Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Thessalonians (English → Dutch)
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. Terms marked “Reused (baseline)” must use the recorded baseline Dutch rendering exactly, with no substitution. Terms marked “New (proposed)” are specific to 2 Thessalonians and must be added to translation memory and the bible term registry before Phase 2 translation begins, per doctrine risk routing rules in the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Part A — Reused Baseline Terms Appearing in 2 Thessalonians
| Term (EN) | Greek (translit.) | Dutch Rendering | Risk Tier | Doctrine/Category | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | euangelion | evangelie | Low | Gospel | Reused (baseline) | 1:8 “obey the gospel” |
| grace | charis | genade | High | Grace | Reused (baseline) | 1:2, 1:12, 2:16, 3:18 |
| peace | eirēnē | vrede | Low | Peace with God | Reused (baseline) | 1:2, 3:16, 3:18 |
| faith | pistis | geloof | Medium | Faith | Reused (baseline) | 1:3, 1:4, 1:11, 2:13, 3:2 |
| salvation | sōtēria | behoud | High | Salvation | Reused (baseline) | 2:13 |
| calling | klēsis | roeping | Medium/High | Divine Calling | Reused (baseline) | 1:11 |
| called | kaleō | geroepen | Medium | Divine Calling / Effectual Calling | Reused (baseline) | 2:14 |
| church | ekklēsia | gemeente | High | Church as God’s People | Reused (baseline) | 1:1, 1:4 |
| thanksgiving | eucharistia | dankzegging | Low | Thanksgiving | Reused (baseline) | 1:3, 2:13 |
| kingdom of God | basileia tou theou | Koninkrijk van God | Medium | Kingdom Mission | Reused (baseline) | 1:5 |
| glory | doxa | heerlijkheid | Medium/High | Deity of Christ / God’s glory | Reused (baseline) | 1:9, 1:10, 1:12; note directional contrast (destruction from glory vs. glorified in saints) |
| saints | hagioi | heiligen | High | Sainthood | Reused (baseline) | 1:10 |
| sanctification | hagiasmos | heiliging | Medium | Sanctification | Reused (baseline) | 2:13 |
| Holy Spirit | pneuma hagion | Heilige Geest | Critical | God | Reused (baseline) | 2:13 |
| lord | kyrios | Heer | Critical/High | Lordship of Christ | Reused (baseline) | throughout |
| Jesus | Iēsous | Jezus | Critical | Christology | Reused (baseline) | throughout |
| God | theos | God | Critical | God | Reused (baseline) | throughout |
| Father | patēr | Vader | High | God | Reused (baseline) | 1:1, 1:2, 2:16 |
| election (verb form) | haireomai | verkiezing / (God heeft u) uitgekozen | Critical | Election / Effectual Calling | Reused (baseline, verb-form adaptation) | 2:13; must align with Canons of Dort-consonant rendering already established |
| revelation | apokalypsis | openbaring | Medium | Fulfillment of Prophecy / eschatology | Reused (baseline concept, new book context) | 1:7; keep distinct from “verschijning” (epiphaneia, 2:8) |
| exhort (admonish sense) | noutheteō / parakaleō | vermanen (admonish) / aansporen (encourage) | Low-Medium | Mutual Edification | Reused (baseline, disambiguated) | vermanen = 3:15 (noutheteō); aansporen = 2:16-17, 3:12 (parakaleō, comfort/encourage sense) |
| worthy | axios | waardig | Medium | Salvation (guard against merit) | Reused (baseline concept) | 1:5, 1:11; must not imply merit against baseline’s genade/gerechtigheid |
Part B — New Terms Proposed for This Curriculum
| Term (EN) | Greek (translit.) | Dutch Rendering | Risk Tier | Doctrine | Status | Collision / Reasoning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day of the Lord | hēmera tou Kyriou | de dag van de Heer | Critical | The Day of the Lord | New (proposed) | AVOID archaic “de dag des Heren” — that exact phrase historically denotes Sunday/the Lord’s Day in Dutch Reformed liturgical usage, risking a worship-day misreading of an eschatological judgment-day term. |
| coming / parousia | parousia | komst | High | The Day of the Lord | New (proposed) | Statenvertaling’s archaic “toekomst” for parousia has drifted in modern Dutch to mean simply “the future” — a false-friend forbidden substitution. |
| gathering together | episynagoge | samenkomst | Medium | The Day of the Lord | New (proposed) | Avoid “vergadering” where it could suggest a specific Dutch free-church denomination name; guard against imported dispensational rapture-chronology not in the text. |
| rebellion / apostasy | apostasia | de afvalligheid (gloss: “het afvallen van het geloof”) | High | The Man of Lawlessness | New (proposed) | FORBIDDEN bare “de afval” — dominant modern sense is “garbage/waste,” a false-friend drift structurally parallel to baseline’s “zonde.” |
| man of lawlessness | anthrōpos tēs anomias | de mens der wetteloosheid / de wetteloze mens | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | New (proposed) | Historic Dutch Reformed anti-Catholic polemic has identified this figure (or “antichrist”) with the papacy; render the text faithfully without inserting or foreclosing any historical identification, given the Catholic minority readership. |
| lawlessness | anomia | wetteloosheid | High | The Man of Lawlessness | New (proposed) | Must stay visually/contextually distinct from “de Wet” (Mosaic Torah, capitalized, per baseline “law” entry); colloquial sense risks flattening cosmic rebellion into ordinary civic disorder/crime reporting. |
| son of destruction | huios tēs apōleias | zoon van het verderf | High | The Man of Lawlessness | New (proposed) | Hebraic “son of X” idiom risks literal genealogical misreading for OT-idiom-unfamiliar readers; gloss on first occurrence advised. |
| temple of God | naos tou theou | tempel van God | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | New (proposed) | Literal-vs-symbolic referent disputed; Dutch Christian Zionist sympathies (cf. baseline’s “Israël” note) may predispose a literal-rebuilt-temple reading not required by the text — do not resolve the ambiguity in translation. |
| mystery of lawlessness | mysterion tēs anomias | de verborgenheid van de wetteloosheid / het geheim van de wetteloosheid | High | The Man of Lawlessness | New (proposed) | “Mysterie/verborgenheid” is otherwise Paul’s positive term for God’s revealed redemptive plan (cf. Romans 11:25); here used ironically of evil’s hidden plan — context must prevent confusion with the positive usage. |
| the restrainer / what restrains | katechon | wat hem weerhoudt / hij die weerhoudt | High | The Man of Lawlessness | New (proposed) | Identity (Holy Spirit? governing authority? angelic power?) deliberately unstated in Greek and historically disputed even among Reformed commentators; translators must not insert an interpretive identification. |
| the lawless one | ho anomos | de wetteloze | High | The Man of Lawlessness | New (proposed) | Must be recorded as co-referential with “de mens der wetteloosheid” (v.3) for reader clarity and translation-memory consistency. |
| appearing (epiphaneia) | epiphaneia (tēs parousias) | verschijning (van zijn komst) | Medium | The Day of the Lord | New (proposed) | Keep distinct from “openbaring” (apokalypsis, 1:7) within the same document; both legitimate, not interchangeable. |
| false signs and wonders | sēmeia kai terata pseudous | valse tekenen en wonderen / tekenen en wonderen van de leugen | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | New (proposed) | The qualifier “vals(e)/van de leugen” must never be dropped, or the phrase becomes indistinguishable from legitimate NT miracle vocabulary and baseline’s “genadegaven.” |
| strong delusion / working of error | energeia planēs | een werking van de dwaling | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | New (proposed) | Must convey God’s judicial confirming-in-deception of those who already rejected truth (2:10), without suggesting God originates unbelief ex nihilo; parallel sensitivity to Romans 9 Pharaoh-hardening. |
| love of the truth | agapē tēs alētheias | liefde voor de waarheid | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | New (proposed) | Refers to gospel-truth, not abstract philosophical truth; rejection of it is culpable, not innocent ignorance. |
| righteous judgment | dikaia krisis | rechtvaardig oordeel | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | New (proposed) | Must stay within the baseline’s Critical gerechtigheid/rechtvaardiging forensic word-family; never softened to colloquial “eerlijk” (merely “fair”). |
| vengeance / retribution | ekdikēsis | vergelding | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | New (proposed) | FORBIDDEN “wraak” — carries personal-vindictiveness/vendetta connotation in modern Dutch, risking a capricious portrayal of God rather than a justly judicial one. |
| eternal destruction | olethros aiōnios | eeuwig verderf | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | New (proposed) | Must not soften to “eeuwige scheiding” (mere separation), losing the judicial-destruction force; be aware of small conditional-immortality strands in Dutch evangelicalism without letting them silently reshape the rendering. |
| condemned / condemnation | krinō (krithōsin) | veroordeeld | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | New (proposed) | Keep as the adverse judicial verdict (not milder “beoordeeld”); functions as the negative mirror of the baseline’s justification vocabulary. |
| unrighteousness | adikia | ongerechtigheid | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | New (proposed) | Must remain the transparent antonym of baseline Critical term “gerechtigheid,” not an unrelated word for generic “bad behavior.” |
| endurance / perseverance | hypomonē | volharding | High | Perseverance under Persecution | New (proposed) | Distinct from the Reformed dogmatic locus “de volharding der heiligen” (perseverance of the saints, concerning God’s preserving work); this term covers the Thessalonians’ active, human endurance under persecution, related but not identical in register. |
| persecution | diōgmos | vervolging | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | New (proposed) | Minor ambiguity with secular legal “strafvervolging” (criminal prosecution); low practical risk. |
| affliction / tribulation | thlipsis | verdrukking | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | New (proposed) | Standard theological term; broader than diōgmos, covers any severe pressure. |
| the evil one | ho ponēros | de boze | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | New (proposed) | Prefer “de boze” (personal, echoing Dutch Lord’s Prayer tradition) over generic “het kwade,” to preserve the personal-adversary reading available in the Greek. |
| tradition(s) | paradosis | overlevering | Critical | Standing Firm in the Traditions | New (proposed) | AVOID unqualified “traditie” — heavily associated with Roman Catholic “Heilige Traditie” (Sacred Tradition) as an authority parallel to Scripture, the exact point contested at the Reformation; gloss as the closed, already-delivered apostolic teaching (2:15; 3:6), not an open ongoing magisterial Tradition. |
| disorderly / idle | ataktos / ataktōs | wanordelijk / ongeregeld | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions | New (proposed) | Preserve link to eschatological over-excitement (ch. 2 confusion), not generic laziness, where context allows. |
| busybodies | periergazomai | bezig met andermans zaken / bemoeials | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions | New (proposed) | Low ambiguity; standard idiomatic rendering. |
| example / pattern | typos | voorbeeld | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions | New (proposed) | Standard, low risk. |
| faithful (of God) | pistos | getrouw | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions / God’s character | New (proposed) | Deliberately distinct from “gelovig” (having faith) to avoid confusing God’s reliability with a human act of believing. |
| word of the Lord | logos tou Kyriou | woord van de Heer | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions | New (proposed) | Standard, low ambiguity. |
Risk Tier Summary (2 Thessalonians-specific terms)
| Tier | Count | Terms |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 | Day of the Lord; Man of Lawlessness; Temple of God; Righteous Judgment; Eternal Destruction; Tradition(s) |
| High | 11 | coming/parousia; rebellion/apostasy; lawlessness; son of destruction; mystery of lawlessness; the restrainer; the lawless one; strong delusion; vengeance/retribution; condemned/condemnation; unrighteousness; endurance/perseverance |
| Medium | 10 | gathering together; appearing (epiphaneia); false signs and wonders; love of the truth; persecution; affliction; the evil one; disorderly/idle; faithful (of God) |
| Low | 3 | busybodies; example/pattern; word of the Lord |
All Critical and High tier terms in this glossary require human theologian review routing per the escalation rules in the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md; Medium tier terms require native speaker review; Low tier terms require automated review only. These routing assignments must be carried forward into the doctrine risk registry update for this curriculum.
Critical Risk Terms
Election
Approved rendering: verkiezing
Transliteration: verkiezing
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλογή / αἱρέομαι (haireomai, verb form in 2:13)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged (noun form). Extended for 2:13’s verb form (haireomai, ‘God chose you’) — render ‘God heeft u uitgekozen’, kept recognizably continuous with the baseline’s Critical, Canons-of-Dort-consonant doctrine of unconditional election. Never read through the everyday democratic-vote sense of ‘verkiezing’.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: gerechtigheid
Transliteration: gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: deugd
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not directly translated as a standalone noun in 2 Thessalonians, but this book’s new judgment vocabulary (‘ongerechtigheid’, ‘rechtvaardig oordeel’, ‘veroordeeld’) is its direct antonym/family and must remain transparently recognizable as belonging to this Critical forensic word-family.
Justification
Approved rendering: rechtvaardiging
Transliteration: rechtvaardiging
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vrijspraak (too narrow alone)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Root of this book’s ‘rechtvaardig oordeel’ (righteous judgment, 1:5) — the same forensic root word (‘recht-’) must visibly connect the positive Romans doctrine and this book’s judgment vocabulary for a consistent Dutch reader experience across the whole curriculum library.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: de dag van de Heer
Transliteration: de dag van de Heer
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: de dag des Heren (archaic genitive; historic Dutch Reformed liturgical name for Sunday/the Lord’s Day)
Original: ἡμέρα τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:2, and underlies 1:7-10 and 2:8. CRITICAL, the sharpest Dutch-specific risk in this book: ‘de dag des Heren’ is the exact historic Dutch Reformed liturgical phrase for Sunday (Heidelberg Catechism-era usage), creating a genuine two-referent liturgical homonym, not mere semantic drift. Must render the modern-register ‘de dag van de Heer’ in every occurrence, glossed on first use as the future day of Christ’s return and judgment, not the weekly day of worship.
Man Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: de mens der wetteloosheid
Transliteration: de mens der wetteloosheid
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: de antichrist (term not used in this text), de mens der zonde (older Textus Receptus/Statenvertaling variant reading)
Original: ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:3, restated as ‘de wetteloze’ (ho anomos) in 2:8. CRITICAL: historic Dutch Reformed anti-Catholic polemic (Eighty Years’ War era) has at times identified this figure, or ‘antichrist’, with the papacy. Given a genuine Catholic minority readership south of the grote rivieren, render the text’s own description faithfully without importing or foreclosing any historical identification not present in the Greek.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: tempel van God
Transliteration: tempel van God
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:4 (naos tou theou). CRITICAL: interpretive traditions differ sharply (literal future Jerusalem temple vs. ecclesial/symbolic reading); Dutch Christian Zionist sympathies (cf. baseline’s flagged ‘Israël’ entry) may predispose a literal-rebuilt-temple reading not required by the text. Render literally without inserting or resolving the referent ambiguity.
Righteous Judgment
Approved rendering: rechtvaardig oordeel
Transliteration: rechtvaardig oordeel
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: eerlijk oordeel (loses forensic-theological force)
Original: δικαία κρίσις
Category: Judgment
New for this curriculum. Occurs 1:5 (dikaia krisis). Must retain the forensic register of the baseline’s Critical ‘gerechtigheid’/‘rechtvaardiging’ family — never softened to colloquial ‘eerlijk’ (merely ‘fair’). Present suffering is evidence pointing toward this future, certainly-righteous verdict.
Eternal Destruction
Approved rendering: eeuwig verderf
Transliteration: eeuwig verderf
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: eeuwige scheiding (mere separation, loses judicial-destruction force)
Original: ὄλεθρος αἰώνιος
Category: Judgment
New for this curriculum. Occurs 1:9 (olethros aiōnios). Must not be softened toward ‘eeuwige scheiding’ or NBV-style ‘ondergang’. Small conditional-immortality/annihilationist strands within Dutch evangelicalism, and Jehovah’s Witnesses’ annihilationist theology, must not be allowed to silently reshape the rendering; preserve the source text’s own force without importing a settled position on the nature of eternal punishment.
Tradition
Approved rendering: overlevering
Transliteration: overlevering
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Rejected alternatives: traditie (unqualified; collides with Roman Catholic Heilige Traditie as a parallel, ongoing authority)
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Tradition
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:15, 3:6 (paradosis). CRITICAL, the single most Dutch-specific doctrinal flashpoint after the man of lawlessness: unqualified ‘traditie’ is heavily associated with Roman Catholic ‘Heilige Traditie’ as an authority parallel to Scripture — precisely the Reformation-era point of rupture, still live in Dutch Reformed-Catholic relations. Use ‘overlevering’, glossed as the closed, already-delivered apostolic teaching (oral and written) the church must hold fast, never an open, ongoing magisterial authority.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: genade
Transliteration: genade
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: gunst
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:2, 1:12, 2:16, 3:18. Must never read as a reward for the endurance commended in ch. 1, nor for correct eschatological behavior in ch. 2; sovereign, unmerited grace per the Synod of Dordrecht applies with identical force in this book.
Salvation
Approved rendering: behoud
Transliteration: behoud
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: verlossing (more common, less precise), zaligheid (older/pietistic register)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 2:13, directly following the ‘chose’ (haireomai) election language. Maintain ‘behoud’ register consistent with baseline’s three-way split; flag any deviation for reviewer confirmation.
Church
Approved rendering: gemeente
Transliteration: gemeente
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: kerk (institution-default)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:1, 1:4, and underlies 3:6, 3:14-15’s church-discipline instructions, referring to the concrete, persecuted local congregation at Thessalonica, not an institution or building.
Saints
Approved rendering: heiligen
Transliteration: heiligen
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:10. Catholic ‘de heiligen’ (canonized saints) collision persists identically to the Romans baseline risk; corporate, non-elite sense (all believers glorified in Christ) required.
Lord
Approved rendering: Heer
Transliteration: Heer
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: meester
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs with unusual density throughout this short book (nearly every verse of ch. 1 and 3; also 2:1, 2:8, 2:13-14, 2:16). The Day of the Lord passages require the same unqualified, exclusive rendering established for Romans 10:9; never softened or displaced.
Law
Approved rendering: wet
Transliteration: wet
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not directly used as a standalone term in 2 Thessalonians, but its baseline convention (capitalized ‘de Wet’ for Mosaic Torah) must be visually and contextually kept distinct from this book’s new term ‘wetteloosheid’ (lawlessness, anomia), which must never merge with or resemble ‘de Wet’ typographically or in context.
Parousia Coming
Approved rendering: komst
Transliteration: komst
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: toekomst (Statenvertaling archaic; modern Dutch false-friend meaning simply ‘the future’)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:1, 2:8, 2:9. FORBIDDEN ‘toekomst’ — a near-total false-friend collision structurally identical to the baseline’s documented ‘zonde’-as-pity drift. Use ‘komst’ per HSV/NBV convention throughout.
Apostasy Rebellion
Approved rendering: de afvalligheid
Transliteration: de afvalligheid
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: de afval (bare noun; dominant modern sense ‘garbage/waste’)
Original: ἀποστασία
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:3 (apostasia). FORBIDDEN bare ‘de afval’ — a false-friend drift of the same family as the baseline’s documented ‘zonde’. Use ‘de afvalligheid’, glossed on first occurrence as ‘het afvallen van het geloof’ (the falling away from the faith), marking its large-scale eschatological scope, not personal apostasy from a club or cause.
Lawlessness
Approved rendering: wetteloosheid
Transliteration: wetteloosheid
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: anomie (academic/sociological loanword, wrong register)
Original: ἀνομία
Category: Sin
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:3, 2:7 (twice, mystery of lawlessness), 2:8 (the lawless one). Must stay visually and contextually distinct from capitalized ‘de Wet’ (baseline term, Mosaic Torah). Colloquial modern Dutch usage denotes civic/political anarchy in a news-report sense, risking the flattening of cosmic rebellion against God into ordinary crime-reporting vocabulary.
Son Of Destruction
Approved rendering: zoon van het verderf
Transliteration: zoon van het verderf
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:3 (huios tēs apōleias, Hebraic idiom, cf. Judas in John 17:12). Risk of literalizing genealogical misreading for readers unfamiliar with OT idiom; gloss on first occurrence advised: ‘d.w.z. iemand die voorbestemd is voor het verderf’.
The Restrainer
Approved rendering: wat hem weerhoudt / hij die weerhoudt
Transliteration: wat hem weerhoudt / hij die weerhoudt
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: de Heilige Geest (unwarranted interpretive identification), de Romeinse overheid (unwarranted interpretive identification), een engelenmacht (unwarranted interpretive identification)
Original: κατέχον / ὁ κατέχων
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:6 (neuter participle, ‘wat hem weerhoudt’) and 2:7 (masculine participle, ‘hij die weerhoudt’). The identity is deliberately unstated in Greek and historically disputed even among Reformed commentators. Preserve the Greek’s own neuter-to-masculine grammatical shift; translators must NOT insert any interpretive identification.
Mystery Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: de verborgenheid van de wetteloosheid
Transliteration: de verborgenheid van de wetteloosheid
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: het geheim van de wetteloosheid (acceptable modern-register variant, use consistently once chosen)
Original: μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:7 (mystērion tēs anomias). HIGH RISK: ‘verborgenheid’/‘mysterie’ is otherwise Paul’s positive term for God’s revealed redemptive plan (cf. Romans 11:25, 16:25, already in the baseline corpus). Always keep the genitive qualifier attached; consider a light contextual gloss on first occurrence (‘het geheime, reeds werkzame plan van de wetteloosheid’) to prevent confusion with the positive Pauline usage.
Lawless One
Approved rendering: de wetteloze
Transliteration: de wetteloze
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ὁ ἄνομος
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:8 (ho anomos), shorthand restatement of ‘de mens der wetteloosheid’ (2:3). Must be recorded as co-referential with that phrase in translation memory so Dutch readers clearly recognize the same figure across verses 3 and 8.
Strong Delusion
Approved rendering: een werking van de dwaling
Transliteration: een werking van de dwaling
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἐνέργεια πλάνης
Category: Judgment
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:11 (energeia planēs). HIGH RISK: must not be rendered so as to suggest God directly manufactures unbelief ex nihilo, nor so softened that God’s judicial agency disappears; structurally parallel to Romans 9’s Pharaoh-hardening and the baseline’s caution on compatibilist divine action attached to ‘verkiezing’. A divinely permitted judicial confirming of a deception already chosen (v.10).
Condemned
Approved rendering: veroordeeld
Transliteration: veroordeeld
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: beoordeeld (too mild, loses the adverse verdict)
Original: κρίνω (κριθῶσιν)
Category: Judgment
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:12 (krinō, krithōsin). Must be kept consonant with the baseline’s Critical ‘rechtvaardiging’/‘gerechtigheid’ word-family as its negative forensic mirror — those who reject the truth receive the opposite forensic verdict.
Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: ongerechtigheid
Transliteration: ongerechtigheid
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀδικία
Category: Judgment
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:12 (adikia). Must remain the transparent antonym of the baseline’s Critical term ‘gerechtigheid’, not an unrelated word for generic bad behavior, given its direct antonym relationship to that Critical baseline term.
Endurance Perseverance
Approved rendering: volharding
Transliteration: volharding
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance
New for this curriculum. Occurs 1:4, and of Christ’s own steadfastness in 3:5 (hypomonē). HIGH RISK, Dutch-specific: Dutch Reformed dogmatics has a distinct, technical doctrine also called ‘de volharding der heiligen’ (perseverance of the saints — God’s sovereign preserving work, one of the Canons of Dort’s five heads of doctrine). Keep Paul’s here-and-now commendation of the Thessalonians’ active, present-tense human endurance distinct from that dogmatic locus, though related.
Vengeance Retribution
Approved rendering: vergelding
Transliteration: vergelding
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: wraak (personal, vindictive-revenge/vendetta connotation)
Original: ἐκδίκησις
Category: Judgment
New for this curriculum. Occurs 1:8 (ekdikēsis). FORBIDDEN ‘wraak’ — carries a strong personal-vindictiveness connotation in modern Dutch, risking a portrayal of God as capricious or spiteful rather than justly judicial. God’s own righteous act of judicial retribution, exercised by legitimate authority, not private revenge.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:3, 1:4, 1:11, 2:13, 3:2. Personal trust in Christ, not generic pluralistic religiosity, given continued Dutch secularization.
Calling
Approved rendering: roeping
Transliteration: roeping
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:11, paired with ‘worthy’ (axios) — reviewers must confirm no merit-based reading of the calling itself creeps into the pairing. ‘Roeping’ continues to collide with the ordinary secular career-vocation sense.
Called
Approved rendering: geroepen
Transliteration: geroepen
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 2:14, in the effectual/salvation sense, directly following the ‘chose’ (2:13) election language.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Koninkrijk van God
Transliteration: Koninkrijk van God
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: Koninkrijk Gods (archaic genitive)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:5 as the goal for which present suffering counts believers worthy; not a political or national project, and ‘waardig’ must not imply merit.
Glory
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid
Transliteration: heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:9 (destruction ‘away from’ glory), 1:10 and 1:12 (Christ glorified ‘in’ his saints/Name) — same Dutch word carries opposite directional force across these verses since Dutch does not mark this morphologically; context must carry the distinction. This curriculum’s doctrine_risk_registry.json elevates the contextual doctrine ‘Deity and Glory of Christ’ to Critical for 2 Thessalonians specifically; the term itself remains recorded at the baseline’s Medium tier, with the elevated doctrinal weight carried in the doctrine registry rather than by altering the baseline term entry.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: heiliging
Transliteration: heiliging
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 2:13, paired with ‘belief in the truth’ as the twin means by which election issues in salvation.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 2:13. Must be capitalized and kept sharply distinct from the lowercase ‘geest’ (claimed, possibly false, prophetic spirit) of 2:2. Capitalization discipline is a hard validation rule in this curriculum.
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout, including as the object of the false self-deification claim in 2:4 (‘proclaiming himself to be God’) — the contrast between the true God and the lawless one’s blasphemous claim must remain unmistakable.
Father
Approved rendering: Vader
Transliteration: Vader
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:1, 1:2, 2:16.
Intercession
Approved rendering: voorbede
Transliteration: voorbede
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Relevant to 1:11 (Paul’s prayer for the church) and 3:1-2 (Paul’s request for prayer). Dutch usefully distinguishes ‘voorbede’ from Catholic ‘voorspraak’ (saints’/Mary’s advocacy), lowering ambiguity risk.
Providence
Approved rendering: voorzienigheid
Transliteration: voorzienigheid
Doctrine: Providence
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies this curriculum’s extended doctrine ‘Providence and the Faithfulness of God’ (3:3); the specific term actually used at 3:3 is the new entry ‘faithful_god’ (pistos), not ‘voorzienigheid’ itself, but the doctrinal continuity with Heidelberg Catechism Q&A 27-28 vocabulary should inform reviewer framing.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: genadegaven
Transliteration: genadegaven
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: geestelijke gaven (looser)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not used as a standalone term in 2 Thessalonians, but referenced negatively by contrast: this book’s new term ‘false signs and wonders’ (2:9) must always retain its ‘vals(e)’/‘van de leugen’ qualifier so it is never mistaken for legitimate ‘genadegaven’.
Revelation
Approved rendering: openbaring
Transliteration: openbaring
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: apocalyps (secular loanword, disaster-movie connotation)
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 1:7 (‘when the Lord Jesus is revealed’), apokalypsis. Must be kept visually and contextually distinct within the same document from ‘verschijning’ (epiphaneia, 2:8) — both legitimate, never used interchangeably. Avoid the secular loanword ‘apocalyps’, which imports an unwanted disaster-movie connotation absent from Paul’s usage.
Worthy
Approved rendering: waardig
Transliteration: waardig
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: ἄξιος
Category: Salvation
New for this curriculum. Occurs 1:5, 1:11 (axios). Must never be read as implying merit, which would contradict the baseline’s Critical genade/gerechtigheid doctrine; living in a manner fitting one’s calling, not earning it.
Gathering Together
Approved rendering: samenkomst
Transliteration: samenkomst
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: vergadering (names specific Dutch free-church/Brethren congregations)
Original: ἐπισυναγωγή
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:1 (episynagoge). Avoid ‘vergadering’, which risks denominational conflation with ‘Vergadering van Gelovigen’ congregations; guard against imported dispensational rapture-chronology not present in the Greek.
Claimed Spirit
Approved rendering: geest
Transliteration: geest
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:2 (pneuma, a claimed prophetic utterance, possibly false). Must be rendered lowercase ‘geest’, never capitalized ‘Geest’, to avoid implying the Holy Spirit is the source of the disputed claim. Capitalization discipline is a hard validation rule alongside ‘holy_spirit’.
Opposer
Approved rendering: hij die zich verzet
Transliteration: hij die zich verzet
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: de tegenstander
Original: ἀντικείμενος
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:4 (antikeimenos). Low ambiguity in Dutch; total, active opposition to everything called God.
Epiphaneia Appearing
Approved rendering: verschijning van zijn komst
Transliteration: verschijning van zijn komst
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: ἐπιφάνεια τῆς παρουσίας
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:8 (epiphaneia tēs parousias). Keep distinct within the same document from ‘openbaring’ (apokalypsis, 1:7); both legitimate, not interchangeable. Christ’s visible, radiant manifestation, opposite the lawless one’s covert ‘mystery’ activity.
Activity Of Satan
Approved rendering: werking
Transliteration: werking
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ἐνέργεια
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:9 (energeia, of Satan). Standard rendering; note this word recurs positively of God’s own working elsewhere in Paul, so context must make the satanic referent here unmistakable.
False Signs And Wonders
Approved rendering: valse tekenen en wonderen
Transliteration: valse tekenen en wonderen
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: tekenen en wonderen (bare, without qualifier — FORBIDDEN, indistinguishable from genadegaven)
Original: σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα ψεύδους
Category: Eschatology
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:9 (sēmeia kai terata pseudous). The qualifier ‘vals(e)’/‘van de leugen’ must never be dropped, or the phrase becomes indistinguishable from legitimate NT miracle vocabulary and the baseline’s ‘genadegaven’.
Wicked Deception
Approved rendering: bedrog van de ongerechtigheid
Transliteration: bedrog van de ongerechtigheid
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀπάτη ἀδικίας
Category: Judgment
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:10 (apatē adikias). Should echo the baseline’s established ‘gerechtigheid’ word-family rather than a generic word for ‘unfair’, preserving the forensic resonance — the moral character of the deception, not merely its factual falsity.
Love Of The Truth
Approved rendering: liefde voor de waarheid
Transliteration: liefde voor de waarheid
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἀγάπη τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Faith
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:10 (agapē tēs alētheias). ‘Waarheid’ here is the gospel-truth, not abstract philosophical truth; rejecting this love is culpable, not innocent ignorance.
Persecution
Approved rendering: vervolging
Transliteration: vervolging
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: διωγμός
Category: Perseverance
New for this curriculum. Occurs 1:4 (diōgmos). Modern Dutch also uses ‘vervolging’ for criminal/legal prosecution (‘strafvervolging’); context keeps the religious-persecution sense clear, especially in isolated pull-quotes.
Affliction
Approved rendering: verdrukking
Transliteration: verdrukking
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Perseverance
New for this curriculum. Occurs 1:4, 1:6 (thlipsis). Standard theological term, low ambiguity, broader in scope than diōgmos — any severe pressure endured by believers, repaid by God in kind to persecutors.
Repay
Approved rendering: vergelden
Transliteration: vergelden
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀνταποδίδωμι
Category: Judgment
New for this curriculum. Occurs 1:6 (antapodidōmi). Keep the sense of exact, proportionate reciprocal repayment, not vague retribution; God’s judgment is precise, not arbitrary.
Obey The Gospel
Approved rendering: gehoorzamen aan het evangelie
Transliteration: gehoorzamen aan het evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: ὑπακούω
Category: Faith
New for this curriculum. Occurs 1:8 (hypakouō). Distinct Greek construction from the baseline’s fixed phrase ‘gehoorzaamheid van het geloof’ (hypakoē pisteōs, Romans 1:5/16:26); reviewers should not conflate the two constructions when translating this simple verb.
Belief In The Truth
Approved rendering: geloof in de waarheid
Transliteration: geloof in de waarheid
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις ἀληθείας
Category: Faith
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:13 (pistis alētheias), paired with sanctification of the Spirit as the twin means by which election issues in salvation. Uses baseline’s established ‘geloof’ exactly.
Disorderly Idle
Approved rendering: wanordelijk / ongeregeld
Transliteration: wanordelijk / ongeregeld
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Rejected alternatives: lui (generic laziness, loses eschatological over-excitement link)
Original: ἄτακτος / ἀτάκτως
Category: Tradition
New for this curriculum. Occurs 3:6, 3:7, 3:11 (ataktos/ataktōs). Preserve the connection to the eschatological over-excitement addressed in chapter 2 (people abandoning ordinary work presuming the Day of the Lord had already come), not generic laziness, where context allows.
Admonish
Approved rendering: vermanen
Transliteration: vermanen
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Fraternal Correction
Original: νουθετέω
Category: Church
New for this curriculum, using the baseline’s inherited ‘vermanen’ rendering deliberately. Occurs 3:15 (noutheteō, ‘admonish him as a brother, not as an enemy’). Explicitly distinguished in this document from ‘aansporen’/‘vertroosten’ used for the encouragement-register parakaleō elsewhere (2:16-17, 3:12). Correction must remain fraternal, not adversarial.
Comfort Encourage
Approved rendering: vertroosten / aansporen
Transliteration: vertroosten / aansporen
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: vermanen (admonish-leaning; inappropriate for this comfort register)
Original: παρακαλέω (comfort/encourage sense)
Category: Faith
New for this curriculum. Occurs 2:16, 2:17, 3:12 (parakaleō, comfort/encourage sense). Baseline’s default ‘vermanen’ is inappropriate here; use ‘vertroosten’ or ‘aansporen’, disambiguated from ‘admonish’ (noutheteō, 3:15). Warm register within formal register, per baseline tone guidance for Romans 8/12-style passages.
Faithful God
Approved rendering: getrouw
Transliteration: getrouw
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: gelovig (having faith — wrong referent, describes humans not God)
Original: πιστός
Category: God
New for this curriculum. Occurs 3:3 (pistos, of the Lord). Render ‘getrouw’, deliberately distinct from ‘gelovig’, so God’s own reliable, trustworthy character is never confused with a human act of believing. Undergirds believers’ security and protection from evil.
The Evil One
Approved rendering: de boze
Transliteration: de boze
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: het kwade (generic, impersonal, loses the personal-adversary reading)
Original: ὁ πονηρός
Category: Perseverance
New for this curriculum. Occurs 3:3 (ho ponēros). Prefer ‘de boze’ (personal, echoing the Dutch Lord’s Prayer tradition ‘verlos ons van de boze’) over generic ‘het kwade’, preserving the personal spiritual-adversary reading available in the Greek.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 2 Thessalonians 1:8 (‘obey the gospel’). Stable, shared term across Reformed and Catholic Dutch Bibles.
Peace
Approved rendering: vrede
Transliteration: vrede
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:2, 3:16, 3:18. Relational, covenantal peace, not merely psychological calm.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: dankzegging
Transliteration: dankzegging
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:3, 2:13, opening both major thanksgiving sections of the letter.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout.
Exhort
Approved rendering: vermanen
Transliteration: vermanen
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged as the default admonish-register rendering. In this book, disambiguated per baseline’s own note: ‘vermanen’ is reserved for the noutheteō admonish sense (3:15; see new entry ‘admonish’), while the parakaleō comfort/encourage sense (2:16-17, 3:12) uses ‘vertroosten’/‘aansporen’ (see new entry ‘comfort_encourage’). Do not use ‘vermanen’ for the comfort-register occurrences.
Example Pattern
Approved rendering: voorbeeld
Transliteration: voorbeeld
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: τύπος
Category: Tradition
New for this curriculum. Occurs 3:9 (typos). Paul’s own diligent labor as a deliberate model to be imitated; standard, low ambiguity.
Busybodies
Approved rendering: bezig met andermans zaken
Transliteration: bezig met andermans zaken
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: περιεργάζομαι
Category: Tradition
New for this curriculum. Occurs 3:11 (periergazomai). Standard idiomatic rendering; idleness produces not neutral inactivity but active, disruptive meddling in the community.
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: woord van de Heer
Transliteration: woord van de Heer
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: λόγος τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Tradition
New for this curriculum. Occurs 3:1 (logos tou Kyriou). Standard, low-ambiguity vocabulary; Paul’s request for prayer that the gospel message spread unhindered.
Referenced passages