized modern Dutch usage (which can denote any ordinary appearance or apparition) risks flattening the eschatological weight. Always pair with a possessive/temporal marker: ‘Zijn verschijning’, ‘bij Zijn verschijning in heerlijkheid’, ‘wanneer Hij verschijnt om te oordelen’. Never leave ‘verschijning’ unmodified. Also relevant against the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ invisible/already-inaugurated parousia doctrine — must not accommodate an already-secretly-occurred reading.
Savior Title
Approved rendering: Heiland
Transliteration: Heiland
Doctrine: Christ’s Incarnation and Victory over Death
Rejected alternatives: Zaligmaker (Statenvertaling/pietistic register, flagged not rejected), Verlosser (generic-deliverer register, flagged not rejected)
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
New term, 2 Timothy 1:10 (σωτήρ). The agent-noun form of the same three-way Dutch register split (behoud/verlossing/zaligheid) already flagged in the baseline for the noun ‘salvation’. Fixed and applied consistently, paired here with ‘behoud’.
Godly Form No Power
Approved rendering: uiterlijke schijn van godsvrucht, [maar] de kracht daarvan verloochenen
Transliteration: uiterlijke schijn van godsvrucht, [maar] de kracht daarvan verloochenen
Doctrine: Godliness versus Hollow Religious Form
Rejected alternatives: gedaante van godsvrucht (rejected alone — too neutral without ‘schijn’)
Original: μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας … δύναμιν αὐτῆς ἠρνημένοι
Category: Apostasy
New term, 2 Timothy 3:5 (μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας … δύναμιν ἠρνημένοι). Without the pejorative qualifier ‘uiterlijke schijn’ (outward semblance), a bare ‘gedaante’/‘vorm van godsvrucht’ reads as morally neutral rather than Paul’s sharp negative judgment — particularly sensitive given ongoing nominal cultural Christianity in the Netherlands.
Persecution
Approved rendering: vervolgingen
Transliteration: vervolgingen
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: moeilijkheden (softens to generic difficulties)
Original: διωγμούς
Category: Perseverance
New term (διωγμούς, 3:11-12). Must retain 3:12’s universalizing force (‘allen die godvruchtig willen leven … zullen vervolgd worden’) without softening into an optional or historically limited experience; the Netherlands’ comparatively comfortable church context is the likeliest source of under-translation here.
Preach The Word
Approved rendering: predik het Woord
Transliteration: predik het Woord
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: vertel het Woord, deel het Woord (both lose the herald’s authoritative register; BGT/Het Boek ‘vertel de mensen over het goede nieuws’ is a CONFIRMED pattern to avoid)
Original: κήρυξον τὸν λόγον
Category: Ministry
New term, 2 Timothy 4:2 (κήρυξον τὸν λόγον), the central imperative of the core passage. ‘Woord’ must be capitalized as the authoritative gospel/Scripture message; a softened verb strips the herald’s authoritative register, especially damaging in secularized, pluralistic Dutch public culture.
Training In Righteousness
Approved rendering: vorming tot gerechtigheid
Transliteration: vorming tot gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: opvoeding tot gerechtigheid (older register, acceptable alternative)
New term, 2 Timothy 3:16 (παιδεία … ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ), the fourth item in the fourfold list (teaching, reproof, correction, training). Distinct from both the reward-crown sense of ‘gerechtigheid’ (4:8) and the Romans forensic-justification sense; if the fourfold list collapses into a single generic ‘leer’, the pedagogical structure central to the sufficiency doctrine is lost.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Object-specificity rule applies with special force at 3:15 (‘faith in Christ Jesus’); keep lexically distinct from ‘getrouw’ (faithful/reliable, describing a saying or God’s character, 2:11-13) so human trust and divine/message reliability are not conflated.
Called
Approved rendering: geroepen
Transliteration: geroepen
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Combined with ‘heilig’ in 1:9’s ‘heilige roeping’; see ‘holy_calling’ below for the compounded High-risk rendering.
Calling
Approved rendering: roeping
Transliteration: roeping
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Collides with the ordinary Dutch career/vocation sense (‘roeping’ as in ‘onderwijzer is mijn roeping’); in 2 Timothy 1:9 this risk is compounded by pairing with ‘heilig’ — see ‘holy_calling’.
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: heilig
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: rein
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Qualifies both Timothy’s calling (1:9) and the Scriptures themselves (3:15, ‘de heilige Schriften’).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: heiliging
Transliteration: heiliging
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Not lexically present as a noun in 2 Timothy but conceptually active in 2:20-22’s call to self-cleansing to become a vessel fit for honorable use.
Glory
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid
Transliteration: heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Doxological use in the closing formula (4:18).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kracht van God
Transliteration: kracht van God
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Extends to the non-gendered virtue triad of 1:7 (‘geest van kracht en liefde en bezonnenheid’) and contrasts with false piety ‘denying its power’ (3:5).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: opstanding
Transliteration: opstanding
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ as Gospel Content
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. 2:18’s named heresy (Hymenaeus and Philetus, ‘de opstanding is al gebeurd’) must use the SAME root Dutch term as Paul’s true gospel content at 2:8, so the corruption is visible as a corruption of that very term, not a separate vocabulary item.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: nakomeling van David
Transliteration: nakomeling van David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: uit het zaad Davids (archaic/clinical register)
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Direct transfer to 2:8’s summary gospel formula, unchanged context.
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Invoked as witness to Paul’s solemn charge (4:1); secularization risk unchanged from Romans.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Named as the indwelling guardian of ‘the good deposit’ (1:14).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Koninkrijk van God
Transliteration: Koninkrijk van God
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: Koninkrijk Gods (archaic genitive)
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Rendered ‘Zijn Koninkrijk’ (his/Christ’s kingdom) at 4:1 and 4:18; same theological field as baseline.
Mercy
Approved rendering: barmhartigheid
Transliteration: barmhartigheid
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Eternal Grace
New term, 2 Timothy 1:2. The third member of Paul’s uniquely expanded salutation triad (‘genade, barmhartigheid en vrede’), absent from Romans’ opening. Must be kept distinct from ‘genade’ so the triad is not collapsed into synonyms: mercy emphasizes compassion toward the suffering/weak; grace emphasizes unmerited favor.
Entrusting Chain
Approved rendering: vertrouw toe aan betrouwbare mensen
Transliteration: vertrouw toe aan betrouwbare mensen
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: παράθου πιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις
Category: Gospel Transmission
New term, 2 Timothy 2:2 (παράθου πιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις). Same root as ‘het goede pand’ (1:14, ‘toevertrouwen’); should echo that root vocabulary to keep the multi-generational transmission chain (Paulus → Timoteüs → betrouwbare mensen → anderen) visibly connected across chapters 1-2.
Faithful Saying
Approved rendering: het is een getrouw woord
Transliteration: het is een getrouw woord
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Gospel Transmission
New term, 2 Timothy 2:11 (πιστὸς ὁ λόγος), a fixed formulaic Pastoral-Epistles phrase introducing the creedal couplets of 2:11-13. ‘Getrouw’ (of a saying/of God’s character) must be kept lexically distinct from ‘geloof’ (human trust-act).
God Remains Faithful
Approved rendering: Hij blijft getrouw
Transliteration: Hij blijft getrouw
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness amid Human Unfaithfulness
Original: ἐκεῖνος πιστὸς παραμένει
Category: God
New term, 2 Timothy 2:13. Same ‘getrouw’/‘geloof’ disambiguation as ‘faithful_saying’; must not be read as removing the real stakes of the preceding denial-clause (2:12, ‘als wij Hem verloochenen, zal Hij ons ook verloochenen’).
Unfeigned Faith
Approved rendering: ongeveinsd geloof
Transliteration: ongeveinsd geloof
Doctrine: Generational Faith and Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: oprecht geloof (modern-register alternative, flagged not rejected)
Original: ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις
Category: Faith
New term, 2 Timothy 1:5 (ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις). Register choice between traditional ‘ongeveinsd’ (precise but archaic) and modern ‘oprecht’ (accessible); ‘geloof’ root fixed by baseline. Describes faith transmitted through Lois and Eunice to Timothy.
Ministry Service
Approved rendering: bediening
Transliteration: bediening
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: dienstwerk (looser register alternative, flagged not rejected)
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
New term, 2 Timothy 4:5 (διακονία). ‘Bediening’ carries a more institutional/ordained-ministry register than ‘dienstwerk’; either is acceptable but must be applied consistently across 4:5 and 4:11.
Word Not Bound
Approved rendering: het Woord van God is niet gebonden
Transliteration: het Woord van God is niet gebonden
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: het Woord van God kan niet gestopt worden (loses the literal chains-image)
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται
Category: Perseverance
New term, 2 Timothy 2:9. Must retain the vivid literal chains-image echoing Paul’s own imprisonment, not an abstract ‘cannot be stopped’ paraphrase.
Gift Of God
Approved rendering: genadegave van God
Transliteration: genadegave van God
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts for Ministry
Original: χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Ministry
New term, 2 Timothy 1:6 (χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ). Draws on the same root family as the baseline’s ‘genadegaven’ (spiritual_gifts, Romans package); must stay tied to grace conferred via the apostolic laying-on-of-hands, not natural talent or a charismatic-stream-specific marker.
Spirit Power Love Selfcontrol
Approved rendering: geest van kracht en liefde en bezonnenheid
Transliteration: geest van kracht en liefde en bezonnenheid
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: zelfbeheersing alone for σωφρονισμός (loses sound-judgment nuance)
Original: πνεῦμα δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ
Category: Perseverance
New term, 2 Timothy 1:7. ‘Bezonnenheid’ (sound-mindedness) should not be flattened to bare self-control.
Poured Out Libation
Approved rendering: als een plengoffer uitgegoten
Transliteration: als een plengoffer uitgegoten
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: ik sterf al bijna (loses the sacrificial image entirely), mijn leven loopt ten einde (NBV-style softening, flagged as weaker alternative)
Original: ἤδη σπένδομαι
Category: Perseverance
New term, 2 Timothy 4:6 (ἤδη σπένδομαι). OT sacrificial drink-offering image may be unfamiliar to low-OT-literacy secular readers; retain the vivid image with light contextual support rather than flattening to plain death-language.
Godliness
Approved rendering: godsvrucht
Transliteration: godsvrucht
Doctrine: Godliness versus Hollow Religious Form
Rejected alternatives: religiositeit (too generic/neutral), godzaligheid (SV archaic term — REJECTED: shares the ‘zalig-’ root with the salvation-register term ‘zaligheid’, creating an unwanted soteriological-category blur), vroomheid (NBV register, too weak)
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Apostasy
New term (εὐσέβεια). HSV’s ‘godsvrucht’ is preferred and matches this glossary. SV’s ‘godzaligheid’ must never be used due to the zaligheid-family collision documented in 05_translation_landscape.md §2.6.
Last Days
Approved rendering: de laatste dagen
Transliteration: de laatste dagen
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: de moderne tijd (collapses eschatology into secular cultural commentary)
Original: ἔσχαται ἡμέραι
Category: Eschatology
New term (ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις, 3:1). Secularized Dutch readers lacking an eschatological framework may read this as merely ‘in modern/difficult times’ rather than the theological category of the entire church age; requires contextual reinforcement.
Deceivers Deceived
Approved rendering: verleiders en verleid
Transliteration: verleiders en verleid
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι
Category: Apostasy
New term (πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι, 3:13). Modern Dutch ‘verleiden’ carries a strong romantic/sexual-temptation connotation; context must foreground doctrinal/spiritual deception without erasing the text’s link to exploitation of the vulnerable (3:6).
Weak Women
Approved rendering: zwakke vrouwen, beladen met zonden
Transliteration: zwakke vrouwen, beladen met zonden
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: vrouwtjes (sharpens the diminutive into outright disparagement)
Original: γυναικάρια σεσωρευμένα ἁμαρτίαις
Category: Apostasy
New term (γυναικάρια σεσωρευμένα ἁμαρτίαις, 3:6). Must be framed contextually as a warning against predatory targeting of vulnerable individuals, never as a general statement about women’s spiritual capacity.
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: jeukende oren
Transliteration: jeukende oren
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: steeds nieuwe dingen willen horen (flagged, less vivid paraphrase alternative)
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy
New term (κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν, 4:3). Established literal Dutch Bible idiom; retain rather than paraphrase to preserve diagnostic vividness for teaching contexts.
Solemn Charge
Approved rendering: Ik beveel u plechtig
Transliteration: Ik beveel u plechtig
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: Ik vraag u (loses covenantal-oath solemnity), Ik roep u dringend op (acceptable alternative phrasing)
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
New term, 2 Timothy 4:1 (διαμαρτύρομαι). Elevates the following imperatives (4:2) from pastoral advice to a witnessed, oath-like charge before God and Christ Jesus.
Gangrene Metaphor
Approved rendering: gangreen
Transliteration: gangreen
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: kanker (flagged: confirmed in wide use across SV/HSV for comprehension; communicatively vivid but medically imprecise — may be adopted ONLY as a single fixed consistent choice, never mixed with ‘gangreen’)
Original: ὡς γάγγραινα νομὴν ἕξει
Category: Doctrine
New term, 2 Timothy 2:17 (γάγγραινα). This curriculum fixes ‘gangreen’ as primary for textual/medical accuracy; if a lesson-specific reviewer prefers ‘kanker’ for comprehension (matching published SV/HSV precedent), that choice must be applied consistently throughout the entire curriculum, never switched mid-document.
Rightly Handling Truth
Approved rendering: het woord van de waarheid recht snijden
Transliteration: het woord van de waarheid recht snijden
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: correct uitleggen (NBV-style abstraction — flattens the craftsman image, confirmed pattern to avoid per landscape analysis)
Original: ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Doctrine
New term, 2 Timothy 2:15 (ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας). Established vivid Dutch Bible idiom (craftsman/roadbuilder image, stable in SV/HSV); retain rather than replace with an abstract paraphrase.
Rescue Vs Save
Approved rendering: verlossen … veilig brengen
Transliteration: verlossen … veilig brengen
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ῥύσεταί … σώσει
Category: Salvation
New term, 2 Timothy 4:18 (ῥύσεταί … σώσει). Distinguishes the Lord’s immediate, situational deliverance from present evil (ῥύομαι) from ultimate, eschatological salvation into the heavenly kingdom (σώζω, cognate with the fixed noun σωτηρία/‘behoud’). ‘Verlossen’ here must not be confused with or substituted for the fixed soteriological noun ‘behoud’.
Clear Conscience
Approved rendering: zuiver geweten
Transliteration: zuiver geweten
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: gerust gevoel (too psychological, loses God-ward moral sense)
Original: συνείδησις καθαρά
Category: Assurance
New term, 2 Timothy 1:3 (συνείδησις καθαρά). Must retain the moral, God-ward sense of conscience, modeling the assurance Paul wants Timothy to have.
Vessel Honor Dishonor
Approved rendering: voorwerp tot eer … tot onterende doeleinden
Transliteration: voorwerp tot eer … tot onterende doeleinden
Doctrine: Church Purity and Vessels of Honor
Original: σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν … εἰς ἀτιμίαν
Category: Church
New term, 2 Timothy 2:20-21 (σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν … εἰς ἀτιμίαν). Must avoid implying fixed, unchangeable categories of persons, which in the Dutch Reformed context could be misheard as a predestinarian statement rather than the text’s own emphasis on moral responsibility (‘als iemand zichzelf reinigt’).
Repentance To Truth
Approved rendering: bekering tot erkentenis van de waarheid
Transliteration: bekering tot erkentenis van de waarheid
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Snare of the Devil
Original: μετάνοια εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας
Category: Doctrine
New term, 2 Timothy 2:25 (μετάνοιαν εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας). ‘Bekering’ should be distinguished from mere behavioral adjustment and tied explicitly to ‘de waarheid’ as its object.
Reproof
Approved rendering: weerlegging
Transliteration: weerlegging
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New term, 2 Timothy 3:16 (ἔλεγχος) and 4:2 (ἔλεγξον, same root). Distinct from ‘vermanen’ (exhort) and ‘bestraffen’ (rebuke); must stay a separate item in the fourfold list, not merged with rebuke.
Correction
Approved rendering: verbetering
Transliteration: verbetering
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New term, 2 Timothy 3:16 (ἐπανόρθωσις). Everyday Dutch ‘verbetering’ is unmarked; needs the surrounding fourfold-list frame to register as a distinct category from ‘weerlegging’ (reproof).
Man Of God
Approved rendering: de mens Gods
Transliteration: de mens Gods
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: Gods dienstknecht(en) (inclusive-register alternative, flagged for reviewer confirmation, not rejected)
New term, 2 Timothy 3:17 (ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος), an OT-echoing title (Moses, Elijah) applied generically to any Scripture-formed believer/minister. Baseline instructions forbid gender-neutral rewriting of terms fixed by established Bible-translation convention; ‘de mens Gods’ (HSV/SV-adjacent, using the inclusive ‘mens’ rather than gendered ‘man’) is recommended as primary.
Cowardice
Approved rendering: vreesachtigheid
Transliteration: vreesachtigheid
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: een geest van angst (looser paraphrase, acceptable secondary)
New term, 2 Timothy 1:7 (δειλία). No single Dutch noun carries exactly this pejorative timid/fearful sense without qualification; must be rendered as the explicit contrast-term to ‘kracht’ in the same verse.
Difficult Times
Approved rendering: zware tijden
Transliteration: zware tijden
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: gevaarlijke tijden (acceptable alternative)
New term, 2 Timothy 3:1 (καιροὶ χαλεποί). Sibling risk to ‘last_days’: without eschatological framing this reads as ordinary secular hardship-language rather than the specific end-times marker introducing the vice catalogue of 3:2-9.
Ashamed
Approved rendering: zich schamen (voor)
Transliteration: zich schamen (voor)
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
New term (ἐπαισχύνομαι), a recurring motif across 1:8, 1:12, and 1:16 tying shame/boldness to the perseverance doctrine. Must be rendered consistently across all three occurrences so the thematic thread (Paul unashamed → charge to Timothy not to be ashamed) remains visible.
Own Passions
Approved rendering: eigen begeerten
Transliteration: eigen begeerten
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: eigen verlangens (too neutral/soft)
New term, 2 Timothy 4:3 (ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας). Should echo the same ‘begeerte’ root used elsewhere for disordered desire (cf. 2:22’s ‘jeugdige begeerten’) so the portrait of consumer religiosity reads as morally loaded, not neutral preference.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Root of ‘evangelist’ (εὐαγγελιστής, 2 Tim 4:5); must convey authoritative announcement, not generic good news.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostel
Transliteration: apostel
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Grounds Paul’s authority to charge Timothy (1:1).
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Proper name, 2:8.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Stable throughout the letter.
Exhort
Approved rendering: vermanen
Transliteration: vermanen
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Directly triggered by the 4:2 triad (reprove, rebuke, exhort); since ‘weerleg’ and ‘bestraf’ already cover confrontation, consider ‘aansporen’ if the escalation to encouragement needs disambiguation — flag for reviewer confirmation per baseline’s own ambiguity note.
Peace
Approved rendering: vrede
Transliteration: vrede
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Part of the expanded salutation triad ‘grace, mercy, peace’ (1:2) — see new term ‘mercy’ below for the triad’s third, non-Romans member.
Evangelist Office
Approved rendering: evangelist
Transliteration: evangelist
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Ministry
New term, 2 Timothy 4:5 (εὐαγγελιστής). Transparent cognate loanword sharing the root of the inherited term ‘evangelie’.
Righteous Judge
Approved rendering: de rechtvaardige Rechter
Transliteration: de rechtvaardige Rechter
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ὁ δίκαιος κριτής
Category: Eschatology
New term, 2 Timothy 4:8 (ὁ δίκαιος κριτής). Stable, transparent; reuses the ‘gerechtigheid’ root family and shares the κρίνειν root with 4:1’s judgeship.
Departure Euphemism
Approved rendering: mijn heengaan
Transliteration: mijn heengaan
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ὁ καιρὸς τῆς ἐμῆς ἀναλύσεως
Category: Perseverance
New term, 2 Timothy 4:6 (ἡ ἐμὴ ἀνάλυσις). Established, gentle Dutch euphemism for death across religious and secular registers, well-suited to the nautical/military ‘casting off’ image.
Love
Approved rendering: liefde
Transliteration: liefde
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
New term (ἀγάπη), 2 Timothy 2:22, part of the positive virtue-list Timothy is to pursue (righteousness, faith, love, peace). Stable; no significant Dutch-cultural collision.
Profitable
Approved rendering: nuttig
Transliteration: nuttig
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
New term, 2 Timothy 3:16 (ὠφέλιμος). Transparent; must not be softened to imply Scripture is merely ‘helpful’ among other equally helpful resources.
Ministry Endurance Metaphors
Approved rendering: soldaat, atleet, landbouwer
Transliteration: soldaat, atleet, landbouwer
Doctrine: Ministry Endurance Metaphors
New term, 2 Timothy 2:3-6 (στρατιώτης, ἀθλῶν, γεωργός). Culturally transparent images in the Netherlands (military service, sport, agriculture all familiar cultural referents); render as a parallel, vivid triad, not three unrelated paraphrase styles.
Mouth Of The Lion
Approved rendering: uit de muil van de leeuw
Transliteration: uit de muil van de leeuw
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: uit groot gevaar (abstracts away the vivid image)
New term, 2 Timothy 4:17 (ἐκ στόματος λέοντος). Vivid idiom with a natural Dutch equivalent; retain literally.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: bestraf
Transliteration: bestraf
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
New term, 2 Timothy 4:2 (ἐπιτίμησον). Firm correction of persons, not merely ideas; part of the reprove-rebuke-exhort triad alongside ‘weerlegging’ and ‘vermanen’.
Referenced passages