Cross-Reference and Theme Analysis — Acts (Handelingen) | English → Dutch
Curriculum: Acts 1–28
Core passage: Acts 2:1–41
Governing rule: This document extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans Language Package. Every shared Old Testament quotation or Pauline doctrinal formula that also occurs in the Romans curriculum must be rendered identically in Dutch across both curricula (see Part 3, Rendering-Consistency Rules). All citations are normalized as Book Chapter:Verse (e.g. Acts 2:21, Joel 2:32, Genesis 15:6), matching the format already used in 07_semantic_analysis.md and 08_core_glossary.md. Dutch-language final output must convert book names per the baseline’s citation convention (Acts = Handelingen; e.g. Handelingen 2:21).
Purpose
This step maps every Old Testament quotation and allusion, every messianic reference, every typological pattern, and every parallel to the Romans curriculum (and to other Bible books this content will eventually be studied alongside) found across the whole of Acts. The goal is to give Phase 2 translators a single reference table that flags, for each occurrence, which prior-established Dutch renderings (from the baseline Romans translation_memory.json) must be reused verbatim, and which new cross-references require deliberate rendering-consistency decisions of their own.
Part 1 — Cross-Reference Matrix by Chapter
Chapter 1
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 1:6 | Kingdom of God misunderstood as national restoration | The apostles, Jesus | Echoes national-restoration hope of Isaiah 11, Ezekiel 37; corrected, not affirmed, by Jesus in 1:7–8 | High — ties to baseline israel note (Dutch Christian Zionism); must not let 1:6’s question read as endorsed by the narrative. |
| Acts 1:8 | Great Commission Fulfilled; Universal Scope of the Gospel | Jesus, the apostles | Allusion to Isaiah 49:6 (“to the ends of the earth”); structurally maps the whole book’s geography | High — reuse baseline’s universal-scope discipline; retain unqualified totality. |
| Acts 1:16, 20 | Fulfillment of prophecy in Judas’s fate | Judas, David (as psalmist) | Direct quotation: Psalm 69:25 and Psalm 109:8 combined | Medium — low OT/Psalter literacy requires brief framing; “de Heilige Geest… door de mond van David” attributes psalm authorship to inspired prophecy (ties to inspiration_of_scripture, baseline Medium). |
| Acts 1:24 | Providence in apostolic selection | The apostles | Echoes OT lot-casting practice (cf. Leviticus 16:8; Joshua 18:6) | Medium — see providence (baseline). |
Chapter 2 (core passage)
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 2:1 | The Holy Spirit and Pentecost | — | Feast of Weeks/Shavuot: Leviticus 23:15–21; Exodus 34:22; Deuteronomy 16:9–12 (firstfruits harvest typology) | Medium — “Pinksteren” is secularized in Dutch culture; OT firstfruits background must be supplied explicitly. |
| Acts 2:5–11 | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles (proleptic) | The nations list | Allusion/reversal of Genesis 10 (table of nations) and Genesis 11:1–9 (Babel’s confusion of tongues, now reversed) | High — this reversal-of-Babel typology is the doctrinal payload of the “other tongues” sign; must not be lost by abbreviating the nation list. |
| Acts 2:16–21 | The Holy Spirit and Pentecost; fulfillment of prophecy | Peter, Joel | Direct quotation: Joel 2:28–32 | Critical, see Part 3 below — Acts 2:21 quotes the identical clause quoted in Romans 10:13. |
| Acts 2:21 | Salvation; universal scope of the gospel | — | Direct quotation: Joel 2:32b, “whoever calls on the name of the LORD shall be saved” — identical Greek clause reused verbatim at Romans 10:13 | Critical — MUST match the baseline’s fixed Romans 10:13 rendering exactly: “al wie de Naam van de Heere zal aanroepen, zal behouden worden.” No paraphrase permitted. |
| Acts 2:25–28 | Resurrection of Christ | David (as psalmist), Peter | Direct quotation: Psalm 16:8–11 | Medium — reuse TM resurrection/opstanding; note the psalm recurs again at Acts 13:35 (see below) — render identically both times. |
| Acts 2:29–31 | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Promise | David, Peter | Allusion: 2 Samuel 7:12–16 (Davidic covenant oath); Psalm 132:11 | High — ties to baseline davidic_covenant (High) and israel note; keep fulfilled-in-Christ framing, not future ethnic-national restoration. |
| Acts 2:34–35 | Lordship of Christ; Deity of Christ | David (as psalmist), Peter | Direct quotation: Psalm 110:1 — also quoted/echoed in Matthew 22:44, Mark 12:36, Luke 20:42–43, and echoed without direct quotation at Romans 8:34 (“who is at the right hand of God”) | Critical — inherits lord (Heer) Critical rating; the enthronement claim must not be softened into honorary status. |
| Acts 2:36 | Lordship and Messiahship of Christ (climactic double confession) | Peter | Sermon’s doctrinal summit; structurally parallel to Romans 10:9’s confession formula | Critical — “Heer en Christus” must receive the same fixed cross-curriculum rendering discipline the baseline mandates for Romans 10:9; see Part 3. |
| Acts 2:38–39 | Repentance and Baptism; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Peter, the crowd | 2:39 “those who are far off” alludes to Isaiah 57:19 and anticipates Ephesians 2:13, 17 | Critical — baptism rendering; see Part 3 baptism note. |
Chapter 3
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 3:13 | Deity/authority of God the Father | Peter | Direct allusion: Exodus 3:6, 15 (“God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob”) | Low. |
| Acts 3:18 | Fulfillment of prophecy | Peter | General fulfillment formula (“all the prophets”) | Medium — low OT literacy requires framing. |
| Acts 3:21 | Great Commission Fulfilled (eschatological horizon) | Peter | Allusion: Isaiah 65:17; Malachi 4:5–6 (“restoration of all things”) | High — same apokatastasis risk noted in 07/08: guard against conflation with modern political Israel-restoration readings. |
| Acts 3:22–23 | Messianic Promise; the Prophet like Moses | Peter, Moses | Direct quotation: Deuteronomy 18:15, 18–19 — quoted again at Acts 7:37 | High — render identically both occurrences within Acts; ties to messiah (Medium baseline) at Critical-adjacent typological weight. |
| Acts 3:25 | Davidic/Abrahamic Covenant; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Peter, Abraham | Paraphrased quotation: Genesis 22:18 / Genesis 12:3 (“in your offspring all the families of the earth shall be blessed”) | High — direct parallel to Romans 4:13, 16–17’s Abrahamic-promise argument (Genesis 15:6, quoted at Romans 4:3); keep the “seed”/nakomeling vocabulary consistent with baseline seed_of_david pattern. |
Chapter 4
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 4:11 | Apostolic Authority; rejection-then-exaltation typology | Peter | Direct quotation: Psalm 118:22 (“the stone that the builders rejected”) — also quoted at Matthew 21:42, Mark 12:10, Luke 20:17, 1 Peter 2:7; thematically parallel to (but textually distinct from) Romans 9:33’s stone-of-stumbling catena (Isaiah 28:16 + Isaiah 8:14) | High — do NOT conflate this stone quotation with Romans 9:33’s different stone texts; flag as a related-but-distinct typological image. |
| Acts 4:12 | Salvation; Universal Scope of the Gospel | Peter | Doctrinal climax: exclusivity of salvation in Christ’s name alone | Critical — see baseline universal_scope_of_gospel; must not read as “one way among others.” |
| Acts 4:24–26 | Messianic Promise; Persecution and Bold Witness | The gathered church | Direct quotation: Psalm 2:1–2 | High — Psalm 2 recurs at Acts 13:33 (Psalm 2:7); render the psalm consistently across both occurrences; ties thematically to Romans 1:4’s Sonship declaration (not a direct quotation there, but shared typological source). |
| Acts 4:25 | Inspiration of Scripture | David (as psalmist), Holy Spirit | Explicit attribution: “by the Holy Spirit, through the mouth of your servant David” | Medium — ties to inspiration_of_scripture (baseline Medium). |
Chapter 5
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 5:30 | Persecution and Bold Witness; the cross | Peter, the Sanhedrin | Allusion: Deuteronomy 21:22–23 (“hanged on a tree”) — same allusion behind Galatians 3:13 | High — flag for future cross-curriculum consistency (Galatians) even though Galatians is outside this curriculum’s scope; do not render “hout”/“boom” in a way that would conflict with a future Galatians rendering. |
| Acts 5:31 | Apostolic Authority; Christological titles | Peter | ”Prince and Savior” (ἀρχηγὸν καὶ σωτῆρα) — parallel Christological title to ἀρχηγός at Acts 3:15 | Critical — same weight as the archēgos/“Leidsman ten leven” entry in 08_core_glossary.md; render consistently. |
Chapter 6
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 6:7 | Obedience of Faith; Church as Community | The priests, the church | Conceptual echo of Romans 1:5, 16:26’s “obedience of faith” (ὑπακούω τῇ πίστει) | High — reuse baseline TM obedience_of_faith (gehoorzaamheid van het geloof). |
| Acts 6:13–14 | Justification apart from the Law (background tension) | Stephen | Accusation echoes Mosaic-law controversy that Stephen’s speech (ch.7) and the Jerusalem Council (ch.15) later resolve | Medium — flag as narrative setup, not doctrinal resolution. |
Chapter 7 (Stephen’s speech — dense OT recital)
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 7:2–3 | Davidic/Abrahamic Covenant | Stephen, Abraham | Genesis 12:1, 4–5 (Abraham’s call and departure) | Low. |
| Acts 7:5 | Covenant promise of land | Stephen, Abraham | Genesis 15:7; 17:8 | Medium — ties to covenant (High baseline). |
| Acts 7:6–7 | Fulfillment of prophecy | Stephen | Direct quotation: Genesis 15:13–14 (400 years of slavery foretold); allusion to Exodus 3:12 | Medium. |
| Acts 7:8 | Covenant sign | Stephen, the patriarchs | Genesis 17:10–14 (circumcision); Genesis 21:2–4; 25:26; 29–35 | High — circumcision here is covenant-sign background, distinct from but preparatory to the ch.15 justification-apart-from-law controversy over circumcision; keep the two senses distinguishable in teaching notes. |
| Acts 7:9–16 | Providence; rejection-then-exaltation typology | Stephen, Joseph | Genesis 37–50 (Joseph narrative); Genesis 46:27 (seventy souls); Joshua 24:32 (burial at Shechem) | Medium — Joseph functions as an implicit type of the rejected-yet-exalted deliverer, a pattern fulfilled climactically in Christ; worth flagging for teaching material even though the text itself does not state the typology explicitly. |
| Acts 7:17–29 | Providence; Moses as deliverer-type | Stephen, Moses | Exodus 1–2 | Low. |
| Acts 7:30–34 | Deity of God; theophany | Stephen, Moses | Direct quotation: Exodus 3:5–6, 10 (burning bush, “I am the God of Abraham…”) | Medium. |
| Acts 7:35–38 | Messianic Promise; the Prophet like Moses | Stephen, Moses | Direct quotation (repeated from Acts 3:22): Deuteronomy 18:15 | High — render identically to Acts 3:22. |
| Acts 7:39–41 | Universal Human Accountability; idolatry | Stephen, Israel in the wilderness | Exodus 32 (golden calf) | Medium. |
| Acts 7:42–43 | Universal Human Accountability; judgment | Stephen | Direct quotation: Amos 5:25–27 | Medium. |
| Acts 7:44 | Tabernacle typology | Stephen, Moses | Exodus 25:9, 40 | Low. |
| Acts 7:46–47 | Davidic Covenant; temple typology | Stephen, David, Solomon | 2 Samuel 7:1–13; 1 Kings 6:1 | Medium — ties to davidic_covenant (High baseline). |
| Acts 7:48–50 | Deity of God; transcendence over ritual place | Stephen | Direct quotation: Isaiah 66:1–2 | Medium. |
| Acts 7:51 | Persecution and Bold Witness; resisting the Spirit | Stephen | Allusion: Isaiah 63:10; Nehemiah 9:26, 30 | High — reuse holy_spirit/sin complex per baseline; must convey active, culpable resistance to God, not passive disagreement. |
| Acts 7:52 | Messianic Promise; “the Righteous One” | Stephen | Allusion to the pattern of prophet-rejection across 1–2 Kings, Nehemiah 9; Christological title “the Righteous One” parallel to Acts 3:14 | High — ties to righteousness (Critical baseline); this compound title (“de Heilige en Rechtvaardige”) must not collapse into generic moral praise. |
Chapter 8
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 8:20–23 | Grace cannot be purchased | Peter, Simon Magus | Conceptual parallel to Isaiah 55:1 (grace freely given, “without money”) and grace-vs-merit passages in Romans (Romans 4:4–5, 11:5–6) | High — reuse baseline grace-merit discipline exactly. |
| Acts 8:32–33 | Messianic Promise; Suffering Servant fulfilled | Philip, the Ethiopian eunuch | Direct quotation: Isaiah 53:7–8 — Isaiah 53 is also echoed (not directly quoted) at Romans 10:16 (“Lord, who has believed our report,” Isaiah 53:1) | Critical — this is the single most explicit direct fulfillment-quotation of the Suffering Servant in Acts; render Isaiah 53 vocabulary (lijden, geslacht ter slachting) with full weight matching the baseline’s messianic_promise (High) and resurrection_of_christ/atonement adjacency; flag for human theologian review given its density of doctrinal freight in a single short quotation. |
Chapter 9
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 9:4–5 | Conversion of Paul; Christ’s identification with his church | Saul, the risen Christ | Conceptual echo of Zechariah 2:8 (touching God’s people touches God); no direct quotation | High — see 07 analysis; must preserve first-person divine identification with the persecuted church. |
| Acts 9:15 | Conversion of Paul; Election | The risen Christ, Ananias, Saul | Direct lexical link to Romans 9:21–23’s “vessel” (σκεῦος) election imagery — the single strongest lexical bridge between Acts and Romans’ election doctrine | Critical — see Part 3 below; “uitgekozen werktuig” must be checked against however σκεῦος is rendered in Romans 9 material for this same publisher’s future Romans-Acts cross-study use. |
Chapter 10
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 10:34–35 | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles; impartiality | Peter, Cornelius | Allusion: Deuteronomy 10:17; 2 Chronicles 19:7 — direct conceptual parallel to Romans 2:11 (“God shows no partiality”) | High — render “God ziet niemand naar het aanzien van zijn persoon” consistently with however Romans 2:11 is rendered in the Romans package (baseline does not include this exact clause; flag for cross-curriculum harmonization if a Romans revision occurs). |
| Acts 10:43 | Fulfillment of prophecy | Peter | General formula (“all the prophets bear witness”) | Low. |
Chapter 11
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 11:18 | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles (doctrinal confirmation) | The Jerusalem church | No direct OT quotation; doctrinal capstone of ch.10’s narrative | High — reuse bekering/repentance (High) and gentiles/heidenen (Medium). |
| Acts 11:26 | The Church as Community; Christian identity | The Antioch believers | First occurrence of “Christianos” | Low. |
Chapter reviewed in full; no additional OT quotations beyond those noted.
Chapter 12
Chapter reviewed in full. No direct OT quotations. Persecution and Bold Witness and Church as Community themes continue via reused vocabulary (church/gemeente, intercession/voorbede) already covered in 07/08. No new cross-reference load.
Chapter 13
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 13:17–22 | Fulfillment of prophecy; Davidic Covenant | Paul | Historical recital: Exodus 6:6; Deuteronomy 1:31; Joshua (conquest); Judges; 1 Samuel 13:14 (“a man after my own heart”) | Medium. |
| Acts 13:33 | Sonship/Deity of Christ; Resurrection | Paul | Direct quotation: Psalm 2:7 — same psalm quoted at Acts 4:25 (Psalm 2:1–2); also quoted at Hebrews 1:5, 5:5 | Critical — render Psalm 2 identically across both Acts occurrences; ties to son_of_god (Critical baseline). |
| Acts 13:34 | Davidic Covenant | Paul | Direct quotation: Isaiah 55:3 | High. |
| Acts 13:35 | Resurrection of Christ | Paul | Direct quotation: Psalm 16:10 — same psalm as Acts 2:27; render identically | Critical — cross-reference within Acts itself; any divergence between Acts 2:27 and Acts 13:35’s rendering of Psalm 16 breaks internal curriculum consistency. |
| Acts 13:41 | Persecution and Bold Witness; warning | Paul | Direct quotation: Habakkuk 1:5 | Medium. |
| Acts 13:47 | Great Commission Fulfilled; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Paul | Direct quotation: Isaiah 49:6 (“a light for the Gentiles”) — same source text echoed at Acts 1:8’s “ends of the earth” and quoted at Luke 2:32; thematically parallel to Romans 15:9–12’s Gentile-inclusion OT catena (though different specific verses: 2 Samuel 22:50/Psalm 18:49, Deuteronomy 32:43, Psalm 117:1, Isaiah 11:10) | High — do not conflate the specific verses; note the shared theme (Gentile inclusion foretold), not identical texts. |
| Acts 13:48 | Election | Paul, narrator | Direct doctrinal statement: “ordained/appointed to eternal life” — same conceptual family as Romans 8:29–30 (foreknew, predestined) and Romans 9:11–23 | Critical — inherits baseline election (verkiezing) Critical rating in full. |
| Acts 13:39 | Justification apart from the Law | Paul | First explicit Acts statement of justification doctrine; direct doctrinal bridge to Romans 3:20–28, Galatians 2:16 | Critical — see Part 3, justification rendering-consistency rule. |
Chapter 14
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 14:15–17 | Providence; polemic against idolatry | Paul, Barnabas | Conceptual parallel to Psalm 146:6 (“who made heaven and earth”); echoes creation-based apologetic also used at Acts 17:24–28 | Medium. |
| Acts 14:22 | Persecution and Bold Witness | Paul, Barnabas | General tribulation theme, no direct quotation | Medium. |
Chapter 15
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 15:10–11 | Justification apart from the Law; Grace | Peter | Doctrinal summary combining grace, lord, faith, salvation in one clause; direct conceptual parallel to Romans 3:24, Galatians 5:1 (law as yoke vs. freedom in Christ) | Critical — see Part 3. |
| Acts 15:16–17 | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles; Davidic Covenant restored in the church | James | Direct quotation: Amos 9:11–12 | High — thematically parallel to Romans 11’s olive-tree Gentile-grafting argument, though textually distinct; do not conflate the two OT sources. |
Chapter 16
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 16:30–31 | Salvation; Repentance and Baptism | The Philippian jailer, Paul | Headline evangelistic dialogue; no direct OT quotation, but the “believe and be saved” formula echoes Romans 10:9’s confession-and-salvation pattern | High — register must match baseline’s fixed behoud choice exactly. |
| Acts 16:33 | Repentance and Baptism; household inclusion | The jailer’s household | Ties to the baptism-controversy fault line (see Part 3) | Critical. |
Chapter 17
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 17:24–25 | Providence; God’s self-sufficiency | Paul | Allusion: Isaiah 42:5; Psalm 50:9–12 | Medium. |
| Acts 17:26 | Providence; unity of humankind | Paul | Allusion: Deuteronomy 32:8; Genesis 1 (single human origin) | Medium — supports, does not contradict, unity_of_jews_and_gentiles framing. |
| Acts 17:28 | Apologetic bridge (NOT Scripture) | Paul | Quotation of pagan Greek poets (Epimenides/Aratus), “we are his offspring” | High — translators must clearly distinguish this from a Scripture quotation; do not format or gloss it as inspired Scripture. |
| Acts 17:31 | Universal Human Accountability; final judgment | Paul | Allusion: Psalm 9:8; Psalm 96:13 | Medium. |
Chapter 18
Chapter reviewed in full. No direct OT quotation of note; continues the Way and Lord Jesus vocabulary already documented in 07/08.
Chapter 19
Chapter reviewed in full. No direct OT quotation; baptism/Holy-Spirit vocabulary already flagged Critical in 07/08 (John’s baptism vs. baptism in the name of the Lord Jesus). No new cross-reference load beyond that already noted.
Chapter 20
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 20:28 | Apostolic Authority; Church as Community | Paul, the Ephesian elders | Conceptual background: Ezekiel 34 (shepherd imagery); Psalm 23; Jeremiah 23:1–4 (false vs. true shepherds) | High — ties to the overseers/shepherd naming-choice note in 08 glossary (opziener/herder, not bisschop). |
| Acts 20:35 | Mutual Edification | Paul | An unrecorded saying of Jesus (“more blessed to give than to receive”) — an agraphon, not an OT quotation | Low — flag for translators that this is cited as a saying of Jesus, not Scripture text found in the Gospels. |
Chapter 21
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 21:23–26 | Justification apart from the Law (pastoral concession) | Paul | Background: Numbers 6:1–21 (Nazirite vow) | Medium — must be read alongside, not against, the ch.15 resolution; low OT ritual literacy requires framing. |
Chapter 22
Chapter reviewed in full. Reuses Acts 9’s conversion vocabulary (Ti me diōkeis, the Way); no new OT quotations.
Chapter 23
Chapter reviewed in full. The Pharisee-Sadducee resurrection dispute (23:6–9) reuses resurrection/opstanding (Medium baseline); no new direct OT quotation.
Chapter 24
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 24:14–15 | Fulfillment of prophecy; Resurrection | Paul | Paul’s defense appeals to “the Law and the Prophets” and “the resurrection… both of the just and unjust” (cf. Daniel 12:2) | Medium — allusion to Daniel 12:2’s righteous/wicked resurrection distinction. |
| Acts 24:25 | Righteousness; Universal Human Accountability | Paul, Felix | Reuse righteousness (Critical baseline) | Critical. |
Chapter 25
Chapter reviewed in full. No direct OT quotation; Caesar/imperial-authority theme noted in 07 analysis.
Chapter 26
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 26:18 | Conversion of Paul; Justification apart from the Law | The risen Christ (recounted by Paul) | Direct echo of Isaiah 42:7 and Isaiah 42:16 (opening blind eyes, turning darkness to light) — Servant Song vocabulary, same source family as Isaiah 49:6 (Acts 13:47) | High — retain cosmic light/darkness framing, not mere moral self-improvement. |
| Acts 26:22–23 | Fulfillment of prophecy; Resurrection | Paul | General summary formula: “what the prophets and Moses said would happen” — summarizes Psalm 16, Isaiah 53, and messianic-suffering texts already quoted earlier in Acts | Medium. |
Chapter 27
Chapter reviewed in full. σωτηρία occurs in its non-doctrinal, physical “rescue at sea” sense (27:20, 31, 34) — see 07/08 caution against defaulting to doctrinal behoud register here. No OT quotations.
Chapter 28
| Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|
| Acts 28:26–27 | Universal Human Accountability; Israel’s partial hardening | Paul | Direct quotation: Isaiah 6:9–10 — also quoted at Matthew 13:14–15, Mark 4:12, John 12:40; thematically (not textually) parallel to Romans 11:8’s hardening quotation (which combines Deuteronomy 29:4 and Isaiah 29:10, a different OT text) | High — do not conflate Isaiah 6:9–10 with Romans 11:8’s Deuteronomy 29:4/Isaiah 29:10 combination; both serve the same “partial hardening of Israel” doctrine but are textually distinct quotations. |
| Acts 28:28 | Great Commission Fulfilled; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Paul | Closing doctrinal statement: salvation now explicitly “sent to the Gentiles” | High — reuse gentiles/heidenen (Medium) and salvation/behoud (High). |
| Acts 28:31 | Great Commission Fulfilled | Paul | Closing summary: “the kingdom of God” and “the Lord Jesus Christ,” with parrēsia (boldness) and akōlytōs (unhindered) | Medium/High — see 07/08 for akōlytōs’s triumphant-force requirement. |
Part 2 — Messianic References and Typology (Summary)
| Type/Pattern | OT Root | Acts Occurrence(s) | Fulfillment/Antitype | Translation Note |
|---|
| The Prophet like Moses | Deuteronomy 18:15, 18–19 | Acts 3:22–23; 7:37 | Jesus as the definitive prophetic spokesperson of God | Render Deuteronomy 18:15 identically at both Acts occurrences. |
| The Suffering Servant | Isaiah 53 | Acts 8:32–33 (direct quotation); echoed 26:23 | Jesus’ death interpreted through Isaiah’s Servant Songs | Critical weight; do not soften “geslacht” (slaughtered) imagery. |
| The Davidic King enthroned | Psalm 2; Psalm 110; 2 Samuel 7:12–16 | Acts 2:29–35; 4:25–26; 13:22–23, 33–34 | Jesus as risen, enthroned Son and King, fulfilling the Davidic covenant | Render Psalm 2 and Psalm 110 consistently across every Acts occurrence. |
| The Righteous Sufferer of the Psalms (non-decay) | Psalm 16:8–11 | Acts 2:25–28; 13:35 | Christ’s bodily resurrection, not merely poetic hope | Render Psalm 16 identically at both occurrences. |
| The Rejected Stone / Cornerstone | Psalm 118:22 | Acts 4:11 | Christ, rejected by leaders, becomes foundation of the church | Distinct from, do not conflate with, Romans 9:33’s separate stone catena. |
| Joseph as rejected-yet-exalted deliverer (implicit typology) | Genesis 37–50 | Acts 7:9–16 | Not stated explicitly in the text; useful teaching typology of a pattern fulfilled climactically in Christ’s rejection-then-exaltation | Flag as implicit/typological, not a direct NT-stated fulfillment — avoid overstating textual warrant. |
| Light to the Gentiles / Servant’s mission | Isaiah 49:6 | Acts 1:8 (allusion); 13:47 (direct quotation) | The church’s mission fulfilling the Servant’s mandate to the nations | Same source text; keep consistent vocabulary (“licht voor de heidenen”) across both occurrences. |
| Firstfruits/harvest typology | Leviticus 23:15–21 (Feast of Weeks) | Acts 2:1 | The Spirit’s outpouring as the “firstfruits” inaugurating the new-covenant harvest among the nations | Requires explicit OT background framing for secularized Dutch readers. |
Part 3 — Parallels to Romans and Rendering-Consistency Rules
The following shared quotations, formulas, and doctrinal structures recur identically or near-identically between Acts and the Romans curriculum. Phase 2 translators must apply the listed rule without exception.
| Shared Element | Acts Location(s) | Romans Location(s) | Rendering-Consistency Rule |
|---|
| Joel 2:32b, “whoever calls on the name of the Lord shall be saved” | Acts 2:21 | Romans 10:13 | MUST be rendered identically, verbatim: “al wie de Naam van de Heere zal aanroepen, zal behouden worden.” This is the single highest-priority consistency rule in this document; the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md already names this exact formula as fixed. |
| ”Lord and Christ” / “Jesus is Lord” confession formula | Acts 2:36 (“Heer en Christus”) | Romans 10:9 (“Jezus is Heer”) | Both are climactic salvation-confession formulas; apply the same fixed-rendering, no-qualification discipline the baseline mandates for Romans 10:9 to Acts 2:36. |
| Justification apart from the Law | Acts 13:39 | Romans 3:20–28; Galatians 2:16 (future curriculum) | Reuse TM justification (rechtvaardiging, Critical) and law (wet, High) exactly; Acts 13:39 is this curriculum’s direct doctrinal bridge into the Romans argument — no vocabulary drift permitted. |
| Grace excludes human merit/works | Acts 15:11; 8:20 (negatively, Simon Magus) | Romans 3:24; 4:4–5; 11:5–6 | Reuse TM grace (genade, High) with the same grace-vs-merit contrast discipline. |
| Election as God’s sovereign choice (σκεῦος/ἐκλογή vocabulary) | Acts 9:15 (“chosen vessel”); 13:48; 22:14 | Romans 9:11–23 (vessels of mercy/wrath, ἐκλογή) | Reuse TM election (verkiezing, Critical); note the shared σκεῦος (“vessel”) root between Acts 9:15 and Romans 9:21–23 as the strongest direct lexical bridge in the whole curriculum pair — flag for any future joint Acts–Romans teaching material. |
| God shows no partiality | Acts 10:34–35 | Romans 2:11 | Keep the impartiality claim unqualified in both; no ethnic exception implied in either. |
| Light/darkness conversion imagery | Acts 26:18 | Romans 13:12 | Reuse consistent light/darkness vocabulary; cosmic-moral framing, not mere self-improvement. |
| Israel’s partial hardening | Acts 28:26–27 (Isaiah 6:9–10) | Romans 11:8 (Deuteronomy 29:4/Isaiah 29:10) | Same doctrine, different OT source texts — do not conflate; render each quotation from its own OT source, while framing both consistently within unity_of_jews_and_gentiles (High baseline). |
| Gentile inclusion foretold from the Prophets | Acts 13:47 (Isaiah 49:6); 15:16–17 (Amos 9:11–12) | Romans 15:9–12 (2 Samuel 22:50/Psalm 18:49; Deuteronomy 32:43; Psalm 117:1; Isaiah 11:10) | Distinct OT catenae serving the same doctrine; render each independently and accurately rather than harmonizing the wording. |
| Right hand of God / enthronement | Acts 2:34–35 (Psalm 110:1, direct quotation) | Romans 8:34 (echo, no direct quotation) | Keep “de rechterhand van God” idiom identical in both places even though Romans 8:34 does not formally cite the psalm. |
| Abrahamic covenant/seed promise | Acts 3:25; 7:5–8 | Romans 4:3 (Genesis 15:6, quoted directly); 4:13, 16–17 | Reuse TM seed_of_david-pattern vocabulary discipline for “seed/offspring” language (prefer “nakomelingen”/“geslacht” per context, avoiding archaic literal renderings) consistently across both curricula. |
Part 4 — Citation Normalization Standard
- All English-language analysis documents in this Phase 1 pipeline cite Scripture as
Book Chapter:Verse (e.g., Acts 2:21, Joel 2:32, Genesis 15:6), matching the format used in 07_semantic_analysis.md and 08_core_glossary.md.
- Final Dutch-language translated output must convert book names per the baseline’s Dutch citation convention (see baseline
12_ai_translation_requirements.md, Cross-Reference Preservation Rules): Acts = Handelingen (e.g., Handelingen 2:21), Joel = Joël, Genesis = Genesis, Isaiah = Jesaja, Amos = Amos, Habakkuk = Habakuk, Deuteronomy = Deuteronomium, Psalms = Psalmen.
- Verse numbers remain Arabic numerals in both English analysis documents and final Dutch output, per the baseline’s YouVersion-reference-system requirement.
- Where a single verse combines two OT sources (e.g., Acts 1:20’s Psalm 69:25 + Psalm 109:8), both source citations must be preserved in translator notes even though only one composite Dutch clause appears in the final rendered text.
Cross-reference: 07_semantic_analysis.md and 08_core_glossary.md for term-level detail behind every entry above. This document feeds directly into 10_biblical_theme_map.md (theme structure) and into Phase 2 Step 17’s routing: every row marked Critical or High above requires human theologian review per the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json conventions; Medium rows require native speaker review; Low rows require automated review only.