Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Peter — English → Dutch
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json for the 2 Peter curriculum. Section 1 lists baseline terms reused exactly as recorded (no changes permitted). Section 2 lists new terms introduced by 2 Peter, proposed for addition to translation memory, with the same risk-tier framework and field set as the baseline registry (category, risk, original, transliteration, definition, translation_notes, dutch_term).
Section 1 — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (from Romans translation_memory.json)
| English Term | Dutch Term (fixed) | Risk (baseline) | 2 Peter Occurrences | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | God | Medium | 1:1, 1:2, 1:17, 1:21, 2:4, 3:5, etc. | No change |
| Jesus | Jezus | Low | throughout | No change |
| lord | Heer | Critical | 1:2, 1:8, 1:11, 1:14, 1:16, 2:1(contrast), 2:20, 3:2, 3:8, 3:9, 3:10, 3:15, 3:18 | No change; “Jezus Christus onze Heer” formula recurs |
| son_of_god | Zoon van God | Critical | 1:17 (“mijn geliefde Zoon”) | No change |
| holy_spirit | Heilige Geest | Critical | 1:21 | No change |
| father | Vader | High | 1:17 | No change |
| faith | geloof | High | 1:1, 1:5 | No change |
| righteousness | gerechtigheid | Critical | 1:1, 2:5 (Noah), 2:21 | No change |
| grace | genade | High | 1:2, 3:18 | No change |
| peace | vrede | Medium | 1:2, 3:14 | No change |
| holy | heilig | High | 1:18 (holy mountain), 1:21 (Holy Spirit), 3:11 (holy conduct) | No change |
| apostle | apostel | Medium | 1:1, 3:2 | No change |
| calling | roeping | High | 1:10 | No change |
| called | geroepen | High | 1:3 (implicit “called us”) | No change |
| election | verkiezing | High | 1:10 | No change; do not let “verkiezing” be read through the everyday political-election lens |
| covenant | verbond | High | (implicit, background to Davidic/prophetic themes) | Retained for consistency if referenced in teaching materials |
| glory | heerlijkheid | High | 1:3, 1:17 (x2), 3:18 | No change |
| gospel | evangelie | High | (implicit background term for “the way of truth”) | Retained for teaching materials cross-reference |
| church | gemeente | Medium | 1:1 (“to those who have obtained…”, corporate address) | Use for corporate-believer references if introduced in teaching material |
| kingdom_of_god | Koninkrijk van God | Medium | 1:11 (“eternal kingdom”) | No change |
| prophet | profeet | Low | 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 2:1, 2:16, 3:2 | No change |
| prophecy | profetie | Low | 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 3:2 | No change |
| power_of_god | kracht van God | Medium | 1:3, 1:16 | Adjust genitive only (“kracht van onze Heer Jezus Christus” in 1:16) |
| fellowship | gemeenschap | Low | (cognate κοινωνός, 1:4) | Keep “gemeenschap” reserved for koinōnia-proper; use “deelgenoot” for κοινωνός itself (see Section 2) |
| salvation | behoud | High | 3:15 | No change; do not default to “verlossing” or “zaligheid” without reviewer sign-off |
| gentiles | heidenen | Medium | (not directly present; background only) | Not applicable unless referenced in teaching material |
| sin | zonde | High | 1:9 (cleansing from past sins), 2:14 | No change; flag colloquial “a pity/waste” drift risk exactly as in baseline |
| exhort | vermanen | Low | (letter’s general exhortatory purpose) | Use “aansporen” where the building-up sense, not admonishment, is intended |
Section 2 — New Terms Introduced by 2 Peter (Proposed Additions to Translation Memory)
| Key | English Term | Dutch Term | Risk | Doctrine | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Definition | Translation Notes | Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| savior | Savior | Zaligmaker | High | The Certainty of Christ’s Return / Salvation | σωτήρ | sōtēr | Exclusive divine title for the one who accomplishes σωτηρία/behoud. | Chosen to match the baseline’s behoud register decision. Flag any deviation to “Heiland” or “Redder” for reviewer sign-off; “Redder” risks flattening to the secular “rescuer/lifeguard” sense. | Heiland (more pietistic-devotional register); Redder (secular flattening risk) |
| full_knowledge | Full/personal knowledge | kennis (glossed “volle kennis”) | High | The Certainty of Christ’s Return / general maturity theme | ἐπίγνωσις | epignōsis | Intensified, relational, experiential knowing of God/Christ, distinct from γνῶσις. | Dutch, like English, has only one common noun for both epignōsis and gnōsis; track the underlying Greek term at each occurrence and gloss ἐπίγνωσις with a qualifier where the distinction matters doctrinally (1:2, 1:3, 1:8, 2:20, 3:18). | bare “kennis” without qualifier (flattens distinction) |
| knowledge | Knowledge | kennis | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | γνῶσις | gnōsis | General cognitive knowledge; one virtue in the chain of 1:5-7. | Distinguish from ἐπίγνωσις; see above. | — |
| virtue | Virtue/moral excellence | deugd | Medium-High | Growing in Christian Virtue | ἀρετή | aretē | Moral excellence/praiseworthy quality, a virtue to be actively supplied to faith. | COLLISION FLAG: the baseline Romans TM explicitly rejects “deugd” as a mistranslation of δικαιοσύνη/righteousness. Here ἀρετή is a genuinely different Greek word for which “deugd” is the correct rendering. Must not avoid “deugd” here out of Romans-baseline caution. | — |
| divine_nature | Divine nature | goddelijke natuur | Critical | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | θεία φύσις | theia physis | The intrinsic moral character/nature of God, in which believers become “partakers” through Christ’s promises, without becoming ontologically divine or ceasing to be creatures. | High risk of pantheistic/self-divinization misreading given the Netherlands’ fast-growing secular “spiritualiteit zonder religie” market; must be glossed to exclude both a bare ontological-deification reading and any New Age “we are all divine” reading. Flag for human theologian review at every occurrence (1:4). | vergoddelijking (deification, forbidden — implies ontological change of being) |
| partaker | Partaker/partner | deelgenoot | Medium | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | κοινωνός | koinōnos | One who shares/participates in another’s nature or experience. | Keep distinct from “gemeenschap” (fellowship/koinōnia) to avoid conflating the cognate nouns. | gemeenschap (reserved for koinōnia) |
| corruption | Corruption/decay | verderf | Medium-High | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | φθορά | phthora | Moral and/or physical decay/ruin characteristic of the fallen world, from which believers escape via the divine nature. | Somewhat elevated/archaic register in modern Dutch; retain as the standard Reformed rendering but consider a plainer gloss (“verval, ondergang”) for secular-facing materials. | verval (too weak alone), bederf (more literal/food-spoilage connotation) |
| sinful_desire | Sinful desire/lust | begeerte | Medium | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption / Day of the Lord (scoffers) | ἐπιθυμία | epithymia | Strong desire/craving; in most 2 Peter occurrences, disordered/sinful craving. | Gloss “zondige begeerte” where the sinful sense specifically (not neutral desire) is intended. | lust (too narrowly sexual for all occurrences) |
| self_control | Self-control | zelfbeheersing | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | ἐγκράτεια | enkrateia | Restraint over one’s own impulses/appetites. | Stable term; low ambiguity. | — |
| endurance | Endurance/perseverance | volharding | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | Active perseverance through trial, distinct from patient forbearance (μακροθυμία). | Keep terminologically distinct from μακροθυμία/“geduld”-“lankmoedigheid” (ch.3); English “patience” flattens both, Dutch must not. | geduld (reserved for makrothymia) |
| godliness | Godliness | godsvrucht | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | εὐσέβεια | eusebeia | Reverent, worshipful devotion expressed in conduct. | Somewhat formal/older-register word; flag generational-familiarity risk for secular younger readers, similar to the baseline’s “zonde” drift note, though milder. | vroomheid (softer, more sentimental register) |
| brotherly_love | Brotherly love | broederlijke liefde | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | φιλαδελφία | philadelphia | Love among fellow believers specifically. | Stable, transparent compound. | — |
| myths | Myths/fables | verzinsels (or mythen, glossed) | High | The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | μῦθος | mythos | Invented, fictional narrative, contrasted with eyewitness historical testimony. | Modern Dutch “mythe” reads as a neutral literary-critical category (Greek mythology, “stadsmythe”); “verzinsels” preserves Peter’s polemical charge of fabrication more reliably in doctrinal contexts. | mythen (used only with explicit gloss) |
| coming_of_christ | Coming/return of Christ | wederkomst | Critical | The Certainty of Christ’s Return | παρουσία | parousia | The technical NT term for Christ’s visible, glorious return; also the specific object of the scoffers’ doubt (3:4). | Must be rendered identically at every occurrence (1:16; 3:4; 3:12) to preserve the letter’s argument linking ch.1’s eyewitness certainty to ch.3’s answer to scoffers. Never use bare “komst,” which loses the technical eschatological sense. | komst (too generic) |
| eyewitness | Eyewitness | ooggetuige | Low | The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | ἐπόπτης | epoptēs | One who has personally, sensorily observed an event. | Transparent compound; no competing religious connotation in Dutch. | — |
| scripture | Scripture | Schrift | Critical | The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | γραφή | graphē | The canonical, God-breathed sacred writings (OT, and by extension NT). | Never render as bare “geschrift” (generic document), which strips the canonical/God-breathed sense entirely. Always “de Schrift” / “de Heilige Schrift.” | geschrift (forbidden — too generic) |
| private_interpretation | (One’s own) interpretation | (eigen) uitlegging | High | The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | ἐπίλυσις | epilysis | The act of interpreting/explaining; in 1:20, denotes prophecy’s origin (not from the prophet’s private explanatory insight), not a prohibition on lay Bible interpretation. | Must be paired with a translator/teacher note to prevent the frequent over-clericalizing misreading that this verse forbids ordinary readers from interpreting Scripture. | — |
| carried_along | Carried along (by the Spirit) | gedreven | High | The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | φέρω (φερόμενοι) | pherō (pheromenoi) | The Spirit’s decisive propulsion of human authors who nonetheless genuinely, personally spoke — the classical NT inspiration-verb. | Do not render as “gedicteerd” (denies human agency) or as the weaker “geïnspireerd” (now generic artistic-inspiration register in modern Dutch) for this specific verb; reserve “geïnspireerd/inspiratie” for the general doctrine label only. | gedicteerd (forbidden — denies human agency); geïnspireerd (too weak for this specific verb) |
| false_teacher | False teacher | valse leraar | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | ψευδοδιδάσκαλος | pseudodidaskalos | One who falsely claims teaching authority, introducing destructive doctrine. | Stable, transparent Dutch compound. | — |
| false_prophet | False prophet | valse profeet | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | ψευδοπροφήτης | pseudoprophētēs | One who falsely claims prophetic authority. | Stable, transparent compound. | — |
| destructive_heresy | Destructive heresy | verderfelijke dwaalleer | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | αἵρεσις (ἀπωλείας) | hairesis (apōleias) | Doctrinally corrosive false teaching leading its adherents to ruin. | Never render αἵρεσις as modern Dutch “sekte,” which carries a narrower, sensationalized media connotation (dangerous cult) not matching Peter’s broader sense of destructive teaching within the professing church. | sekte (forbidden — sensationalized modern connotation) |
| master | Master (sovereign owner) | Heer / Meester | Critical | False Teachers and Their Judgment | δεσπότης | despotēs | Absolute sovereign ownership-authority, distinct from the broader κύριος; used of Christ’s ownership of those he purchased. | FORBIDDEN COGNATE: never transliterate as “despoot,” which in modern Dutch means “tyrant” and carries an entirely negative, oppressive connotation — doctrinally disastrous if used of Christ. | despoot (FORBIDDEN — means “tyrant” in modern Dutch) |
| bought | Bought/redeemed | gekocht | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | ἀγοράζω | agorazō | Commercial-purchase imagery applied to Christ’s atoning redemption of believers. | Ensure the redemptive-purchase sense, not literal commerce, remains clear from context. | — |
| sensuality | Sensuality/licentiousness | losbandigheid | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | ἀσέλγεια | aselgeia | Unbridled, shameless self-indulgence, especially sexual. | Standard rendering; low ambiguity beyond register. | — |
| destruction | Destruction/perdition | verderf / ondergang | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment / Day of the Lord | ἀπώλεια | apōleia | Final, eschatological ruin/damnation, not merely temporal loss or damage. | Must retain the eschatological/final sense in judgment contexts (2:1, 2:3, 3:7, 3:16). | schade (too weak — mere “damage”) |
| day_of_judgment | Day of judgment | dag van het oordeel | High | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | ἡμέρα κρίσεως | hēmera kriseōs | The final eschatological day of divine reckoning. | Keep terminologically distinct from but doctrinally linked to ἡμέρα κυρίου (“dag van de Heere”). | — |
| day_of_the_lord | Day of the Lord | dag van de Heere | Critical | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment / Certainty of Christ’s Return | ἡμέρα κυρίου | hēmera kyriou | The OT-rooted technical eschatological term for God’s decisive day of judgment/vindication, identified with Christ’s return. | The single most theologically load-bearing new term in this curriculum, parallel in weight to the baseline’s election. Render identically at every occurrence; capitalize “Heere” per established Dutch Bible convention to mark the divine title, avoiding a lowercase misreading as an unrelated “master’s day.” | dag van de heer (lowercase — risks misreading as unrelated to the divine title) |
| freedom | Freedom/liberty (false promise) | vrijheid | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | In 2:19, a false promise of licentious autonomy, ironically contrasted with the false teachers’ own slavery to corruption. | Preserve the ironic contrast with “slave of corruption” in the same verse. | — |
| repentance | Repentance | bekering | High | Patience of God’s Timing | μετάνοια | metanoia | A full reorientation of mind and life, not mere remorse — the intended fruit of God’s patience before final judgment. | Not present in the baseline Romans TM; recommend formal addition. Distinguish the specifically Christian sense from the secular usage of “bekeren” for any ideological/religious conversion. | spijt/berouw (mere remorse, too weak) |
| patience_of_god | Patience (of God) | geduld (formal alt.: lankmoedigheid) | High | Patience of God’s Timing | μακροθυμία | makrothymia | God’s patient forbearance toward sinners, withholding judgment to allow space for repentance — not weakness or unfaithfulness. | Mirrors the baseline’s three-way salvation register split (behoud/verlossing/zaligheid): “geduld” is accessible but risks flattening into ordinary everyday patience; “lankmoedigheid” retains the specifically divine, forbearing register but sounds archaic to secular/younger readers. Flag any deviation for reviewer confirmation. | — |
| thousand_years_analogy | ”A day as a thousand years" | "één dag is bij de Heere als duizend jaar” | High | Patience of God’s Timing | μία ἡμέρα ὡς χίλια ἔτη | mia hēmera hōs chilia etē | A proverbial statement (echoing Psalm 90:4) about God’s transcendence of human time, not a literal exchange-rate/calendar formula. | Must be taught/glossed to prevent date-setting speculation about the timing of Christ’s return, a real and recurring misreading. | — |
| new_heavens_and_new_earth | New heavens and new earth | nieuwe hemel en nieuwe aarde | Medium | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν | kainous ouranous kai gēn kainēn | The present created order renewed/transformed, not a second creation from nothing (echoing Isaiah 65:17, 66:22). | Teach as renewal-in-continuity with the present creation, guarding against an overly Gnostic-flavored “escape the material world” misreading. | — |
| distort_scripture | Twist/distort (Scripture) | verdraaien | Medium-High | The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | στρεβλόω | streblō | Willful textual distortion/misuse of Scripture, including apostolic writings, leading to the distorter’s own destruction. | Preserves the distinction between Scripture’s own reliability and its potential willful human misuse — a distinction to preserve carefully in teaching material. | — |
| grow | Grow (in grace and knowledge) | groeien / toenemen | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | αὐξάνω | auxanō | Organic growth/maturation; the letter’s climactic, capstone exhortation (3:18), bookending the virtue-chain of 1:5-8. | Render consistently with the growth vocabulary already established in ch.1 so Dutch readers perceive the same textual inclusio present in the Greek. | — |
| scoffer | Scoffer/mocker | spotter | Medium | The Certainty of Christ’s Return | ἐμπαίκτης | empaiktēs | One who derides/ridicules with contempt; here, deniers of the Parousia. | Central antagonist-figures for both the Certainty of Christ’s Return and Day of the Lord doctrines. | — |
| tent_of_the_body | Tent (of the body) | aardse tent | Medium | (background: mortality, ch.1) | σκήνωμα | skēnōma | Figurative “tent” for the physical body as a temporary dwelling. | Avoid literal “tabernakel” (OT tent-of-meeting collision); avoid bare “lichaam” (loses the vivid temporary-dwelling image). | tabernakel (forbidden — OT collision) |
Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (for Phase 2 Segment Routing)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms (Section 1 + Section 2) |
|---|---|
| The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | γραφή/Schrift, μῦθος/verzinsels, ἐπόπτης/ooggetuige, ἐπίλυσις/(eigen) uitlegging, φέρω/gedreven, προφητεία/profetie, προφήτης/profeet, στρεβλόω/verdraaien |
| Growing in Christian Virtue | ἀρετή/deugd, γνῶσις + ἐπίγνωσις/kennis, ἐγκράτεια/zelfbeheersing, ὑπομονή/volharding, εὐσέβεια/godsvrucht, φιλαδελφία/broederlijke liefde, ἀγάπη/liefde, αὐξάνω/groeien |
| False Teachers and Their Judgment | ψευδοδιδάσκαλος/valse leraar, ψευδοπροφήτης/valse profeet, αἵρεσις/verderfelijke dwaalleer, δεσπότης/Heer-Meester, ἐλευθερία/vrijheid, ἀπώλεια/verderf-ondergang, κρίμα/oordeel |
| The Certainty of Christ’s Return | παρουσία/wederkomst, ἐμπαίκτης/spotter, ἐπαγγελία/belofte |
| The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | ἡμέρα κυρίου/dag van de Heere, ἡμέρα κρίσεως/dag van het oordeel, πῦρ/vuur, καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν/nieuwe hemel en nieuwe aarde |
| Patience of God’s Timing | μακροθυμία/geduld-lankmoedigheid, βραδύνω/traag-talmen, μετάνοια/bekering, μία ἡμέρα ὡς χίλια ἔτη/“één dag…als duizend jaar” |
| Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | θεία φύσις/goddelijke natuur, κοινωνός/deelgenoot, φθορά/verderf, ἐπιθυμία/begeerte |
Notes for Phase 2 Loading
- All Section 1 terms load from the existing baseline
translation_memory.json— no new entries required, no version increment for these. - All Section 2 terms are proposed new entries for
translation_memory.jsonandbible_term_registry.json. Per the AI Translation Requirements (12_ai_translation_requirements.md) Section “Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions,” each must be formally recorded in translation memory before the segment containing it is marked complete, with Critical/High risk entries flagged for theologian review. - Three forbidden-cognate/forbidden-substitution risks are introduced by 2 Peter and should be added to the Critical Forbidden Substitutions list for this curriculum:
- δεσπότης → NEVER “despoot” (means “tyrant” in modern Dutch)
- γραφή → NEVER bare “geschrift” (too generic, loses canonical sense)
- αἵρεσις → NEVER “sekte” (sensationalized modern cult-connotation)
- Two register-split terms (parallel to the baseline’s
salvation/behoud-verlossing-zaligheid pattern) require ongoing reviewer attention across Phase 2: σωτήρ (Zaligmaker/Heiland/Redder) and μακροθυμία (geduld/lankmoedigheid).
Critical Risk Terms
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Zoon van God
Transliteration: Zoon van God
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱός
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: full phrase required, conveying eternal, unique Sonship. Inherited from Romans package. The Father’s own voice at the Transfiguration (2 Peter 1:17, ‘mijn geliefde Zoon’) is the strongest textual anchor for this doctrine in 2 Peter; render with full capitalized ‘Zoon’.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: gerechtigheid
Transliteration: gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: deugd
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: right standing given and credited through faith, not human moral virtue. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:1, 2:5 (Noah as ‘herald of righteousness’), 2:21. NOTE: contrast with the new term aretē/‘deugd’ below — dikaiosynē is never rendered ‘deugd’, but aretē (a different Greek word introduced by this letter) correctly is.
Election
Approved rendering: verkiezing
Transliteration: verkiezing
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL, the most Dutch-specific doctrinal flashpoint in this glossary (Canons of Dort vs. the Remonstrants). Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:10 — must be read as evidencing, not securing, an already-sovereign divine act, guarding against Dutch Reformed ‘bevindelijke’ introspective-assurance anxiety.
Divine Nature
Approved rendering: goddelijke natuur
Transliteration: goddelijke natuur
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: vergoddelijking (forbidden — implies ontological change of being), goddelijk wezen (drifts toward a Trinitarian-essence term better reserved for confessional Christology)
Original: θεία φύσις
Category: Sanctification
theia physis, 2 Peter 1:4. CRITICAL: in the highly secularized Dutch context with a fast-growing ‘spiritualiteit zonder religie’ market, risks a pantheistic or self-divinization misreading rather than the historic Christian sense of participation in God’s moral character while remaining creatures. Mandatory theologian-reviewed gloss at every occurrence, explicitly excluding both ontological deification (also the LDS ‘exaltation’ misreading) and New Age ‘we are all divine’ readings.
Coming Of Christ
Approved rendering: wederkomst
Transliteration: wederkomst
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: komst (too generic — loses the technical eschatological sense)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
parousia, 2 Peter 1:16, 3:4, 3:12. Must be rendered identically at every occurrence to preserve the letter’s argument linking ch.1’s eyewitness certainty to ch.3’s answer to scoffers. The single most structurally load-bearing term in the letter alongside ‘day_of_the_lord’.
Scripture
Approved rendering: Schrift
Transliteration: Schrift
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: geschrift (FORBIDDEN — generic document, strips the canonical, God-breathed sense entirely)
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
graphē, 2 Peter 1:20, 3:16. Always ‘de Schrift’ / ‘de Heilige Schrift’, the technical term used identically across Reformed, Catholic, and evangelical Dutch traditions. Never bare ‘geschrift’.
Master
Approved rendering: Heer / Meester
Transliteration: Heer / Meester
Doctrine: Lordship and Sovereign Ownership of Christ
Rejected alternatives: despoot (FORBIDDEN COGNATE — means ‘tyrant’ in modern Dutch, doctrinally disastrous if applied to Christ)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
despotēs, 2 Peter 2:1, 2:20 (implicit background). Absolute sovereign-ownership authority, distinct from the broader kyrios. Never transliterate. Where kyrios and despotēs occur near each other, vary between ‘Heer’ and ‘Meester’ to preserve some distinction, footnoting the underlying Greek difference for reviewers rather than inventing a Dutch neologism. Must explicitly retain absolute ownership-authority applied to Christ himself, not a delegated/lesser lordship (guard against Watchtower-style subordinationist readings).
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: dag van de Heere
Transliteration: dag van de Heere
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: dag van de heer (lowercase — FORBIDDEN, risks misreading as an unrelated generic ‘master’s day’)
Original: ἡμέρα κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
hēmera kyriou, 2 Peter 3:10. The single most theologically load-bearing new term in this curriculum, parallel in weight to the baseline’s ‘election’. Always capitalize ‘Heere’ per HSV/Statenvertaling convention; render identically at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: Heer
Transliteration: Heer
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: meester
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Modern Dutch has shifted the everyday polite title to ‘meneer’, leaving ‘Heer’ more exclusively religious/formal register. Inherited from Romans package. Recurs at 1:2, 1:8, 1:11, 1:14, 1:16, 2:20, 3:2, 3:8-9, 3:15, 3:18; in ch.2 frequently near despotes-derived ‘master’ entry — keep the two distinguishable using ‘Heer’/‘Meester’ variation, not a fixed one-to-one mapping.
Grace
Approved rendering: genade
Transliteration: genade
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: gunst
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Must always convey grace as unearned and apart from human cooperation. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:2, and the letter’s climactic closing exhortation 3:18, ‘groei in de genade en kennis van onze Heer’.
Covenant
Approved rendering: verbond
Transliteration: verbond
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Dutch Reformed ‘verbondsleer’ is unusually systematized. Inherited from Romans package. Implicit background to the prophetic-word doctrine of 2 Peter 1:19-21 and the Noah/Sodom typology of ch.2.
Church
Approved rendering: gemeente
Transliteration: gemeente
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: kerk (institution-default)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Reformed tradition prefers ‘gemeente’ for the NT ekklesia sense. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:1, corporate address ‘to those who have obtained a faith of equal standing’.
Salvation
Approved rendering: behoud
Transliteration: behoud
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: verlossing (more common, less precise), zaligheid (older/pietistic register)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
HIGH RISK three-way register split. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 3:15, ‘de lankmoedigheid van onze Heer als behoud’ — do not default to ‘verlossing’ or ‘zaligheid’ without reviewer sign-off.
Sin
Approved rendering: zonde
Transliteration: zonde
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
HIGH RISK, distinctly Dutch: the dominant everyday sense is now ‘a pity/waste’. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:9 (cleansing from past sins), 2:14 (hearts trained in greed) — never leave unglossed in doctrinal contexts; gloss with ‘schuld voor God’ where drift risk is highest.
Servant
Approved rendering: dienstknecht
Transliteration: dienstknecht
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Rejected alternatives: slaaf (forbidden here — transatlantic-slavery-era political connotations distort this positive apostolic self-designation)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
2 Peter 1:1, Peter’s self-identification (doulos). Do not render with modern Dutch ‘slaaf’ here. Note the sharp contrast with the negative, ironic use of the same Greek word at 2:19 (see ‘slave_of_corruption’ below), where ‘slaaf’ is in fact the correct, deliberately ironic rendering — this divergence is intentional, not an inconsistency to be corrected.
Full Knowledge
Approved rendering: kennis (volle kennis)
Transliteration: kennis (volle kennis)
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘kennis’ without qualifier (flattens the epignōsis/gnōsis distinction)
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Faith
epignōsis, 2 Peter 1:2, 1:3, 1:8, 2:20, 3:18. Dutch, like English, has only one common noun for both epignōsis and gnōsis. Gloss with ‘volle/persoonlijke kennis’ at each doctrinally load-bearing occurrence; track the underlying Greek term per occurrence in the segment cache.
Virtue
Approved rendering: deugd
Transliteration: deugd
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀρετή
Category: Sanctification
aretē, 2 Peter 1:3, 1:5. COLLISION FLAG: the Romans baseline explicitly rejects ‘deugd’ as a mistranslation of dikaiosynē/righteousness. Here aretē is a genuinely different Greek word for which ‘deugd’ is the doctrinally correct rendering. Do NOT avoid ‘deugd’ here out of Romans-baseline caution regarding a different term.
Corruption
Approved rendering: verderf
Transliteration: verderf
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: verval (too weak alone), bederf (too narrowly food-spoilage)
Original: φθορά
Category: Sanctification
phthora, 2 Peter 1:4, 2:12, 2:19. Somewhat elevated/archaic register to secular Dutch ears; retained as the standard Reformed/HSV rendering. This curriculum’s internal convention: ‘verderf’ = phthora (escapable moral/physical decay); ‘ondergang’ = apōleia (final eschatological ruin, see ‘destruction’ below) — track per occurrence, since mainstream Dutch Bible tradition does not enforce this split as rigidly.
Myths
Approved rendering: verzinsels
Transliteration: verzinsels
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: mythen (used only with an explicit gloss ‘verzonnen verhalen’)
Original: μῦθος
Category: Scripture
mythos, 2 Peter 1:16. Modern Dutch ‘mythe’ reads as a neutral literary-critical category (Greek mythology, ‘stadsmythe’), losing Peter’s polemical charge of fabrication contrasted with eyewitness testimony.
More Fully Confirmed
Approved rendering: des te vaster bevestigd
Transliteration: des te vaster bevestigd
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: zeker (loses the comparative force)
Original: βεβαιότερος
Category: Scripture
bebaioteros, 2 Peter 1:19. Comparative construction (‘even more firmly confirmed’) easily flattened into a simple ‘zeker’, losing the argument that apostolic eyewitness testimony adds confirmatory weight to already-reliable OT prophecy.
Private Interpretation
Approved rendering: eigen uitlegging
Transliteration: eigen uitlegging
Doctrine: Scripture Distortion and False Interpretation
Original: ἐπίλυσις
Category: Scripture
epilysis, 2 Peter 1:20. Must be paired with a mandatory translator/teacher note clarifying that the verse addresses prophecy’s origin (from the Spirit, not the prophet’s own explanatory insight — v.21), not a prohibition on lay Bible reading. Render with an explicit possessive anchor (‘…van de profeet’) per HSV/NBV21 convention, never the ambiguous unanchored Statenvertaling-era phrasing.
Carried Along
Approved rendering: gedreven
Transliteration: gedreven
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: gedicteerd (FORBIDDEN — denies genuine human authorial agency), geïnspireerd (too weak for this specific verb — now a generic modern Dutch word for any creative inspiration)
Original: φέρω (φερόμενοι)
Category: Scripture
pherō/pheromenoi, 2 Peter 1:21. The classic NT inspiration-verb (cf. Acts 27:15,17, a ship driven by wind). ‘Gedreven’ retains both halves of the paradox: real human speech, decisive divine propulsion. Reserve ‘inspiratie/geïnspireerd’ only for the general doctrine label in teaching material, always glossed.
Destructive Heresy
Approved rendering: verderfelijke dwaalleer
Transliteration: verderfelijke dwaalleer
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: sekte (FORBIDDEN — sensationalized modern cult-connotation, narrows Peter’s broader sense of destructive teaching arising from within the professing church), heresie (acceptable only as a secondary academic/footnote gloss — undersells the destructive/ruinous force of apōleias)
Original: αἵρεσις
Category: False Teaching
hairesis (apōleias), 2 Peter 2:1. Never render as modern Dutch ‘sekte’.
Judgment Verdict
Approved rendering: oordeel
Transliteration: oordeel
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: κρίμα
Category: False Teaching
krima, 2 Peter 2:3. Certain, already-decreed condemnatory judgment. Keep terminologically linked but visually distinguishable from the fixed phrase ‘dag van het oordeel’ (hēmera kriseōs, see ‘day_of_judgment’ below).
Destruction
Approved rendering: verderf / ondergang
Transliteration: verderf / ondergang
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: schade (too weak — mere ‘damage’)
Original: ἀπώλεια
Category: Eschatology
apōleia, 2 Peter 2:1, 2:3, 3:7, 3:16. Must retain the eschatological/final sense. This curriculum’s internal convention: prefer ‘ondergang’ where apōleia’s stronger final-ruin sense needs to be distinguished in the same passage from phthora/‘verderf’ (see ‘corruption’ above).
Day Of Judgment
Approved rendering: dag van het oordeel
Transliteration: dag van het oordeel
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα κρίσεως
Category: Eschatology
hēmera kriseōs, 2 Peter 2:9, 3:7. Keep terminologically distinct from but doctrinally linked to ‘dag van de Heere’ (hēmera kyriou, see ‘day_of_the_lord’ below); reserve as a fixed phrase for the Day category, distinct from bare ‘oordeel’ for krima.
Promise
Approved rendering: belofte
Transliteration: belofte
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Eschatology
epangelia, 2 Peter 3:4, 3:9, 3:13. Must retain full covenantal weight (‘Waar is de belofte van Zijn komst?’), not a casual, everyday assurance.
Fire
Approved rendering: vuur
Transliteration: vuur
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: πῦρ
Category: Eschatology
pyr, 2 Peter 3:7, 3:10, 3:12. Central image for final judgment; must not be softened into a metaphor for mere purification, and must not be read through a secular ecological-catastrophe lens. Any purification nuance must be additive, not substitutive.
Thousand Years Analogy
Approved rendering: één dag is bij de Heere als duizend jaar
Transliteration: één dag is bij de Heere als duizend jaar
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: μία ἡμέρα… ὡς χίλια ἔτη
Category: Eschatology
mia hēmera hōs chilia etē, 2 Peter 3:8 (echoing Psalm 90:4). Must always be accompanied by a teaching gloss identifying this as a proverbial statement about God’s transcendence of human time, never a literal date-setting/exchange-rate formula.
Patience Of God
Approved rendering: geduld (formeel: lankmoedigheid)
Transliteration: geduld (formeel: lankmoedigheid)
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Eschatology
makrothymia, 2 Peter 3:9, 3:15. Mirrors the baseline’s three-way behoud/verlossing/zaligheid register-split pattern: ‘geduld’ is accessible but risks flattening into ordinary everyday patience; ‘lankmoedigheid’ retains the specifically divine, forbearing register but sounds archaic. Flag any deviation for reviewer confirmation, exactly as the baseline flags ‘behoud’ deviations.
Repentance
Approved rendering: bekering
Transliteration: bekering
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Rejected alternatives: spijt/berouw (too weak — mere remorse)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
metanoia, 2 Peter 3:9. Not present in the baseline Romans translation memory; formally added here. A full reorientation of mind and life, the intended fruit of God’s patience. Distinguish from secular Dutch usage of ‘bekeren’ for any ideological/interfaith conversion.
Distort Scripture
Approved rendering: verdraaien
Transliteration: verdraaien
Doctrine: Scripture Distortion and False Interpretation
Original: στρεβλόω
Category: Scripture
streblō, 2 Peter 3:16. Preserves the distinction between Scripture’s own inherent reliability and its potential willful human misuse; must not be allowed to conflate ‘distortable by some’ with ‘unreliable in itself’.
Medium Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
The Netherlands is among the most secularized nations in Europe; ‘God’ is increasingly encountered as cultural-historical vocabulary rather than a live personal claim. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs throughout 2 Peter (1:1-2, 1:17, 1:21, 2:4, 3:5, etc.).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
The personal third Person of the Trinity; no competing deity-concept risk in Dutch culture. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:21, the decisive agent of prophetic inspiration (‘gedreven door de Heilige Geest’).
Father
Approved rendering: Vader
Transliteration: Vader
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
God as personal Father. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:17, God the Father honoring the Son at the Transfiguration.
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
‘Geloof’ increasingly reads as a generic, pluralistic term for any religion. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:1, 1:5 — foundation of the letter’s virtue chain.
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: heilig
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: rein
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Set apart for God and morally pure. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:18 (‘the holy mountain’ of Transfiguration), 1:21 (Holy Spirit), 3:11 (‘holy conduct’).
Called
Approved rendering: geroepen
Transliteration: geroepen
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: καλέω
Category: Salvation
Context-sensitive divine-initiative summons. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:3, implicit background of God’s call to ‘glory and virtue’.
Calling
Approved rendering: roeping
Transliteration: roeping
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
‘Roeping’ is also the ordinary Dutch word for career/life calling. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:10, ‘make your calling and election sure’ — contextual anchoring to divine sovereignty required.
Glory
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid
Transliteration: heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
God’s radiant presence and honor. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:3, 1:17 (twice, the second occurrence functioning as a periphrasis for God, rendered ‘de Verheven Heerlijkheid’), 3:18.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Koninkrijk van God
Transliteration: Koninkrijk van God
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: Koninkrijk Gods (archaic genitive)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Modern rendering preferred over the archaic Statenvertaling-style genitive. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:11, ‘het eeuwig Koninkrijk van onze Heer en Zaligmaker Jezus Christus’.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kracht van God
Transliteration: kracht van God
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Sovereign, saving capability. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:3 (‘kracht van God’), 1:16 (genitive adjusted to ‘kracht van onze Heer Jezus Christus’ — adjust the genitive only, keep the noun ‘kracht’ fixed).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: heidenen
Transliteration: heidenen
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Carries a pejorative secular connotation. Inherited from Romans package. Not directly present in 2 Peter as a key term; retained for teaching-material cross-reference only.
Knowledge
Approved rendering: kennis
Transliteration: kennis
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Sanctification
gnōsis, 2 Peter 1:5-6, 3:18. General cognitive knowledge; one virtue in the chain of 1:5-7. Track against epignōsis/‘full_knowledge’ above to avoid conflation.
Partaker
Approved rendering: deelgenoot
Transliteration: deelgenoot
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: gemeenschap (reserved for koinōnia proper)
Original: κοινωνός
Category: Sanctification
koinōnos, 2 Peter 1:4. Keep strictly distinct from ‘gemeenschap’ (koinōnia/fellowship) to avoid conflating the two related but distinct cognate nouns.
Sinful Desire
Approved rendering: begeerte
Transliteration: begeerte
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: lust (too narrowly sexual for all occurrences)
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
epithymia, 2 Peter 1:4, 2:10, 2:18, 3:3. Gloss ‘zondige begeerte’ wherever the sinful sense specifically (not neutral desire) is intended.
Endurance
Approved rendering: volharding
Transliteration: volharding
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: geduld (reserved for makrothymia)
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Sanctification
hypomonē, 2 Peter 1:6. Keep terminologically distinct from makrothymia/‘geduld’-‘lankmoedigheid’ (ch.3); English ‘patience’ flattens both Greek words, Dutch must not repeat that flattening.
Godliness
Approved rendering: godsvrucht
Transliteration: godsvrucht
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: vroomheid (softer, more sentimental register)
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Sanctification
eusebeia, 2 Peter 1:3, 1:6-7, 3:11. Formal/older confessional register (cf. Heidelberg Catechism vocabulary); mild generational-familiarity risk for secular younger readers.
Tent Of The Body
Approved rendering: aardse tent
Transliteration: aardse tent
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Rejected alternatives: tabernakel (forbidden — collides with the OT tent-of-meeting), lichaam (loses the vivid temporary-dwelling image)
Original: σκήνωμα
Category: Eschatology
skēnōma, 2 Peter 1:13-14. ‘Aardse tent’ preserves the metaphor (cf. 2 Cor 5:1, already idiomatic in Dutch Bible tradition) without the OT collision.
Majesty
Approved rendering: majesteit
Transliteration: majesteit
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Original: μεγαλειότης
Category: Christology
megaleiotēs, 2 Peter 1:16. Stable loanword; minor risk of a purely royal/secular reading (cf. ‘Zijne Majesteit’ for the Dutch king) without contextual anchoring to Christ’s deity.
Majestic Glory
Approved rendering: de Verheven Heerlijkheid
Transliteration: de Verheven Heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Original: μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα
Category: God
megaloprepēs doxa, 2 Peter 1:17. A reverent periphrasis/title for God the Father speaking from the cloud; avoid overly clinical adjectives that would lose the reverential force.
Well Pleased
Approved rendering: welbehagen
Transliteration: welbehagen
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: vreugde (flattens the technical, covenantal weight of the Father’s decretive pleasure)
Original: εὐδοκέω
Category: Christology
eudokeō, 2 Peter 1:17 (‘in wie Ik Mijn welbehagen heb’). ‘Welbehagen’ is the established, formal Dutch theological term (HSV) carrying full Reformed-dogmatic weight; must not be flattened.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: morgenster
Transliteration: morgenster
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: φωσφόρος
Category: Christology
phōsphoros, 2 Peter 1:19. Dutch ‘morgenster’ is also a folk-astronomical and occasionally astrological/New Age term (Venus, esoteric ‘Lucifer’ associations); anchor tightly to the preceding clause and to Christ explicitly, avoiding standalone use.
False Teacher
Approved rendering: valse leraar
Transliteration: valse leraar
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοδιδάσκαλος
Category: False Teaching
pseudodidaskalos, 2 Peter 2:1. Stable, transparent Dutch compound; the letter’s central antagonist category.
False Prophet
Approved rendering: valse profeet
Transliteration: valse profeet
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοπροφήτης
Category: False Teaching
pseudoprophētēs, 2 Peter 2:1. Stable, transparent Dutch compound; historical OT precedent for the current false teachers.
Bought
Approved rendering: gekocht
Transliteration: gekocht
Doctrine: Lordship and Sovereign Ownership of Christ
Original: ἀγοράζω
Category: Salvation
agorazō, 2 Peter 2:1. Commercial-purchase imagery applied to Christ’s atoning redemption of believers; ensure the redemptive-purchase sense, not literal commerce, remains clear from context. Strong resonance with Heidelberg Catechism Q&A 1’s near-identical purchase language.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: losbandigheid
Transliteration: losbandigheid
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: False Teaching
aselgeia, 2 Peter 2:2, 2:7, 2:18. Standard rendering; low ambiguity beyond register.
Freedom
Approved rendering: vrijheid
Transliteration: vrijheid
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: False Teaching
eleutheria, 2 Peter 2:19. A false promise of licentious autonomy; preserve the ironic contrast with ‘slaaf van het verderf’ in the same verse.
Slave Of Corruption
Approved rendering: slaaf van het verderf
Transliteration: slaaf van het verderf
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: δοῦλος φθοράς
Category: False Teaching
doulos phthoras, 2 Peter 2:19. Unlike Peter’s positive apostolic self-designation at 1:1 (‘dienstknecht’), the ironic-negative sense here makes ‘slaaf’ the fitting rendering — this divergence from the ‘servant’ entry above is deliberate and must not be ‘corrected’ toward uniformity.
Deceptive Error
Approved rendering: dwaling
Transliteration: dwaling
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πλάνη
Category: False Teaching
planē, 2 Peter 2:18, 3:17. The lawless false teachers’ seductive influence to be resisted.
Scoffer
Approved rendering: spotter
Transliteration: spotter
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐμπαίκτης
Category: Eschatology
empaiktēs, 2 Peter 3:3. Central antagonist-figures for both the Certainty of Christ’s Return and Day of the Lord doctrines.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: goddeloze(n)
Transliteration: goddeloze(n)
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἀσεβής
Category: Sin
asebēs, 2 Peter 2:5, 3:7. Direct antonym of ‘godsvrucht’ (eusebeia); the object of final judgment.
Slow Delay
Approved rendering: traag / talmen
Transliteration: traag / talmen
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: βραδύνω
Category: Eschatology
bradynō, 2 Peter 3:9. Must clearly negate a charge of divine unfaithfulness (‘God is niet traag/talmt niet’) rather than merely describe a delay in neutral terms.
New Heavens And New Earth
Approved rendering: nieuwe hemel en nieuwe aarde
Transliteration: nieuwe hemel en nieuwe aarde
Doctrine: Hope in the Renewed Creation
Original: καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν
Category: Eschatology
kainous ouranous kai gēn kainēn, 2 Peter 3:13 (echoing Isaiah 65:17, 66:22). Teach explicitly as renewal-in-continuity with the present created order, not a second creation from nothing and not annihilation-and-replacement; guard against Gnostic-adjacent and secular environmental-restoration misreadings.
Ignorant Unstable
Approved rendering: onkundig en onstandvastig
Transliteration: onkundig en onstandvastig
Doctrine: Scripture Distortion and False Interpretation
Original: ἀμαθεῖς, ἀστήρικτοι
Category: Scripture
amatheis, astēriktoi, 2 Peter 3:16. Those vulnerable to false teachers’ distortions of Scripture, contrasted with the letter’s call to firm, growing faith.
Grow
Approved rendering: groeien
Transliteration: groeien
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: αὐξάνω
Category: Sanctification
auxanō, 2 Peter 3:18, the letter’s climactic capstone exhortation (‘groei in de genade en kennis’), bookending the virtue-chain of 1:5-8. Render consistently with the growth vocabulary already established in ch.1 so Dutch readers perceive the same inclusio present in the Greek text.
Low Risk Terms
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Stable across all Dutch traditions. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs throughout 2 Peter in the fixed formula ‘Jezus Christus onze Heer’.
Peace
Approved rendering: vrede
Transliteration: vrede
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Relational peace with God, not merely psychological calm. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:2, 3:14.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostel
Transliteration: apostel
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Stable, shared term across all Dutch Bible traditions. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:1, 3:2 — underwrites Peter’s eyewitness authority.
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Shared, stable term across Reformed and Catholic Dutch Bibles. Inherited from Romans package. Implicit background term underlying ‘de weg van de waarheid’ (2 Peter 2:2) and this curriculum’s teaching-material cross-references.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeet
Transliteration: profeet
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
God’s spokesperson. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:19-21, 2:1, 2:16, 3:2.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profetie
Transliteration: profetie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
God-inspired declaration. Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:19-21, 3:2 — central to the Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture doctrine.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: gemeenschap
Transliteration: gemeenschap
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Shared participation in Christ. Inherited from Romans package. Reserved exclusively for koinōnia-proper; the cognate koinōnos in 2 Peter 1:4 is rendered separately as ‘deelgenoot’ (see below), never ‘gemeenschap’, to avoid conflation.
Exhort
Approved rendering: vermanen
Transliteration: vermanen
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Context-sensitive: leans toward admonish/warn. Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the letter’s general exhortatory purpose (2 Peter 1:12-15, 3:1-2); use ‘aansporen’ where the building-up sense is intended.
Equally Precious Faith
Approved rendering: evenwaardig
Transliteration: evenwaardig
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἰσότιμος
Category: Faith
isotimon, 2 Peter 1:1. Affirms Gentile believers’ faith is not second-tier to apostolic faith.
Self Control
Approved rendering: zelfbeheersing
Transliteration: zelfbeheersing
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Sanctification
enkrateia, 2 Peter 1:6. Stable, low-ambiguity term.
Brotherly Love
Approved rendering: broederlijke liefde
Transliteration: broederlijke liefde
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Sanctification
philadelphia, 2 Peter 1:7. Transparent, stable compound, distinct from the broader ‘liefde’ (agapē) capping the virtue chain.
Holy Conduct
Approved rendering: levenswandel
Transliteration: levenswandel
Doctrine: Hope in the Renewed Creation
Original: ἀναστροφή
Category: Sanctification
anastrophē, 2 Peter 3:11 (‘heilige levenswandel en godsvrucht’). The certainty of the Day of the Lord should produce present holy living, not passive speculation.
Departure
Approved rendering: heengaan
Transliteration: heengaan
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Rejected alternatives: exodus (bare loanword — evokes the OT Exodus narrative, not personal death)
Original: ἔξοδος
Category: Eschatology
exodos, 2 Peter 1:15, a euphemism for Peter’s approaching death.
Eyewitness
Approved rendering: ooggetuigen
Transliteration: ooggetuigen
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Original: ἐπόπτης
Category: Scripture
epoptēs, 2 Peter 1:16. Transparent compound, repurposed by Peter from Greek mystery-cult initiation vocabulary to claim direct sensory experience, not mystical vision; the background is a teaching-note matter, not a translation problem.
Beloved
Approved rendering: geliefde
Transliteration: geliefde
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
agapētos, 2 Peter 1:17 (of the Son), 3:15 (of Paul as ‘beloved brother’). Expresses the eternal, unique love within the Trinity when applied to the Son.
Lamp
Approved rendering: lamp
Transliteration: lamp
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: λύχνος
Category: Scripture
lychnos, 2 Peter 1:19. Scripture as a guiding light in a dark, fallen world until Christ’s return.
Greed
Approved rendering: hebzucht
Transliteration: hebzucht
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πλεονεξία
Category: Sin
pleonexia, 2 Peter 2:3, 2:14. The false teachers’ financial motive.
Flood
Approved rendering: zondvloed
Transliteration: zondvloed
Doctrine: Old Testament Judgment Precedents (Angels, Flood, Sodom)
Original: κατακλυσμός
Category: Eschatology
kataklysmos, 2 Peter 2:5, 3:6. ‘Zondvloed’ is the fixed, established Dutch term specifically for the Noahic flood, a judgment precedent for the final judgment by fire.
Referenced passages