Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Corinthians (English → Dutch)
This glossary extends the Romans baseline translation_memory.json. Terms marked REUSED carry forward the baseline’s exact recorded Dutch rendering and risk tier unchanged. Terms marked NEW are introduced by this curriculum and must be added to translation_memory.json (with version increment) before Phase 2 translation begins, per the Language Package’s term-addition procedure.
Legend
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low (per baseline
doctrine_risk_registry.jsontiers) - Status: REUSED (from Romans baseline, unchanged) / NEW (introduced in this curriculum)
Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| Term (EN) | Dutch | Original | Risk | Status | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangelie | εὐαγγέλιον | Low | REUSED | 1, 4, 9, 15 | Core passage 15:1 defines gospel content explicitly |
| grace | genade | χάρις | High | REUSED | 1, 3, 15, 16 | 15:10 (triple repetition) is a key anti-merit text |
| faith | geloof | πίστις | Medium | REUSED | 2, 12, 13, 15, 16 | 15:11 “so you believed”; 13:13 “faith, hope, love” |
| justification | rechtvaardiging | δικαίωσις/δικαιόω | Critical | REUSED | 6 | 6:11 “you were justified” |
| salvation | behoud | σωτηρία/σώζω | High | REUSED | 1, 15 | 15:2 “by which you are being saved” |
| apostle | apostel | ἀπόστολος | Low | REUSED | 1, 4, 9, 12, 15 | 15:5–9 witness list |
| called/calling | geroepen/roeping | κλητός/κλῆσις | Medium | REUSED | 1, 7 | 7:20 “the calling in which he was called” |
| holy | heilig | ἅγιος | Medium | REUSED | 1, 3, 7 | |
| saints | heiligen | ἅγιοι | High | REUSED | 1 | 1:2 identical construction to Romans 1:7 |
| sanctification | heiliging | ἁγιασμός/ἁγιάζω | Medium | REUSED | 1, 6 | 6:11 “sanctified” |
| resurrection | opstanding | ἀνάστασις | Critical (elevated — see note) | REUSED | 15 | Elevated to Critical for this curriculum: ch. 15’s entire argument turns on this term; note doctrinal escalation below |
| lord | Heer | κύριος | Critical | REUSED | 1, 8, 12, 16 | 8:6 “one Lord, Jesus Christ” |
| church | gemeente | ἐκκλησία | High | REUSED | 1, 5, 11, 12, 14, 16 | 15:9 “persecuted the church of God” |
| fellowship | gemeenschap | κοινωνία | Medium | REUSED | 1, 10 | 10:16 extends to Lord’s Supper participation — see NEW entry below |
| sin | zonde | ἁμαρτία | High | REUSED | 15 | 15:3, 15:56 |
| glory | heerlijkheid | δόξα | Medium | REUSED | 10 | 10:31 “do all to the glory of God” |
| spiritual gifts | genadegaven | χαρίσματα | Medium | REUSED | 1, 7, 12 | 12:4–11 fullest NT gift-list |
| power of God | kracht van God | δύναμις θεοῦ | Medium | REUSED | 1, 12 | Paired with “wisdom” in ch. 1 doctrine |
| Holy Spirit | Heilige Geest | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | Medium | REUSED | 2, 3, 6, 12 |
Note on Resurrection risk escalation: the Romans baseline registers “resurrection_of_christ” as Medium risk (chiefly guarding against secular-naturalist metaphorical readings). For 1 Corinthians, this curriculum escalates the risk tier to Critical for the term as used in chapter 15, since here the resurrection is not a single passing reference but the explicit, sustained, chapter-length center of the letter’s climactic doctrinal argument, and the stakes of mistranslation are made explicit by Paul himself (15:14, 17: “if Christ has not been raised, then… your faith is in vain”). Route every chapter 15 occurrence to human theologian.
New Terms Introduced by 1 Corinthians
| Term (EN) | Dutch | Original | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wisdom | wijsheid | σοφία | sophia | High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 2, 3 | — | Collides with Dutch rationalist/secular self-image; risks reading the cross-paradox as anti-intellectual |
| foolishness | dwaasheid | μωρία | mōria | High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1 | — | Must retain deliberate paradox with “wijsheid,” not resolve it |
| cross / crucified | kruis / gekruisigd | σταυρός / ἐσταυρωμένος | stauros / estaurōmenos | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1 | — | Idiom “een kruis dragen” risks generic-suffering drift |
| stumbling block | struikelblok / aanstoot | σκάνδαλον / πρόσκομμα | skandalon / proskomma | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power; Christian Liberty | 1, 8 | — | Stable term |
| divisions / factions / schism | verdeeldheid / scheuring | σχίσμα(τα) | schisma(ta) | High | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 1 | ”schisma” (too narrow/institutional in modern Dutch) | Evokes Dutch Reformed history of named church splits (Afscheiding 1834, Doleantie 1886, Vrijmaking 1944) |
| boasting | roemen (zich beroemen op) | καυχάομαι / καύχησις | kauchaomai / kauchēsis | Medium | Christian Unity versus Factionalism; Grace | 1, 13 | ”trots zijn” (too neutral/weak) | Ties to grace-vs-merit theme from Romans baseline |
| mystery | verborgenheid / geheimenis | μυστήριον | mystērion | High | Inspiration/Revelation | 2, 4, 13, 15 | ”geheim” (collapses into ordinary secular secret) | Three-way register split analogous to baseline’s “salvation” case |
| spiritual person / natural person | geestelijke mens / natuurlijke mens | πνευματικός / ψυχικός | pneumatikos / psychikos | High | Spirit-Discernment | 2, 15 | bare “de geestelijke” (reads as “the clergyman”) | “Geestelijke” as noun = Dutch clergy title; also New Age/occult adjacent usage |
| fleshly / carnal | vleselijk | σαρκικός | sarkikos | Medium | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 3 | — | Distinguish from claim of unbelief — addressed to genuine “infants in Christ” |
| foundation | fundament / grondslag | θεμέλιος | themelios | Low | Church Discipline and Holiness | 3 | — | Stable |
| temple (of God/Spirit) | tempel | ναός | naos | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 3, 6 | — | Corporate (3:16) and individual (6:19) applications; low literal-idolatry-culture risk but requires “sacred space” explanation for secular readers |
| steward | rentmeester / beheerder | οἰκονόμος | oikonomos | Low | Christ-Centered Ministry | 4 | — | Classic vs. modern register choice |
| sexual immorality | ontucht / hoererij | πορνεία | porneia | High | Church Discipline and Holiness; Marriage and Singleness | 5, 6, 7, 10 | — | “Ontucht” collides with Dutch Criminal Code usage (minors); “hoererij” archaic/moralistic |
| leaven | zuurdeeg / gist | ζύμη | zymē | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | — | Requires Passover background for low-OT-literacy readers |
| hand over to Satan | overgeven aan de satan | παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᷣ | paradounai tō Satana | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | — | Pastoral framing risk: must read as restorative, not punitive |
| body | lichaam | σῶμα | sōma | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness; Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ; Resurrection | 6, 12, 15 | — | Individual body (6), corporate Body of Christ (12), resurrection body (15) — keep lexically unified |
| joined / one flesh | verenigd / één vlees | κολλώμενος / μία σάρξ | kollōmenos / mia sarx | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 6 | — | Standard marriage-theology vocabulary |
| marriage | huwelijk | γάμος / γαμέω | gamos / gameō | High | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | — | Netherlands’ 2001 same-sex marriage law broadened “huwelijk“‘s legal referent; ch. 7’s referent is specifically male-female |
| unmarried | ongehuwd | ἄγαμος | agamos | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | — | — |
| virgin | maagd | παρθένος | parthenos | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | — | Modern Dutch usage skews narrowly physiological; broaden to vocational/devotional sense in context |
| divorce / separate | scheiden | χωρίζω | chōrizō | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | — | Pastoral sensitivity given high Dutch divorce rates; no lexical ambiguity |
| food offered to idols | offervlees / aan de afgoden geofferd vlees | εἰδωλόθυτον | eidōlothyton | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | — | No living idol-temple culture in NL; requires cultural-background framing |
| knowledge | kennis | γνῶσις | gnōsis | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8 | — | Mild Gnostic-echo caution; keep plain |
| conscience | geweten | συνείδησις | syneidēsis | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8 | — | Stable across Dutch traditions |
| right / liberty | recht / vrijheid | ἐξουσία | exousia | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 9 | — | Must convey a right voluntarily surrendered, not mere entitlement |
| reward | loon / beloning | μισθός | misthos | Low | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 9 | — | — |
| self-control | zelfbeheersing | ἐγκράτεια | enkrateia | Low | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 9 | — | — |
| idolatry | afgoderij | εἰδωλολατρία | eidōlolatria | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | — | Secular Dutch usage sometimes applies metaphorically (celebrity/materialism) — usable bridge if not over-relied on |
| baptism | doop | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | High | Christian Unity versus Factionalism; Spiritual Gifts | 1, 12 | — | Live Dutch paedobaptist (Reformed/Catholic) vs. believer’s-baptism (Doopsgezind/Baptist/evangelical/Pentecostal) fault line |
| head | hoofd | κεφαλή | kephalē | High | Order in Worship | 11 | — | Contested headship debate live within Dutch Protestantism itself, not only secular-vs-religious |
| head covering | hoofdbedekking | κατακαλύπτω / κάλυμμα | katakalyptō / kalymma | High | Order in Worship | 11 | — | Still practiced in minority conservative Dutch congregations; foreign to mainstream/secular culture |
| the Lord’s Supper | het Avondmaal (des Heren) / Heilig Avondmaal | κυριακὸν δεῖπνον | kyriakon deipnon | Critical | The Lord’s Supper | 10, 11 | ”Eucharistie” (Catholic-register term, avoid as primary in Reformed-anchored register) | Sits on the central Reformation dividing line (spiritual presence vs. transubstantiation); parallels baseline’s “vleeswording”/“gemeente” register logic |
| remembrance | gedachtenis | ἀνάμνησις | anamnēsis | High | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | — | Must not exclude real spiritual participation (10:16) if curriculum affirms it |
| discerning the body | het lichaam onderscheiden | διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα | diakrinōn to sōma | Critical | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | — | Ambiguous sacramental vs. ecclesial referent — flag, do not silently resolve |
| in an unworthy manner | op onwaardige wijze | ἀναξίως | anaxiōs | High | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | — | Guard against feeding “bevindelijke” introspective assurance-anxiety |
| body of Christ | lichaam van Christus | σῶμα Χριστοῦ | sōma Christou | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | Corporate extension of “body” (ch. 6, 15) |
| members | leden | μέλη | melē | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | — |
| manifestation (of the Spirit) | openbaring / manifestatie | φανέρωσις | phanerōsis | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | — |
| miracles / works of power | krachten / wonderen | δυνάμεις | dynameis | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | Extends “kracht van God” plural |
| healing(s) | genezingen | ἰάματα | iamata | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | — |
| discerning of spirits | onderscheiding van geesten | διάκρισις πνευμάτων | diakrisis pneumatōn | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | Balance against rationalist dismissal and occult-adjacent framing |
| tongues | tongen(taal) / vreemde talen | γλῶσσαι | glōssai | High | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12, 13, 14 | — | Sharpest Dutch Reformed/Catholic vs. Pentecostal/charismatic practical fault line |
| interpretation (of tongues) | uitlegging / vertolking | ἑρμηνεία | hermēneia | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12, 14 | — | Paired with “tongues” |
| love | liefde | ἀγάπη | agapē | Critical | Love as the Greater Way | 13, 16 | — | Dutch has no agape/eros/philia lexical distinction; strong romantic-love cultural default; frequently read at weddings, obscuring ecclesial context |
| edification / building up | opbouw | οἰκοδομή | oikodomē | Low | Order in Worship | 14 | — | Consistent with Romans baseline “mutual edification” doctrine |
| order / decently | orde / op gepaste wijze | τάξις / εὐσχημόνως | taxis / euschēmonōs | Medium | Order in Worship | 14 | ”welvoeglijk” (archaic register, avoid as primary) | Register choice only |
| firstfruits | eerstelingen | ἀπαρχή | aparchē | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Low instinctive resonance for urbanized readers; needs framing |
| last Adam | de laatste Adam | ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ | ho eschatos Adam | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Requires Genesis 2–3 cross-reference for low-OT-literacy readers |
| perishable / imperishable | vergankelijk / onvergankelijk | φθαρτός / ἄφθαρτος | phthartos / aphthartos | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | — |
| mortal / immortality | sterfelijk / onsterfelijkheid | θνητός / ἀθανασία | thnētos / athanasia | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | — |
| spiritual body / natural body | geestelijk lichaam / natuurlijk lichaam | σῶμα πνευματικόν / σῶμα ψυχικόν | sōma pneumatikon / sōma psychikon | High | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | ”fysiek lichaam” for psychikon (misleadingly implies Paul’s contrast is physical-vs-nonphysical) | Risk of New Age/reincarnation-lens misreading as disembodied spirit-existence |
| sting of death | de prikkel/angel van de dood | τὸ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου | to kentron tou thanatou | Low | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | — |
| victory | overwinning | νῖκος | nikos | Low | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | — |
| raised (verb) | opgewekt | ἐγείρω | egeirō | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Distinct lexeme from noun “opstanding”; keep both consistent across the chapter |
| delivered / received (tradition) | overgeleverd / ontvangen | παραδίδωμι / παραλαμβάνω | paradidōmi / paralambanō | High | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers; Inspiration of Scripture | 11, 15 | — | Sits on Reformed sola Scriptura vs. Catholic Tradition fault line |
| untimely born | ontijdig geboren / als een misgeboorte | ἔκτρωμα | ektrōma | High | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | clinical/blunt “miskraam” without softening (avoid) | Intersects with Dutch abortion/miscarriage sensitivity; follow HSV/NBV softened register |
| preached / preach | verkondigd / verkondigen | εὐαγγελίζω / κηρύσσω | euangelizō / kēryssō | Low-Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers; Cross as Wisdom | 1, 9, 15 | ”preken” as sole rendering (too sermon-specific) | Keep “verkondigen” broader than pulpit-only register |
| the collection (for the saints) | inzameling | λογεία | logeia | Low | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 16 | — | Connects to Romans baseline’s “unity_of_jews_and_gentiles” |
| Maranatha | Marana tha | Μαρανα θα | marana tha | Low-Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers (eschatological hope) | 16 | translating away as “Kom, Heer” only (retain transliteration) | Parallels baseline treatment of “Abba” |
| holy kiss | heilige kus | φίλημα ἅγιον | philēma hagion | Low-Medium | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 16 | — | Cultural-distance note required, not doctrinal risk |
| participation in the Lord’s table / demons’ table | tafel des Heren / tafel der demonen | τράπεζα κυρίου / τράπεζα δαιμονίων | trapeza kyriou / trapeza daimoniōn | High | The Lord’s Supper; Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | — | Extends “fellowship/gemeenschap” to its Lord’s Supper application; treat alongside ch. 11 Lord’s Supper terms |
Chapters Reviewed with No New Load-Bearing Terms
None. Every chapter of 1 Corinthians (1–16) introduces at least one new load-bearing term or a significant new contextual application of a baseline term, as documented in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md. This is explicitly noted here to confirm full-book coverage per the PRD Phase 1 mandate — no chapter was silently skipped.
Summary Risk Counts (This Curriculum’s New Terms Only)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 3 (Lord’s Supper, discerning the body, love) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 13 (wisdom, foolishness, divisions, mystery, spiritual/natural person, sexual immorality, hand over to Satan, marriage, baptism, head, head covering, remembrance, unworthy manner, tongues, spiritual/natural body, delivered/received tradition, untimely born, tafel des Heren/demonen) | Human theologian |
| Medium | 22 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 8 | Automated review |
Note: several terms above are counted under High due to overlapping doctrine assignments; see individual entries for precise routing per the priority order established in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §“Glossary Enforcement Priority Order,” which this curriculum inherits unchanged.
This glossary must be loaded alongside analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md and merged into an updated translation_memory.json (version increment required) before Phase 2 segment translation begins for 1 Corinthians.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: gerechtigheid
Transliteration: gerechtigheid
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: deugd
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Minor but doctrinally load-bearing usage at 1:30 (‘Christ Jesus, who became for us… righteousness’); must retain the credited, forensic sense established in Romans, not human moral virtue.
Justification
Approved rendering: rechtvaardiging
Transliteration: rechtvaardiging
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vrijspraak (too narrow alone)
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 6:11 (‘you were justified’) is a compact conversion summary alongside ‘washed’ and ‘sanctified’; the forensic, declared sense must be preserved exactly as in Romans, not read as moral self-improvement.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: opstanding
Transliteration: opstanding
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Resurrection
ESCALATED from the Romans baseline’s Medium rating for this curriculum: 1 Corinthians 15 is the sustained, chapter-length center of the letter’s climactic argument, with Paul stating the stakes of denial himself (15:14, 17). Route every chapter 15 occurrence to human theologian review. Keep lexically distinct from but doctrinally unified with the verb ‘opgewekt’ (raised).
Lord
Approved rendering: Heer
Transliteration: Heer
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: meester
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
ESCALATED for this curriculum (Romans baseline rated High) to align with the curriculum-specific bible_term_registry.json. 8:6 (‘one Lord, Jesus Christ’) and 12:3 (‘Jezus is Heer’) must retain exclusive, unqualified lordship against the ‘many gods and many lords’ the chapter explicitly names (8:5). Must never be qualified or softened, and must never subordinate Christ beneath any inserted divine proper name (see Watchtower/NWT sect-rendering warning in 05_translation_landscape.md).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Heilige Geest
Transliteration: Heilige Geest
Doctrine: Revelation of God’s Wisdom by the Spirit
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
ESCALATED for this curriculum (Romans baseline rated Medium) to align with the curriculum-specific bible_term_registry.json, given the heightened risk in 2:6-16 and 12-14’s charismatic vocabulary of drifting toward an impersonal universal spirit, life-force, or occult-adjacent/New Age framing in secular Dutch usage. Active in 6:19 (indwelling the body), 12 (distributing gifts), 2 (revealing wisdom).
God
Approved rendering: God
Transliteration: God
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
ESCALATED for this curriculum (Romans baseline TM rated Medium) to align with the curriculum-specific bible_term_registry.json. Must use the target language’s established, doctrinally precise term; never insert a Hebrew divine-name transliteration (Jahweh/JHWH) into 1 Corinthians text, a practice specific to small Dutch fringe ‘sacred-name’ publications that must never be echoed.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Jezus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
ESCALATED for this curriculum (Romans baseline TM rated Low) to align with the curriculum-specific bible_term_registry.json. Established Dutch Bible-translation form, stable across all traditions.
Christ
Approved rendering: Christus
Transliteration: Christus
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New key for this curriculum (Romans baseline used only ‘messiah’/Messias and ‘jesus’/Jezus, not a distinct ‘christ’ entry). Used throughout 1 Corinthians almost as a proper name for Jesus, but retaining its messianic-title force, especially in 15:3, 12-23. The name-form ‘Christus’ is stable across all Dutch traditions; exposition must not let the frequent name-like usage erase the underlying messianic claim in the resurrection argument.
Lords Supper
Approved rendering: het Avondmaal (des Heren) / het Heilig Avondmaal
Transliteration: het Avondmaal (des Heren)
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: Eucharistie (Catholic-register term; never use as primary rendering in this Reformed-anchored curriculum)
Original: κυριακὸν δεῖπνον
Category: Sacraments
New term. The single most historically loaded doctrinal term-cluster in the Dutch Reformation. Heidelberg Catechism Q&A 75-82 affirms spiritual, not corporeal, presence, explicitly rejecting transubstantiation — a central Low Countries Reformation dividing line including historic martyrdom on both sides. Route every occurrence to human theologian; exposition of 11:23-26 must neither affirm nor polemicize against transubstantiation.
Discerning The Body
Approved rendering: het lichaam onderscheiden / naar waarde schatten
Transliteration: het lichaam onderscheiden
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα
Category: Sacraments
New term. 11:29’s referent (sacramental — Christ’s body in the elements — vs. ecclesial — the church, cf. 12:27) is genuinely disputed across the Christian tradition. Flag for reviewer decision every occurrence; never silently resolve in either direction.
Love
Approved rendering: liefde
Transliteration: liefde
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Love
New term. Standard modern Dutch has essentially one word, ‘liefde,’ for romantic, familial, and friendship love, with no equivalent to Greek agapē/erōs/philia. 1 Corinthians 13 is frequently read at Dutch weddings regardless of church background, risking obscuring Paul’s actual argument addressed to a fractious, gift-competing congregation. Every occurrence in curriculum material must explicitly re-anchor ‘liefde’ to this ecclesial, character-based referent. Do not coin an artificial neologism; explicit framing is the safer strategy. Passages: 12:31; 13:1-13; 16:14, 24.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: genade
Transliteration: genade
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: gunst
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 15:10’s threefold repetition (‘by the grace of God I am what I am… not I, but the grace of God’) is one of the NT’s clearest anti-merit statements; must reinforce the baseline’s ‘apart from human cooperation’ requirement, directly relevant to the Canons of Dort’s polemic against synergistic readings.
Salvation
Approved rendering: behoud
Transliteration: behoud
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: verlossing (more common, less precise), zaligheid (older/pietistic register)
Original: σωτηρία / σώζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 15:2’s present passive (‘u wordt behouden’) is an ongoing, Spirit-sustained state, not a human-sustained achievement; maintain ‘behoud’ per the baseline’s three-way register split, flagging any deviation for reviewer confirmation. Also relevant at 1:18.
Saints
Approved rendering: heiligen
Transliteration: heiligen
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1:2 is structurally identical to Romans 1:7 (‘called to be saints’); gloss as ‘alle gelovigen’ for general audiences per the baseline’s forbidden-substitution guidance to avoid the Catholic canonized-saint reading.
Church
Approved rendering: gemeente
Transliteration: gemeente
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: kerk (institution-default)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 15:9 (‘persecuted the church of God’) and 1:2, 5:12, 11:18, 12:28, 14:4-5, 14:33-35 all use the concrete gathered-people sense; maintain ‘gemeente,’ not ‘kerk.‘
Sin
Approved rendering: zonde
Transliteration: zonde
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 15:3 (‘Christ died for our sins’) and 15:56 (‘the sting of death is sin’) must not soften into the colloquial Dutch sense of ‘a pity/waste’; both are load-bearing atonement and resurrection-argument statements.
Father
Approved rendering: Vader
Transliteration: Vader
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used at 1:3 (greeting) and 8:6 (‘one God, the Father, from whom all things came’).
Law
Approved rendering: wet
Transliteration: wet
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used at 9:8-9, 20-21 (Paul’s missionary flexibility ‘under the law’/‘outside the law’) and 14:34 (‘as the law says’); capitalize as ‘de Wet’ when referring to Torah/Mosaic law.
Covenant
Approved rendering: verbond
Transliteration: verbond
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Inherited from Romans package (originally tied there to the Davidic Covenant doctrine); in 1 Corinthians its single, load-bearing occurrence is 11:25, ‘this cup is the new covenant in my blood’ — the institution of the Lord’s Supper itself. Must be handled with the same Critical-risk care as the surrounding Lord’s Supper term-cluster.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: wijsheid
Transliteration: wijsheid
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σοφία
Category: Faith
New term. Collides with the Netherlands’ strong rationalist/empiricist self-image (Erasmus, Spinoza) and highly secular, science-literate culture; risks the cross-paradox being read as anti-intellectual rather than a genuine subversion of worldly wisdom categories. Primary passages: 1:18-25; 1:27-31; 2:1-5.
Foolishness
Approved rendering: dwaasheid
Transliteration: dwaasheid
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: μωρία
Category: Faith
New term. Must retain the deliberate paradox alongside ‘wijsheid,’ not resolve it into either pure literal stupidity or pure metaphor. Primary passage: 1:21, ‘the folly of what we preach.‘
Divisions Factions
Approved rendering: verdeeldheid / scheuring
Transliteration: verdeeldheid / scheuring
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Rejected alternatives: schisma (too narrow/institutional in modern Dutch)
Original: σχίσματα
Category: Church
New term. Will almost inevitably evoke the Dutch Reformed tradition’s own named historical church splits (Afscheiding 1834, Doleantie 1886, Vrijmaking 1944) for Reformed readers, risking redirection toward denominational-politics associations rather than Paul’s actual target of personality-cult factionalism (Paul/Apollos/Cephas). Primary passages: 1:10-17; 1:26-31; 3:1-9, 21-23.
Mystery
Approved rendering: verborgenheid / geheimenis
Transliteration: verborgenheid / geheimenis
Doctrine: Revelation of God’s Wisdom by the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: geheim (collapses into ordinary secular secret)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Faith
New term. Three-way register split analogous to the baseline’s ‘salvation’ case: ‘verborgenheid’ (older devotional/Reformed), ‘geheimenis’ (contemporary confessional), bare ‘geheim’ (ordinary secular secret, forbidden for doctrinal occurrences). Used at 2:1, 7; 4:1; 13:2; 15:51.
Spiritual Natural Person
Approved rendering: geestelijke mens / natuurlijke mens
Transliteration: geestelijke mens / natuurlijke mens
Doctrine: Revelation of God’s Wisdom by the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘de geestelijke’ (reads as ‘the clergyman’)
Original: πνευματικός / ψυχικός
Category: Faith
New term. Dutch ‘geestelijke’ as a bare noun is the standard title for ordained clergy and, as an adjective, also commonly describes New Age/paranormal phenomena in secular usage. A disambiguating phrase such as ‘de mens die de Geest heeft’ is safer than a single-word rendering. Passage: 2:14-15.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: ontucht / hoererij
Transliteration: ontucht / hoererij
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: πορνεία
Category: Sanctification
New term. ‘Ontucht’ is also the operative Dutch Criminal Code term (Wetboek van Strafrecht art. 247ff.) for sexual offenses against minors, risking unintended criminal-abuse connotations for consensual adult immorality; ‘hoererij’ is archaic and can sound moralistic to secular ears. Use context-sensitive phrasing rather than a single fixed term. Passages: 5:1-13; 6:9-20; 7:2; 10:8.
Hand Over To Satan
Approved rendering: overgeven aan de satan
Transliteration: overgeven aan de satan
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᷣ
Category: Sanctification
New term. Modern Dutch church culture across Reformed, Catholic, and secular audiences is broadly uncomfortable with visible church discipline; exposition must frame this as restorative (‘so that his spirit may be saved,’ 5:5), never punitive/vindictive.
Marriage
Approved rendering: huwelijk
Transliteration: huwelijk
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: γάμος / γαμέω
Category: Marriage
New term. The Netherlands was the first country to legalize same-sex civil marriage (2001); ‘huwelijk’ in contemporary legal/everyday usage now denotes marriage generally. Chapter 7’s own referent is specifically male-female throughout; keep the text’s own assumed referent clear from context without importing an anachronistic exclusionary gloss into the bare word itself.
Baptism
Approved rendering: doop
Transliteration: doop
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Church
New term. The Netherlands has a live, historically entrenched paedobaptist (Reformed/Catholic) vs. believer’s-baptism (Doopsgezind/Baptist/evangelical/Pentecostal) fault line. 1:13-17 addresses factional loyalty, not baptismal mode/subject; curriculum material must not appear to take a side in the wider debate. Also used at 12:13 for Spirit-baptism into the one body — keep distinct from water-baptism practice debates in exposition.
Remembrance
Approved rendering: gedachtenis
Transliteration: gedachtenis
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀνάμνησις
Category: Sacraments
New term. ‘Do this in remembrance of me’ (11:24-25) grounds the Reformed memorialist emphasis; must not be read as excluding real spiritual participation (10:16) if the curriculum also affirms it.
Unworthy Manner
Approved rendering: op onwaardige wijze
Transliteration: op onwaardige wijze
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀναξίως
Category: Sacraments
New term. 11:27 warns against careless, factional, self-indulgent participation, not personal moral imperfection per se. The Dutch Reformed ‘bevindelijke’ tradition’s emphasis on self-examination before communion can tip into scrupulous anxiety; frame accordingly.
Table Of The Lord Demons
Approved rendering: tafel des Heren / tafel der demonen
Transliteration: tafel des Heren / tafel der demonen
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: τράπεζα κυρίου / τράπεζα δαιμονίων
Category: Sacraments
New term. 10:16-21 extends ‘fellowship/gemeenschap’ to its most theologically weighty NT usage; real spiritual participation in Christ, incompatible with pagan cultic meals. Treat alongside ch. 11 Lord’s Supper terms for consistency.
Head
Approved rendering: hoofd
Transliteration: hoofd
Doctrine: Gender Order and Headship in Worship
Original: κεφαλή
Category: Worship
New term. 11:3’s headship framework is a live internal Dutch church debate (conservative ‘bevindelijk gereformeerd’/evangelical vs. progressive PKN/Catholic streams), not only a secular-vs-religious divide. Never silently disambiguate kephalē as either ‘source’ or ‘authority’ — that choice is itself the crux of the theological debate.
Head Covering
Approved rendering: hoofdbedekking
Transliteration: hoofdbedekking
Doctrine: Gender Order and Headship in Worship
Original: κατακαλύπτω / κάλυμμα
Category: Worship
New term. Still practiced visibly in a minority of conservative Dutch Reformed and Anabaptist-descended congregations, but foreign to the broader secular and mainstream Christian population; requires explicit historical-cultural framing. Passage: 11:4-16.
Tongues
Approved rendering: tongen(taal) / vreemde talen
Transliteration: tongen(taal)
Doctrine: Tongues and Interpretation
Original: γλῶσσαι
Category: Spiritual Gifts
New term. The sharpest practical fault line between mainstream Dutch Reformed/Catholic churches (generally cessationist/non-practicing) and the smaller but theologically vocal Pentecostal/charismatic-evangelical movement (Pinkstergemeenten, Volle Evangelie). Present Paul’s own balanced, ordered treatment without being co-opted as a denominational talking point. Passages: 12:10, 28-30; 13:1, 8; 14:1-33, 39-40.
Spiritual Natural Body
Approved rendering: geestelijk lichaam / natuurlijk lichaam
Transliteration: geestelijk lichaam / natuurlijk lichaam
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: fysiek lichaam for psychikon (misleadingly implies Paul’s contrast is physical-vs-nonphysical)
Original: σῶμα πνευματικόν / σῶμα ψυχικόν
Category: Resurrection
New term. Secular Dutch culture’s visible contemporary interest in Eastern-influenced spirituality, reincarnation belief, and ‘spirit-versus-body’ New Age frameworks risks ‘geestelijk lichaam’ being heard as disembodied spirit-existence — exactly the inverse of Paul’s point of a real, permanent, transformed body. Explicit framing against both reincarnation and disembodied-spirit readings is required on every occurrence. Also the specific target of Watchtower/NWT-NL doctrinal drift (see 05_translation_landscape.md); any rendering implying non-bodily resurrection is an automatic Critical-risk failure. Passage: 15:44.
Untimely Born
Approved rendering: ontijdig geboren / als een misgeboorte
Transliteration: ontijdig geboren
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: miskraam (blunt clinical term, avoid without softening)
Original: ἔκτρωμα
Category: Resurrection
New term. Intersects with sensitive contemporary Dutch realities — one of Europe’s most liberalized abortion frameworks, and miscarriage/pregnancy-loss as an emotionally freighted pastoral-care topic. Follow the softened HSV/NBV register (‘als het ware een ontijdig geborene’) rather than a blunt clinical term. Passage: 15:8.
Delivered Received Tradition
Approved rendering: overgeleverd / ontvangen
Transliteration: overgeleverd / ontvangen
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Apostolic Tradition
Original: παραδίδωμι / παραλαμβάνω
Category: Faith
New term. ‘Overlevering’ vocabulary sits directly on the Reformation fault line between sola Scriptura (Reformed) and Scripture-plus-Tradition (Catholic Magisterium). Must reinforce the fixed, early, apostolic, scriptural deposit without implying an ongoing extra-biblical Magisterium-style authority, nor dismissively flattening the term. Passages: 11:23; 15:3.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: geloof
Transliteration: geloof
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 15:2, 11, 14, 17 tie faith explicitly to the specific gospel content just recounted; the object of belief must remain recoverable from context per the baseline’s guard against generic pluralistic ‘geloof.‘
Called
Approved rendering: geroepen
Transliteration: geroepen
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1:1-2, 1:24, 7:15-24 span apostleship, sainthood, and life-state calling senses; check which sense is active per occurrence.
Calling
Approved rendering: roeping
Transliteration: roeping
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 7:20 (‘the calling in which he was called’) collides with the ordinary secular career-vocation sense of ‘roeping’; context must keep the divine-summons/state-of-life meaning clear.
Holy
Approved rendering: heilig
Transliteration: heilig
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: rein
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used at 1:2, 3:17, 7:14, 34.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: heiliging
Transliteration: heiliging
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἁγιάζω
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 6:11 ‘geheiligd’ in the conversion-summary triad; 1:30 also names Christ as the source of sanctification.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: gemeenschap
Transliteration: gemeenschap
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1:9 and 10:16 extend the term to its most theologically weighty NT usage regarding real spiritual participation in the Lord’s Supper; ‘gemeenschap’ also plainly means secular community, requiring context to keep the koinonia sense specific.
Glory
Approved rendering: heerlijkheid
Transliteration: heerlijkheid
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 10:31 (‘do all to the glory of God’) and 2:7-8 (rulers who crucified ‘the Lord of glory’).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: genadegaven
Transliteration: genadegaven
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: geestelijke gaven (looser)
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Spiritual Gifts
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 12:4-11 gives Paul’s fullest single NT list, expanding well beyond Romans 12’s shorter list; must remain tied explicitly to grace, not natural talent. Also used at 1:7 and 7:7 (marriage/celibacy as gift).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kracht van God
Transliteration: kracht van God
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: Spiritual Gifts
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paired with ‘wisdom’ in the doctrine ‘The Cross as Wisdom and Power’ (1:18, 24); underlies the gift of ‘miracles/works of power’ (12:10, plural dynameis).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Koninkrijk van God
Transliteration: Koninkrijk van God
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: Koninkrijk Gods (archaic genitive)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used at 4:20, 6:9-10 (vice list, ‘will not inherit the kingdom of God’), and 15:24, 50 (eschatological climax of the resurrection chapter).
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used at 10:18, ‘Consider the people of Israel,’ within Paul’s wilderness-warning argument (10:1-13).
Cross Crucified
Approved rendering: kruis / gekruisigd
Transliteration: kruis / gekruisigd
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σταυρός / ἐσταυρωμένος
Category: Christology
New term. Stable across Dutch traditions, but the idiom ‘een kruis te dragen hebben’ risks drifting the term toward generic suffering; keep ‘Christus, de Gekruisigde’ concrete and named. FORBIDDEN: never render as ‘kruispaal’ or ‘martelpaal’ (Jehovah’s Getuigen NWT-NL sect vocabulary implying a simple stake, not a cross).
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: struikelblok / aanstoot
Transliteration: struikelblok / aanstoot
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σκάνδαλον / πρόσκομμα
Category: Faith
New term. Used of the cross as offense to Jewish messianic expectation (1:23) and of a weak conscience wounded by careless exercise of liberty (8:9-13).
Boasting
Approved rendering: roemen (zich beroemen op)
Transliteration: roemen
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Rejected alternatives: trots zijn (too neutral/weak)
Original: καυχάομαι / καύχησις
Category: Salvation
New term. 1:29, 31 exclude human boasting because salvation is by grace; 13:4 negates it as a property of love. Do not soften into neutral ‘trots zijn,’ which loses the grace-versus-merit and factionalism-versus-humility contrasts.
Fleshly Carnal
Approved rendering: vleselijk
Transliteration: vleselijk
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: σαρκικός
Category: Sanctification
New term. Must be distinguished from a claim of unbelief — addressed to genuine believers described as ‘infants in Christ’ (3:1), not unregenerate persons. Passage: 3:1, 3.
Temple
Approved rendering: tempel
Transliteration: tempel
Doctrine: The Body as Temple of the Holy Spirit
Original: ναός
Category: Sanctification
New term. Corporate application (3:16-17, the church) and individual application (6:19, the believer’s body). No living pagan-temple culture in the Netherlands lowers literal-confusion risk, but the weight of ‘sacred, indwelt space’ needs explicit unpacking for a highly secularized audience.
Leaven
Approved rendering: zuurdeeg / gist
Transliteration: zuurdeeg / gist
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ζύμη
Category: Sanctification
New term. Passover imagery requires explicit OT background explanation for a low-OT-literacy Dutch readership. Passage: 5:6-8.
Body
Approved rendering: lichaam
Transliteration: lichaam
Doctrine: The Body as Temple of the Holy Spirit
Original: σῶμα
Category: Sanctification
New term. The Netherlands’ highly secularized, body-autonomy-centered sexual ethic makes ‘your body is not your own’ (6:19-20) land as culturally counter-intuitive, requiring careful, non-shaming framing. Keep lexically unified with ‘lichaam van Christus’ (ch. 12) and resurrection-body usage (ch. 15).
Joined One Flesh
Approved rendering: verenigd / één vlees
Transliteration: verenigd / één vlees
Doctrine: The Body as Temple of the Holy Spirit
Original: κολλώμενος / μία σάρξ
Category: Marriage
New term. Sexual union creates a real, not merely symbolic, bodily-spiritual bond (6:16-17), contrasted with union with the Lord.
Unmarried
Approved rendering: ongehuwd
Transliteration: ongehuwd
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: ἄγαμος
Category: Marriage
New term. Passage: 7:8, 32-34.
Virgin
Approved rendering: maagd
Transliteration: maagd
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: παρθένος
Category: Marriage
New term. Modern Dutch ‘maagd’ carries a narrowly physiological connotation that can obscure Paul’s broader vocational-devotion point (7:25-38); broaden in exposition beyond the physiological to the vocational sense.
Divorce Separate
Approved rendering: scheiden
Transliteration: scheiden
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: χωρίζω
Category: Marriage
New term. No lexical ambiguity, but pastoral sensitivity is required given high Dutch divorce rates. Passage: 7:10-16.
Food Offered To Idols
Approved rendering: offervlees / aan de afgoden geofferd vlees
Transliteration: offervlees / aan de afgoden geofferd vlees
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἰδωλόθυτον
Category: Christian Liberty
New term. No living temple-idolatry culture in the Netherlands; requires explicit cultural-background framing before the underlying liberty-and-love principle transfers to modern analogues. Passages: ch. 8, 10.
Knowledge
Approved rendering: kennis
Transliteration: kennis
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Faith
New term. 8:1, ‘knowledge puffs up, but love builds up’; keep plain, avoiding a mild Gnostic-style ‘secret knowledge’ echo.
Conscience
Approved rendering: geweten
Transliteration: geweten
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Christian Liberty
New term. Stable across Dutch traditions. Passages: 8:7, 10, 12.
Right Liberty
Approved rendering: recht / vrijheid
Transliteration: recht / vrijheid
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christian Liberty
New term. Must be distinguished from unconditional entitlement — a genuine right voluntarily surrendered out of love (8:9; ch. 9).
Idolatry
Approved rendering: afgoderij
Transliteration: afgoderij
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Christian Liberty
New term. Secular Dutch usage sometimes applies loosely/metaphorically to celebrity worship or materialism — a usable bridge if not allowed to fully replace the text’s concrete cultic referent (10:1-14).
Order Decently
Approved rendering: orde / op gepaste wijze
Transliteration: orde
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Rejected alternatives: welvoeglijk (archaic Statenvertaling register, avoid as primary)
Original: τάξις / εὐσχημόνως
Category: Worship
New term. Register choice only, no doctrinal collision. Passage: 14:40, ‘let all things be done decently and in order.‘
Manifestation Of Spirit
Approved rendering: openbaring / manifestatie
Transliteration: openbaring / manifestatie
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: φανέρωσις
Category: Spiritual Gifts
New term. The visible display of the Spirit’s work through a gift, given for the common good (12:7).
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: lichaam van Christus
Transliteration: lichaam van Christus
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα Χριστοῦ
Category: Church
New term. Corporate extension of ‘lichaam’ (ch. 6, 15); must be rendered consistently with the individual-body and resurrection-body senses of the same underlying Greek noun. Passages: 12:12-27.
Members
Approved rendering: leden
Transliteration: leden
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: μέλη
Category: Church
New term. Ensure it reads as organic body-parts, not merely ‘club members.’ Passages: 12:14-27.
Miracles Works Of Power
Approved rendering: krachten / wonderen
Transliteration: krachten / wonderen
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: δυνάμεις
Category: Spiritual Gifts
New term. Extends the baseline ‘kracht van God’ to its plural, gift-specific sense. Passage: 12:10, 28-29.
Healings
Approved rendering: genezingen
Transliteration: genezingen
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: ἰάματα
Category: Spiritual Gifts
New term. Passages: 12:9, 28, 30.
Discerning Of Spirits
Approved rendering: onderscheiding van geesten
Transliteration: onderscheiding van geesten
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: διάκρισις πνευμάτων
Category: Spiritual Gifts
New term. Requires care to avoid either occult-adjacent framing or dismissive rationalist flattening, echoing the secular-rationalist backdrop noted for ‘wijsheid.’ Passage: 12:10.
Interpretation Of Tongues
Approved rendering: uitlegging / vertolking
Transliteration: uitlegging
Doctrine: Tongues and Interpretation
Original: ἑρμηνεία
Category: Spiritual Gifts
New term. Paired directly with ‘tongues’; same denominational-practice sensitivity applies. Passages: 12:10, 30; 14:5, 13, 27-28.
Raised
Approved rendering: opgewekt
Transliteration: opgewekt
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἐγείρω
Category: Resurrection
New term (verb, distinct lexeme from the noun ‘opstanding’). Passive voice denotes Christ raised by the Father; perfect tense underlines a permanent, settled fact. Keep verb and noun consistent and lexically distinguished throughout chapter 15. Passages: 15:4, 12-20.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: eerstelingen
Transliteration: eerstelingen
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Resurrection
New term. Agricultural harvest-offering imagery has low instinctive resonance for a highly urbanized modern Dutch readership; requires brief explanatory framing on first occurrence. Passages: 15:20, 23.
Last Adam
Approved rendering: de laatste Adam
Transliteration: de laatste Adam
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ
Category: Christology
New term. Requires explicit cross-referencing to Genesis 2-3 given low OT/Genesis narrative literacy among secular Dutch readers. Passage: 15:45.
Perishable Imperishable
Approved rendering: vergankelijk / onvergankelijk
Transliteration: vergankelijk / onvergankelijk
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: φθαρτός / ἄφθαρτος
Category: Resurrection
New term. Standard vocabulary, low collision risk in Dutch. Passages: 15:42, 53-54.
Mortal Immortality
Approved rendering: sterfelijk / onsterfelijkheid
Transliteration: sterfelijk / onsterfelijkheid
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: θνητός / ἀθανασία
Category: Resurrection
New term. Standard vocabulary, low collision risk in Dutch. Passages: 15:53-54.
Preached
Approved rendering: verkondigd / verkondigen
Transliteration: verkondigd
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: preken as sole rendering (too sermon-specific)
Original: εὐαγγελίζω / κηρύσσω
Category: Faith
New term. ‘Preken’ can suggest a Sunday-sermon-only setting; ‘verkondigen’ is the safer, broader term matching Paul’s public/missionary proclamation sense. Passages: 1:17; 9:16; 15:1, 11.
Maranatha
Approved rendering: Marana tha
Transliteration: Marana tha
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: translating away as ‘Kom, Heer’ only (retain the transliteration)
Original: Μαρανα θα
Category: Resurrection
New term. Follows the Romans baseline’s precedent for ‘Abba’ — preserve the transliteration rather than translating it away; optionally gloss ‘(Kom, Here!)’. Passage: 16:22.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: heilige kus
Transliteration: heilige kus
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
New term. Contemporary Dutch greeting culture is culturally distant from this practice; requires brief cultural-background framing so the instruction reads as a call to genuine embodied Christian affection rather than literally binding or merely quaint. Passage: 16:20.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelie
Transliteration: evangelie
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 15:1-4 supplies the fullest NT definition of gospel content (Christ died, was buried, was raised, appeared) and should anchor the term against secular drift toward vague ‘good news about life.‘
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostel
Transliteration: apostel
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 15:5-9 lists ‘the twelve,’ ‘all the apostles,’ and Paul as ‘least of the apostles.‘
Peace
Approved rendering: vrede
Transliteration: vrede
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Standard epistolary greeting formula at 1:3, ‘grace and peace.‘
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: dankzegging
Transliteration: dankzegging
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used at 1:4, Paul’s opening thanksgiving for the Corinthian church.
Foundation
Approved rendering: fundament / grondslag
Transliteration: fundament / grondslag
Doctrine: Apostolic Stewardship and Ministry
Original: θεμέλιος
Category: Church
New term. Stable architectural metaphor; 3:11, ‘no one can lay a foundation other than… Jesus Christ.‘
Steward
Approved rendering: rentmeester / beheerder
Transliteration: rentmeester / beheerder
Doctrine: Apostolic Stewardship and Ministry
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Ministry
New term. ‘Rentmeester’ is the classic devotional register; ‘beheerder’ is modern/neutral — a register choice, not a doctrinal collision. Passage: 4:1-2.
Reward
Approved rendering: loon / beloning
Transliteration: loon / beloning
Doctrine: Apostolic Stewardship and Ministry
Original: μισθός
Category: Christian Liberty
New term. Passages: 9:17-18, 24-25.
Self Control
Approved rendering: zelfbeheersing
Transliteration: zelfbeheersing
Doctrine: Apostolic Stewardship and Ministry
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Christian Liberty
New term. Athletic-race metaphor transfers naturally to modern Dutch sports vocabulary. Passage: 9:24-27.
Edification
Approved rendering: opbouw
Transliteration: opbouw
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: οἰκοδομή
Category: Worship
New term. Consistent with the Romans baseline’s mutual-edification vocabulary. Passages: 14:3-5, 12, 26.
Sting Of Death
Approved rendering: de prikkel / angel van de dood
Transliteration: de prikkel / angel van de dood
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: τὸ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου
Category: Resurrection
New term. Passages: 15:55-56.
Victory
Approved rendering: overwinning
Transliteration: overwinning
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: νῖκος
Category: Resurrection
New term. Passages: 15:54, 57.
Collection
Approved rendering: inzameling
Transliteration: inzameling
Doctrine: Church Unity Expressed in Generosity
Original: λογεία
Category: Church
New term. Standard term, no collision; connects to the Romans baseline’s Unity of Jews and Gentiles doctrine. Passage: 16:1-4.
Paul
Approved rendering: Paulus
Transliteration: Paulus
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: Παῦλος
Category: Proper Names
New proper-name entry for this curriculum. Established Dutch Bible-translation form, stable across all traditions.
Cephas
Approved rendering: Kefas
Transliteration: Kefas
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: Κηφᾷ
Category: Proper Names
New proper-name entry for this curriculum. Established Dutch Bible-translation form. Used as a resurrection witness (15:5) and a factional-loyalty figure (1:12, 3:22).
Apollos
Approved rendering: Apollos
Transliteration: Apollos
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: Ἀπολλῶς
Category: Proper Names
New proper-name entry for this curriculum. Established Dutch Bible-translation form. Named as a focal point of Corinthian factionalism (1:12, 3:4-6).
James
Approved rendering: Jakobus
Transliteration: Jakobus
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: Ἰακώβῳ
Category: Proper Names
New proper-name entry for this curriculum. Established Dutch Bible-translation form. Named among the resurrection witnesses (15:7).
Referenced passages