Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Luke (English → Dutch)
Purpose and Method
This glossary compiles every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from the entire Gospel of Luke (chapters 1–24), with the core passage (Luke 4:16-21) as the theological anchor. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [TM-REUSE] and MUST use the exact recorded Dutch rendering; no alternative may be substituted. New terms introduced by Luke’s distinctive vocabulary and narrative material are proposed here for addition to translation memory, with full risk assessment consistent with the baseline’s risk-tier conventions (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
All new Critical and High risk terms in this glossary require human theologian review before Phase 2 translation begins, per the baseline’s escalation rules.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from Romans Baseline (TM-REUSE)
| Term (EN) | Dutch Rendering | Risk (baseline) | Key Luke Passages | Luke-Specific Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangelie | Low | 1:19 (implicit), 2:10, 4:18, 4:43, 8:1, 9:6, 20:1 | Verb form εὐαγγελίζομαι appears far more frequently in Luke than in Romans; see Section B for verb-specific risk escalation |
| grace | genade | High | 1:30, 2:40, 2:52, 4:22 | Ties directly to new term “genadejaar” (Luke 4:19); reinforces unearned favor throughout birth narratives |
| faith | geloof | Medium | 5:20, 7:9, 7:50, 8:25, 8:48, 17:5-6, 18:8, 18:42, 22:32 | Frequently paired with healing/σῴζω vocabulary (see B); Gentile centurion’s faith (7:9) is a key “Savior for All Nations” text |
| righteousness | gerechtigheid | Critical | 1:6, 1:75, 18:9-14 | Pharisee/tax collector prayer (18:9-14) makes the forensic, not moral-performance, sense vivid in narrative form |
| justification | rechtvaardiging | Critical | 18:14 | ”Went down to his house justified” — same Critical status as baseline Pauline occurrences |
| salvation | behoud | High | 1:69, 1:71, 1:77, 2:30, 3:6, 19:9 | New Critical Christological title σωτήρ (Section B) is etymologically related but tracked as a distinct glossary entry |
| apostle | apostel | Low | 6:13, 9:10, 11:49, 17:5, 22:14, 24:10 | Stable |
| called / calling | geroepen / roeping | Medium/High | 5:32 (implicit), 14:7-11 (banquet “calling”/invitation imagery, distinct secular sense) | Note: banquet-invitation κλῆσις-adjacent language (14:7-24) uses different vocabulary (κληθέντες, “those invited”) — review case by case, not automatically the salvation-calling sense |
| holy | heilig | Medium | 1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:49, 1:67, 1:70, 2:23, 2:25, 4:1, 4:34 | Extremely frequent in the birth narrative in connection with the Holy Spirit |
| saints | heiligen | High | (Luke uses this designation less than Paul; more implicit in “God’s people” language) | Low direct occurrence in Luke itself; retained for cross-curriculum consistency |
| sanctification | heiliging | Medium | (implicit throughout discipleship material) | No direct lexical occurrence; conceptually present in ch.9, 14 |
| resurrection | opstanding | Critical | 9:22, 14:14, 18:33, 20:27-38, 24:1-49 | Ch.20 Sadducee debate and Ch.24 narrative are the two heaviest concentrations in the whole NT |
| lord | Heer | Critical | 1:43, 2:11, 5:8, 6:46, 10:1, 20:41-44 | 20:41-44’s “Son of David”/“Lord” paradox is a key Christological teaching moment |
| son_of_god | Zoon van God | Critical | 1:32, 1:35, 4:3, 4:9, 4:41, 8:28, 9:35 (implicit “my Son”), 22:70 | Must remain sharply distinguished from the separate title “Zoon des mensen” (Son of Man) — see Section B |
| incarnation | vleeswording | Medium | 1:31-35, 2:6-7 | The Annunciation and Nativity are Luke’s primary incarnation texts |
| peace | vrede | Low | 1:79, 2:14, 2:29, 7:50, 8:48, 10:5-6, 19:38, 19:42, 24:36 | Very frequent; consistently relational/covenantal, not merely psychological |
| fellowship | gemeenschap | Medium | (implicit in table-fellowship material; see Section B “table fellowship” for the more precise new term) | Luke’s table scenes are better served by the new dedicated entry below than by generic “gemeenschap” |
| church | gemeente | High | (Luke’s Gospel itself predates the post-Pentecost church; term is more relevant to Acts) | Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; minimal direct occurrence in the Gospel |
| kingdom_of_god | Koninkrijk van God | Medium | 4:43, 6:20, 7:28, 8:1, 8:10, 9:2, 9:60, 10:9, 10:11, 11:20, 13:18-20, 17:20-21, 18:16-17, 19:11, 21:31, 22:16-18, 23:42 | The single most frequent theological phrase in Luke; central to “Kingdom of God Present and Future” |
| law | wet | High | 2:22-24, 2:27, 2:39, 10:26, 16:16-17, 24:44 | Capitalize “de Wet” per baseline convention when referring to Mosaic Torah |
| sin | zonde | High | 1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 5:30, 7:37-50, 11:4, 15:1-32, 17:3-4, 18:13, 19:7, 24:47 | Extremely high-frequency term across the whole Gospel; every occurrence inherits the baseline’s “pity/waste” colloquial-drift risk |
| gentiles | heidenen | Medium | 2:32, 21:24, 24:47 | Simeon’s prophecy (2:32) and the Great Commission-echo (24:47) are the key “Savior for All Nations” bookends |
| glory | heerlijkheid | Medium | 2:9, 2:14, 2:32, 9:31-32 | Transfiguration (9:31-32) is the heaviest doctrinal concentration |
| power_of_god | kracht van God | Medium | 1:35, 4:14, 4:36, 5:17, 6:19, 8:46, 9:1, 24:49 | New related term δύναμις ἐξ ὕψους (24:49, “power from on high”) ties directly to this baseline entry |
| messiah | Messias | Medium | 2:11, 2:26, 3:15, 4:41, 9:20, 22:67, 23:2, 23:35, 23:39 | Frequently paired with the χρίω/“anointed” etymology surfaced in the core passage |
| prophet | profeet | Low | 1:76, 3:4, 4:17, 4:24, 7:16, 7:26, 7:39, 9:8, 9:19, 11:47-50, 13:33-34, 16:29-31, 20:6, 24:19, 24:25, 24:27 | Very frequent; core passage (4:17, 4:24) directly invokes this title for both Isaiah and Jesus |
| prophecy | profetie | Low | 1:67 (implicit, prophesied), 22:64 (mocking “prophesy”) | Less frequent as an abstract noun than “prophet” as a title |
| covenant | verbond | High | 1:72-73, 22:20 | Benedictus (1:72-73) and Last Supper (22:20) are the two anchor texts |
| election | verkiezing | Critical | 9:35 (ἐκλελεγμένος, “my Chosen One” — Christ’s unique election, distinct category), 18:7 (implicit, “God’s elect”) | Must be taught as two distinct categories: Christ’s unique elect Sonship (9:35) vs. corporate election of believers (18:7 and baseline Romans usage) |
| intercession | voorbede | Medium | 22:32 (“I have prayed for you”), 23:34 (“Father, forgive them”) | Jesus’ own intercessory prayer for Peter and for his executioners |
| providence | voorzienigheid | Medium | 12:6-7, 12:22-31, 21:18 | ”Not one sparrow falls…” (12:6-7) is Luke’s clearest providence text |
| mission | zending | Low | 9:1-6, 10:1-12, 24:47-49 | Sending of the Twelve, the Seventy, and the post-resurrection commissioning |
| david | David | Low | 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 2:11, 3:31, 6:3, 18:38-39, 20:41-44 | Very frequent given Luke’s strong Davidic-messianic emphasis |
| israel | Israël | Medium | 1:16, 1:54, 1:68, 1:80, 2:25, 2:32, 2:34, 4:25, 4:27, 22:30, 24:21 | Frequent; Simeon’s and Zechariah’s prophecies both center on Israel’s redemption alongside Gentile inclusion |
| jesus | Jezus | Low | throughout | Stable |
| god | God | Medium | throughout | Stable, but same secularization-context risk as baseline notes |
| holy_spirit | Heilige Geest | Critical | 1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:67, 2:25-27, 3:16, 3:22, 4:1, 4:14, 4:18, 10:21, 11:13, 12:12, 24:49 | Luke has the highest concentration of Holy Spirit references among the Synoptic Gospels; foundational for “The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History” |
| father | Vader | Medium | 2:49, 6:36, 10:21-22, 11:2-13, 15:11-32, 22:42, 23:34, 23:46 | Prodigal Son (15:11-32) and Gethsemane (22:42) are key emotionally-weighted occurrences |
| exhort | vermanen | Low | 3:18 | John the Baptist’s preaching |
| seed_of_david | nakomeling van David | Medium | 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 3:31 | See also new term “Zoon van David” (Section B) for the title form as used in address (18:38-39, 20:41-44) |
| imputed_righteousness | toegerekende gerechtigheid | Critical | 18:14 (conceptually, via δικαιόω) | No direct Lukan lexical occurrence of the imputation-specific vocabulary, but the tax collector’s justification (18:14) is the narrative embodiment of this doctrine |
B. New Terms Introduced by Luke (Proposed Additions to Translation Memory)
| Term (EN) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Dutch Rendering | Risk | Alternatives Rejected | Key Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| release / liberation (Jubilee sense) | ἄφεσις | aphesis | vrijlating | Critical | vergeving (rejected as sole rendering — erases social-liberation dimension) | 4:18-19 | Same Greek root as “forgiveness of sins” below; context-dependent dual rendering is REQUIRED, not an error — see doctrine note |
| forgiveness of sins | ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν | aphesis hamartiōn | vergeving van zonden | High | vrijlating van zonden (rejected — sounds like literal prison release) | 1:77, 3:3, 24:47 | Inherits baseline “zonde” High risk; component of the ch.24 summary verse |
| savior (title) | σωτήρ | sōtēr | Heiland | Critical | Redder (rejected — secular rescuer/lifeguard collision), Zaligmaker (rejected — archaic Statenvertaling register) | 2:11 | Parallel three-way Dutch register split to baseline’s σωτηρία/behoud; must be tracked with equal rigor |
| repentance / repent | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia / metanoeō | bekering / zich bekeren | High | berouw (rejected as sole rendering — conveys remorse only, not reorientation) | 3:3, 3:8, 5:32, 13:3, 13:5, 15:7, 15:10, 24:47 | Core term for named curriculum doctrine “Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins” |
| the poor | πτωχός | ptōchos | armen | High | (none rejected; risk is interpretive drift, not lexical alternative) | 4:18, 6:20, 7:22, 14:13, 14:21, 16:20, 16:22, 18:22, 19:8, 21:1-4 | Must remain unqualified economic poverty per Luke (contrast Matthew’s “poor in spirit”) |
| disciple | μαθητής | mathētēs | discipel | Medium | leerling (rejected — flattens to ordinary school-pupil sense) | 5:1-11 and throughout | Consistent with modern HSV/NBV convention |
| compassion (visceral) | σπλαγχνίζομαι | splanchnizomai | ontferming (zich ontfermen over) | Medium | medelijden (rejected as sole rendering — too weak/condescending) | 7:13, 10:33, 15:20 | Core term for “Jesus’ Compassion” doctrine; culturally reinforced by the idiom “de barmhartige Samaritaan” |
| mercy / merciful | ἔλεος / ἐλεέω / οἰκτίρμων | eleos / eleeō / oiktirmōn | barmhartigheid / barmhartig | Medium | (none rejected; risk is idiom-dilution) | 1:50, 1:54, 1:58, 1:72, 1:78, 6:36, 10:37, 18:13, 18:38-39 | Risk: secular Dutch knows “barmhartige Samaritaan” mainly as a generic do-gooder idiom, diluting the God-grounded mercy sense |
| neighbor | πλησίον | plēsion | naaste | Low | — | 10:25-37 | Deliberately redefined across ethnic/religious lines by the Good Samaritan parable |
| tax collector | τελώνης | telōnēs | tollenaar | Medium | — | 3:12, 5:27-30, 7:29, 7:34, 15:1, 18:9-14, 19:1-10 | No exact modern Dutch social-stigma equivalent; requires cultural framing in teaching materials |
| sinner | ἁμαρτωλός | hamartōlos | zondaar | High | — | 5:8, 5:30, 6:32-34, 7:34, 7:37-39, 15:1-2, 15:7, 15:10, 18:13, 19:7 | Inherits baseline “zonde” collision risk; frequently paired with τελώνης in the stock phrase “tax collectors and sinners” |
| blessed (beatitude) | μακάριος | makarios | gelukkig | High | zalig (rejected as primary — archaic and colliding with the secular idiom “zalig weekend!“) | 1:45, 6:20-22, 7:23, 10:23, 11:28, 12:37-38, 14:14-15, 23:29 | Luke’s unqualified beatitudes (6:20-22) are the sharpest “Good News to the Poor” statements in the Gospel |
| table fellowship | συνανάκειμαι / κατάκειμαι (+ related banquet vocabulary) | synanakeimai / katakeimai | (aan)liggen aan tafel / tafelgemeenschap | Medium | gemeenschap (rejected as sole rendering — too generic, loses the scandalous cultural specificity) | 5:29-32, 7:36-50, 14:1, 14:7-24, 15:1-2, 19:1-10, 24:30 | Requires cultural/historical framing (reclining banquet customs, purity-code scandal) for modern Dutch readers unfamiliar with 1st-century table customs |
| the year of the Lord’s favor / Jubilee year | ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν | eniauton Kyriou dekton | een genadejaar van de Heer | High | een goed jaar (rejected — erases Jubilee background entirely) | 4:19 | Must retain Leviticus 25 Jubilee background: debt-release, land-return, slave-freedom |
| today (eschatological “now”) | σήμερον | sēmeron | vandaag / heden | High | — | 4:21, 19:9, 23:43 | Three-point programmatic thread; must be tracked for consistency across all three occurrences |
| filled with the Holy Spirit | πίμπλημι πνεύματος ἁγίου | pimplēmi pneumatos hagiou | vervuld met/door de Heilige Geest | High | — | 1:15, 1:41, 1:67, 4:1, (and Acts continuation) | Recurring Lukan technical narrative marker; must render identically every occurrence |
| favored one (Mary) | κεχαριτωμένη | kecharitōmenē | begenadigde | Critical | vol van genade (rejected — fixed in Dutch Catholic liturgical memory via the Ave Maria, risks implying Mary possesses/dispenses grace) | 1:28 | Direct parallel to baseline’s “saints” Catholic-south/Reformed-north fault line |
| servant/handmaid of the Lord | δούλη Κυρίου | doulē Kyriou | dienares van de Heer | Medium | slavin van de Heer (rejected as primary — technically more literal but breaks with established HSV register) | 1:38 | Softening of literal total-ownership δοῦλος sense is an accepted register choice, not a doctrinal error |
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | huios tou anthrōpou | Zoon des mensen | High | Zoon van God (must NEVER be substituted — distinct title) | 5:24, 6:5, 6:22, 9:22, 9:26, 9:44, 9:58, 12:8, 12:10, 12:40, 17:22-30, 18:8, 18:31, 19:10, 21:27, 21:36, 22:22, 22:48, 22:69 | Extremely frequent self-designation of Jesus; must remain sharply distinct from the baseline’s “Zoon van God” |
| the Chosen One (Christ’s unique election) | ἐκλελεγμένος | eklelegmenos | mijn uitverkorene / mijn gekozene | High | — | 9:35 | Distinct doctrinal category from corporate “verkiezing” of believers; do not conflate teaching materials |
| redemption (ransom-deliverance) | λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις | lytrōsis / apolytrōsis | verlossing | Medium | behoud (rejected as substitute — distinct concept/word-group from σωτηρία) | 2:38, 21:28 | Distinct from baseline’s “behoud”; carries ransom/payment imagery |
| good will / favor (divine) | εὐδοκία | eudokia | welbehagen | High | goede wil (rejected as primary — collides with the popular “Christmas card” generic-goodwill misreading) | 2:14 | Must preserve God’s sovereign favor sense, not generic human niceness |
| joy | χαρά | chara | vreugde | Medium | blijdschap (acceptable secondary; recommend “vreugde” primary for consistency) | 1:14, 1:44, 2:10, 10:17, 15:7, 15:10, 15:32, 19:6, 19:37, 24:41, 24:52 | Core term for “The Cost and Joy of Discipleship” doctrine |
| cross-bearing (discipleship cost) | βαστάζειν/αἴρειν τὸν σταυρόν | bastazein/airein ton stauron | het kruis dragen | Medium-High | — | 9:23, 14:27 | Must not be flattened by the common Dutch secular idiom “een kruis te dragen hebben” (generic burden-bearing) |
| deny oneself | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν | aparneomai heauton | zichzelf verloochenen | Medium | — | 9:23 | Precondition for discipleship, paired with cross-bearing |
| the kingdom is within/among you | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν | entos hymōn | in uw midden | High | in u (rejected as primary — risks privatized, inward-mystical misreading) | 17:21 | Genuinely disputed exegetical phrase; corporate/relational rendering recommended, flagged for theologian review |
| hate (relative priority, hyperbole) | μισέω | miseō | haten (met toelichting: relatieve voorrang) | High | haten (letterlijk, zonder toelichting) rejected as unglossed rendering | 14:26 | Semitic hyperbole for relative priority, not literal emotional hatred; requires explanatory note |
| body / blood (institution words) | σῶμα / αἷμα | sōma / haima | lichaam / bloed | High | — | 22:19-20 | Ecumenically sensitive (Catholic/Reformed sacramental theology differences); render faithfully to Luke’s own wording without importing either tradition’s fuller dogma |
| paradise | παράδεισος | paradeisos | paradijs | Medium-High | — | 23:43 | Modern Dutch secular “paradijs” carries holiday/leisure connotations; must retain immediate-post-mortem-communion sense |
| innocent / righteous (centurion’s confession) | δίκαιος | dikaios | rechtvaardig / onschuldig | High | — | 23:47 | Choice between legal-innocence and moral-righteousness sense affects theological reading; ties to baseline Critical δικαιοσύνη family |
| power from on high | δύναμις ἐξ ὕψους | dynamis ex hypsous | kracht uit de hoogte | High | — | 24:49 | Ties to baseline “kracht van God”; specifically Spirit-empowerment/Pentecost anticipation |
| taken up (ascension) | ἀνελήφθη | anelēphthē | werd opgenomen (in de hemel) | Medium-High | — | 24:51 | Bodily, historical, non-repeatable event; not a departure/death euphemism |
| oppressed / crushed | θραύω (τεθραυσμένος) | thrauō (tethrausmenos) | verdrukten | Medium | gebrokenen (rejected as primary — risks modern therapeutic/emotional misreading) | 4:18 | Reinforces socio-political oppression sense alongside ἄφεσις |
| finger of God | δάκτυλος θεοῦ | daktylos theou | vinger van God | Low-Medium | — | 11:20 | Recognized biblical idiom retained literally in Dutch |
| genealogy | γενεαλογία | genealogia | geslachtsregister | Low | — | 3:23-38 | Luke traces lineage to Adam (universal humanity), not only Abraham — reinforces “Savior for All Nations” |
| leprosy / leper | λέπρα / λεπρός | lepra / lepros | melaatsheid / melaatse | Low | — | 5:12-14, 17:11-19 | Established Dutch Bible term |
| Hades (realm of the dead) | Ἅιδης | Hadēs | Hades (het rijk van de dood) | Medium | hel (rejected as sole rendering — conflates intermediate state with final judgment/Gehenna) | 16:23 | Requires distinction from “hel” for doctrinal precision |
| Mammon | μαμωνᾶς | mamōnas | Mammon | Low-Medium | geld (rejected as sole rendering — loses the personified rival-master sense) | 16:9-13 | ”You cannot serve God and Mammon” |
| sons of the resurrection | υἱοὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως | huioi tēs anastaseōs | kinderen van de opstanding | Medium | — | 20:36 | Reuses baseline “opstanding”; new phrase-level combination |
| Son of David (title, direct address) | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | huios Dauid | Zoon van David | High | — | 18:38-39, 20:41-44 | Distinct title form from baseline’s “seed_of_david”/“nakomeling van David”; used in direct address/messianic acclamation |
| saved / made well (double sense) | σῴζω | sōzō | gered / behouden / genezen | High | — | 7:50, 8:12, 8:36, 8:48, 8:50, 17:19, 18:42, 19:9-10 | Same root as baseline “behoud”; Luke deliberately blurs physical healing and spiritual salvation — must be decided case-by-case, flagged for native speaker review each occurrence |
| word of God | λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ | logos tou theou | Woord van God | Medium | — | 5:1, 8:11, 8:21, 11:28 | Capitalize “Woord” for the theological referent |
| the Law and the Prophets | νόμος καὶ προφῆται | nomos kai prophētai | de Wet en de Profeten | Medium | — | 16:16, 16:29, 16:31, 24:44 | Composite of two baseline-reused terms; capitalize per baseline convention |
| daily bread | ἄρτος ἐπιούσιος | artos epiousios | dagelijks brood | Medium | — | 11:3 | Underlying Greek is textually/etymologically disputed; Dutch rendering is stable across all traditions |
| debts/sins (Lord’s Prayer wording) | ἁμαρτίας (Luke) vs. ὀφειλήματα (Matthew parallel) | hamartias | zonden | High | schulden (rejected — imports Matthew’s debt-metaphor wording into Luke’s text) | 11:4 | Note Luke/Matthew wording difference explicitly in teaching materials |
| anguish (Gethsemane) | ἀγωνία | agōnia | doodsangst / zielsangst | Medium | — | 22:44 | Underscores true humanity of Christ |
| opened the Scriptures | διανοίγω τὰς γραφάς | dianoigō tas graphas | de Schriften opende | Medium | — | 24:27, 24:32 | Echoes core-passage hermeneutic (Jesus expounding Scripture as fulfilled in himself) |
| kingdom-parable growth images (mustard seed/leaven) | κόκκος σινάπεως / ζύμη | kokkos sinapeōs / zymē | mosterdzaad / gist (zuurdeeg) | Low | — | 13:18-21 | Standard agricultural/domestic imagery, low lexical risk |
| worry/anxiety | μεριμνάω | merimnaō | bezorgd zijn | Low-Medium | — | 12:22-31, 10:41 | Positive counterpart to trusting dependence |
| watch/be alert (vigilance) | γρηγορέω | grēgoreō | waakzaam zijn / waken | Medium | — | 12:35-40, 21:36 | Balances Kingdom’s present/future tension |
| faithful steward | πιστὸς οἰκονόμος | pistos oikonomos | trouwe rentmeester | Low-Medium | — | 12:42-48, 16:1-13 | Responsible discipleship model |
| strive (to enter) | ἀγωνίζομαι | agōnizomai | strijden (om binnen te gaan) | Medium | — | 13:24 | Discipleship-cost language, athletic-contest imagery |
| humble/exalt (reversal) | ταπεινόω / ὑψόω | tapeinoō / hypsoō | zich verootmoedigen / verhoogd worden | Medium | — | 1:52, 14:11, 18:14 | Reversal-of-status theme spanning Magnificat to banquet parables |
| authority (delegated) | ἐξουσία | exousia | macht / gezag | Medium | — | 4:32, 4:36, 5:24, 9:1, 10:19, 20:2, 20:8, 22:53 | Distinct from raw δύναμις/“kracht”; delegated, granted authority |
| received/welcomed | δέχομαι | dechomai | ontving / verwelkomde | Low-Medium | — | 8:13, 9:5, 9:48, 9:53, 10:8, 10:10, 15:2, 15:20, 19:6 | Hospitable, restorative reception; ties to Table Fellowship doctrine |
C. Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2 Consistency
- σήμερον (“today”) occurrences at 4:21, 19:9, and 23:43 must be rendered identically (“vandaag” or “heden” — pick one and hold to it across the whole curriculum) per the baseline’s cross-document consistency rules.
- ἄφεσις (4:18 vs. 1:77/3:3/24:47) is the single term in this glossary requiring the most deliberate, context-sensitive dual rendering (vrijlating vs. vergeving) — this is a REQUIRED distinction, not an inconsistency to be resolved into one word.
- σωτήρ (Heiland, 2:11) and σωτηρία (behoud, baseline) are related but distinct entries; do not conflate their separate three-way register risk profiles.
- Zoon van God (baseline) and Zoon des mensen (new, this glossary) are two entirely distinct Christological titles occurring throughout Luke and must never be substituted for one another.
- κεχαριτωμένη (begenadigde, 1:28) requires the same theologian-review rigor as baseline’s “saints” entry, given the parallel Catholic-south/Reformed-north sensitivity.
- σῴζω (gered/behouden/genezen) requires per-occurrence native speaker review to determine whether physical-healing or spiritual-salvation register (or Luke’s deliberate blend of both) is primarily in view.
This glossary extends, and must never contradict, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. All new terms proposed here are pending formal addition to translation memory in a subsequent Phase 1 step, with Critical/High risk items flagged for mandatory human theologian review before Phase 2 translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: gerechtigheid
Transliteration: gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: deugd
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 18:9-14 (Pharisee and tax collector) makes the forensic, not moral-performance, sense vivid in narrative rather than didactic form; must not collapse into ‘deugd’ (virtue).
Justification
Approved rendering: rechtvaardiging
Transliteration: rechtvaardiging
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vrijspraak (too narrow alone)
Original: δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 18:14 (‘ging gerechtvaardigd naar huis’) carries the same Heidelberg Catechism Lord’s Day 23 doctrinal weight as the Romans occurrences.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: opstanding
Transliteration: opstanding
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Chapter 20’s Sadducee debate and chapter 24’s resurrection narrative are the two heaviest concentrations of this term in the entire New Testament; must never be softened into metaphor.
Lord
Approved rendering: Heer
Transliteration: Heer
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: meester
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 20:41-44’s ‘Son of David’/‘Lord’ paradox (quoting Psalm 110) is a key Christological teaching moment. Must NEVER be displaced by ‘Jehovah’ as in the Jehovah’s Witness Nieuwe-Wereldvertaling’s divine-name substitution practice.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Zoon van God
Transliteration: Zoon van God
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:32, 1:35, 4:3, 4:9, 4:41, 8:28, 22:70. Must remain sharply distinguished from the separate, much more frequent title ‘Zoon des mensen’ (son_of_man) — the two titles must never be substituted for one another.
Election
Approved rendering: verkiezing
Transliteration: verkiezing
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke this doctrine must be taught as two distinct categories: Christ’s own unique election as ‘chosen_one’ (9:35, ‘mijn uitverkorene’) versus the corporate election of believers implicit at 18:7; conflating the two categories is a real risk given the baseline’s Canons of Dort loading on ‘verkiezing’.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (risk raised to Critical for this curriculum given the doctrine’s centrality). Luke has the highest concentration of Holy Spirit references among the Synoptic Gospels (1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:67, 2:25-27, 3:16, 3:22, 4:1, 4:14, 4:18, 10:21, 11:13, 12:12, 24:49). Must never be rendered as an impersonal force, angelic messenger (cf. Islamic Jibril identification), or life-force.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Transliteration: toegerekende gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: verdiende gerechtigheid
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Lukan lexical occurrence of the imputation-specific vocabulary, but the tax collector’s justification (18:14) is the narrative embodiment of this doctrine and must be handled with the same Critical rigor.
Aphesis Liberation
Approved rendering: vrijlating
Transliteration: vrijlating
Doctrine: Jubilee Liberation and the Dual Sense of Forgiveness
Rejected alternatives: vergeving (rejected as the sole rendering at 4:18 — erases the Jubilee social-liberation dimension)
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
The single highest-stakes term in this curriculum. ἄφεσις (Luke 4:18) carries both a Jubilee this-worldly liberation sense (Leviticus 25: debt/slave/land release) and a separate forgiveness-of-sins sense used elsewhere in Luke (see ‘forgiveness_of_sins’). Render as ‘vrijlating’ specifically at 4:18, with a MANDATORY cross-reference footnote to the ‘forgiveness_of_sins’ entry. Never silently resolve to only one sense.
Savior Title
Approved rendering: Heiland
Transliteration: Heiland
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: Redder (collides with the entirely secular ‘lifeguard/rescuer’ sense, e.g. ‘reddingswerker’), Zaligmaker (Statenvertaling-era, archaic pietistic register)
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New Critical Christological title (σωτήρ) introducing a three-way Dutch register split parallel to, but distinct from, the baseline’s σωτηρία/‘behoud’ split. First announced to shepherds (2:11), the socially lowest hearers in the narrative — reinforcing ‘Good News to the Poor’. Any deviation from ‘Heiland’ requires reviewer confirmation, exactly as the baseline flags deviations from ‘behoud’.
Favored One
Approved rendering: begenadigde
Transliteration: begenadigde
Doctrine: Mary as the Favored One
Rejected alternatives: vol van genade (fixed in Dutch Catholic liturgical memory via the Ave Maria, risks implying Mary possesses/dispenses grace)
Original: κεχαριτωμένη
Category: Christology
κεχαριτωμένη. Direct parallel to the baseline’s ‘saints’ Catholic-south/Reformed-north fault line. Sole occurrence at 1:28; all mainstream Dutch translations (SV, HSV, NBV21, WV95) converge on ‘begenadigde’, not ‘vol van genade’ — this curriculum must follow that scholarly consensus.
High Risk Terms
Kingdom Come Near
Approved rendering: het Koninkrijk van God is nabij gekomen
Transliteration: het Koninkrijk van God is nabij gekomen
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: het Koninkrijk van God komt eraan (future-only, loses present-perfect nearness)
New phrase-level term. ἤγγικεν (Luke 10:9, 10:11) is a perfect-tense verb signaling an already-accomplished nearness, not a vague future approach; must retain this present-relevant force to support the ‘Kingdom Present’ half of the doctrine.
Grace
Approved rendering: genade
Transliteration: genade
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: gunst
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in Luke’s birth narrative (1:30, 2:40, 2:52) and at 4:22; ties directly to the new term ‘jubilee_year_of_favor’ (4:19), reinforcing unearned favor as the frame for the whole Nazareth sermon.
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk Medium; raised to High for this curriculum). Frequently paired with healing/σῴζω vocabulary (7:50, 8:48, 17:19, 18:42); the Gentile centurion’s faith (7:9) is a key ‘Savior for All Nations’ text.
Salvation
Approved rendering: behoud
Transliteration: behoud
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: verlossing (more common, less precise), zaligheid (older/pietistic register)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:69, 1:71, 1:77, 2:30, 3:6, 19:9; the 19:9 occurrence (‘today salvation has come to this house’) must be tracked for consistency with the other ‘today’ statements at 4:21 and 23:43. Must not be conflated with the related but distinct Critical title ‘savior_title’ (Heiland).
Calling
Approved rendering: roeping
Transliteration: roeping
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Roeping’ collides with the ordinary secular career-vocation sense in Dutch; low direct Lukan lexical occurrence but retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Saints
Approved rendering: heiligen
Transliteration: heiligen
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Low direct lexical occurrence in Luke’s Gospel itself (more implicit in ‘God’s people’ language); retained for cross-curriculum consistency with the Catholic-south/Reformed-north ‘de heiligen’ fault line.
Church
Approved rendering: gemeente
Transliteration: gemeente
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: kerk (institution-default)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Minimal direct occurrence in the Gospel itself (more relevant to Acts); retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Law
Approved rendering: wet
Transliteration: wet
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Capitalize as ‘de Wet’ for Mosaic Torah; occurs at 2:22-24, 2:27, 2:39, 10:26, 16:16-17, 24:44.
Sin
Approved rendering: zonde
Transliteration: zonde
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Extremely high-frequency across Luke (1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 5:30, 7:37-50, 11:4, 15:1-32, 17:3-4, 18:13, 19:7, 24:47); every occurrence inherits the baseline’s colloquial-drift risk toward ‘a pity/waste’ rather than culpable moral transgression — the single most pervasive Dutch-specific collision in this curriculum.
Covenant
Approved rendering: verbond
Transliteration: verbond
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. The Benedictus (1:72-73) and the Last Supper (22:20) are the two anchor texts, both carrying the Dutch Reformed ‘verbondsleer’ load-bearing weight documented in the baseline.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: vergeving van zonden
Transliteration: vergeving van zonden
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: vrijlating van zonden (sounds like literal prison release, not moral forgiveness)
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Repentance
Inherits the baseline’s High-risk flag on ‘zonde’ (colloquial drift toward ‘a pity/waste’); component of Luke’s climactic summary verse (24:47) and recurring at 1:77, 3:3.
Repentance
Approved rendering: bekering
Transliteration: bekering
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: berouw (as sole rendering — conveys remorse only, not the full reorientation of the whole person)
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Repentance
Core term for the named curriculum doctrine. ‘Bekering’ is the stable cross-tradition Dutch rendering (μετάνοια/μετανοέω), but reviewers must ensure it is not reduced to mere emotional regret. Occurs at 3:3, 3:8, 5:32, 13:3, 13:5, 15:7, 15:10, 24:47.
The Poor
Approved rendering: armen
Transliteration: armen
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχός
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
πτωχός — concrete, unqualified economic poverty, distinct from Matthew’s ‘poor in spirit.’ Modern secularized Dutch readers may flatten ‘armen’ into generic charitable-cause language, losing the specific theological claim that God’s saving action targets society’s economically lowest. Occurs at 4:18, 6:20, 7:22, 14:13, 14:21, 16:20, 16:22, 18:22, 19:8, 21:1-4.
Sinner
Approved rendering: zondaar
Transliteration: zondaar
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
ἁμαρτωλός. Inherits the baseline’s High-risk ‘zonde’ collision; remains vulnerable to a moralistic, jokingly judgmental connotation in secular Dutch (‘een echte zondaar’). Frequently paired with ‘tollenaar’ in the stock phrase (5:8, 5:30, 7:34, 7:37-39, 15:1-2, 18:13, 19:7).
Blessed Beatitude
Approved rendering: gelukkig
Transliteration: gelukkig
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: zalig (archaic-leaning; collides with the secular idiom ‘zalig weekend!’)
Original: μακάριος
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
μακάριος. Luke’s unqualified beatitudes (6:20-22) are the sharpest ‘Good News to the Poor’ statements in the Gospel; ‘gelukkig’ is adopted as primary with a mandatory teaching gloss restoring the objective, God-pronounced flourishing sense (neither ‘gelukkig’ nor ‘zalig’ fully captures this alone).
Jubilee Year Of Favor
Approved rendering: een genadejaar van de Heer
Transliteration: een genadejaar van de Heer
Doctrine: Jubilee Liberation and the Dual Sense of Forgiveness
Rejected alternatives: een goed jaar (erases the Jubilee background entirely)
Original: ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν. Must retain the Leviticus 25 Jubilee background (debt-release, land-return, slave-freedom); echoes baseline ‘genade’, reinforcing unearned favor. Sole occurrence at 4:19.
Today Eschatological
Approved rendering: vandaag
Transliteration: vandaag
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: heden (acceptable secondary, but ‘vandaag’ preferred for curriculum-wide consistency)
Original: σήμερον
Category: Kingdom
σήμερον. Forms a deliberate three-point theological thread at 4:21, 19:9, and 23:43 and must be rendered identically across the whole curriculum per cross-document consistency rules.
Filled With Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: vervuld met de Heilige Geest
Transliteration: vervuld met de Heilige Geest
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: πίμπλημι πνεύματος ἁγίου
Category: God
πίμπλημι πνεύματος ἁγίου. A recurring Lukan technical narrative marker (1:15, 1:41, 1:67, 4:1) that must be rendered identically every occurrence to preserve its function as a deliberate structural signal, not varied stylistically.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Zoon des mensen
Transliteration: Zoon des mensen
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Rejected alternatives: Zoon van God (must NEVER be substituted — distinct title)
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Extremely frequent self-designation of Jesus (5:24, 6:5, 6:22, 9:22, 9:26, 9:44, 9:58, 12:8, 12:10, 12:40, 17:22-30, 18:8, 18:31, 19:10, 21:27, 21:36, 22:22, 22:48, 22:69); must remain sharply distinct from ‘Zoon van God’ despite surface similarity.
Chosen One
Approved rendering: mijn uitverkorene
Transliteration: mijn uitverkorene
Doctrine: Christ’s Unique Election versus Corporate Election of Believers
Original: ἐκλελεγμένος
Category: Christology
ἐκλελεγμένος. Must be clearly distinguished in Dutch teaching materials from the corporate ‘verkiezing’ doctrine (baseline Critical, Canons of Dort) — this is Christ’s unique elect Sonship, a distinct theological category. Sole occurrence at 9:35.
Divine Good Will
Approved rendering: welbehagen
Transliteration: welbehagen
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: goede wil (collides with the popular ‘Christmas card’ generic-goodwill misreading)
Original: εὐδοκία
Category: God
εὐδοκία. Must preserve God’s sovereign favor sense, not generic human niceness. Sole occurrence at 2:14; NBV/NBV21’s more universalizing ‘voor alle mensen die hij liefheeft’ should not be adopted for this curriculum’s primary rendering — follow HSV’s ‘welbehagen’ with an explicit teaching gloss.
Cross Bearing
Approved rendering: het kruis dragen
Transliteration: het kruis dragen
Doctrine: Self-Denial and Cross-Bearing
Original: βαστάζειν / αἴρειν τὸν σταυρόν
Category: Discipleship
βαστάζειν/αἴρειν τὸν σταυρόν. Modern Dutch has a common secular idiom ‘een kruis te dragen hebben’ (chronic-hardship-bearing) that dilutes the specific call to willing, death-facing, daily self-denial; always pair with explicit ‘volgen’ (following) language in immediate context. Occurs at 9:23, 14:27.
Kingdom Within
Approved rendering: in uw midden
Transliteration: in uw midden
Doctrine: The Kingdom Present ‘In Your Midst’
Rejected alternatives: in u (risks importing a privatized, inward-mystical Kingdom concept foreign to Luke’s corporate emphasis; this is also the Statenvertaling’s superseded ‘binnen in ulieder’ reading, revised away from in HSV 2010)
Original: ἐντὸς ὑμῶν
Category: Kingdom
ἐντὸς ὑμῶν. Genuinely disputed exegetical phrase; HSV and NBV21 both lean corporate/relational. Sole occurrence at 17:21; mandatory theologian review every time this phrase appears in any curriculum document.
Hate Relative Priority
Approved rendering: haten (met toelichting: relatieve voorrang, geen letterlijke haat)
Transliteration: haten
Doctrine: Hyperbolic Priority Language
Rejected alternatives: minder liefhebben (paraphrase-softening, as adopted by NBV21 — rejected because it erases the deliberate rhetorical shock of the Semitic hyperbole)
Original: μισέω
Category: Discipleship
μισέω. A classic mistranslation risk if rendered as literal emotional hatred; requires a mandatory explanatory teaching note (relative priority, not literal hostility), not merely a literal Dutch equivalent. Sole occurrence at 14:26. Follow SV/HSV’s literal ‘haten’ plus gloss, not NBV21’s smoothed paraphrase.
Body And Blood
Approved rendering: lichaam / bloed
Transliteration: lichaam / bloed
Doctrine: The Institution of the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: Lichaam / Bloed (capitalized, Catholic liturgical/WV95 sacramental-signaling convention — rejected for this curriculum’s ecumenical audience)
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Christology
σῶμα/αἷμα. Significant ecumenical sensitivity for a mixed Reformed/Catholic/secular Dutch audience; render faithfully to Luke’s own wording (22:19-20) in lower case per HSV convention, without importing either tradition’s fuller eucharistic dogma.
Paradise
Approved rendering: paradijs
Transliteration: paradijs
Doctrine: Paradise and the Intermediate State
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
παράδεισος. Modern secular Dutch ‘paradijs’ carries strong holiday/leisure-destination connotations that can flatten the immediate personal-communion claim at 23:43. CRITICAL COMMA-PLACEMENT NOTE: must retain ‘Voorwaar, Ik zeg u: heden zult u met Mij in het paradijs zijn’ (comma before ‘heden’/‘today’ modifies the whole promise), NEVER the Jehovah’s Witness Nieuwe-Wereldvertaling’s shifted comma (‘Ik zeg u vandaag: U zult…’) which serves a soul-sleep doctrine foreign to this curriculum.
Dikaios Centurion
Approved rendering: rechtvaardig / onschuldig
Transliteration: rechtvaardig / onschuldig
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: δίκαιος
Category: Christology
δίκαιος. Ties to baseline’s Critical δικαιοσύνη family; translators must decide whether the centurion’s confession (23:47) is primarily legal acquittal (‘onschuldig’) or fuller theological confession (‘rechtvaardig’). Flag for theologian review.
Power From On High
Approved rendering: kracht uit de hoogte
Transliteration: kracht uit de hoogte
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: δύναμις ἐξ ὕψους
Category: God
δύναμις ἐξ ὕψους. Ties directly to baseline ‘power_of_god’; the specifically Pentecostal/Spirit-empowerment nuance of the sole occurrence (24:49) must be preserved, not generalized into abstract ‘strength’.
Ascension
Approved rendering: werd opgenomen in de hemel
Transliteration: werd opgenomen in de hemel
Doctrine: The Ascension of Christ
Original: ἀνελήφθη
Category: Eschatology
ἀνελήφθη. New doctrinal term not separately named in the Romans baseline registry (‘Hemelvaart’ is, however, a well-established Dutch liturgical-calendar term via ‘Hemelvaartsdag’ and may be leveraged in teaching material). Must be clearly bodily/historical, not a departure/death euphemism. Sole occurrence at 24:51.
Son Of David Title
Approved rendering: Zoon van David
Transliteration: Zoon van David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Messianic Lineage
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
υἱὸς Δαυίδ. Distinct title form from the descent-language ‘seed_of_david’; used in direct address/messianic acclamation at 18:38-39 and raised as a Christological paradox against ‘Heer’ at 20:41-44 (Psalm 110).
Sozo Saved
Approved rendering: gered / behouden / genezen
Transliteration: gered / behouden / genezen
Doctrine: The Healing/Salvation Wordplay
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
σῴζω. Same verb root as baseline ‘behoud’. Translators must decide case by case (7:50, 8:12, 8:36, 8:48, 8:50, 17:19, 18:42, 19:9-10) whether physical-healing or explicit theological language best serves each occurrence, flagged for native speaker/theologian review each time.
Lords Prayer Debts Sins
Approved rendering: zonden
Transliteration: zonden
Doctrine: The Lord’s Prayer and Daily Dependence
Rejected alternatives: schulden (imports Matthew’s debt-metaphor wording into Luke’s text)
Original: ἁμαρτίας (Luke) vs. ὀφειλήματα (Matthew parallel)
Category: Prayer
Luke’s version (11:4) uses ἁμαρτίας (‘sins’) directly, where Matthew’s parallel (6:12) uses ὀφειλήματα (‘debts’); teaching materials must note this Gospel-specific wording difference explicitly.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel To The Poor
Approved rendering: het evangelie verkondigen aan de armen
Transliteration: het evangelie verkondigen aan de armen
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: goed nieuws brengen aan (too generic, loses herald-proclamation force)
New term. Luke 4:18’s εὐαγγελίσασθαι πτωχοῖς is the verb form of baseline ‘evangelie’ with ‘de armen’ as its direct object; risk is raised above the baseline noun’s Low risk because Luke’s specific doctrinal claim (good news specifically, not generically, for the poor) is exposed to softening if the object is dropped or generalized.
Anointed Chrio
Approved rendering: gezalfd
Transliteration: gezalfd
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment of Prophecy
New term. χρίω (Luke 4:18, ‘heeft Mij gezalfd’) is the etymological root of Χριστός/Messias; pedagogically valuable to surface this link explicitly in teaching material even though the word itself carries low mistranslation risk in isolation.
Called
Approved rendering: geroepen
Transliteration: geroepen
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke the banquet-invitation vocabulary (κληθέντες, ‘those invited’, 14:7-24) uses related but distinct language and must be reviewed case by case, not automatically treated as the salvation-calling sense.
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: heilig
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: rein
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Extremely frequent in Luke’s birth narrative in connection with the Holy Spirit (1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:49, 1:67, 2:23, 2:25, 4:1, 4:34).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: heiliging
Transliteration: heiliging
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. No direct lexical occurrence in Luke; conceptually present in the discipleship material of chapters 9 and 14.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: vleeswording
Transliteration: vleeswording
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. The Annunciation (1:31-35) and Nativity (2:6-7) are Luke’s primary incarnation texts.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: gemeenschap
Transliteration: gemeenschap
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s table scenes are better served by the more precise new term ‘table_fellowship’ (‘tafelgemeenschap’) than by this generic term.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Koninkrijk van God
Transliteration: Koninkrijk van God
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: Koninkrijk Gods (archaic genitive)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. The single most frequent theological phrase in Luke (4:43, 6:20, 7:28, 8:1, 8:10, 9:2, 9:60, 10:9, 10:11, 11:20, 13:18-20, 17:20-21, 18:16-17, 19:11, 21:31, 22:16-18, 23:42); must retain both present-inbreaking and future-consummation senses across every occurrence.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: heidenen
Transliteration: heidenen
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Simeon’s Nunc Dimittis (2:32) and the Great-Commission-echoing 24:47 are the key ‘Savior for All Nations’ bookends of the whole Gospel.
Glory
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid
Transliteration: heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The Transfiguration (9:31-32) is the heaviest doctrinal concentration, touching the Critical ‘Deity of Christ’ doctrine.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kracht van God
Transliteration: kracht van God
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:35, 4:14, 4:36, 5:17, 6:19, 8:46, 9:1; ties directly to the new term ‘power_from_on_high’ (24:49, ‘kracht uit de hoogte’) anticipating Pentecost.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Transliteration: Messias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Frequently paired with the χρίω/‘anointed’ etymology surfaced explicitly at the core passage (4:18); occurs at 2:11, 2:26, 3:15, 4:41, 9:20, 22:67, 23:2, 23:35, 23:39.
Intercession
Approved rendering: voorbede
Transliteration: voorbede
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ὑπερεντυγχάνει / ἔντευξις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Jesus’ own intercessory prayer for Peter (22:32) and for his executioners (23:34) are Luke’s key occurrences, distinct from Catholic ‘voorspraak’ per the baseline’s built-in Dutch disambiguation.
Providence
Approved rendering: voorzienigheid
Transliteration: voorzienigheid
Doctrine: Providence
Original: πρόνοια
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Not one sparrow falls…’ (12:6-7) and 12:22-31 are Luke’s clearest providence texts; Heidelberg Catechism Q&A 27-28 gives Reformed-catechized Dutch readers strong prior vocabulary.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Simeon’s and Zechariah’s prophecies both center on Israel’s redemption alongside Gentile inclusion; the baseline’s Christian-Zionism sensitivity note applies equally here.
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Same secularization-context risk as documented in the baseline applies throughout Luke.
Father
Approved rendering: Vader
Transliteration: Vader
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The Prodigal Son (15:11-32) and Gethsemane (22:42) are key emotionally-weighted occurrences.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: nakomeling van David
Transliteration: nakomeling van David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: uit het zaad Davids (archaic/clinical register)
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 3:31; distinct from the title-form ‘son_of_david_title’ (‘Zoon van David’) used in direct address at 18:38-39 and 20:41-44.
Disciple
Approved rendering: discipel
Transliteration: discipel
Doctrine: The Cost of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: leerling (flattens to ordinary school-pupil sense)
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
μαθητής. ‘Discipel’ (established HSV/NBV loanword) preferred over ‘leerling’. Foundational from the calling of the first disciples (5:1-11) onward.
Compassion Visceral
Approved rendering: ontferming
Transliteration: ontferming
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: medelijden (too weak/condescending as sole rendering)
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion
σπλαγχνίζομαι. Core term for the ‘Compassion’ doctrine; captures visceral depth better than ‘medelijden’. Secular/younger Dutch readers may not know ‘ontferming’, requiring occasional glossing. Occurs at 7:13, 10:33, 15:20.
Mercy
Approved rendering: barmhartigheid
Transliteration: barmhartigheid
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἔλεος / ἐλεέω / οἰκτίρμων
Category: Compassion
ἔλεος/ἐλεέω/οἰκτίρμων. Secular Dutch knows ‘barmhartige Samaritaan’ mainly as a generic do-gooder idiom, which can dilute the God-grounded mercy sense of 1:50, 1:54, 1:58, 1:72, 1:78, 6:36, 18:38-39.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: tollenaar
Transliteration: tollenaar
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: τελώνης
Category: Table Fellowship
τελώνης. Modern Dutch has no exact social equivalent to the tax collector’s collaborator-stigma; requires cultural framing in teaching materials. Occurs at 3:12, 5:27-30, 7:29, 7:34, 15:1, 18:9-14, 19:1-10.
Table Fellowship
Approved rendering: tafelgemeenschap
Transliteration: tafelgemeenschap
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: gemeenschap (too generic, loses the scandalous cultural specificity)
Original: συνανάκειμαι / κατάκειμαι
Category: Table Fellowship
συνανάκειμαι/κατάκειμαι. Constructed compound requiring mandatory cultural/historical framing (reclining banquet customs, purity-code scandal) for modern Dutch readers. Occurs at 5:29-32, 7:36-50, 14:1, 14:7-24, 15:1-2, 19:1-10, 24:30.
Servant Of The Lord
Approved rendering: dienares van de Heer
Transliteration: dienares van de Heer
Doctrine: The Cost of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: slavin van de Heer (more literal but breaks with established HSV register)
Original: δούλη Κυρίου
Category: Discipleship
δούλη Κυρίου. Mary’s self-designation (1:38) of total, unqualified belonging and submission; the softening from literal total-ownership δοῦλος to ‘dienares’ is an accepted register choice, not a doctrinal error.
Redemption
Approved rendering: verlossing
Transliteration: verlossing
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: behoud (distinct concept/word-group from σωτηρία — do not substitute)
Original: λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
λύτρωσις/ἀπολύτρωσις. Distinct from baseline’s ‘behoud’; carries specific ransom/payment imagery. Occurs at 2:38 (Anna’s proclamation) and, intensified, at 21:28 (final eschatological deliverance).
Joy
Approved rendering: vreugde
Transliteration: vreugde
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: blijdschap (more casual emotional happiness; acceptable secondary, not primary)
Original: χαρά
Category: Discipleship
χαρά. Core term for ‘Joy of Discipleship’. Recommend ‘vreugde’ for curriculum-wide register consistency. Occurs at 1:14, 1:44, 2:10, 10:17, 15:7, 15:10, 15:32, 19:6, 19:37, 24:41, 24:52.
Deny Oneself
Approved rendering: zichzelf verloochenen
Transliteration: zichzelf verloochenen
Doctrine: The Cost of Discipleship
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν. Paired with cross-bearing at 9:23; stable Dutch rendering across traditions.
Hades
Approved rendering: Hades (het rijk van de dood)
Transliteration: Hades
Doctrine: Paradise and the Intermediate State
Rejected alternatives: hel (conflates intermediate state with final judgment/Gehenna)
Original: Ἅιδης
Category: Eschatology
Ἅιδης. Dutch readers commonly conflate Hades with ‘hel’; teaching materials must distinguish. Sole occurrence at 16:23 (Rich Man and Lazarus).
Sons Of Resurrection
Approved rendering: kinderen van de opstanding
Transliteration: kinderen van de opstanding
Doctrine: The Bodily Resurrection of Christ
Original: υἱοὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως
Category: Eschatology
υἱοὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως. Reuses ‘opstanding’ root in a new phrase-level combination; ties resurrection to a distinct future order of existence. Sole occurrence at 20:36.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: Woord van God
Transliteration: Woord van God
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: God
λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ. Capitalize ‘Woord’ to distinguish the theological referent from ordinary ‘woord’. Occurs at 5:1, 8:11, 8:21, 11:28.
Law And Prophets
Approved rendering: de Wet en de Profeten
Transliteration: de Wet en de Profeten
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος καὶ προφῆται
Category: Covenant
νόμος καὶ προφῆται. Composite of two baseline-reused terms; capitalize per baseline convention. Occurs at 16:16, 16:29, 16:31, 24:44.
Daily Bread
Approved rendering: dagelijks brood
Transliteration: dagelijks brood
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: ἄρτος ἐπιούσιος
Category: Prayer
ἄρτος ἐπιούσιος. The underlying Greek is one of the most genuinely disputed words in the NT; ‘dagelijks brood’ is nonetheless the universal, stable Dutch rendering across all traditions. Sole occurrence at 11:3.
Gethsemane Anguish
Approved rendering: doodsangst
Transliteration: doodsangst
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: ἀγωνία
Category: Christology
ἀγωνία. Underscores the genuine, embodied humanity of Christ at Gethsemane (22:44); must not be minimized into ordinary worry.
Opened Scriptures
Approved rendering: de Schriften opende
Transliteration: de Schriften opende
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: διανοίγω τὰς γραφάς
Category: God
διανοίγω τὰς γραφάς. Echoes the core passage’s hermeneutical move (Jesus expounding Scripture as fulfilled in himself) at the Emmaus road (24:27, 24:32).
Vigilance Watch
Approved rendering: waakzaam zijn
Transliteration: waakzaam zijn
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Kingdom
γρηγορέω. Balances the Kingdom’s present/future tension at 12:35-40 and 21:36; must retain spiritual-readiness gravity, not casual attentiveness.
Strive Enter
Approved rendering: strijden om binnen te gaan
Transliteration: strijden om binnen te gaan
Doctrine: The Cost of Discipleship
Original: ἀγωνίζομαι
Category: Discipleship
ἀγωνίζομαι. Discipleship-cost language using athletic-contest imagery at 13:24; preserves intensity better than a passive ‘proberen’.
Humble Exalt
Approved rendering: zich verootmoedigen / verhoogd worden
Transliteration: zich verootmoedigen / verhoogd worden
Doctrine: The Great Reversal of Rich and Poor
Original: ταπεινόω / ὑψόω
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
ταπεινόω/ὑψόω. Spans the Magnificat (1:52) to the banquet parables (14:11) to the tax collector’s justification (18:14); reinforces the ‘Rich and Poor’ reversal doctrine.
Delegated Authority
Approved rendering: gezag
Transliteration: gezag
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Kingdom
ἐξουσία. Distinct from raw δύναμις/‘kracht’; delegated, legitimate authority. Occurs at 4:32, 4:36, 5:24, 9:1, 10:19, 20:2, 20:8, 22:53.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke the verb form εὐαγγελίζομαι (‘evangelie verkondigen’) is far more frequent than the noun (2:10, 4:18, 4:43, 8:1, 9:6, 20:1); see ‘gospel_to_the_poor’ entry for the escalated verb-form risk when the direct object is ‘de armen’.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostel
Transliteration: apostel
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Stable across 6:13, 9:10, 11:49, 17:5, 22:14, 24:10.
Peace
Approved rendering: vrede
Transliteration: vrede
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Very frequent in Luke (1:79, 2:14, 2:29, 7:50, 8:48, 10:5-6, 19:38, 19:42, 24:36); consistently relational/covenantal, not merely psychological calm.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeet
Transliteration: profeet
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Very frequent; the core passage (4:17, 4:24) directly invokes this title for both Isaiah and Jesus.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profetie
Transliteration: profetie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Less frequent as an abstract noun than ‘prophet’ as a title; implicit at 1:67, mocked at 22:64.
Mission
Approved rendering: zending
Transliteration: zending
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: missie (broader/secular)
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Sending of the Twelve (9:1-6), the Seventy (10:1-12), and the post-resurrection commissioning (24:47-49) are the three Lukan sending narratives; still carries Dutch East Indies-era colonial missionary history requiring sensitivity.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Very frequent given Luke’s strong Davidic-messianic emphasis (1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 2:11, 3:31, 6:3, 18:38-39, 20:41-44).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Stable throughout.
Exhort
Approved rendering: vermanen
Transliteration: vermanen
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. John the Baptist’s preaching (3:18).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: dankzegging
Transliteration: dankzegging
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. The healed Samaritan leper’s response (17:16, 17:18) is the key Lukan occurrence of this root.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: naaste
Transliteration: naaste
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: πλησίον
Category: Compassion
πλησίον. Deliberately redefined across ethnic/religious lines by the Good Samaritan parable (10:25-37); stable and standard in Dutch.
Finger Of God
Approved rendering: vinger van God
Transliteration: vinger van God
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: δάκτυλος θεοῦ
Category: God
δάκτυλος θεοῦ. Recognized biblical idiom retained literally in Dutch (Exodus 8:19 echo). Sole occurrence at 11:20.
Genealogy
Approved rendering: geslachtsregister
Transliteration: geslachtsregister
Doctrine: Genealogy and Universal Humanity
Original: γενεαλογία
Category: Christology
γενεαλογία. Luke traces Jesus’ lineage to Adam (3:23-38), universal humanity, rather than only to Abraham as Matthew does — reinforcing ‘Savior for All Nations’.
Leprosy
Approved rendering: melaatsheid
Transliteration: melaatsheid
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: λέπρα / λεπρός
Category: Compassion
λέπρα/λεπρός. Established, stable Dutch Bible term. Occurs at 5:12-14, 17:11-19 (the ten lepers, one a doubly-marginalized Samaritan).
Mammon
Approved rendering: Mammon
Transliteration: Mammon
Doctrine: The Great Reversal of Rich and Poor
Rejected alternatives: geld (loses the personified rival-master sense)
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
μαμωνᾶς. Standard transliterated term across Dutch Bible traditions. Occurs at 16:9-13.
Kingdom Parable Images
Approved rendering: mosterdzaad / gist
Transliteration: mosterdzaad / gist
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: κόκκος σινάπεως / ζύμη
Category: Kingdom
κόκκος σινάπεως/ζύμη. Standard agricultural/domestic imagery, low lexical risk. Occurs at 13:18-21.
Anxiety Worry
Approved rendering: bezorgd zijn
Transliteration: bezorgd zijn
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: μεριμνάω
Category: Prayer
μεριμνάω. Positive counterpart to trusting dependence at 12:22-31 and 10:41 (Martha).
Faithful Steward
Approved rendering: trouwe rentmeester
Transliteration: trouwe rentmeester
Doctrine: Providence and Trust in God
Original: πιστὸς οἰκονόμος
Category: Discipleship
πιστὸς οἰκονόμος. Models responsible discipleship in anticipation of the master’s (Christ’s) return; occurs at 12:42-48, 16:1-13.
Received Welcomed
Approved rendering: ontving / verwelkomde
Transliteration: ontving / verwelkomde
Doctrine: The Social Scandal of Table Fellowship
Original: δέχομαι
Category: Table Fellowship
δέχομαι. Hospitable, restorative reception; ties to Table Fellowship doctrine at 8:13, 9:5, 9:48, 9:53, 10:8, 10:10, 15:2, 15:20, 19:6.
Referenced passages