Passage

Romans 3

• Doctrine

  Faith

  imani is shared Islamic vocabulary for religious belief generally; readers may hear it as confessional identity or intellectual assent rather than Romans' sense of personal, saving trust in Christ specifically.

  ROM.3.22-28

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  imani is the standard, well-established term, shared as Islamic vocabulary for religious belief generally (as in the Five Pillars' 'iman').

  ROM.3.22-28

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Linear historical fulfillment (OT to NT) must be distinguished from a Quranic-style prophetology in which each new prophet supersedes the last with a new revealed book, rather than a unified, progressively unfolding single covenant history.

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  Mataifa ('the nations') is the standard Union Version rendering, correctly conveying 'non-Jewish peoples' without the pejorative charge wapagani (pagans/heathens) would carry.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Doctrine

  Grace

  CRITICAL: neema is standard Islamic vocabulary too, generally understood there as responsive to piety and obedience; and baraka (blessing), a tempting near-synonym, carries traditional African and Islamic connotations of reciprocal blessing earned through right conduct.

  ROM.3.24

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  CRITICAL: neema is the correct Union Version term, but it is also standard Islamic Swahili vocabulary for Allah's favor and bounty ('neema za Mwenyezi Mungu'), generally understood there as responsive to human piety and obedience rather than wholly unmerited.

  ROM.3.24

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Standard proper name; note the modern nation-state of Israel shares the identical Swahili name, and East African public opinion on the contemporary state varies, so context should clarify when the biblical people/covenant referent, not the contemporary state, is meant.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Glossary Term

  Law

  sheria is the standard Union Version term for the Mosaic Law/Torah and the ordinary word for civil law.

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  unabii is God-inspired declaration; must be distinguished from uaguzi (divination/fortune-telling), a live traditional practice performed by waganga (traditional healers/diviners) across much of the Swahili-speaking region.

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Sin

  dhambi (an Arabic-derived term shared with Islamic usage, dhanb) is well established, but must be distinguished from uchafu (ritual impurity/uncleanness, relevant in both Islamic and traditional purification contexts) and from kosa (a mere mistake).

  ROM.3.23

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Requires careful OT grounding for readers, whether of Muslim or traditional-religious background, who may have little independent narrative knowledge of Israel's covenant history beyond what either the Quran or the New Testament itself supplies.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Doctrine

  Universal Human Accountability

  All humanity's equal guilt before God (Romans 1:18-3:20) should be stated plainly across both Muslim-coastal and Christian-inland audiences without appearing to single out either community.

  ROM.3.23