Passage

Romans 6

• Doctrine

  Christian Identity in Christ

  Identity located in union with Christ, not in ethnic, clan, or traditional religious identity, nor in nominal cultural-Christian or cultural-Muslim confessional labels.

  ROM.6.1-11

• Doctrine

  Grace

  CRITICAL: neema is standard Islamic vocabulary too, generally understood there as responsive to piety and obedience; and baraka (blessing), a tempting near-synonym, carries traditional African and Islamic connotations of reciprocal blessing earned through right conduct.

  ROM.6.1, ROM.6.14-15

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  CRITICAL: neema is the correct Union Version term, but it is also standard Islamic Swahili vocabulary for Allah's favor and bounty ('neema za Mwenyezi Mungu'), generally understood there as responsive to human piety and obedience rather than wholly unmerited.

  ROM.6.1, ROM.6.14-15

• Glossary Term

  Holy

  mtakatifu (from Arabic quddus/taqdis root) is the only viable and well-established term, shared as devotional vocabulary across Christian and Islamic usage alike.

  ROM.6.19, ROM.6.22

• Glossary Term

  Holy Spirit

  Roho Mtakatifu is the settled Trinitarian term.

  ROM.6.19, ROM.6.22

• Glossary Term

  Resurrection

  CRITICAL: ufufuo is doctrinally precise and well established.

  ROM.6.4-5

• Doctrine

  Resurrection of Christ

  CRITICAL: mainstream Sunni interpretation of Quran 4:157 holds Jesus was not crucified at all ('it was made to appear so'), directly denying the historical event Romans 1:4 and 4:25 depend on.

  ROM.6.4-5

• Doctrine

  Sanctification

  Must be distinguished from usafi wa kidini (ritual/ceremonial purification), which evokes both Islamic ritual purification and traditional cleansing rites performed by a healer (mganga) to remove spiritual defilement — external ritual acts distinct from the Spirit's internal moral transformation Paul describes.

  ROM.6.19, ROM.6.22

• Glossary Term

  Sanctification

  utakaso names the process of being made holy by the Spirit (Romans 6-8).

  ROM.6.19, ROM.6.22

• Doctrine

  Separation unto God's Service

  Must not be confused with traditional initiation rites or ritual dedication to a particular spirit or shrine, nor with Islamic ritual consecration; biblical 'set apart' in Romans is devotion to God while remaining fully engaged in ordinary life.

  ROM.6.22