Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Thessalonians (English/Greek → Malay)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering all three chapters of 2 Thessalonians. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE — reuse exactly] and are not subject to re-derivation; new terms unique to this curriculum are proposed here for addition to translation memory in subsequent pipeline steps, with full risk justification. Risk tiers and review routing follow the same conventions as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json (Critical/High = human theologian review; Medium = native speaker review; Low = automated review).
Reused Baseline Terms (Appearing in 2 Thessalonians)
| English Term | Malay Rendering | Risk | First Occurrence | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grace | Kasih kurnia | Critical | 1:2 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Peace | Damai sejahtera | Medium | 1:2 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| God | Allah | Critical | 1:1 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Father | Bapa | Critical | 1:1 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Lord | Tuhan | Critical | 1:1 | Reuse baseline exactly; central to Day of the Lord (Hari Tuhan) |
| Jesus | Yesus | Critical | 1:1 | Reuse baseline exactly; never Isa |
| Christ | Kristus | Critical | 1:1 | Reuse baseline exactly; never Al-Masih |
| Church | Gereja | Medium | 1:1 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Faith | Iman | High | 1:3 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Thanksgiving | Kesyukuran | Low | 1:3 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Saints | Orang kudus | High | 1:10 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Glory | Kemuliaan | High | 1:9 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Kingdom of God | Kerajaan Allah | Medium | 1:5 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Calling/Called | Panggilan / Dipanggil | High | 1:11, 2:14 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Power of God | Kuasa Allah | High | 1:9, 1:11 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Gospel | Injil | High | 1:8, 2:14 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | 2:13 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Sanctification | Pengudusan | High | 2:13 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| Election (choosing concept) | Pilihan Allah | High | 2:13 | Reuse baseline exactly; underlies “God chose you” |
| Exhort | Menasihati | Low | 3:12, 3:15 | Reuse baseline exactly; context-sensitive per baseline note |
New Terms Introduced in 2 Thessalonians
| English Term | Greek (Original) | Transliteration | Proposed Malay Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Key Passages | Alternatives Rejected | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου | hēmera tou kyriou | Hari Tuhan | Critical | The Day of the Lord | 2:2 | ”Hari Kiamat” (the specific Islamic Day of Judgment term, with its own distinct sign-narrative and Dajjal/Nabi Isa framework) | Structural resemblance to Islamic Hari Kiamat/Hari Akhirat eschatology is a real teaching opportunity but a serious risk of silent doctrinal assimilation if not explicitly addressed |
| The Rebellion / Apostasy | ἀποστασία | apostasia | Penderhakaan besar-besaran | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3 | ”Kemurtadan” (the live, legally operative Malaysian category of apostasy from Islam under state Syariah enactments) | Using the obvious cognate would import a specific, currently litigated Malaysian legal-religious category into Paul’s eschatological prophecy |
| Man of Lawlessness | ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας | anthrōpos tēs anomias | Manusia Durhaka | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3, 2:8 | ”Dajjal” (the distinct Islamic end-times false-messiah figure with his own separate narrative details) | “Durhaka” carries genuine cultural resonance (treason against a rightful sovereign, e.g. Hang Jebat) but must be explicitly anchored to rebellion against God, not earthly royalty |
| Lawlessness | ἀνομία | anomia | Kederhakaan | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3, 2:7 | — | Root concept underlying the doctrine name; must not be confused with Hukum Taurat (Mosaic Law) violations specifically |
| Son of Destruction | υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας | huios tēs apōleias | Anak kebinasaan | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3 | — | Must be distinguished explicitly from the ontological “Anak Allah” (Son of God); this is an idiomatic “destined for” construction |
| The One Who Opposes / Adversary | ἀντικείμενος | antikeimenos | yang menentang | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:4 | ”musuh” alone (too generic, loses ongoing-opposition sense) | Retain active, ongoing opposition to God specifically |
| Temple of God | ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ | naos tou theou | Bait Allah | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:4 | — | Preserve the live interpretive question (literal temple vs. church) without resolving it in translation |
| The Restrainer | τὸ κατέχον / ὁ κατέχων | to katechon / ho katechōn | yang menahan(nya) | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:6-7 | Any rendering that resolves to one specific interpretive view (Roman Empire, Holy Spirit, government, angel) | Must preserve the Greek’s own neuter-to-masculine grammatical ambiguity; mandatory theologian review at every occurrence |
| Mystery of Lawlessness | μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας | mystērion tēs anomias | rahsia kederhakaan | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:7 | — | “Rahsia” risks reading as mere puzzle rather than a hidden divine-historical reality now unfolding |
| Revelation (of Christ) | ἀποκάλυψις | apokalypsis | penyataan | High | The Day of the Lord | 1:7 | ”Wahyu” (reserved for the Book of Revelation’s proper title; central Islamic term for Qur’anic revelation to Muhammad) | Maintain established Malay Bible convention distinguishing running-text “penyataan” from the book-title “Wahyu” |
| False Signs and Wonders | τέρατα καὶ σημεῖα ψεύδους | terata kai sēmeia pseudous | tanda ajaib dan mukjizat yang palsu | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:9 | Any use of “mukjizat” unqualified by “palsu” | Must always be paired with “palsu” (false) to prevent legitimizing as an authentic prophetic mukjizat category |
| Activity of Satan | ἐνέργεια τοῦ Σατανᾶ | energeia tou Satana | kegiatan Iblis | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:9 | — | Note differing biblical vs. Qur’anic origin-narratives for Iblis without requiring full resolution in this curriculum |
| Love of the Truth | ἀγάπη τῆς ἀληθείας | agapē tēs alētheias | kasih akan kebenaran | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:10 | — | Direct ambiguity collision with baseline’s Critical “Kebenaran” (righteousness); here the underlying Greek is “truth” (alētheia), not “righteousness” (dikaiosynē) — must be explicitly clarified at this verse |
| Strong Delusion | ἐνέργεια πλάνης | energeia planēs | kuasa kesesatan yang kuat | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:11 | — | “Sesat” collides with the Malaysian legal-religious “ajaran sesat” (deviant teachings) designation; must be clearly framed as God’s judicial action on unbelievers, not a statement about any contemporary group’s legal status |
| Those Who Are Perishing | ἀπολλύμενοι | apollymenoi | mereka yang menuju kebinasaan | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:10 | — | Preserve present, ongoing trajectory sense, not vague future possibility |
| Righteous Judgment | δικαία κρίσις | dikaia krisis | penghakiman Allah yang adil | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:5, 2:12 | Collapsing into “Kebenaran” alone | Keep distinct from, though related to, the baseline’s Kebenaran (forensic righteousness) |
| Eternal Destruction | ὄλεθρος αἰώνιος | olethros aiōnios | kebinasaan kekal | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:9 | — | Distinguish from the popular neraka framework’s purificatory/intercession-eligible fire; this is final and settled |
| Vengeance / Retribution | ἐκδίκησις | ekdikēsis | pembalasan | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:8 | — | God’s own prerogative alone, never a warrant for believers’ retaliation |
| Perseverance / Endurance | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | Ketabahan | High | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4 | ”Kesabaran” (everyday word, echoes the common Islamic proverb “sabar itu sebahagian daripada iman,” risking dilution to ordinary patience) | Preserve weight of active endurance under real hardship, not routine patience |
| Persecution | διωγμός | diōgmos | penganiayaan | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4 | — | Standard term; pair consistently with Ketabahan |
| Affliction / Tribulation | θλῖψις | thlipsis | kesengsaraan | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4, 1:6 | — | Broader suffering category than persecution specifically |
| Work of Faith | ἔργον πίστεως | ergon pisteōs | usaha iman | High | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:11 | — | Fruit of grace-given faith, never meritorious grounds of standing before God |
| Tradition(s) | παράδοσις | paradosis | ajaran (primary) / tradisi (secondary) | Critical | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 2:15, 3:6 | Any “sunnah”-evocative coinage | Must never collide with Sunnah, the parallel-authority Islamic category of the Prophet’s sayings/practices; teach as apostolic teaching subordinate to and consistent with the God-breathed gospel |
| Firstfruits | ἀπαρχή | aparchē | buah sulung | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 2:13 | — | Established OT-agricultural Malay Bible convention; note manuscript variant “dari mulanya” |
| Establish / Strengthen | στηρίζω | stērizō | meneguhkan | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 2:17, 3:3 | — | Render identically at both occurrences for thematic cohesion |
| Gathering Together | ἐπισυναγωγή | episynagōgē | perhimpunan | Medium | The Day of the Lord | 2:1 | — | Christ-centered eschatological gathering, not generic social assembly |
| Coming (of Christ) | παρουσία | parousia | Kedatangan (Tuhan Yesus Kristus) | Critical | The Day of the Lord | 2:1, 2:8, 2:9 | Assimilation to the subordinate returning-Nabi-Isa figure of Islamic eschatology | Always anchor to Tuhan/Yesus/Kristus baseline terms to preserve exclusive divine claim |
| Word of the Lord | λόγος τοῦ κυρίου | logos tou kyriou | firman Tuhan | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 3:1 | — | Established weighty Malay Bible term for divine speech |
| Faithful (of God/Lord) | πιστός | pistos | setia | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 3:3 | — | Positive cultural resonance term; distinguish from Iman (human faith-response) |
| The Evil One | πονηρός (substantival) | ponēros | Yang Jahat | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 3:3 | — | Clarify personal reference to Satan, not abstract evil generally |
| Idleness / Disorderly Conduct | ἀτακτέω / ἄτακτος / ἀτάκτως | atakteō / ataktos / ataktōs | hidup dengan tidak teratur | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 3:6, 3:7, 3:11 | ”malas” alone (loses military-metaphor/community-order nuance) | Direct link to paradosis (3:6): a violation of the community-order tradition Paul modeled |
| Busybody | περιεργάζομαι | periergazomai | orang yang sibuk mencampuri hal orang lain | Low-Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 3:11 | — | Preserve wordplay relationship with ergazomai where possible in teaching notes |
| Work / Labor | ἐργάζομαι | ergazomai | bekerja | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 3:10, 3:12 | — | Note the verse’s broader afterlife in political/economic discourse briefly, without displacing its pastoral context |
| Associate With | συναναμίγνυμι | synanamignymi | bergaul dengan | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 3:14 | — | Emphasize restorative, not punitive-permanent, intent (cf. 3:15) |
| Ashamed | ἐντρέπω | entrepō | berasa malu | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 3:14 | — | Genuine cultural resonance point with Malay honor-shame social dynamics |
| Admonish | νουθετέω | noutheteō | menasihati/menegur dengan kasih | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 3:15 | — | Reuse baseline Menasihati root for cross-curriculum lexical consistency |
| Grow Weary | ἐγκακέω | enkakeō | jangan menjadi jemu / lemah semangat | Low | Perseverance under Persecution | 3:13 | — | Cross-reference back to Ketabahan (1:4) as the letter’s closing return to its opening theme |
| Greeting / Sign | ἀσπασμός / σημεῖον | aspasmos / sēmeion | salam / tanda | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 3:17 | — | Authentication device directly relevant to the forged-letter concern of 2:2 |
| Shaken / Alarmed | σαλεύω / θροέω | saleuō / throeō | digoncangkan / gelisah | Low-Medium | The Day of the Lord | 2:2 | — | Preserve Paul’s pastoral urgency, not mere confusion |
| Deception (of unrighteousness) | ἀπάτη ἀδικίας | apatē adikias | penipuan yang jahat | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:10 | — | Keep distinct from, though related to, Kebenaran (righteousness) |
| Believe the Lie | πιστεύω τῷ ψεύδει | pisteuō tō pseudei | percaya kepada dusta itu | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:11 | — | Direct antithesis to “love of the truth” (2:10) |
| Condemned / Judged | κρίνω (passive, κριθῶσιν) | krinō / krithōsin | dihukum | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:12 | — | Connect explicitly to “penghakiman Allah yang adil” (1:5) |
| Take Pleasure in Unrighteousness | εὐδοκέω τῇ ἀδικίᾳ | eudokeō tē adikia | gemar akan kejahatan | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:12 | — | Preserve willing-delight sense to keep personal accountability doctrine intact |
| Mighty Angels / Flaming Fire | ἄγγελοι δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ / πῦρ φλογός | angeloi dynameōs autou / pyr phlogos | malaikat-malaikat-Nya yang berkuasa / api yang bernyala-nyala | Medium | The Day of the Lord | 1:7-8 | — | Malaikat is shared vocabulary; note biblical angels are not equivalent to named Islamic archangels with assigned cosmic roles |
| Counted Worthy | ἀξιόω | axioō | dianggap layak | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:5, 1:11 | — | God’s own gracious act, not human merit-earning |
| Glorified (extension) | ἐνδοξάζομαι | endoxazomai | dipermuliakan | Medium | The Day of the Lord | 1:10, 1:12 | — | Direct extension of baseline’s Kemuliaan; no new collision beyond baseline’s existing documentation |
| Confident / Direct (hearts) | πείθω / κατευθύνω | peithō / kateuthynō | yakin / mengarahkan hati | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 3:4-5 | — | Standard vocabulary, no significant collision |
| Wicked / Perverse (persons) | ἄτοπος | atopos | orang jahat | Low-Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 3:2 | — | Reinforces that gospel opposition is real and ongoing |
Risk Summary for 2 Thessalonians New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 9 | Human theologian review (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 8 | Human theologian review (mandatory) |
| Medium | 20 | Native speaker review |
| Low / Low-Medium | 8 | Automated review (Low-Medium: light native speaker spot-check recommended) |
Total new terms proposed for translation memory: 45 Total reused baseline terms confirmed present in 2 Thessalonians: 19
All Critical and High risk new terms above must be routed to human theologian review before Phase 2 translation begins, per the same escalation methodology documented in the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. This glossary, together with analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, forms the basis for the Step 2 doctrine risk registry extension and Step 3 translation memory update for the 2 Thessalonians curriculum.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan (used for ‘Lord’ in this Language Package; reserving Allah for ‘God’ keeps the two terms distinct as Alkitab does)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Malaysia’s single most legally and politically sensitive term (see analysis/04_comparative_theology.md, the Allah naming controversy). Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout 2 Thessalonians 1-3.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: BAH-pah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Pencipta (Creator, as a substitute to avoid relational language)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Teach the relational, adoptive sense directly; guard against a literal-offspring misreading tawhid forbids. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:1-2 and 2:16.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: TOO-hahn
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: tuan (master/sir, non-divine)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Exclusive, supreme divine lordship, never softened to a human master/sir. Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Thessalonians this term is the grammatical head of the curriculum’s central doctrine name ‘Hari Tuhan’ (Day of the Lord) and recurs at 1:1-2, 1:7-8, 1:12, 2:1, 2:8, 2:14, 2:16, 3:6, 3:12, 3:16, 3:18.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: YEH-soos
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isa (the Qur’anic name, deliberately avoided by established Alkitab convention)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Never Isa. Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout 2 Thessalonians, central to ‘the Lord Jesus’ and ‘the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ’ (2:1).
Messiah
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: Al-Masih (the Qur’anic title, deliberately avoided in favor of the Greek-derived Alkitab convention)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Never Al-Masih. Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout 2 Thessalonians as ‘Yesus Kristus’/‘Kristus.‘
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: ROHKH KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: Jibril (the archangel Gabriel), roh halus (a generic nature/subtle spirit in traditional Malay animist belief)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Third Person of the Trinity, fully God, not an archangel or generic folk-spirit. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 2:13, ‘sanctification by the Spirit.‘
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Hari Tuhan
Transliteration: HAH-ree TOO-hahn
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: Hari Kiamat (the specific, fully developed Malaysian Islamic Day of Judgment doctrine, with its own sign-narrative, Dajjal, and a subordinate, mortal returning Nabi Isa), Hari Akhirat (generic ‘Last Day/hereafter’, theologically thin, no exclusive Lordship claim)
Original: ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
New term, curriculum’s central doctrine (2:2). Built on baseline Critical terms Hari (day, neutral) + Tuhan. Must be explicitly taught as the personal, sovereign return of Tuhan Yesus Kristus as divine judge, never silently assimilated to the structurally similar Hari Kiamat/Hari Akhirat framework.
Coming Of Christ
Approved rendering: Kedatangan
Transliteration: keh-dah-TAHNG-ahn
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: masa depan (the future, too vague)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
New term (parousia, 2:1, 2:8, 2:9). Always paired with ‘Tuhan kita Yesus Kristus’ to preserve the exclusive divine claim; must not be assimilated to the subordinate, mortal returning-Nabi-Isa figure of Islamic eschatology.
Rebellion Apostasy
Approved rendering: Penderhakaan besar-besaran
Transliteration: pen-der-hah-KAH-ahn beh-SAR-beh-SAR-ahn
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: Kemurtadan (the live, currently litigated Malaysian legal category of formally leaving Islam under state Syariah enactments, e.g. Lina Joy v. Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan, 2007), pembelotan (defection, too weak, loses religious-covenantal weight)
Original: ἀποστασία
Category: Eschatology
New term (apostasia, 2:3). The obvious cognate ‘kemurtadan’ would import an actively litigated contemporary Malaysian legal category into Paul’s eschatological prophecy; this periphrastic rendering, built on the same durhaka root as Manusia Durhaka, avoids that collision while preserving thematic cohesion.
Man Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: Manusia Durhaka
Transliteration: mah-NOO-see-ah door-HAH-kah
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: manusia dosa (man of sin, a viable manuscript-variant rendering but less established in Malay Bible tradition), Dajjal (the specific Islamic end-times false-messiah figure with its own separate narrative: one eye, riding a donkey, defeated by Nabi Isa) — NEVER use
Original: ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας
Category: Eschatology
New term, curriculum’s central doctrine (2:3, 2:8). ‘Durhaka’ carries genuine cultural resonance via the Hang Jebat legend (treason against a rightful sovereign) but must be explicitly anchored to rebellion against God, not earthly Malay royalty, and must never be conflated with Dajjal.
Lawlessness
Approved rendering: Kederhakaan
Transliteration: keh-der-hah-KAH-ahn
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ἀνομία
Category: Eschatology
New term (anomia, 2:3, 2:7), root concept underlying the Man of Lawlessness doctrine. Must be kept distinct from Hukum Taurat (the baseline’s Mosaic Law term); this is fundamental rebellion against God’s rightful rule, not Torah violation specifically.
Love Of The Truth
Approved rendering: Kasih akan kebenaran
Transliteration: KAH-sih AH-kahn keh-beh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀγάπη τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Salvation
New term (agapē tēs alētheias, 2:10). Direct built-in ambiguity collision with the baseline’s own Critical term Kebenaran (reserved there for righteousness/dikaiosynē, forensic right-standing). Here the underlying Greek is alētheia (truth), not dikaiosynē. Teaching material MUST explicitly clarify at this exact verse that ‘kebenaran’ means the truth of the gospel message, not forensic righteous standing, to prevent readers importing the wrong doctrinal register from Romans-derived material.
Righteous Judgment
Approved rendering: Penghakiman Allah yang adil
Transliteration: peng-hah-KEE-mahn ahl-LAHH yahng AH-dil
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: Collapsing into Kebenaran alone
Original: δικαία κρίσις
Category: Judgment
New term (dikaia krisis, 1:5, referenced again at 2:12). Deliberately rendered with ‘adil’ (just/fair) rather than built on the baseline’s Critical, technical soteriological term Kebenaran (forensic right-standing granted to believers by faith), avoiding a collapse of two related but distinct concepts. Must be rendered consistently across chapters 1 and 2.
Eternal Destruction
Approved rendering: Kebinasaan kekal
Transliteration: keh-bee-nah-SAH-ahn keh-KAHL
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ὄλεθρος αἰώνιος
Category: Judgment
New term (olethros aiōnios, 1:9). Must be taught as a settled, final, personal consequence — separation from the Lord’s presence and glory — distinct from the popular Malay-Muslim neraka framework, which carries its own theological structure of a purificatory/punitive fire from which intercession (syafaat) may eventually rescue some inhabitants.
Tradition
Approved rendering: Ajaran (tradisi)
Transliteration: ah-JAH-rahn (trah-DEE-see)
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Rejected alternatives: Any ‘sunnah’-evocative coinage — REJECTED ABSOLUTELY
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Church Order
New term (paradosis, 2:15; 3:6), the single most serious collision risk in this curriculum’s new vocabulary. Sunnah is the specific, load-bearing Islamic technical term for the Prophet Muhammad’s authoritative sayings and practices, functioning as a parallel, coequal source of law and doctrine alongside the Qur’an. ‘Ajaran’ (teaching) is the neutral primary rendering, with ‘tradisi’ (a lower-risk, already-secular Malay loanword) as secondary gloss on first use per lesson. Teaching material must state these apostolic traditions are subordinate to and consistent with the God-breathed gospel, never an independent parallel authority alongside Scripture.
Condemned Judged
Approved rendering: Dihukum
Transliteration: dee-HOO-koom
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: κριθῶσιν (κρίνω)
Category: Judgment
New term (krithōsin / krinō, 2:12). Must connect clearly to the fuller ‘penghakiman Allah yang adil’ vocabulary established in chapter 1 rather than reading as a merely human legal verdict.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: IN-jeel
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: berita baik (generic ‘good news’, without the proclamation weight)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Injil is the established Alkitab term, shared with the Qur’anic name for the revelation given to Isa, which Islamic doctrine treats as historically altered (tahrif). Used for Paul’s living proclamation specifically. Inherited from Romans package. Also appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:8 and 2:14, describing the message the Thessalonians received and must not depart from.
Grace
Approved rendering: Kasih kurnia
Transliteration: KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat (mercy, an Arabic-loan term operating within a deeds-and-mercy Islamic judgment framework)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Native Malay-Sanskrit compound conveying unearned favor, distinct from rahmat. Inherited from Romans package. Also appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:2, 1:12, 2:16, 3:18 in epistolary greeting/blessing formulas; low new doctrinal load here but rendering consistency is essential.
Faith
Approved rendering: Iman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: kepercayaan (generic belief/trust)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Personal trust in Yesus Kristus specifically; object of faith must always be stated in context. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:3-4, 1:11, 3:2.
Saints
Approved rendering: Orang kudus
Transliteration: OH-rahng KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali (Sufi saints venerated at keramat sites in traditional Malay Islam)
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
All believers corporately, not an ascetic elite. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:10.
Glory
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur (divine light, associated with Nur Muhammad devotion in the historic Malay Sufi tradition)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Avoid nur. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:9, 1:12, 2:14, extended into the doctrine ‘Glory and Glorification of Christ in His People.‘
Called
Approved rendering: Dipanggil
Transliteration: dee-PAHNG-gil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dijemput (invited, as to a social event)
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Sovereign, effectual summons. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 2:14 as effectual calling to salvation through the gospel.
Calling
Approved rendering: Panggilan
Transliteration: pahng-GIL-ahn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: jemputan
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Noun form for the act/state of being called by God. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:11.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: Kuasa Allah
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kuasa ghaib (occult/supernatural power, associated with traditional Malay bomoh shamanic practice)
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
God’s sovereign power, not occult/animist force. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:9 and 1:11.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: Pengudusan
Transliteration: peng-goo-DOO-sahn
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: penyucian (ritual purification)
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy, not ritual purification. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 2:13 as the ground of God’s choosing believers for salvation.
Election
Approved rendering: Pilihan Allah
Transliteration: pee-LEE-hahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: takdir (fate/predetermined decree)
Original: ἐκλογή / εἵλατο
Category: Salvation
God’s sovereign, personal choosing, not fatalistic takdir. Inherited from Romans package. Underlies 2 Thessalonians 2:13’s ‘God chose you’ language.
Son Of Destruction
Approved rendering: Anak kebinasaan
Transliteration: AH-nahk keh-bee-nah-SAH-ahn
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας
Category: Eschatology
New term (huios tēs apōleias, 2:3), a Hebraic ‘destined for’ idiom, structurally different from Anak Allah (Son of God), the baseline’s Critical term for Christ’s eternal ontological Sonship. Must be explicitly distinguished wherever both terms appear in the same teaching unit.
The Restrainer
Approved rendering: yang menahan(nya)
Transliteration: yahng meh-NAH-hahn(-nyah)
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: Any rendering that resolves to one specific interpretive view (Roman Empire, human government, the Holy Spirit, gospel proclamation, an angelic power)
Original: τὸ κατέχον / ὁ κατέχων
Category: Eschatology
New term (to katechon / ho katechōn, 2:6-7). The primary risk is interpretive-fidelity, not Islamic-vocabulary collision: the Malay rendering must preserve the Greek’s own deliberate grammatical ambiguity (neuter ‘what’ shifting to masculine ‘he’) rather than silently committing to one scholarly view. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Mystery Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: Rahsia kederhakaan
Transliteration: RAH-see-ah keh-der-hah-KAH-ahn
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας
Category: Eschatology
New term (mystērion tēs anomias, 2:7). ‘Rahsia’ (secret) risks being read as a mere puzzle rather than Paul’s technical sense of a hidden divine-historical reality now beginning to unfold; built on the same kederhakaan root as Manusia Durhaka for lexical cohesion.
Revelation Of Christ
Approved rendering: Penyataan
Transliteration: peh-nyah-TAH-ahn
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: Wahyu (reserved for the Book of Revelation’s proper title; central Islamic term for Qur’anic revelation to Muhammad via Jibril)
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Eschatology
New term (apokalypsis, 1:7). Established Malay Bible convention distinguishes running-text ‘penyataan’ from the book-title ‘Wahyu’; using Wahyu here would import its specific Islamic-verbal-revelation sense.
False Signs And Wonders
Approved rendering: Tanda ajaib dan mukjizat yang palsu
Transliteration: TAHN-dah ah-JAH-eeb dahn MOOK-jee-zaht yahng PAHL-soo
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: mukjizat unqualified by ‘palsu’
Original: τέρατα καὶ σημεῖα ψεύδους
Category: Eschatology
New term (terata kai sēmeia pseudous, 2:9). ‘Mukjizat’ is the specific, weighty Islamic-Malay term reserved for a genuine prophet’s authenticating miracle (preeminently the Qur’an as Muhammad’s mukjizat); must always be immediately qualified by ‘palsu’ (false/counterfeit) in every occurrence without exception.
Strong Delusion
Approved rendering: Kuasa kesesatan yang kuat
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah keh-seh-SAH-tahn yahng KOO-aht
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἐνέργεια πλάνης
Category: Judgment
New term (energeia planēs, 2:11). ‘Sesat’ collides with the formally operative Malaysian state-Islamic legal category ‘ajaran sesat’ (deviant teachings, designated by JAKIM/state Islamic religious departments with real legal/social consequences); must be framed explicitly as God’s judicial hardening of unbelievers in Paul’s argument, never a comment on any contemporary group’s legal-religious status.
Those Who Are Perishing
Approved rendering: Mereka yang menuju kebinasaan
Transliteration: meh-REH-kah yahng meh-NOO-joo keh-bee-nah-SAH-ahn
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀπολλύμενοι
Category: Judgment
New term (apollymenoi, 2:10, present participle). Descriptive phrase constructed to preserve the ongoing, present trajectory sense Greek captures aspectually, not a vague, deferred future possibility.
Perseverance Endurance
Approved rendering: Ketabahan
Transliteration: keh-tah-BAH-hahn
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: Kesabaran (everyday word for patience, echoing the well-known Islamic devotional proverb ‘sabar itu sebahagian daripada iman,’ risking dilution of Paul’s weighty endurance-under-persecution concept into ordinary, low-stakes patience)
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance
New term (hypomonē, 1:4), doctrinal anchor for the curriculum’s Perseverance under Persecution theme. Deliberately chosen for its slightly more formal, less everyday register to preserve the weight of active endurance under real, active hostility.
Work Of Faith
Approved rendering: Usaha iman
Transliteration: OO-sah-hah ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: ἔργον πίστεως
Category: Perseverance
New term (ergon pisteōs, 1:11). Must be taught explicitly as fruit flowing from grace-given faith, never as amal soleh (righteous deeds) functioning as the meritorious ground of standing before God — the same grace-versus-merit boundary the baseline treats as Critical/High throughout Romans.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: Damai sejahtera
Transliteration: DAH-mai seh-jah-TEH-rah
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ketenangan (inner calm)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Relational, whole-life peace, not mere psychological calm. Inherited from Romans package. Also appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:2 and 3:16 (the ‘Lord of peace’ greeting).
Church
Approved rendering: Gereja
Transliteration: geh-REH-jah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: jemaah (a term also used broadly for a mosque congregation or generic religious assembly)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Unambiguous Malay word for the Christian church specifically. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:1, ‘the church of the Thessalonians,’ the letter’s addressed local congregation.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: keh-rah-JAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: pentadbiran Allah (God’s administration)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
God’s sovereign reign, not a bureaucratic administration. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:5.
Gathering Together
Approved rendering: Perhimpunan (bersama-sama dengan Dia)
Transliteration: per-him-POO-nahn ber-SAH-mah SAH-mah deng-AHN DEE-ah
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: persekutuan alone (baseline fellowship term, too broad/social for this eschatological sense)
Original: ἐπισυναγωγή
Category: Eschatology
New term (episynagōgē, 2:1). Must read as a Christ-centered eschatological gathering, not a generic social assembly.
Adversary Opposes
Approved rendering: yang menentang
Transliteration: yahng meh-nen-TAHNG
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: musuh alone (too generic, loses the ongoing-opposition sense)
Original: ἀντικείμενος
Category: Eschatology
New term (antikeimenos, 2:4). Retain active, ongoing opposition to God specifically, not generic enmity.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: Bait Allah
Transliteration: BAH-eet ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Eschatology
New term (naos tou theou, 2:4). Established Malay Bible term. Teaching material must preserve the live interpretive question (literal rebuilt temple vs. the church) rather than resolving it in translation.
Activity Of Satan
Approved rendering: Kegiatan Iblis
Transliteration: keh-gee-AH-tahn IB-lees
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ἐνέργεια τοῦ Σατανᾶ
Category: Eschatology
New term (energeia tou Satana, 2:9). ‘Iblis’ is shared vocabulary across Christian and Islamic Malay usage for the same chief fallen figure; note the differing origin-narratives (biblical covering-cherub fall vs. Qur’anic creation-from-fire/refusal of sujud) without requiring full resolution in this curriculum.
Vengeance Retribution
Approved rendering: Pembalasan
Transliteration: pem-bah-LAH-sahn
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἐκδίκησις
Category: Judgment
New term (ekdikēsis, 1:8). God’s own prerogative and act alone; teaching material must clarify this is never a warrant for believers’ own retaliation against persecutors (cf. Romans 12:19).
Persecution
Approved rendering: Penganiayaan
Transliteration: peng-ah-nee-ah-YAH-ahn
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: διωγμός
Category: Perseverance
New term (diōgmos, 1:4). Standard, unambiguous term for active hostile pursuit on account of faith; pair consistently with Ketabahan to preserve the doctrine’s cause-and-response structure.
Affliction Tribulation
Approved rendering: Kesengsaraan
Transliteration: keh-seng-sah-RAH-ahn
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Perseverance
New term (thlipsis, 1:4, 1:6). Broader circumstantial-suffering category than persecution specifically; keep terminologically distinct from penganiayaan.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: Buah sulung
Transliteration: BOO-ah SOO-loong
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Church Order
New term (aparchē, 2:13). Established OT-agricultural Malay Bible convention; teaching material may note the manuscript variant ‘dari mulanya’ (from the beginning), which does not affect the doctrinal point.
Establish Strengthen
Approved rendering: Meneguhkan
Transliteration: meh-neh-GOOH-kahn
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: στηρίζω
Category: Church Order
New term (stērizō, 2:17; 3:3). Render identically at both occurrences for thematic cohesion.
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Firman Tuhan
Transliteration: FEER-mahn TOO-hahn
Doctrine: Prayer and Gospel Proclamation
Original: λόγος τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Church Order
New term (logos tou kyriou, 3:1). ‘Firman’ is the established, weighty Malay Bible term for divine speech, distinct from ordinary ‘kata’/‘perkataan.‘
Faithful Of God
Approved rendering: Setia
Transliteration: seh-TEE-ah
Doctrine: The Faithfulness of God
Original: πιστός
Category: Perseverance
New term (pistos, 3:3). A strong, positive Malay virtue-word describing God’s own unwavering character; genuine cultural resonance point, distinguished in teaching from the baseline’s Iman (the human response of faith).
The Evil One
Approved rendering: Yang Jahat
Transliteration: yahng JAH-haht
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: πονηρός (substantival)
Category: Perseverance
New term (ponēros, substantival, 3:3). Capitalized to signal the personal referent to Satan (paralleling Iblis, 2:9), since Malay ‘yang jahat’ alone could otherwise be read as abstract evil in general.
Idleness Disorderly Conduct
Approved rendering: Hidup dengan tidak teratur
Transliteration: HEE-doop deng-AHN TEE-dahk teh-rah-TOOR
Doctrine: Work Ethic and Community Order
Rejected alternatives: malas alone (lazy, loses the military-metaphor/community-order nuance of ataktos)
Original: ἀτακτέω / ἄτακτος / ἀτάκτως
Category: Church Order
New term (atakteō / ataktos / ataktōs, 3:6, 3:7, 3:11). Directly connects to the paradosis/tradition doctrine invoked at 3:6; must not be flattened to a simple laziness charge.
Busybody
Approved rendering: Orang yang sibuk mencampuri hal orang lain
Transliteration: OH-rahng yahng SEE-book men-CHAHM-poo-ree hal OH-rahng lah-EEN
Doctrine: Work Ethic and Community Order
Original: περιεργάζομαι
Category: Church Order
New term (periergazomai, 3:11). Preserve the wordplay relationship with ergazomai (to work) in teaching notes where possible.
Work Labor
Approved rendering: Bekerja
Transliteration: beh-KER-jah
Doctrine: Work Ethic and Community Order
Original: ἐργάζομαι
Category: Church Order
New term (ergazomai, 3:10, 3:12). Teaching material may briefly note this verse’s afterlife in wider political/economic discourse without displacing its pastoral, community-discipline context.
Associate With
Approved rendering: Bergaul dengan
Transliteration: ber-gah-OOL deng-AHN
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Restoration
Original: συναναμίγνυμι
Category: Church Order
New term (synanamignymi, 3:14). Emphasize restorative, not permanent-punitive, intent given 3:15’s explicit clarification not to regard such a person as an enemy.
Shaken Alarmed
Approved rendering: Digoncangkan (fikiran) / gelisah
Transliteration: dee-gon-CHAHNG-kahn (FEE-kee-rahn) / geh-LEE-sah
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: σαλεύω / θροέω
Category: Perseverance
New term (saleuō / throeō, 2:2). Should retain Paul’s pastoral urgency rather than flattening to mere confusion.
Deception Of Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: Penipuan yang jahat
Transliteration: peh-nee-POO-ahn yahng JAH-haht
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀπάτη ἀδικίας
Category: Judgment
New term (apatē adikias, 2:10). Keep distinct from, though etymologically related to, the baseline’s Kebenaran (righteousness).
Believe The Lie
Approved rendering: Percaya kepada dusta itu
Transliteration: per-CHAH-yah keh-PAH-dah DOOS-tah EE-too
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: πιστεύω τῷ ψεύδει
Category: Judgment
New term (pisteuō tō pseudei, 2:11). Direct antithesis to ‘love of the truth’ (2:10); ensure the contrast is not lost in translation.
Take Pleasure In Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: Gemar akan kejahatan
Transliteration: GEH-mahr AH-kahn keh-jah-HAH-tahn
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: εὐδοκήσαντες τῇ ἀδικίᾳ
Category: Judgment
New term (eudokēsantes tē adikia, 2:12). Preserve the sense of willing delight, not passive failure, to keep the doctrine of personal moral accountability intact.
Mighty Angels Flaming Fire
Approved rendering: Malaikat-malaikat-Nya yang berkuasa / api yang bernyala-nyala
Transliteration: mah-LAI-kaht-mah-LAI-kaht-nyah yahng ber-KOO-ah-sah / AH-pee yahng ber-nyah-LAH-nyah-lah
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: ἄγγελοι δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ / πῦρ φλογός
Category: God
New term (angeloi dynameōs autou / pyr phlogos, 1:7-8). ‘Malaikat’ is shared vocabulary across Christian and Islamic Malay usage; note biblical angels are not equivalent to Islamic angelology’s specific named archangels (Jibril, Mikail, Israfil) with assigned cosmic roles.
Counted Worthy
Approved rendering: Dianggap layak
Transliteration: dee-AHNG-gahp LAH-yahk
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: ἀξιόω
Category: Perseverance
New term (axioō, 1:5, 1:11). Must be read as God’s own gracious act, not human merit-earning.
Glorified Extension
Approved rendering: Dipermuliakan
Transliteration: dee-per-moo-lee-AH-kahn
Doctrine: Glory and Glorification of Christ in His People
Original: ἐνδοξασθῆναι (ἐνδοξάζομαι)
Category: God
New term (endoxasthēnai / endoxazomai, 1:10, 1:12). Direct extension of the baseline’s High-risk Kemuliaan (glory) term; no new collision beyond what the baseline already documents regarding Christ’s deity.
Wicked Perverse Persons
Approved rendering: Orang jahat
Transliteration: OH-rahng JAH-haht
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: ἄτοπος
Category: Perseverance
New term (atopos, 3:2). Reinforces that gospel opposition is a real, ongoing reality, not merely hypothetical.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: Kesyukuran
Transliteration: keh-shoo-KOO-rahn
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Standard term shared with everyday Islamic-influenced gratitude vocabulary. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 1:3 and 2:13.
Exhort
Approved rendering: Menasihati
Transliteration: meh-NAH-see-HAH-tee
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Context-sensitive: entreaty vs. building up. Inherited from Romans package. Appears in 2 Thessalonians 2:17, 3:12, 3:15.
Ashamed
Approved rendering: Berasa malu
Transliteration: beh-RAH-sah MAH-loo
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Restoration
Original: ἐντρέπω
Category: Church Order
New term (entrepō, 3:14). Genuine cultural resonance point with Malay honor-shame social dynamics (malu as a powerful communal regulator).
Admonish
Approved rendering: Menasihati/menegur dengan kasih
Transliteration: meh-NAH-see-hah-tee / meh-neh-GOOR deng-AHN KAH-sih
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Restoration
Original: νουθετέω
Category: Church Order
New term (noutheteō, 3:15). Reuses the baseline’s established Menasihati root, with ‘dengan kasih’ added, for lexical consistency across the whole curriculum.
Grow Weary
Approved rendering: Jangan menjadi jemu / lemah semangat
Transliteration: JAHNG-ahn men-JAH-dee JEH-moo / LEH-mah seh-MAHNG-aht
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: ἐγκακέω
Category: Perseverance
New term (enkakeō, 3:13). Ties thematically back to Ketabahan (1:4) as the letter’s closing return to its opening perseverance theme.
Greeting Sign
Approved rendering: Salam / tanda
Transliteration: SAH-lahm / TAHN-dah
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: ἀσπασμός / σημεῖον
Category: Church Order
New term (aspasmos / sēmeion, 3:17). Paul’s autographed closing, an anti-forgery authentication device directly relevant to the forged-letter concern raised in 2:2.
Confident Direct Hearts
Approved rendering: Yakin / mengarahkan hati
Transliteration: YAH-kin / meng-ah-RAH-kahn HAH-tee
Doctrine: The Faithfulness of God
Original: πείθω / κατευθύνω
Category: Church Order
New term (peithō / kateuthynō, 3:4-5). Standard vocabulary; no significant collision.
Referenced passages