Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Ephesians — English → Malay
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering Ephesians chapters 1–6 in full. Terms already present in the baseline Romans Language Package are marked (baseline) and reuse the recorded Malay rendering exactly, with no deviation permitted. Terms new to this curriculum are marked (new) and are proposed here for the first time, pending confirmation and addition to an updated translation memory.
Table Legend
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low (per baseline definitions)
- Source: (baseline) = reused exactly from Romans Language Package; (new) = proposed in this Ephesians analysis
- Ch.: first chapter of occurrence; “throughout” indicates recurrence across most/all chapters
| # | English Term | Greek (transliteration) | Malay Rendering | Risk | Source | Ch. | Key Collision / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | God | θεός (theos) | Allah | Critical | (baseline) | throughout | Malaysia’s most legally/politically sensitive term; see baseline notes. |
| 2 | Jesus | Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) | Yesus | Critical | (baseline) | throughout | Never Isa. |
| 3 | Christ/Messiah | Χριστός (Christos) | Kristus | Critical | (baseline) | throughout | Never Al-Masih. |
| 4 | Lord | κύριος (kyrios), divine sense | Tuhan | Critical | (baseline) | 1,4,6 | Reserved for divine Lord only. |
| 5 | Lord/master, human sense | κύριος (kyrios), human sense | Tuan | Low | (baseline) | 6 | Baseline’s Tuhan/Tuan distinction confirmed useful here (masters in household code). |
| 6 | Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον / τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον | Roh Kudus | Critical | (baseline) | 1,2,3,4,5,6 | Never Jibril or roh halus; recurs heavily throughout Ephesians (sealing, filling, sword, prayer). |
| 7 | Father | πατήρ (patēr) | Bapa | Critical | (baseline) | 1,2,3,4,5,6 | Relational/adoptive sense; never implies literal offspring. |
| 8 | Grace | χάρις (charis) | Kasih kurnia | High | (baseline) | 1,2,3,4 | Never rahmat. Central to 2:8-9. |
| 9 | Faith | πίστις (pistis) | Iman | High | (baseline) | 2,3,4,6 | Object of faith (Christ) must stay explicit. |
| 10 | Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | Kebenaran | Critical | (baseline) | 4,5,6 | Collision risk with ἀλήθεια/“truth” in 6:14 — see #52. |
| 11 | Salvation | σωτηρία / σωτήριον (sōtēria/sōtērion) | Keselamatan | Critical | (baseline) | 1,2,6 | Present, secured reality, not deferred hope. |
| 12 | Saints | ἅγιοι (hagioi) | Orang kudus | High | (baseline) | 1,2,3,5,6 | Corporate designation for all believers, not an ascetic elite. |
| 13 | Holy | ἅγιος (hagios) | Kudus | High | (baseline) | 1,5 | Moral set-apartness, not ritual purity. |
| 14 | Church | ἐκκλησία (ekklēsia) | Gereja | Medium | (baseline) | 1,3,5 | New covenant community, not building/institution. |
| 15 | Apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | Rasul | Medium | (baseline) | 1,2,3,4 | Distinguish from Islamic scripture-bearing Rasul category. |
| 16 | Prophet | προφήτης (prophētēs) | Nabi | Low | (baseline) | 2,3,4 | Foundation of the church alongside apostles, not Isa’s exclusive Islamic category. |
| 17 | Called / Calling | κλητός / κλῆσις (klētos/klēsis) | Dipanggil / Panggilan | High | (baseline) | 1,4 | Sovereign summons, not optional invitation. |
| 18 | Election | ἐκλέγομαι (eklegomai) | Pilihan Allah | High | (baseline) | 1 | Never takdir; personal, loving choice “before the foundation of the world.” |
| 19 | Adoption | υἱοθεσία (huiothesia) | Pengangkatan sebagai anak | High | (baseline) | 1 | Direct textual occurrence in Eph 1:5; legal-relational status, full inheritance rights. |
| 20 | Peace | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | Damai sejahtera | Medium | (baseline) | 1,2,4,6 | Relational reconciliation (esp. Jew-Gentile, 2:14-17), not mere calm. |
| 21 | Spiritual gifts | χάρισμα-related; δωρεά (dōrea) | Karunia rohani / Karunia | Medium | (baseline) | 4 | Not keramat; Spirit-given, for building up the body. |
| 22 | Thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία-related (thanksgiving acts) | Kesyukuran | Low | (baseline) | 1,5 | Standard, low-risk shared vocabulary. |
| 23 | Kingdom of God/Christ | βασιλεία (basileia) | Kerajaan Allah | Medium | (baseline) | 5 | Not literal government; “Kerajaan” double-meaning caution applies. |
| 24 | Sin | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | Dosa | High | (baseline) | 2 | Paired with “trespasses” in 2:1 for rhetorical totality. |
| 25 | Gentiles | ἔθνη (ethnē) | Bangsa bukan Yahudi | Medium | (baseline) | 2,3,4 | Ethnically neutral; never kafir. |
| 26 | Glory | δόξα (doxa) | Kemuliaan | High | (baseline) | 1,3 | Never nur; God’s radiant honor throughout doxology of ch.1. |
| 27 | Power of God | δύναμις θεοῦ (dynamis theou) | Kuasa Allah | High | (baseline) | 1,3,6 | Never kuasa ghaib; especially prominent in 1:19-21, 3:20, 6:10. |
| 28 | Covenant | διαθήκη (diathēkē) | Perjanjian | Medium | (baseline) | 2 | ”Covenants of promise” (2:12) from which Gentiles were formerly excluded. |
| 29 | Exhort | παρακαλέω (parakaleō) | Menasihati | Low | (baseline) | 4 | ”I urge you” (4:1), opening the letter’s ethical section. |
| 30 | Mission/Evangelism (proclamation) | εὐαγγελ- root usages | Penyebaran Injil | High | (baseline) | 6 | Legal-safety flag for proselytizing restrictions retained (6:19-20). |
| 31 | Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) | Injil | High | (baseline) | 1,3,6 | Living proclamation, not a contested/corrupted book. |
| 32 | Dead (spiritually) | νεκρός (nekros) | Mati | High | (new) | 2 | Collides with fitrah anthropology; total incapacity, not weakness. |
| 33 | Trespasses | παράπτωμα (paraptōma) | Pelanggaran | Medium | (new) | 2 | Paired with Dosa for rhetorical totality (2:1). |
| 34 | By nature (inborn condition) | φύσει (physei) | Secara semula jadi | Critical | (new) | 2 | Sharpest collision with fitrah doctrine of innate innocence. |
| 35 | Wrath (children of) | ὀργή (orgē) | Kemurkaan | Critical | (new) | 2 | Inherited standing under judgment, not fate/luck. |
| 36 | Flesh (sinful nature) | σάρξ (sarx) | Daging | Medium-High | (new) | 2 | Metaphorical moral sense needs explicit unpacking; not the neutral body. |
| 37 | Mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | Belas kasihan | High | (new) | 2 | Deliberately not “rahmat,” to avoid deeds-evaluation framework; distinct from but paired with grace. |
| 38 | Made alive together (with Christ) | συζωοποιέω (synzōopoieō) | Dihidupkan bersama-sama dengan Kristus | Critical | (new) | 2 | Union-with-Christ resurrection; intersects baseline Resurrection (Critical). |
| 39 | Raised / seated together | συνεγείρω / συγκαθίζω (synegeirō/synkathizō) | Dibangkitkan / didudukkan bersama-sama dengan-Nya | Critical/High | (new) | 2 | Present-tense exalted status; intersects Assurance of Salvation (baseline Critical). |
| 40 | Heavenly places | ἐπουράνιος (epouranios) | Tempat-tempat syurgawi | High | (new) | 1,2,3,6 | One consistent realm across triumphant (1:3,2:6) and conflict (6:12) contexts; distinguish from syurga (paradise). |
| 41 | Riches (of grace) | πλοῦτος (ploutos) | Kekayaan (kasih kurnia) | High | (new) | 1,2,3 | Superabundance emphasis, guards against “just enough grace” reading. |
| 42 | Kindness | χρηστότης (chrēstotēs) | Kebaikan | Medium | (new) | 2 | Must tie to the specific saving act of 2:4-9, not generic niceness. |
| 43 | Gift | δῶρον (dōron) | Kurniaan | High | (new) | 2 | Shares “kurnia” root with Grace; reinforces gift-not-wage doctrine. |
| 44 | Works (of merit) | ἔργα (erga) | Perbuatan | Critical | (new) | 2 | Directly excludes amal soleh as ground of salvation (2:9). |
| 45 | Boast | καυχάομαι (kauchaomai) | Bermegah | Medium | (new) | 2 | Boasting categorically excluded, not merely discouraged. |
| 46 | Workmanship | ποίημα (poiēma) | Hasil ciptaan-Nya / Buatan tangan-Nya | Medium-High | (new) | 2 | New-creation remaking of the believer, distinct from original creation reference. |
| 47 | Created | κτίζω (ktizō) | Diciptakan | Medium | (new) | 2 | Ex nihilo re-creation, not gradual rehabilitation of the already-alive. |
| 48 | Good works (fruit, not ground) | ἔργα ἀγαθά (erga agatha) | Perbuatan baik | Critical | (new) | 2 | Fruit/purpose of salvation, never retroactively re-establishing merit; sequencing must follow 2:8-9. |
| 49 | Prepared beforehand | προητοιμάζω (proetoimazō) | Disediakan terlebih dahulu oleh Allah | High | (new) | 2 | Same sensitivity profile as “predestined”; avoid takdir-style fatalism. |
| 50 | Predestined | προορίζω (proorizō) | Ditetapkan lebih dahulu oleh Allah | Critical | (new) | 1 | Never takdir; personal, Father-hearted planning, not impersonal decree. |
| 51 | Mystery | μυστήριον (mystērion) | Rahsia | Critical | (new) | 1,3,5,6 | Fully revealed, not an ongoing esoteric secret (contra ilmu batin); three distinct applications (cosmic plan, Jew-Gentile unity, marriage) must not be conflated. |
| 52 | Truth (armor context) | ἀλήθεια (alētheia) | Ketulusan / Kejujuran (proposed; NOT Kebenaran in this specific verse) | Critical | (new) | 6 | Deliberate deviation from the ordinary Kebenaran rendering, to avoid collision/redundancy with adjacent δικαιοσύνη (“breastplate of righteousness”) in Eph 6:14. Flag for mandatory theologian review. |
| 53 | Redemption | ἀπολύτρωσις (apolytrōsis) | Penebusan | High | (new) | 1,4 | Substitutionary ransom-by-blood; foreign to Islamic unilateral-forgiveness framework. |
| 54 | Sealed | σφραγίζω (sphragizō) | Dimeteraikan | High | (new) | 1,4 | Spirit as mark of ownership/security; ties to Assurance of Salvation. |
| 55 | Guarantee / pledge | ἀρραβών (arrabōn) | Cagaran | High | (new) | 1 | Spirit as down payment guaranteeing future inheritance; commercial-legal background needs unpacking. |
| 56 | Inheritance | κληρονομία (klēronomia) | Warisan | Medium | (new) | 1,5 | Resonant with Malay/Islamic faraid inheritance law; clarify not a divisible estate but full share in Christ. |
| 57 | Wisdom and revelation | σοφία καὶ ἀποκάλυψις (sophia kai apokalypsis) | Hikmat dan pencerahan rohani (avoid “wahyu”) | High | (new) | 1 | Wahyu is the specific Islamic prophetic-revelation category; propose “pencerahan rohani” (spiritual illumination) instead. |
| 58 | Head (Christ over church / husband over wife) | κεφαλή (kephalē) | Kepala | Critical | (new) | 1,4,5 | Escalates to Critical in ch.5’s household-code context; headship content is self-sacrificial love (5:25), not mere authority. |
| 59 | Body (of Christ) | σῶμα (sōma) | Tubuh | High | (new) | 1,2,3,4,5 | Distinguish from the socio-political ummah concept; organic, Spirit-animated union under one head. |
| 60 | Fullness | πλήρωμα (plērōma) | Kepenuhan | Medium | (new) | 1,3,4 | Avoid implying Christ is incomplete apart from the church. |
| 61 | Circumcision / uncircumcision | περιτομή / ἀκροβυστία (peritomē/akrobystia) | Bersunat / tidak bersunat | Critical | (new) | 2 | Actively practiced Islamic rite (khitan) in Malaysia; must keep first-century Jew/Gentile referent unmistakable. |
| 62 | Strangers / aliens | ξένοι καὶ πάροικοι (xenoi kai paroikoi) | Orang asing dan pendatang | Medium | (new) | 2 | ”Pendatang” carries contemporary ethnic-political loading in Malaysian discourse. |
| 63 | Fellow citizens | συμπολῖται (sympolitai) | Sesama warganegara (dengan orang kudus) | Medium | (new) | 2 | ”Warganegara” is a loaded modern legal-citizenship category; clarify covenantal, not civil, sense. |
| 64 | Dividing wall (of hostility) | μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ (mesotoichon tou phragmou) | Tembok pemisah | Medium | (new) | 2 | Ties concretely to Hukum Taurat (Mosaic ceremonial law), not all divine law generally. |
| 65 | One new man/humanity | εἷς καινὸς ἄνθρωπος (heis kainos anthrōpos) | Satu manusia baru | High | (new) | 2 | Corporate sense (Jew+Gentile creation); distinct from ch.4’s individual “new man.” |
| 66 | Cornerstone | ἀκρογωνιαῖος (akrogōniaios) | Batu penjuru | Low-Medium | (new) | 2 | Standard, well-understood architectural metaphor. |
| 67 | Stewardship / administration | οἰκονομία (oikonomia) | Tugas pentadbiran / Tanggungjawab yang diamanahkan | Medium | (new) | 3 | Risk of confusion with secular government administration; parallels Kerajaan’s double meaning. |
| 68 | Fellow heirs / body / partakers | συγκληρονόμα, σύσσωμα, συμμέτοχα (synklēronoma, syssōma, symmetocha) | Turut menjadi waris bersama / anggota tubuh yang sama / mengambil bahagian dalam janji | High | (new) | 3 | Emphatic triple-compound equality claim across ethnic lines; pastoral weight given Malay-Muslim identity questions. |
| 69 | Boldness / confidence (of access) | παρρησία (parrēsia) | Keyakinan | Medium-High | (new) | 3 | Direct, unmediated access to God; intersects with Perantaraan (Intercession, baseline Critical). |
| 70 | Breadth, length, height, depth | πλάτος, μῆκος, ὕψος, βάθος | Luas, panjang, tinggi, dalam | Low | (new) | 3 | Transparent poetic vocabulary; minimal risk. |
| 71 | Unity of the Spirit / sevenfold “one” | ἑνότης τοῦ πνεύματος + ἓν… formula | Kesatuan Roh; formula reuses Tuhan/Iman/Roh Kudus/Allah | High | (new/baseline mix) | 4 | Doctrinal-liturgical summary; new elements are Hope and Baptism (below). |
| 72 | Hope | ἐλπίς (elpis) | Pengharapan | Medium | (new) | 4 | Assured expectation, not wishful/generic “harapan.” |
| 73 | Baptism | βάπτισμα (baptisma) | Baptisan | Medium-High | (new) | 4 | Once-for-all union with Christ’s death/resurrection; distinguish from repeatable wudhu’/mandi wajib purification. |
| 74 | Evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής (euangelistēs) | Pemberita Injil | High | (new) | 4 | Shares Injil root; carries same legal-safety proselytizing caution as baseline Mission entry. |
| 75 | Pastor/Shepherd | ποιμήν (poimēn) | Gembala | Low | (new) | 4 | Standard, low-risk pastoral term. |
| 76 | Teacher | διδάσκαλος (didaskalos) | Guru | Low | (new) | 4 | Standard, neutral term. |
| 77 | Equipping | καταρτισμός (katartismos) | Melengkapkan | Low-Medium | (new) | 4 | Leadership equips the body; does not replace member ministry. |
| 78 | Old man / New man (individual) | παλαιὸν / καινὸν ἄνθρωπον (palaion/kainon anthrōpon) | Manusia lama / Manusia baru | Medium-High | (new) | 4 | Individual sanctification sense; distinct from 2:15’s corporate “one new man.” |
| 79 | Vice list (sexual immorality, impurity, covetousness) | πορνεία, ἀκαθαρσία, πλεονεξία | Percabulan, kecemaran, ketamakan | Medium | (new) | 5 | Excluded from Kerajaan inheritance; teach as fruit-not-ground of salvation. |
| 80 | Children of light | τέκνα φωτός (tekna phōtos) | Anak-anak terang | Medium | (new) | 5 | Deliberate structural contrast with 2:3’s “children of wrath.” |
| 81 | Filled with the Spirit | πληροῦσθε ἐν πνεύματι | Dipenuhi Roh | Critical | (new/baseline mix) | 5 | Continuous/repeated filling (not one-time); intersects Roh Kudus (baseline Critical). |
| 82 | Submit / submission (mutual, marital) | ὑποτάσσω (hypotassō) | Tunduk | Critical | (new) | 5 | Collides with Malaysian Islamic family law’s codified wife-obedience (ta’at) doctrine; must be taught alongside husband’s Christlike self-sacrifice (5:25). |
| 83 | Obey (parents) | ὑπακούω (hypakouō) | Taat (kepada ibu bapa) | Low-Medium | (new) | 6 | Positive cultural resonance; low risk unlike the marital-submission context. |
| 84 | Bondservant / slave | δοῦλος (doulos) | Hamba | Medium | (new) | 6 | Historical institution; needs contextualizing for modern employer-employee application. |
| 85 | Wrestling / struggle | πάλη (palē) | Pergumulan | Medium | (new) | 6 | Close-quarters conflict image, not distant/impersonal struggle. |
| 86 | Rulers, authorities, cosmic powers, spiritual forces of evil | ἀρχαί, ἐξουσίαι, κοσμοκράτορες, πνευματικὰ τῆς πονηρίας | Pemerintah-pemerintah, penguasa-penguasa, penguasa-penguasa dunia yang gelap ini, kuasa-kuasa roh jahat di tempat-tempat syurgawi | Critical | (new) | 6 | Converges animist (jin/hantu/roh halus/bomoh), Islamic-demonology (iblis/syaitan/jin), and political (pemerintah=government) collision risks; mandatory theologian review. |
| 87 | Armor of God (whole armor) | πανοπλία τοῦ θεοῦ (panoplia tou theou) | Perlengkapan senjata Allah | High | (new) | 6 | Risk of syncretism with protective amulets/talismans (azimat, tangkal) in traditional Malay practice; must teach as relational trust, not a possessed protective object. |
| 88 | Belt / girdle (of truth) | ζώνη (zōnē) | Ikat pinggang | Low | (new) | 6 | See #52 for the paired ἀλήθεια/“truth” risk. |
| 89 | Word of God | ῥῆμα θεοῦ (rhēma theou) | Firman Allah | Medium | (new) | 6 | Established Christian term; distinguish from Islamic Kalamullah/Kalam Allah category. |
| 90 | Prayer and supplication | προσευχή καὶ δέησις (proseuchē kai deēsis) | Doa dan permohonan | Medium | (new) | 6 | Ties to baseline Perantaraan/Prayer and Intercession (Critical) via adjacent gospel-boldness request (6:19-20). |
| 91 | Prince/ruler of the power of the air | ἄρχων τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος | Penguasa yang menguasai udara | Critical | (new) | 2 | First cosmic-powers term in the letter; risk of collapse into diffuse animist ambient-spirit framework rather than a single personal adversary (Satan). |
| 92 | Spirit now at work (of disobedience) | τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ νῦν ἐνεργοῦν | Roh yang kini bekerja | Critical | (new) | 2 | Must be sharply distinguished from Roh Kudus in the same breath; a hostile personal spirit, not one “roh” among the same category as the Holy Spirit. |
| 93 | Sons of disobedience | υἱοὶ τῆς ἀπειθείας | Orang-orang yang tidak taat | High | (new) | 2 | Fundamental God-resistance, not a lapse in ritual duty; interacts with ketaatan’s Islamic-virtue loading. |
Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 20 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 25 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 33 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 15 | Automated review |
Total terms catalogued: 93 (36 baseline reuses carried forward exactly from the Romans Language Package; 57 new terms proposed for the Ephesians curriculum, pending confirmation into an updated translation memory).
Notes for Phase 1 Continuation
- All (baseline)-sourced renderings above are locked and must not be altered in any subsequent Ephesians-specific artifact.
- All (new)-sourced renderings are proposals requiring confirmation (and, where flagged Critical/High, human theologian sign-off) before being added to an updated
translation_memory.jsonfor this curriculum. - Term #52 (ἀλήθεια/“truth” in the armor passage) and term #58 (κεφαλή/“head” in the household-code passage) represent genuinely novel, passage-specific translation decisions not resolvable by simple baseline reuse, and should receive priority attention in the next Phase 1 step (doctrine risk registry construction).
- The cosmic-powers cluster (terms #86, #91, #92) and the armor-of-God/talisman collision (#87) together constitute the single largest new doctrinal risk category this curriculum introduces beyond the Romans baseline, given the Malay Archipelago’s animist substrate; these should be prioritized for dedicated teaching material in Phase 2/3.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan (reserved for ‘Lord’ in this Language Package)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Ephesians opens and closes every chapter invoking Allah as Bapa (1:2-3, 6:23); Malaysia’s legal/political sensitivity around this term (2013 Court of Appeal ruling; 2021 Kuching High Court ruling) applies identically here.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: YEH-soos
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isa (the Qur’anic name, deliberately avoided by established Alkitab convention)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never Isa, per established Alkitab convention, to avoid an Insider-Movement-style translation approach. Recurs throughout all six chapters of Ephesians.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: Al-Masih (the Qur’anic title, deliberately avoided)
Inherited from Romans package. Never Al-Masih. The ‘in Christ’/‘in Christ Jesus’ formula recurs over 30 times across Ephesians and must render Kristus with total consistency.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: TOO-hahn
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tuan (human master/sir, non-divine — see the new ‘lord_master_human’ entry for that sense)
Inherited from Romans package. Used of Christ’s exclusive headship and grace-benediction throughout Ephesians (1:2-3, 6:23-24).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: ROHKH KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: Jibril (the archangel Gabriel), roh halus (a generic nature/subtle spirit in traditional Malay animist belief)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs heavily across Ephesians’ sealing (1:13), the sevenfold unity formula (4:4), grieving (4:30), filling (5:18), the sword (6:17), and prayer (6:18) passages; never Jibril or roh halus.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: BAH-pah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Pencipta (Creator, as a substitute to avoid relational language)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Foundational to Ephesians 1:2-3, 3:14-15, 4:6, 6:23; never implies literal offspring, which tawhid forbids.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh (righteous deeds, as the ground itself)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Appears Ephesians 4:24, 5:9, 6:14; special collision risk with alētheia (‘truth’) in the immediately adjacent clause of 6:14 — see the new ‘truth_in_armor_context’ entry.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Keselamatan
Transliteration: keh-seh-lah-MAH-tahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: masuk syurga (entering paradise, as the whole content)
Original: σωτηρία / σωτήριον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 1:13, 2:5,8, 6:17 (helmet of salvation); present, secured reality, not deferred hope.
Intercession
Approved rendering: Perantaraan
Transliteration: peh-rahn-tah-RAH-ahn
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: syafaat (the mainstream Sunni doctrine of Muhammad’s intercession on the Day of Judgment)
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Ephesians 3:12 (bold access) and 6:18-20 (prayer in the Spirit); never syafaat.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: Kebangkitan
Transliteration: keh-bahng-KIT-ahn
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: diangkat naik ke syurga (being raised up to heaven, without dying)
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Ephesians 1:20 (Christ’s own resurrection) and, by compound-verb extension, 2:5-6’s believer’s co-resurrection; must never substitute for a no-death-ascension reading.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Penjelmaan
Transliteration: pen-jel-MAHN
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan yang menyamar sebagai manusia (God disguising himself as a human)
Inherited from Romans package. Touched by implication in Ephesians 4:8-10’s descent/ascent language; teach as the eternal Son’s permanent, unique assumption of human nature, not an episodic avatar appearance.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn yahng dee-per-hee-TOONG-kahn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: kebenaran yang diusahakan (earned/worked-for righteousness)
Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant background to Ephesians 2:8-9’s exclusion of works; righteousness credited by faith, never achieved through amal soleh.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak Allah
Transliteration: AH-nahk ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: kekasih Allah (God’s beloved one), wakil Allah (God’s representative)
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Ephesians’ Christ’s Headship over the Church doctrine (1:20-23) and Christ-centered household analogy (5:23-27); must never be softened, per this Language Package’s explicit rejection of the ‘Son of God’ translation controversy’s euphemistic alternatives.
By Nature Inborn Condition
Approved rendering: Secara semula jadi
Transliteration: suh-CHAH-rah suh-MOO-lah JAH-dee
Doctrine: Spiritual Death and Total Depravity
Rejected alternatives: fitrah (the Islamic term for an innate, unblemished disposition, the theological opposite of Paul’s point)
Original: φύσει
Category: Sin
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:3; among the sharpest doctrinal collisions in the whole book — an inherited, inborn condition of divine displeasure prior to any personal sin, directly opposing fitrah anthropology.
Wrath Children Of
Approved rendering: Kemurkaan / Anak-anak kemurkaan
Transliteration: kuh-MOOR-kah-ahn
Doctrine: Spiritual Death and Total Depravity
Rejected alternatives: takdir buruk (bad fate, drifts toward fatalism)
Original: ὀργή / τέκνα ὀργῆς
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:3; describes an inherited standing under God’s judicial displeasure, not fate or luck. The ‘children of X’ Hebraic idiom needs explicit unpacking, since it does not occur naturally in everyday Malay.
Made Alive With Christ
Approved rendering: Dihidupkan bersama-sama dengan Kristus
Transliteration: dee-hee-DOOP-kahn ber-SAH-mah SAH-mah dengahn KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: dibangunkan semula (rebuilt/renewed, loses both the resurrection-from-death sense and the union-with-Christ dimension)
Original: συζωοποιέω
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:5; a rare, emphatic compound verb stressing union with Christ’s own resurrection, not gradual improvement of something already alive.
Raised And Seated With Christ
Approved rendering: Dibangkitkan / Didudukkan bersama-sama dengan-Nya
Transliteration: dee-BAHNG-kit-kahn / dee-doo-DOOK-kahn ber-SAH-mah SAH-mah
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: akan dibangkitkan (future tense only, losing the present-tense exalted-status claim)
Original: συνεγείρω / συγκαθίζω
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:6; believers’ present-tense sharing, positionally, in Christ’s own exalted status; must not be diluted into merely future or aspirational language.
Works Of Merit
Approved rendering: Perbuatan
Transliteration: per-boo-AH-tahn
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh (righteous deeds, the works-ledger category central to Islamic judgment theology, explicitly excluded here)
Original: ἔργα
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:9; the precise point at which amal soleh must be explicitly and unambiguously excluded as the ground of salvation.
Good Works Fruit
Approved rendering: Perbuatan baik
Transliteration: per-boo-AH-tahn BAH-eek
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh (must never be presented as retroactively re-establishing this merit framework)
Original: ἔργα ἀγαθά
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:10; the fruit and purpose of salvation, never its ground; requires precise sequencing after 2:8-9.
Predestined
Approved rendering: Ditetapkan lebih dahulu oleh Allah
Transliteration: dee-tuh-TAHP-kahn LEH-bih dah-HOO-loo oh-leh ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: takdir (explicitly forbidden fatalistic, impersonal decree term)
Original: προορίζω
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 1:5,11; combines predestination with adoption and ‘the purpose of his will’ in the same breath — must convey personal, Father-hearted planning, never impersonal cosmic decree. Always pair with ‘Pengangkatan sebagai anak’ to anchor the personal, familial framing.
Mystery
Approved rendering: Rahsia
Transliteration: RAH-see-ah
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Rejected alternatives: misteri (pop-culture/detective-novel connotation, trivializes the theological weight)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Mystery
New for Ephesians. Occurs Ephesians 1:9-10, 3:3-9, 5:32, 6:19 with three distinct applications (cosmic plan, Jew-Gentile unity, marriage) that must never be conflated. Fully revealed, not an ongoing esoteric secret; must be fenced against both ilmu batin and ghaib associations at every occurrence.
Truth In Armor Context
Approved rendering: Ketulusan / Kejujuran (bukan Kebenaran dalam ayat ini)
Transliteration: kuh-TOO-loo-sahn / kuh-JOO-joo-rahn
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: Kebenaran (would collapse Paul’s deliberate two-fold image with the adjacent ‘breastplate of righteousness’ into redundancy)
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:14a only. A deliberate, narrow, passage-specific exception to the ‘same Malay word for the same Greek concept’ rule, required because dikaiosynē occupies the immediately adjacent clause. Must never be generalized to other occurrences of ‘truth’ elsewhere in the letter (e.g. 4:15, 4:21, 4:24, 4:25, 5:9), where ordinary Kebenaran remains appropriate. Mandatory theologian review.
Head Kephale
Approved rendering: Kepala
Transliteration: kuh-PAH-lah
Doctrine: Christ’s Headship over the Church
Original: κεφαλή
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Occurs Ephesians 1:22, 4:15, 5:23; escalates to Critical in the household-code context because Malaysian Islamic family law’s codified husband-authority framework risks being read into the analogy without its defining content — Christ’s self-sacrificial love (5:25-27).
Circumcision Uncircumcision
Approved rendering: Bersunat / tidak bersunat
Transliteration: ber-SOO-naht
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: περιτομή / ἀκροβυστία
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:11. Names an actively practiced, religiously mandated rite for Muslim boys (khitan) in Malaysia; must keep the first-century Jew/Gentile referent unmistakable, never read as commentary on contemporary Islamic practice.
Filled With The Spirit
Approved rendering: Dipenuhi Roh
Transliteration: dee-puh-NOO-hee ROHKH
Doctrine: Filled with the Holy Spirit
Original: πληροῦσθε ἐν πνεύματι
Category: Sanctification
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 5:18; a present, continuous-tense command for ongoing, repeated Spirit-empowered transformation; the durative aspect must not be lost, and Roh must never be read as one animist roh halus among many.
Submission Marital
Approved rendering: Tunduk
Transliteration: TOON-dook
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Household
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 5:21-33; collides with Malaysian Islamic family law’s codified doctrine of a wife’s ta’at (obedience) linked to the husband’s nafkah (maintenance) duty. Must always be nested within, and never detached from, the husband’s call to Christlike self-sacrificial love (5:25).
Cosmic Rulers And Authorities
Approved rendering: Pemerintah-pemerintah, penguasa-penguasa, penguasa-penguasa dunia yang gelap ini, kuasa-kuasa roh jahat di tempat-tempat syurgawi
Transliteration: puh-muh-REEN-tah, peng-goo-AH-sah
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: ἀρχαί, ἐξουσίαι, κοσμοκράτορες, τὰ πνευματικὰ τῆς πονηρίας
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:12; converges three risks — the populated animist unseen world (jin, hantu, roh halus, bomoh); mainstream Islamic demonology (iblis, syaitan, jin), a genuine but structurally non-identical bridge; and pemerintah/penguasa’s plain political ‘government/authorities’ sense. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Helmet Of Salvation
Approved rendering: Ketopong keselamatan
Transliteration: kuh-TOH-pohng kuh-suh-lah-MAH-tahn
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:17; the helmet noun (ketopong) is new and low-risk in itself, but reuses baseline Keselamatan, carrying that term’s Critical doctrinal weight.
Breastplate Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: Baju zirah kebenaran
Transliteration: BAH-joo ZEE-rah kuh-buh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:14b; the breastplate noun (baju zirah) is new and low-risk in itself, but reuses baseline Kebenaran; special collision risk with the adjacent ‘truth_in_armor_context’ term in the very same verse.
Sword Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: Pedang Roh
Transliteration: puh-DAHNG ROHKH
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:17; the sword noun (pedang) is new and low-risk in itself, paired with Firman Allah; reuses baseline Roh Kudus, carrying its Critical doctrinal weight.
Prince Of The Power Of The Air
Approved rendering: Penguasa yang menguasai udara
Transliteration: peng-goo-AH-sah yahng meng-goo-AH-sigh oo-DAH-rah
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: ἄρχων τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:2; the first cosmic-powers term in the letter. Must be taught as a single, personal adversary (Satan), not one ambient nature-spirit among many recognized in Malay folk animism.
Spirit Now At Work Disobedience
Approved rendering: Roh yang kini bekerja
Transliteration: ROHKH yahng KEE-nee buh-KER-jah
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ νῦν ἐνεργοῦν
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:2; must be sharply distinguished, in the same breath if necessary, from Roh Kudus; a hostile personal spirit, never one ‘roh’ in the same category as the Holy Spirit.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: Kasih kurnia
Transliteration: KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat (mercy, an Arabic-loan term operating within a deeds-and-mercy Islamic judgment framework)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Central term of Ephesians 1:6-7, 2:5,7,8, 3:2,7-8, 4:7; never rahmat.
Faith
Approved rendering: Iman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: kepercayaan (generic belief/trust)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith (Christ) must stay explicit per Ephesians 1:15, 2:8, 3:12, 3:17, 4:5, 4:13, 6:16, 6:23.
Saints
Approved rendering: Orang kudus
Transliteration: OH-rahng KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali (Sufi saints venerated at keramat sites in traditional Malay Islam)
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 1:1,15,18, 2:19, 3:8,18, 4:12, 5:3, 6:18; corporate designation, not an ascetic elite.
Holy
Approved rendering: Kudus
Transliteration: KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci (ritually/physically clean)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 1:4, 5:27; moral/relational set-apartness, not ritual purity.
Apostle
Approved rendering: Rasul
Transliteration: RAH-sool
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: utusan (a lower-weight, purely secular ‘envoy/messenger’)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 1:1, 2:20, 3:5, 4:11; distinguish from the Islamic scripture-bearing Rasul category.
Prophet
Approved rendering: Nabi
Transliteration: NAH-bee
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ahli nujum (fortune-teller/astrologer)
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 2:20, 3:5, 4:11, here specifically NT prophets forming the church’s foundation; distinct from Nabi Isa’s exclusive Qur’anic category.
Called
Approved rendering: Dipanggil
Transliteration: dee-PAHNG-gil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dijemput (invited, as to a social event)
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 1:18, 4:1,4; sovereign summons, not optional invitation.
Calling
Approved rendering: Panggilan
Transliteration: pahng-GIL-ahn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: jemputan
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 1:18, 4:1,4; sovereign summons, not human-initiated seeking.
Election
Approved rendering: Pilihan Allah
Transliteration: pee-LEE-hahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: takdir (fate/predetermined decree)
Original: ἐκλέγομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Ephesians 1:4, ‘he chose us in him… before the foundation of the world’; never takdir.
Adoption
Approved rendering: Pengangkatan sebagai anak
Transliteration: peng-ahng-KAH-tahn seh-BAH-gai AH-nahk
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: anak angkat (bare, without doctrinal qualifier)
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Direct occurrence in Ephesians 1:5, paired with predestination language; legal-relational status, full inheritance rights, not literal offspring.
Sin
Approved rendering: Dosa
Transliteration: DOH-sah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: kesilapan (mistake/error)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Ephesians 2:1, paired with ‘trespasses’ (Pelanggaran) for rhetorical totality describing the pre-Christian condition.
Glory
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur (divine light, associated with Nur Muhammad devotion in historic Malay Sufi tradition)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 1:6,12,14,17, 3:16,21, prominent throughout the ch.1 doxology; never nur.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: Kuasa Allah
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kuasa ghaib (occult/supernatural power, associated with traditional Malay bomoh shamanic practice)
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Prominent in Ephesians 1:19-21, 3:7,20, 6:10; never kuasa ghaib.
Mission
Approved rendering: Penyebaran Injil
Transliteration: peh-nyeh-BAH-rahn IN-jeel
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: misi (colonial-era connotations), dakwah-style framing (the specifically Islamic religious-outreach term)
Inherited from Romans package. Ephesians 6:19-20’s request for gospel boldness retains the legal-safety flag around proselytizing restrictions in Malaysia.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: IN-jeel
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: berita baik (generic ‘good news’, without the proclamation weight)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 1:13, 3:6, 6:15,19; a living proclamation, not a contested/corrupted book.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: AH-bah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Aramaic term of intimacy retained untranslated; relevant background for Ephesians’ Father/adoption material at 1:5 and 3:14-15.
Law
Approved rendering: Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: HOO-koom tow-RAHT
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: Syariah / Hukum Syariat (Islamic religious law, an operative parallel legal system in Malaysia)
Inherited from Romans package. Ephesians 2:14-15’s ‘dividing wall’ and ‘the law of commandments’ referencing the Mosaic ceremonial law; never Syariah.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: Ketaatan iman
Transliteration: keh-tah-AH-tahn ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ketaatan agama (generic religious dutifulness/submission)
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background to Ephesians’ obedience vocabulary (children obeying parents 6:1-3; ‘sons of disobedience’ 2:2); taat is a heavily loaded Islamic virtue-term requiring context-sensitive handling in every occurrence.
Providence
Approved rendering: Pemeliharaan Allah
Transliteration: peh-meh-lee-hah-RAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: takdir (fate/decree)
Inherited from Romans package. Shares the same doctrinal-sensitivity profile as Ephesians’ new ‘predestined’ and ‘prepared beforehand’ terms below; God’s personal, purposive care, never impersonal fatalistic takdir.
Spiritually Dead
Approved rendering: Mati
Transliteration: MAH-tee
Doctrine: Spiritual Death and Total Depravity
Rejected alternatives: sakit rohani (spiritually unwell, understates total incapacity)
Original: νεκρός
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:1,5; total spiritual incapacity before God, not sickness or diminished capacity. Collides with the Islamic fitrah doctrine; everyday Malay ‘mati’ also risks a merely hyperbolic reading (bored/tired ‘to death’).
Flesh Sinful Nature
Approved rendering: Daging
Transliteration: DAH-ging
Doctrine: Spiritual Death and Total Depravity
Rejected alternatives: tubuh (the neutral physical body, risking confusion with the good, God-created human body)
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sin
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:3; the corrupted, sin-oriented human nature. Ordinary Malay ‘daging’ simply means meat/flesh and needs explicit unpacking on first use.
Mercy
Approved rendering: Belas kasihan
Transliteration: BUH-lahs kah-SEE-hahn
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: rahmat (the standard Malay/Arabic-loan mercy term, operating within Islamic soteriology’s deeds-evaluation framework at judgment)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:4; deliberately parallels the baseline’s rejection of rahmat for grace. Grounds salvation of the spiritually dead in compassion, not a review of deeds.
Heavenly Places
Approved rendering: Tempat-tempat syurgawi
Transliteration: TUM-paht TUM-paht sur-GAH-wee
Doctrine: Church as the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: syurga (paradise, a specific eschatological destination, distinct from this ongoing unseen realm)
Original: ἐπουράνιος
Category: Christology
New for Ephesians. Occurs Ephesians 1:3, 2:6, 3:10, 6:12; one consistent unseen spiritual realm spanning both triumphant and conflict contexts, must be taught as such.
Riches Of Grace
Approved rendering: Kekayaan kasih kurnia-Nya yang melimpah-limpah
Transliteration: kuh-kah-YAH-ahn KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah nyah yahng muh-LIM-pah
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: kasih kurnia yang cukup (merely ‘sufficient grace’, losing the superabundance emphasis)
Original: πλοῦτος (τῆς χάριτος)
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Occurs Ephesians 1:7, 2:7, 3:8,16; must preserve the sense of excess/gratuity, reinforcing the impossibility of any works-contribution.
Gift Doron
Approved rendering: Kurniaan
Transliteration: KOOR-nee-AH-ahn
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: hadiah (a generic present/prize, lacking the doctrinal ‘kurnia’ root connection to grace)
Original: δῶρον
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:8; deliberately echoes the kurnia root of Kasih kurnia, reinforcing that grace and gift belong to the same conceptual family.
Prepared Beforehand
Approved rendering: Disediakan terlebih dahulu oleh Allah
Transliteration: dee-suh-DEE-ah-kahn ter-LEH-bih dah-HOO-loo oh-leh ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: ditakdirkan (fatalistic decree)
Original: προητοιμάζω
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:10; shares the same doctrinal-sensitivity profile as ‘predestined’; must avoid any rendering suggesting impersonal fatalistic takdir.
Redemption
Approved rendering: Penebusan
Transliteration: puh-nuh-BOO-sahn
Doctrine: Redemption through Christ’s Blood
Original: ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Occurs Ephesians 1:7,14, 4:30; a substitutionary ransom-price payment, foreign to the Islamic unilateral-forgiveness model, compounded by the Qur’anic denial of the crucifixion.
Sealed
Approved rendering: Dimeteraikan
Transliteration: dee-muh-tuh-RIGH-kahn
Doctrine: Sealing and Guarantee of the Holy Spirit
Original: σφραγίζω
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Occurs Ephesians 1:13, 4:30; depends on the reader recognizing Roh Kudus as a co-equal divine Person actively securing believers, not an impersonal token.
Guarantee Pledge
Approved rendering: Cagaran
Transliteration: CHAH-gah-rahn
Doctrine: Sealing and Guarantee of the Holy Spirit
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 1:14; a first installment guaranteeing the full future inheritance still to come. ‘Cagaran’ is most familiar to Malay readers from modern banking/loan contexts and needs its legal-commercial background made explicit.
Wisdom And Revelation
Approved rendering: Hikmat dan pencerahan rohani
Transliteration: HEEK-maht dahn pen-cheh-RAH-hahn roh-HAH-nee
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Rejected alternatives: wahyu (the specific, technical Islamic term for prophetic scriptural revelation, culminating in the Qur’an)
Original: σοφία καὶ ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Mystery
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 1:17; Spirit-given deepened understanding of a revelation already fully and finally given, not an ongoing prophetic disclosure process.
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: Tubuh
Transliteration: TOO-booh
Doctrine: Church as the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Occurs Ephesians 1:23, 2:16, 3:6, 4:4,12,16,25, 5:23,30; risks unhelpful assimilation to the ummah concept, a socio-political solidarity distinct from Paul’s organic, Spirit-animated, single-head union.
One New Man Corporate
Approved rendering: Satu manusia baru
Transliteration: SAH-too mah-NOO-see-ah BAH-roo
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: εἷς καινὸς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:15; a genuinely new corporate humanity uniting Jew and Gentile in Christ. Must not be flattened into ‘we are all the same now,’ nor confused with chapter 4’s individual ‘old man/new man’.
Fellow Heirs Body Partakers
Approved rendering: Turut menjadi waris bersama / anggota tubuh yang sama / mengambil bahagian dalam janji
Transliteration: TOO-root men-JAH-dee WAH-rees ber-SAH-mah
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: συγκληρονόμα, σύσσωμα, συμμέτοχα
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 3:6; an emphatic triple-compound claim of complete equality of standing between Gentile and Jewish believers. The ‘turut’ (jointly/together) construction must be preserved across all three phrases.
Unity Of The Spirit Sevenfold
Approved rendering: Kesatuan Roh
Transliteration: kuh-sah-TOO-ahn ROHKH
Doctrine: Unity of the Spirit and the Sevenfold Confession
Original: ἑνότης τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 4:3-6; a doctrinal-liturgical formula (‘one body, one Spirit, one hope, one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God’) reusing several Critical/High baseline terms in a single unit. Treat the whole formula as an atomic translation unit; any single-clause deviation risks unraveling the passage’s function as a unified confession.
Baptism
Approved rendering: Baptisan
Transliteration: BAHP-tee-sahn
Doctrine: Unity of the Spirit and the Sevenfold Confession
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 4:5; the once-for-all Christian rite signifying union with Christ’s death and resurrection, distinguished from repeatable Islamic ritual washing (wudhu’, mandi wajib).
Evangelist
Approved rendering: Pemberita Injil
Transliteration: pem-buh-REE-tah IN-jeel
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 4:11; shares the Injil root and carries the same pastoral/legal-safety caution flagged in the baseline regarding proselytizing restrictions in Malaysia.
Old Man New Man Individual
Approved rendering: Manusia lama / Manusia baru
Transliteration: mah-NOO-see-ah LAH-mah / BAH-roo
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: παλαιὸν / καινὸν ἄνθρωπον
Category: Sanctification
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 4:22,24; the individual-sanctification ‘old self/new self,’ which must be taught as distinct from the corporate ‘one new man’ of 2:15 uniting Jew and Gentile.
Armor Of God
Approved rendering: Perlengkapan senjata Allah
Transliteration: per-leng-KAHP-ahn sen-JAH-tah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: azimat/tangkal-style protective-object framing (must never present the armor as a possessed magical talisman)
Original: πανοπλία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:11,13; traditional Malay practice of wearing protective amulets and talismans creates a real syncretism risk; must be taught as realities to be relationally trusted and lived out, not a magical possession.
Shield Of Faith
Approved rendering: Perisai iman
Transliteration: puh-REE-sigh ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:16; the shield noun (perisai) is new and low-risk in itself, but reuses baseline Iman, carrying that term’s High doctrinal weight.
Sons Of Disobedience
Approved rendering: Orang-orang yang tidak taat
Transliteration: OH-rahng OH-rahng yahng TEE-dahk TAH-aht
Doctrine: Spiritual Death and Total Depravity
Original: υἱοὶ τῆς ἀπειθείας
Category: Sin
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:2; fundamental, defiant God-resistance, not merely a lapse in ritual duty-performance. Interacts with taat’s heavy Islamic-virtue loading.
Readiness Gospel Of Peace
Approved rendering: Kesediaan Injil damai sejahtera
Transliteration: kuh-suh-DEE-ah-ahn IN-jeel DAH-mai suh-jah-TEH-rah
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:15; reuses baseline Injil and Damai sejahtera, both carrying their own doctrinal weight; ‘kesediaan’ (readiness) itself is low risk.
Medium Risk Terms
Church
Approved rendering: Gereja
Transliteration: geh-REH-jah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: jemaah (a term also used for a mosque congregation or generic religious assembly)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 1:22, 3:10,21, 5:23-32; distinct from a building or a generic religious institution.
Peace
Approved rendering: Damai sejahtera
Transliteration: DAH-mai seh-jah-TEH-rah
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ketenangan (inner calm)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 1:2, 2:14-17, 4:3, 6:15,23; relational reconciliation, especially Jew-Gentile, not mere calm.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: Karunia rohani
Transliteration: kah-ROO-nee-ah roh-HAH-nee
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: keramat (a miraculous power or site associated with a venerated wali in traditional Malay Islam)
Original: χάρισμα / δωρεά
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 4:7-11; not keramat, not merit-earned; Spirit-given, for building up the body.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: keh-rah-JAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: pentadbiran Allah (God’s administration)
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 5:5 (‘inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and God’); not a literal government — ‘Kerajaan’ double-meaning caution applies.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: Bangsa bukan Yahudi
Transliteration: BAHNG-sah BOO-kahn yah-HOO-dee
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: kafir (unbeliever/infidel, an Islamic religious-legal category with strong pejorative force)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 2:11, 3:1,6,8, 4:17; ethnically neutral, never kafir.
Covenant
Approved rendering: Perjanjian
Transliteration: per-jahn-jee-AHN
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: kontrak (bare commercial contract)
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Covenants of promise’ (Ephesians 2:12) from which Gentiles were formerly excluded.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: iss-rah-EL
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 2:12, ‘alienated from the commonwealth of Israel’; handle with pastoral awareness given contemporary geopolitical sensitivities.
Trespasses
Approved rendering: Pelanggaran
Transliteration: puh-lahng-GAH-rahn
Doctrine: Spiritual Death and Total Depravity
Rejected alternatives: dosa (collapses into a bare synonym, losing the rhetorical pairing)
Original: παράπτωμα
Category: Sin
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 1:7, 2:1,5; paired with Dosa for rhetorical totality of the fallen condition, not a separate unrelated category.
Kindness
Approved rendering: Kebaikan
Transliteration: kuh-BAH-ee-kahn
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: χρηστότης
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:7; must tie to the specific saving act of 2:4-9, not a generic ‘God is nice’ sentiment.
Boast
Approved rendering: Bermegah
Transliteration: ber-MEH-gah
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:9; boasting is categorically excluded, not merely discouraged.
Created Ktizo
Approved rendering: Diciptakan
Transliteration: dee-chip-TAH-kahn
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: κτίζω
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:10; ex nihilo re-creation, not gradual moral rehabilitation of something already alive; connects back to 2:1’s ‘Mati’.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: Warisan
Transliteration: WAH-ree-sahn
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Covenant
New for Ephesians. Occurs Ephesians 1:11,14,18, 5:5; Malaysia’s codified Islamic inheritance law (faraid) gives real cultural resonance, but must be clarified as the believer’s full, undivided share in Christ, not a divisible legal estate.
Fullness Pleroma
Approved rendering: Kepenuhan
Transliteration: kuh-puh-NOO-hahn
Doctrine: Church as the Body of Christ
Original: πλήρωμα
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Occurs Ephesians 1:23, 3:19, 4:13; needs careful teaching to avoid the unintended implication that Christ himself is incomplete apart from the church.
Strangers Aliens
Approved rendering: Orang asing dan pendatang
Transliteration: OH-rahng AH-sing dahn pen-DAH-tahng
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: ξένοι καὶ πάροικοι
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:19; ‘pendatang’ carries loaded, sometimes pejorative, contemporary immigrant/non-bumiputera political connotations in Malaysian discourse; keep the historical Gentile-exclusion referent clear.
Fellow Citizens
Approved rendering: Sesama warganegara (dengan orang kudus)
Transliteration: suh-SAH-mah wahr-gah-NUH-gah-rah
Doctrine: Church as God’s Household and Temple
Original: συμπολῖται
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:19; ‘warganegara’ is a loaded modern Malaysian legal-political citizenship category; clarify covenantal, not civil, belonging.
Dividing Wall
Approved rendering: Tembok pemisah
Transliteration: TEM-bohk puh-MEE-sah
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:14; must connect concretely to Hukum Taurat’s ceremonial provisions, not imply all divine law or moral distinctions have been abolished.
Household Of God
Approved rendering: Ahli rumah Allah
Transliteration: AH-lee ROO-mah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Church as God’s Household and Temple
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:19; covenantal family belonging, not a literal building or a civil household registry.
Holy Temple
Approved rendering: Bait yang kudus
Transliteration: BAH-eet yahng KOO-doos
Doctrine: Church as God’s Household and Temple
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:21; the church as a living, Spirit-indwelt temple, distinct from a masjid or any physical building.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: Pendamaian
Transliteration: pen-dah-MAH-ee-ahn
Doctrine: Peace and Reconciliation through the Cross
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:16; Christ reconciling both Jew and Gentile to God in one body through the cross — relational restoration, not merely a negotiated truce.
Stewardship
Approved rendering: Tugas pentadbiran / Tanggungjawab yang diamanahkan
Transliteration: TOO-gahs pen-tahd-BEE-rahn
Doctrine: Apostolic Stewardship of the Mystery
Rejected alternatives: ekonomi (a false-friend collision with the modern economic system)
Original: οἰκονομία
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 3:2,9; risk of confusion with secular government administration, paralleling the baseline’s flagged Kerajaan/‘government’ double meaning. Prefer ‘tanggungjawab yang diamanahkan’ in non-technical teaching contexts.
Hope
Approved rendering: Pengharapan
Transliteration: peng-hah-RAH-pahn
Doctrine: Unity of the Spirit and the Sevenfold Confession
Rejected alternatives: harapan (generic wish/hope, lacking assured, promise-grounded confidence)
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
New for Ephesians. Occurs Ephesians 1:18, 2:12, 4:4; confident, assured expectation grounded in God’s promise, not wishful desire.
Vice List
Approved rendering: Percabulan, kecemaran, ketamakan
Transliteration: per-chah-BOO-lahn, kuh-chuh-MAH-rahn, kuh-tah-MAH-kahn
Doctrine: Sanctification and Holy Living
Original: πορνεία, ἀκαθαρσία, πλεονεξία
Category: Sanctification
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 5:3-5; excluded from the ‘inheritance in the kingdom’; teach within the fruit-not-ground-of-salvation framework of 2:8-10.
Children Of Light
Approved rendering: Anak-anak terang
Transliteration: AH-nahk AH-nahk tuh-RAHNG
Doctrine: Sanctification and Holy Living
Original: τέκνα φωτός
Category: Sanctification
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 5:8; deliberate structural contrast with 2:3’s ‘children of wrath,’ which teaching material should make explicit.
Bondservant Master
Approved rendering: Hamba / Tuan
Transliteration: HAHM-bah / TOO-ahn
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: δοῦλος / κύριος
Category: Household
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:5-9; the first-century institution of bondservice; needs contextualization for contemporary employer-employee application without implying divine endorsement of slavery as an institution.
Wrestling Struggle
Approved rendering: Pergumulan
Transliteration: per-goo-MOO-lahn
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: πάλη
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:12; a close, hand-to-hand-combat image, not a distant or merely psychological/internal struggle.
Word Of God Rhema
Approved rendering: Firman Allah
Transliteration: FEER-mahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: Kalamullah / Kalam Allah (the specific Islamic theological category of Allah’s uncreated speech, embodied in the Qur’an)
Original: ῥῆμα θεοῦ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:17; the established Christian Scripture term, deliberately distinguished from the Islamic Kalamullah category.
Prayer And Supplication
Approved rendering: Doa dan permohonan
Transliteration: DOH-ah dahn per-moh-HOH-nahn
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession in the Spirit
Original: προσευχή καὶ δέησις
Category: Faith
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:18; ties to the baseline’s Perantaraan (Intercession) entry given the adjacent request for boldness in gospel proclamation (6:19-20).
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: Kesyukuran
Transliteration: keh-shoo-KOO-rahn
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία-related
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Ephesians 1:16, 5:4,20; standard, low-risk vocabulary.
Exhort
Approved rendering: Menasihati
Transliteration: meh-NAH-see-HAH-tee
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Opens Ephesians’ ethical section, 4:1 (‘I urge you’).
Lord Master Human
Approved rendering: Tuan
Transliteration: TOO-ahn
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan (reserved exclusively for the divine Lord in this Language Package)
Original: κύριος
Category: Household
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:5-9’s human masters (kyrios in its non-divine sense) are always Tuan, never Tuhan; this passage is a good confirming case for the baseline’s existing Tuhan/Tuan distinction.
Dimensions Of Christs Love
Approved rendering: Luas, panjang, tinggi, dalam
Transliteration: LOO-ahs, PAHN-jahng, TING-gee, DAH-lahm
Doctrine: Church as the Body of Christ
Original: πλάτος, μῆκος, ὕψος, βάθος
Category: Christology
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 3:18; transparent, standard poetic vocabulary describing the incomprehensible vastness of Christ’s love; minimal collision risk.
Pastor Shepherd
Approved rendering: Gembala
Transliteration: gem-BAH-lah
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: ποιμήν
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 4:11; standard, established, low-risk Malay Christian pastoral term.
Teacher
Approved rendering: Guru
Transliteration: GOO-roo
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 4:11; standard, neutral Malay term.
Belt Of Truth
Approved rendering: Ikat pinggang
Transliteration: EE-kaht PING-gahng
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: ζώνη (τῆς ἀληθείας)
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:14a; the belt image itself is low-risk; see ‘truth_in_armor_context’ for the paired term-choice risk.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Workmanship
Approved rendering: Hasil ciptaan-Nya / Buatan tangan-Nya
Transliteration: HAH-sil chip-TAH-ahn nyah
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: ciptaan asal (original creation, confusing with Genesis rather than new-creation remaking)
Original: ποίημα
Category: Salvation
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:10; the new-creation remaking of the believer in Christ, distinct from a bare reference to the original creation of the cosmos.
Boldness Confidence Of Access
Approved rendering: Keyakinan
Transliteration: kuh-yah-KEE-nahn
Doctrine: Bold Access to God in Prayer
Original: παρρησία
Category: Faith
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 3:12; direct, unmediated access to God through faith in Christ, distinguished from mediated-access systems such as syafaat Nabi Muhammad.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: Batu penjuru
Transliteration: BAH-too pen-JOO-roo
Doctrine: Church as God’s Household and Temple
Original: ἀκρογωνιαῖος
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 2:20; standard, well-understood architectural metaphor for Christ as the church’s foundation.
Equipping
Approved rendering: Melengkapkan
Transliteration: muh-leng-KAHP-kahn
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: καταρτισμός
Category: Church
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 4:12; leadership offices exist to equip believers for ministry, not to perform all ministry themselves.
Obey Parents
Approved rendering: Taat kepada ibu bapa
Transliteration: TAH-aht kuh-PAH-dah EE-boo BAH-pah
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: ὑπακούω
Category: Household
New for Ephesians. Ephesians 6:1-3; a point of strong, positive cultural resonance in Malay culture, carrying comparatively low doctrinal risk unlike marital submission.
Referenced passages