Incarnation

CRITICAL: umwilisho (from ‘-wili’ / mwili, ‘body/flesh,’ paralleling ‘Neno alifanyika mwili’ in John 1:14) is the established theological term. In Islamic theology, God taking human form is shirk (a form of blasphemous association, since Allah is understood as radically transcendent and non-corporeal) — this makes incarnation a direct doctrinal flashpoint requiring explicit, careful explanation for Muslim-background readers, not a matter of finding a safer word. Additionally, mzimu uliovaa mwili (‘an ancestral spirit that has put on a body’) must never be used, as it would cast the incarnation in terms of traditional African spirit-possession rather than the eternal Son permanently taking on full humanity.