Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Matthew (Injil Matius) 1–28
English → Malay | Phase 1, Step 1 Deliverable
How to use this document: This glossary extends, and must be read alongside, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. Section A lists every baseline term that recurs in Matthew and confirms its rendering is reused exactly, unchanged. Section B introduces every new term required by Matthew’s distinct vocabulary, with the same risk-tier discipline as the baseline. All Critical and High risk terms in Section B are candidates for immediate addition to translation memory in Phase 1 Step 2, pending final confirmation.
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (Romans → Matthew)
| Term (English) | Malay Rendering | Risk (baseline) | Matthew Occurrence Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | Injil | High | 4:23; 9:35; 24:14; 26:13 |
| Grace | Kasih kurnia | High | Implicit throughout parables of grace (18:23-35; 20:1-16) |
| Faith | Iman | High | 8:10; 9:2,22,29; 15:28; 17:20; 21:21 |
| Righteousness | Kebenaran | Critical | 3:15; 5:6,10,20; 6:33; 21:32 |
| Justification | Diperbenarkan | Critical | 12:37 (forensic sense, “by your words you will be justified”) |
| Salvation | Keselamatan | Critical | 1:21; 10:22; 19:25; 24:13 |
| Apostle | Rasul | High | 10:2 |
| Called | Dipanggil | High | 2:15; 22:3,8,14 |
| Calling | Panggilan | High | Implicit throughout discipleship-summons narratives |
| Holy | Kudus | High | 4:5 (“holy city”); 6:9 (“hallowed be your name”); 27:53 |
| Saints | Orang kudus | High | 27:52 |
| Sanctification | Pengudusan | High | Implicit in discipleship/holiness ethic, chs. 5-7 |
| Adoption | Pengangkatan sebagai anak | High | 5:9,45 (sons of God) |
| Resurrection | Kebangkitan | Critical | 22:23-33; 27:53; 28:6-7 |
| Lord | Tuhan | Critical | 3:3; 7:21-22; 8:2,25; 22:43-45; 28:18 (implicit) |
| Son of God | Anak Allah | Critical | 3:17; 4:3,6; 8:29; 14:33; 16:16; 26:63-64; 27:40,43,54 |
| Incarnation | Penjelmaan | Critical | 1:18-23 (theological event, not a single verse) |
| Church | Gereja | Medium | 16:18; 18:17 |
| Kingdom of God | Kerajaan Allah | Medium | 6:33; 12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43 (exceptions to Matthew’s usual “kingdom of heaven”) |
| Law | Hukum Taurat | High | 5:17-18; 7:12; 22:36,40; 23:23 |
| Sin | Dosa | High | 1:21; 9:2-6; 26:28 |
| Gentiles | Bangsa bukan Yahudi | Medium | 4:15; 10:5,18; 12:18,21; 20:19 |
| Glory | Kemuliaan | High | 4:8; 6:29; 16:27; 19:28; 24:30; 25:31 |
| Power of God | Kuasa Allah | High | 6:13 (doxology); 9:8; 14:2; 22:29; 24:30; 28:18 |
| Messiah/Christ | Kristus | Critical | 1:1,16-18; 2:4; 11:2; 16:16,20; 22:42; 24:5,23; 26:63,68; 27:17,22 |
| Prophet | Nabi | High | 1:22; 2:5,15,17,23; 5:12,17; 7:12,15; 10:41; 11:9,13; 13:17,57; 21:11,46; 23:29-37 |
| Prophecy | Nubuat | Medium | Underlies all fulfillment-formula citations |
| Covenant | Perjanjian | Medium | 26:28 |
| Election | Pilihan Allah | High | 22:14; 24:22,24,31 |
| Intercession | Perantaraan | Critical | Implicit; contrast material for future 1 Timothy 2:5-style teaching |
| Providence | Pemeliharaan Allah | High | 6:25-34; 10:29-31; 19:26 |
| Mission | Penyebaran Injil | High | 10:5-42; 24:14; 28:18-20 |
| David | Daud | Medium | 1:1,6,17,20; 9:27; 12:3,23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42-45 |
| Israel | Israel | Medium | 2:6,20-21; 8:10; 9:33; 10:6,23; 15:24,31; 19:28; 27:9,42 |
| Jesus | Yesus | Critical | Throughout |
| God | Allah | Critical | Throughout |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | 1:18,20; 3:11,16; 4:1; 12:28,31-32; 28:19 |
| Father | Bapa | Critical | 5:16,45,48; 6:1-18; 7:11,21; 11:25-27; 28:19 |
| Exhort | Menasihati | Low | Implicit in Sermon on the Mount teaching sections |
| Seed of David | Keturunan Daud | Medium | 1:1-17 (genealogy) |
| Imputed Righteousness | Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan | Critical | Underlies righteousness-by-faith allusions (not a primary Matthean emphasis, but foundational for cross-curriculum consistency) |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by the Matthew Curriculum
| # | Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Malay Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapter(s) | Translation Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kingdom of Heaven | βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν | basileia tōn ouranōn | Kerajaan Syurga | High | The Kingdom of Heaven | 3:2; 4:17; 5:3,10,19-20; 8:11; 13 (throughout); 16:19; 18:1-4; 19:12,14,23; 22:2; 25:1; and 32 total occurrences | Matthew’s preferred phrase (vs. Mark/Luke’s “kingdom of God”), reflecting Jewish reverential avoidance of the divine name. Theologically synonymous with the baseline’s Kerajaan Allah (confirmed by Matthew’s own interchangeable usage at 6:33; 12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43). Risk: syurga is the standard, heavily loaded Islamic paradise/jannah term; readers risk hearing “Kingdom of Heaven” as exclusively a future destination reward (masuk syurga) rather than God’s present, inaugurated reign breaking into history now through Christ (cf. 12:28, “the kingdom of God has come upon you”). Rejected alternative: a literal calque “Kerajaan Langit” (“kingdom of the sky”), which loses the established theological resonance and Alkitab precedent. Must be taught alongside Kerajaan Allah as one reality expressed two ways, both present and future in scope. |
| 2 | Son of David (messianic title) | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | huios Dauid | Anak Daud | High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David | 1:1; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42-45 | Distinct from the baseline’s Keturunan Daud (physical lineage); Anak Daud functions as a direct messianic acclamation/address. Malay royal-lineage tradition (salasilah diraja) provides cultural resonance for dynastic legitimacy claims but must be moved explicitly toward eternal messianic kingship, not merely earthly succession. |
| 3 | Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | huios tou anthrōpou | Anak Manusia | High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David / Deity of Christ (Danielic background) | 8:20; 9:6; 12:8,40; 16:13,27-28; 17:9,12,22; 20:28; 24:27,30,37,39,44; 25:31; 26:2,24,45,64 | Paradoxical self-designation: outwardly humble phrasing carrying (via Daniel 7:13-14 background) a claim to receive universal, everlasting dominion and worship. Risk: readers may assimilate this into an over-affirmation of Christ’s humanity (already comfortable within Islamic theology) while missing the divine-glory freight of the Danielic allusion, especially at 24:30 and 26:64. Must always be taught with its OT background, not left as a bare title. |
| 4 | Repentance / Repent | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia / metanoeō | Pertaubatan / bertaubat | High | (New doctrine: Repentance, foundational to Kingdom proclamation) | 3:2,8,11; 4:17; 11:20-21; 12:41 | Established Alkitab usage, sharing its root with the Arabic-derived Islamic taubat (turning back to Allah’s mercy after sin). Followed here per existing precedent (as with Rasul, Nabi) rather than substituted, but requires explicit teaching tying it to the Kingdom’s arrival in Christ and to forgiveness secured through his atoning work, not a self-standing act of turning that itself merits divine mercy. |
| 5 | Disciple | μαθητής | mathētēs | Murid | Medium | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 5:1; 8:21; 10:1,24-25,42; 28:19 | Standard, well-understood Malay term for “student/follower of a teacher.” Low syncretism risk but must be taught as total, life-reordering allegiance (cf. 10:37-39; 16:24-26), not mere intellectual apprenticeship. |
| 6 | Fulfillment formula (“that it might be fulfilled”) | πληρόω / πληρωθῇ | plēroō / plērōthē | Digenapi / supaya genaplah | High | Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy | 1:22; 2:15,17,23; 4:14; 5:17; 8:17; 12:17; 13:14,35; 21:4; 26:54,56; 27:9 | Structural marker recurring 15+ times across the Gospel. Cumulative, converging OT fulfillment in a single person (Christ) contrasts with a successive-prophets-restating-the-same-message pattern; must be taught as a unit early in the curriculum given its frequency. |
| 7 | Blessed | μακάριος | makarios | Berbahagia(lah) | Medium | Core passage: The Beatitudes | 5:3-11 | Established Alkitab Beatitudes rendering. Risk of flattening into everyday emotional-happiness vocabulary (kebahagiaan); must be taught as God’s declarative verdict of favor. |
| 8 | Poor in Spirit | πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι | ptōchoi tō pneumati | Miskin di hadapan Allah / miskin dalam roh | Medium-High | Core passage; ties to Grace | 5:3 | Risk of confusion with literal material poverty or low self-esteem rather than confessed spiritual bankruptcy/total dependence on grace. |
| 9 | Hunger and Thirst for Righteousness | πεινῶντες καὶ διψῶντες τὴν δικαιοσύνην | peinōntes kai dipsōntes tēn dikaiosynēn | Lapar dan dahaga akan kebenaran | Critical | Core passage; Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:6 | Inherits the baseline’s Critical Kebenaran ambiguity (truth/correctness vs. moral-forensic righteousness), compounded by Matthew’s dual sense of righteousness as both status and lived conduct. |
| 10 | Merciful | ἐλεήμων | eleēmōn | Murah hati | Medium | Core passage | 5:7 | Native Malay compassion idiom, deliberately avoiding the rahmat root (cf. baseline grace entry’s caution about the deeds-and-mercy Islamic framework). |
| 11 | Pure in Heart | καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ | katharoi tē kardia | Suci hati | High | Core passage; Sanctification | 5:8 | Risk: suci was rejected elsewhere in the baseline (for “holy,” ritual-purity connotation); here the risk is assimilation into a niat (ritual-intention sincerity) framework rather than grace-wrought inward transformation. |
| 12 | Peacemakers | εἰρηνοποιοί | eirēnopoioi | Pembawa damai | Medium | Core passage; Peace with God (baseline) | 5:9 | Ties to baseline Damai sejahtera; must be taught as active reconciling fruit of having received peace with God, not passive conflict-avoidance. |
| 13 | Sons of God (believers, plural, adoptive) | υἱοὶ θεοῦ | huioi theou | Anak-anak Allah | High | Adoption (baseline); distinguished from Anak Allah (Christ’s unique Sonship) | 5:9,45 | Must never be conflated with the baseline’s Critical, singular Anak Allah (Christ’s unique deity); this is derivative, adoptive sonship for believers. |
| 14 | Persecuted (for righteousness/for Christ) | διωκόμενοι | diōkomenoi | Dianiaya | High | Core passage; Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 5:10-12; 10:23; 23:34 | Carries real pastoral and legal-safety weight in the Malaysian context (converts from Islam facing real social/legal consequences); flag for human theologian review for pastoral framing, not accuracy alone. |
| 15 | Reward | μισθός | misthos | Upah | Medium | Core passage; Grace (baseline) | 5:12; 6:1-18 (repeated); 10:41-42 | Commercial “earned wages” connotation risks tension with the Kasih kurnia (grace) doctrine; must be taught as grace-flowing response, not merit-wage. |
| 16 | Virgin | παρθένος | parthenos | Anak dara / perawan | Critical | Incarnation (baseline); Jesus as Promised Messiah | 1:23 | Genuine surface resonance with Qur’an 19’s virgin birth of Isa; risk is assimilation into a bare-miracle framework missing the Incarnational (Penjelmaan) purpose specifically. |
| 17 | Immanuel (“God with us”) | Ἐμμανουήλ | Emmanouēl | Imanuel (transliterated; glossed “Allah beserta kita”) | Critical | Deity of Christ; Incarnation | 1:23 | Direct, concentrated deity claim at the Gospel’s outset; must never be softened to a representative/honorary sense. |
| 18 | Worship (of Christ) | προσκυνέω | proskyneō | Menyembah / sujud | Critical | Deity of Christ | 2:2,8,11; 8:2; 9:18; 14:33; 15:25; 20:20; 28:9,17 | Ranges from homage to full cultic worship; Matthew’s repeated depiction of proskynēsis toward Jesus is a cumulative, direct deity claim colliding with the strict Islamic reservation of worship (ibadah/sujud) for Allah alone. |
| 19 | Magi / Wise Men | μάγοι | magoi | Orang bijak dari Timur | Medium | Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy | 2:1,7,16 | Avoid “Majusi” (specifically denotes Zoroastrians in Malay/Arabic usage); descriptive rendering preferred. |
| 20 | Baptism / Baptize | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | Baptisan / membaptis | Medium | (New doctrine groundwork for the Church) | 3:6,11,13-16; 28:19 | Established distinctly Christian term; distinguish from ritual washing/wudu’ in teaching. |
| 21 | Beloved (Son) | ἀγαπητός | agapētos | Yang dikasihi | Critical | Deity of Christ; tied to Anak Allah | 3:17; 17:5 | Trinitarian moment (Father speaking, Son present, Spirit descending); flag alongside 28:19 for explicit Trinity teaching. |
| 22 | Temptation / Tempt | πειρασμός / πειράζω | peirasmos / peirazō | Pencubaan / mencubai | Medium | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 4:1,3; 6:13; 26:41 | Standard vocabulary; pastoral clarity needed at 6:13 (Lord’s Prayer) that God does not tempt to sin. |
| 23 | Devil / Satan | διάβολος / Σατανᾶς | diabolos / Satanas | Iblis / Syaitan | Medium | (Background to Kingdom conflict) | 4:1,5,8,10-11; 12:26; 13:39; 16:23; 25:41 | Substantial cross-tradition name-resonance (same names used in the Qur’an), but underlying narrative content differs (Iblis’s refusal to bow to Adam vs. the wilderness temptation account); do not assume interchangeable narratives. |
| 24 | Fulfill (the Law and the Prophets) | πληρῶσαι | plērōsai | Menggenapi | Critical | Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy; Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 5:17 | Programmatic statement of Jesus’ relationship to Hukum Taurat: fulfillment/completion with escalated ethical demand, not abolition, and not mere continuation as one more prophet restating prior law. |
| 25 | Scribes | γραμματεῖς | grammateis | Ahli Taurat | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:20; 7:29; 23 (throughout) | Historically specific 1st-century category; avoid direct-equivalence mapping onto contemporary Malaysian religious authorities. |
| 26 | Pharisees | Φαρισαῖοι | Pharisaioi | Orang Farisi | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:20; 9:11,14,34; 12:2,14,24; 15:1,12; 16:1,6,11-12; 19:3; 22:15,34,41; 23 (throughout) | As above; the doctrinal point concerns the nature of righteousness, not a critique of a specific contemporary institution. |
| 27 | Perfect (mature/complete) | τέλειος | teleios | Sempurna | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:48; 19:21 | Risk of a flawless-performance reading; teach as wholehearted, grace-enabled covenant love, not achievable merit. |
| 28 | Hypocrite | ὑποκριτής | hypokritēs | Munafik | Critical | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 6:2,5,16; 7:5; 15:7; 22:18; 23 (sevenfold, throughout) | Munafik is a weighty, specific Qur’anic theological category (professed-Muslim inward disbeliever, condemned to the lowest level of Hell), not a neutral borrowing; requires explicit distinguishing framing or theologian-reviewed alternative rendering (e.g., “orang yang berpura-pura”) before Phase 2 finalization. |
| 29 | Mammon | μαμωνᾶς | mamōnas | Mamon | Low-Medium | (Contrast to Kingdom values) | 6:24 | Retained transliterated term; low ambiguity. |
| 30 | Narrow Gate | στενὴ πύλη | stenē pylē | Pintu yang sempit | Medium | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 7:13-14 | Ties to exclusivity claims already Critical in the baseline (Lordship of Christ, universal scope of the gospel). |
| 31 | Authority (esp. Jesus’ teaching authority; authority to forgive sins; all authority) | ἐξουσία | exousia | Kuasa | Critical (escalating from High) | The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching; Deity of Christ | 7:29; 9:6,8; 10:1; 21:23-27; 28:18 | Reuses baseline Kuasa Allah framework but escalates in Matthew to direct, personal divine-prerogative claims (forgiving sins, 9:6; total cosmic authority, 28:18); must never be diluted to delegated/representative authority alone. |
| 32 | Gehenna / Hell | γέεννα | geenna | Neraka | High | Judgment and the End of the Age | 5:22,29-30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15,33 | Shared vocabulary with Islamic neraka jahannam; Islamic deeds-weighted, multi-level, possible-reprieve eschatology differs from the NT’s Christ-mediated judgment framework and must be explicitly contrasted. |
| 33 | Confess / Acknowledge | ὁμολογέω | homologeō | Mengaku | High | Lordship of Christ (baseline); Discipleship | 10:32-33 | Ties to baseline cross-document consistency rule for Romans 10:9’s confession language. |
| 34 | The One Who Is to Come (messianic expectation phrase) | ὁ ἐρχόμενος | ho erchomenos | Dia yang akan datang | High | Messianic Promise (baseline) | 11:3 | Direct messianic-expectation idiom; ties to Fulfillment of Prophecy doctrine. |
| 35 | Yoke / Rest | ζυγός / ἀνάπαυσις | zygos / anapausis | Kuk / kelegaan (rehat) | Medium | Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 11:28-30 | Rabbinic “yoke of Torah” idiom; Jesus offers his own authoritative, gentler yoke. |
| 36 | Sabbath | Σάββατον | Sabbaton | Sabat | High | Lordship of Christ; Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 12:1-14; 24:20; 28:1 | Climaxes in “the Son of Man is lord of the Sabbath” (12:8) — a direct divine-authority claim over Torah itself. |
| 37 | Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit | βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα | blasphēmia eis to Pneuma | Hujat terhadap Roh Kudus | Critical | (New doctrine: The Unforgivable Sin) | 12:31-32 | Distinct in content and grounds from the Islamic unforgivable-sin category of shirk, even though both traditions describe an unforgivable sin; requires careful, non-conflating theological framing. |
| 38 | Sign of Jonah | τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ | to sēmeion Iōna | Tanda Yunus | Medium | Resurrection of Christ (baseline) | 12:39-40 | Three-days/nights typology pointing to a real death and resurrection; directly relevant to Qur’an 4:157. |
| 39 | Parable | παραβολή | parabolē | Perumpamaan | Medium | (Teaching method doctrine) | 13 (throughout); 21:33,45; 22:1; 24:32; 25:1-13 | Standard literary term; teach as a distinctively revelatory-and-judicial device, not a generic moral fable. |
| 40 | Mysteries of the Kingdom | τὰ μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας | ta mystēria tēs basileias | Rahsia Kerajaan Syurga | High | The Kingdom of Heaven | 13:11 | Risk of resonance with Malay Sufi esoteric ilmu batin/rahsia tradition; must be taught as revealed truth for all who believe, not privileged elite knowledge. |
| 41 | Weeping and Gnashing of Teeth | κλαυθμὸς καὶ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων | klauthmos kai brygmos tōn odontōn | Tangisan dan kertak gigi | Medium | Judgment and the End of the Age | 8:12; 13:42,50; 22:13; 24:51; 25:30 | Standard judgment formula. |
| 42 | Tradition (of the Elders) | παράδοσις | paradosis | Tradisi orang tua-tua | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 15:2-3,6 | Do not conflate critique of elevated human tradition with a wholesale critique of adat (cultural custom). |
| 43 | Defile | κοινόω | koinoō | Menajiskan / mencemarkan | Medium | Sanctification (baseline) | 15:11,18-20 | Relocates defilement from external ritual to the heart; ties to Kudus/suci distinction already in baseline. |
| 44 | Rock (Peter’s confession wordplay) | Πέτρος / πέτρα | Petros / petra | Petrus / batu karang | High | The Church and Church Discipline | 16:18 | Foundational Church statement; disputed interpretive question (Peter, his confession, or Christ as foundation) should be routed to human theologian guidance for the curriculum’s chosen presentation. |
| 45 | Keys of the Kingdom / Bind and Loose | κλεῖδας / δέω / λύω | kleidas / deō / lyō | Kunci Kerajaan Syurga / mengikat / melepaskan | High | The Church and Church Discipline | 16:19; 18:18 | Risk of resonance with Malaysia’s own state Islamic legal apparatus (fatwa-issuing authorities); must be taught as the church’s Spirit-guided discipline process, not a parallel religious-legal jurisdiction. |
| 46 | Cross / Take Up the Cross / Crucify | σταυρός / σταυρόω | stauros / stauroō | Salib / memikul salib / menyalibkan | Critical | Resurrection of Christ (baseline); Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 10:38; 16:24; 27:32-44 | Direct collision with Qur’an 4:157’s denial of the crucifixion; the discipleship metaphor (10:38; 16:24) presupposes the literal historical event (ch.27) is real. |
| 47 | Transfiguration (was transfigured) | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | Berubah rupa | Medium | (Distinguished from Incarnation, baseline) | 17:2 | Temporary unveiling of already-present divine glory, not a new incarnation-event or avatar-style episodic appearance; must be distinguished from the baseline’s Penjelmaan caution. |
| 48 | Ransom | λύτρον | lytron | Tebusan | Critical | (New doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement) | 20:28; cf. 26:28 | No adequate parallel in Islamic soteriology (no substitutionary atoning death); grounds Jesus’ death as a costly payment securing others’ release. |
| 49 | Hosanna | Ὡσαννά | Hōsanna | Hosana (transliterated) | Medium | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David | 21:9,15 | Messianic acclamation; ties to Anak Daud. |
| 50 | Cornerstone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας | kephalē gōnias | Batu penjuru | Medium | Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy | 21:42 | Rejection-then-vindication pattern culminating in resurrection. |
| 51 | Many Called, Few Chosen | πολλοὶ κλητοί, ὀλίγοι ἐκλεκτοί | polloi klētoi, oligoi eklektoi | Ramai yang dipanggil, sedikit yang terpilih | High | Divine Calling / Election (baseline) | 22:14 | Direct combination of baseline Dipanggil and Pilihan Allah; teach within Effectual Calling framework, avoiding takdir-style fatalism. |
| 52 | Woe | οὐαί | ouai | Malangnya kamu / Celakalah kamu | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 11:21; 18:7; 23 (sevenfold) | Prophetic judgment-oracle continuity with the OT. |
| 53 | Abomination of Desolation | τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως | to bdelygma tēs erēmōseōs | Kekejian yang membinasakan | Medium-High | Judgment and the End of the Age | 24:15 | Requires Danielic OT background teaching. |
| 54 | Great Tribulation | θλῖψις μεγάλη | thlipsis megalē | Kesengsaraan yang besar | Medium | Judgment and the End of the Age | 24:21 | Standard apocalyptic term. |
| 55 | Coming / Parousia (of Christ) | παρουσία | parousia | Kedatangan | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age (new sub-doctrine: The Second Coming) | 24:3,27,37,39 | Directly and formally contradicted by mainstream Sunni Malaysian eschatology’s own teaching of Isa’s future return as a Muslim prophet (not the divine Son returning in glory); requires explicit contrastive theologian-reviewed teaching. |
| 56 | End of the Age | συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος | synteleia tou aiōnos | Akhir zaman | High | Judgment and the End of the Age | 13:39-40,49; 24:3; 28:20 | Shared vocabulary with Malaysian Islamic eschatological teaching (Imam Mahdi, Dajjal, Isa’s return); risk of importing that entire alternate framework wholesale. |
| 57 | Talent (currency/stewardship parable) | τάλαντον | talanton | Talenta | Medium | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 25:14-30 | Common Malay loanword now meaning “personal ability/gift”; risk of a generic self-improvement misreading rather than gospel-stewardship. |
| 58 | Eternal Life / Eternal Punishment | ζωὴ αἰώνιος / κόλασις αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios / kolasis aiōnios | Hidup yang kekal / seksaan yang kekal | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age; Salvation (baseline) | 19:16,29; 25:46 | Stark, final, eternal binary judgment without intermediate process; differs from more graduated frameworks in some Islamic eschatological schools. |
| 59 | Body and Blood (of the Covenant) | τὸ σῶμα / τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης | to sōma / to haima tēs diathēkēs | Tubuh / darah perjanjian | Critical | (New doctrine: The Lord’s Supper / Atonement) | 26:26-28 | Acute cultural friction given Islamic (and Jewish-background) dietary prohibition on consuming blood; must always be taught as memorial/spiritual participation, never literal instruction. |
| 60 | Betray / Hand Over | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | Mengkhianati / menyerahkan | Medium | (Passion narrative) | 26:15-16,21,23-25,45-46,48; 27:2-4 | Standard narrative vocabulary. |
| 61 | Crucify (literal event) | σταυρόω | stauroō | Menyalibkan / disalibkan | Critical | Resurrection of Christ (baseline) | 27:22-26,31,35,38 | See entry #46; the historical-narrative center of the Qur’an 4:157 collision. |
| 62 | King of the Jews | Βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | Basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | Raja orang Yahudi | High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David | 2:2; 27:11,29,37 | Requires pastoral sensitivity given contemporary geopolitical associations (cf. baseline israel entry). |
| 63 | All Authority in Heaven and Earth | πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς | pasa exousia en ouranō kai epi gēs | Segala kuasa di syurga dan di bumi | Critical | Deity of Christ; The Great Commission | 28:18 | Totalizing divine-sovereignty claim by the risen Christ; never delegate/representative in force. |
| 64 | Make Disciples of All Nations | μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη | mathēteusate panta ta ethnē | Jadikanlah segala bangsa murid-Ku | High | The Great Commission | 28:19 | ”All nations/ethnē” here is broader than the baseline’s Bangsa bukan Yahudi (Gentiles specifically); route to human theologian review for pastoral/legal-safety framing given Malaysian proselytizing restrictions, per the baseline’s existing evangelism caution. |
| 65 | Baptizing in the Name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit | εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος | eis to onoma tou Patros kai tou Huiou kai tou Hagiou Pneumatos | Dengan nama Bapa, dan Anak, dan Roh Kudus | Critical | (New doctrine: The Trinity) | 28:19 | The Gospel’s single most concentrated Trinitarian formula (one “name,” three Persons); the most direct possible collision with tawhid in the entire curriculum; mandatory theologian review for every use. |
Risk Summary (Section B, New Terms Only)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 14 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 20 | Human theologian |
| Medium-High | 2 | Human theologian (recommended) |
| Medium | 26 | Native speaker review |
| Low-Medium | 2 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 1 | Automated review |
| Total new terms | 65 |
Combined with the 39 baseline terms reused exactly in Section A, this glossary documents 104 distinct load-bearing terms spanning the full 28 chapters of Matthew, in addition to the 12 verse-level term-treatments in the core passage (Matthew 5:1-12) covered in 07_semantic_analysis.md.
This glossary is provisional pending Phase 1 Step 2, where new terms will be formally merged into an updated translation_memory.json (version increment required) and bible_term_registry.json, and pending Phase 1 Step 3’s doctrine risk registry update to incorporate the new doctrines identified here (The Kingdom of Heaven, The Trinity, Substitutionary Atonement/Ransom, The Unforgivable Sin, The Second Coming/Parousia, The Church and Church Discipline, The Great Commission).
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh (righteous deeds, as the ground itself)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL in Matthew as in Romans, further compounded: dikaiosynē here must carry BOTH imputed standing AND lived conduct (5:20, 6:33) — these two senses must be explicitly distinguished per passage, never assumed interchangeable.
Justification
Approved rendering: Diperbenarkan
Transliteration: dee-per-beh-NAHR-kahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: diampunkan (forgiven, alone)
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 12:37 (‘by your words you will be justified’) retains the forensic-declaration sense; must not collapse into mere forgiveness.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Keselamatan
Transliteration: keh-seh-lah-MAH-tahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: masuk syurga (entering paradise, as the whole content)
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 1:21 explicitly ties the name Yesus to saving ‘his people from their sins’; also 10:22; 18:11; 19:25; 24:13. Must not be diluted into everyday ‘selamat’ well-wishing or deferred to an undetermined Judgment-Day outcome.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: Kebangkitan
Transliteration: keh-bahng-KIT-ahn
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: diangkat naik ke syurga (being raised up to heaven, without dying)
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 22:23-33 (Sadducees’ question); 27:53; 28:6-7. Must never be rendered as a no-death ascension; requires the real death narrated in ch.27 as its necessary precondition, directly contradicting Qur’an 4:157.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: TOO-hahn
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: tuan (master/sir, non-divine)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 3:3; 7:21-22; 8:2,25; 12:8 (‘Son of Man is lord of the Sabbath’ — a direct divine-authority claim over Torah); 22:43-45; 28:18 (implicit). Tuan must never substitute.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak Allah
Transliteration: AH-nahk ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: kekasih Allah (God’s beloved one), wakil Allah (God’s representative)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 3:17; 4:3,6; 8:29; 14:33; 16:16; 26:63-64; 27:40,43,54. Never softened to a euphemism; must always be distinguished from the plural, derivative ‘anak-anak Allah’ describing believers (5:9,45).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Penjelmaan
Transliteration: pen-jel-MAHN
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan yang menyamar sebagai manusia (God disguising himself as a human)
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (theological category; cf. Matt 1:18-23)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Grounded in Matthew 1:18-23’s virgin-birth narrative. Must be taught as a permanent, unique assumption of humanity, not an episodic Hindu-Buddhist-derived avatar appearance (penjelmaan dewa), and not merely a miraculous prophetic birth as in the Qur’anic Isa account.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: Al-Masih (the Qur’anic title, deliberately avoided)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 1:1,16-18; 2:4; 11:2; 16:16,20; 22:42; 24:5,23; 26:63,68; 27:17,22. Uses Kristus, never Al-Masih, per established Alkitab convention; foundational to the new Jesus as Promised Messiah and Son of David doctrine.
Intercession
Approved rendering: Perantaraan
Transliteration: peh-rahn-tah-RAH-ahn
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: syafaat (the mainstream Sunni doctrine of the Prophet Muhammad’s intercession on the Day of Judgment)
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Matthean occurrence requiring new treatment, but retained for cross-curriculum consistency and future contrast material.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: YEH-soos
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isa (the Qur’anic name, deliberately avoided by established Alkitab convention)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Throughout Matthew. Never Isa; Matthew 1:21 itself glosses the name’s meaning (‘he will save his people from their sins’), tying it directly to Keselamatan.
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan (reserved for ‘Lord’ in this Language Package)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Throughout Matthew. Single most legally and politically sensitive term in the Malay context; use Allah consistently, never substitute Tuhan.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: ROHKH KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: Jibril (the archangel Gabriel), roh halus (a generic nature/subtle spirit in traditional Malay animist belief)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 1:18,20; 3:11,16; 4:1; 12:28,31-32; 28:19. Must not be equated with Jibril or roh halus. Matthew 12:31-32 and 28:19 place unusually heavy new doctrinal weight on this term (the new Unforgivable Sin and Trinity doctrines).
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: BAH-pah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Pencipta (Creator, as a substitute to avoid relational language)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 5:16,45,48; 6:1-18; 7:11,21; 11:25-27; 28:19. Teach the relational/adoptive sense; never retreat to Pencipta.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn yahng dee-per-hee-TOONG-kahn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: kebenaran yang diusahakan (earned/worked-for righteousness)
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην (cross-curriculum reference term)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; not a primary Matthean emphasis but underlies righteousness-by-faith allusions.
Immanuel
Approved rendering: Imanuel (glossed: Allah beserta kita)
Transliteration: ee-mah-noo-EL
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: a representative-sense gloss such as ‘wakil Allah bersama kita’ (rejected as a euphemistic softening)
Original: Ἐμμανουήλ
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 1:23. Direct, concentrated deity claim at the Gospel’s outset — arguably Matthew’s most concentrated single statement of the Deity of Christ doctrine prior to 28:19-20. Must never be softened; retain transliteration Imanuel glossed ‘Allah beserta kita,’ consistent with the baseline’s prohibition on euphemistic Anak Allah substitutions.
Beloved Son
Approved rendering: Yang dikasihi
Transliteration: yahng dee-KAH-see-hee
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ὁ ἀγαπητός
Category: God
New term. Matthew 3:17; 17:5. A clear Trinitarian moment (Father speaking, Son present, Spirit descending as a dove, 3:16); flag alongside 28:19 for explicit Trinity-doctrine teaching, tied to the Critical Anak Allah entry.
Worship Of Christ
Approved rendering: Menyembah / sujud
Transliteration: meh-NYEHM-bah / soo-JOOD
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: memberi hormat (mere respectful greeting, insufficient to convey cultic worship)
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 2:2,8,11; 8:2; 9:18; 14:33; 15:25; 20:20; 28:9,17. Ranges from homage to full cultic worship; Matthew’s repeated depiction of proskynēsis directed at Jesus is a cumulative, direct deity claim. Islamic theology strictly forbids worship (ibadah/sujud) toward any created being, even a revered prophet. Must never be diluted to mere respectful greeting.
Authority Of Jesus
Approved rendering: Kuasa
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 7:29 (‘not as their scribes’); 9:6,8 (authority to forgive sins — a Second Temple divine prerogative); 10:1; 21:23-27; 28:18. Reuses baseline Kuasa Allah framework but escalates to direct, personal divine-prerogative claims; must never be diluted to delegated or representative authority.
All Authority In Heaven And Earth
Approved rendering: Segala kuasa di syurga dan di bumi
Transliteration: seh-GAH-lah KOO-ah-sah dee SOOR-gah dahn dee BOO-mee
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 28:18. The Gospel’s climactic authority claim, escalated to totalizing, comprehensive divine authority claimed by Jesus himself as the risen Christ. Must never be diluted to a delegated or representative authority — this is a direct claim to share in God’s own universal sovereignty.
Blasphemy Against The Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Hujat terhadap Roh Kudus
Transliteration: HOO-jaht ter-HAH-dahp rohkh KOO-doos
Doctrine: The Unforgivable Sin
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα
Category: God
New term. Matthew 12:31-32. Directly tied to Roh Kudus (baseline Critical); this unique, unforgivable-sin teaching must never be presented as a general sin-warning, nor conflated with shirk (Islamic theology’s own unforgivable sin of associating partners with Allah), even though both traditions name an unforgivable category — the content and grounds differ substantially.
Ransom
Approved rendering: Tebusan
Transliteration: teh-BOO-sahn
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
New term. Matthew 20:28; cf. 26:28. No adequate parallel in Islamic soteriology, which does not include a substitutionary atoning death; grounds Jesus’ death as a costly, substitutionary payment securing others’ release from bondage. Must be preserved with full force wherever it recurs.
Body And Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: Tubuh / darah perjanjian
Transliteration: TOO-boh / DAH-rah per-jahn-jee-AHN
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 26:26-28. Acute cultural friction: Islamic dietary law (haram status of consuming blood, paralleling Jewish kosher law) creates genuine, visceral resistance to ‘drinking blood’ language, historically also the source of ancient pagan slanders against early Christians. Must always be taught as memorial/spiritual participation, never literal instruction.
Fulfill The Law And Prophets
Approved rendering: Menggenapi
Transliteration: meng-geh-NAH-pee
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: batal / mansuh (abrogate/repeal, specifically avoided)
Original: πληρῶσαι
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 5:17. Establishes Jesus’ relationship to Hukum Taurat as fulfillment/completion with escalated ethical demand (5:21-48), not abolition and not mere continuation as one more teacher restating prior law.
Virgin
Approved rendering: Anak dara / perawan
Transliteration: AH-nahk DAH-rah / peh-RAH-wahn
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 1:23. Genuine surface resonance with Qur’an 19:16-22’s virgin birth of Isa gives this unusual apparent common ground; risk is assimilation into a bare-miracle framework while missing Matthew’s actual point — this is how the eternal Son takes on human nature (Penjelmaan). Teaching must make the Incarnational purpose explicit.
Hunger And Thirst For Righteousness
Approved rendering: Lapar dan dahaga akan kebenaran
Transliteration: LAH-pahr dahn dah-HAH-gah AH-kahn keh-beh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: πεινῶντες καὶ διψῶντες τὴν δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
New term. Matthew 5:6. Inherits the baseline’s Critical Kebenaran truth/righteousness ambiguity, compounded by Matthew’s dual status-and-conduct sense of righteousness.
Hypocrite
Approved rendering: Munafik
Transliteration: moo-NAH-fik
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: ὑποκριτής
Category: Sanctification
New term — PROVISIONAL, PENDING PHASE 2 THEOLOGIAN DECISION. Matthew 6:2,5,16; 7:5; 15:7; 22:18; 23 (sevenfold). Munafik is not a neutral borrowing; it is a specific, weighty Qur’anic theological category (the professed-Muslim inward disbeliever, condemned to the lowest level of Hell). Using it for Jesus’ narrower rebuke of showy piety imports this entire religiously freighted category. A theologian-reviewed descriptive alternative (‘orang yang berpura-pura,’ one who pretends) is under consideration for especially sensitive teaching contexts and must be finalized before broad Phase 2 rollout; until then, retain Munafik only with mandatory explicit distinguishing framing at every occurrence.
Parousia The Coming
Approved rendering: Kedatangan
Transliteration: keh-DAH-tahng-ahn
Doctrine: The Second Coming of Christ (Parousia)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
New term. Matthew 24:3,27,37,39. Mainstream Sunni Malaysian Islamic education formally teaches a future return of ‘Isa’ as a Muslim prophet who defeats the Dajjal, affirms Islam, marries, lives a natural life, and dies a normal death — explicitly NOT the divine Son returning in glory to judge the world as its Lord. This is a directly competing, actively taught narrative, not merely an absent concept, and must be flagged for human theologian review with explicit contrastive teaching.
Eternal Life And Eternal Punishment
Approved rendering: Hidup yang kekal / seksaan yang kekal
Transliteration: HEE-doop yahng keh-KAHL / sek-SAH-ahn yahng keh-KAHL
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος / κόλασις αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
New term. Matthew 19:16,29; 25:46 (both terms in the same verse). The stark, final, and eternal nature of both destinies, with no intermediate purificatory process or later reprieve contemplated in the text, differs from more graduated frameworks discussed within some strands of Islamic eschatology; must be taught plainly and without softening.
Cross Take Up Crucify
Approved rendering: Salib / memikul salib / menyalibkan
Transliteration: SAH-lib / meh-MEE-kool SAH-lib / meh-nyah-LIB-kahn
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 10:38; 16:24 (discipleship metaphor); 27:22-26,31,35,38 (the literal historical crucifixion). Direct collision with Qur’an 4:157’s denial of the crucifixion; the discipleship metaphor only makes coherent sense if Jesus’ own crucifixion (ch.27) was a real historical death — every occurrence, literal or metaphorical, carries this Critical doctrinal freight and must be flagged for theologian review.
Baptizing In The Triune Name
Approved rendering: Dengan nama Bapa, dan Anak, dan Roh Kudus
Transliteration: DENG-ahn NAH-mah BAH-pah, dahn AH-nahk, dahn rohkh KOO-doos
Doctrine: The Trinity
Original: εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: God
New term. Matthew 28:19. The Gospel’s single most concentrated, explicit Trinitarian formula — one ‘name’ (nama) shared by Father, Son, and Holy Spirit — is the most direct possible collision with tawhid’s strict unitarian monotheism in the entire curriculum. Mandatory human theologian review for every use.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: IN-jeel
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: berita baik (generic ‘good news’, without the proclamation weight)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew occurrences: 4:23; 9:35; 24:14; 26:13. Injil is the established Alkitab term, shared with the Qur’anic name for the revelation given to Isa, treated in Islamic doctrine as historically altered (tahrif). Used for Christ’s living proclamation, not as a bare reference to a contested book.
Grace
Approved rendering: Kasih kurnia
Transliteration: KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat (mercy, an Arabic-loan term operating within a deeds-and-mercy Islamic judgment framework)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Implicit throughout Matthew’s grace parables (18:23-35 unforgiving servant; 20:1-16 workers in the vineyard). Must not be rendered as a merit-earned wage, especially given misthos/Upah’s commercial connotation appearing in the same contexts.
Faith
Approved rendering: Iman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: kepercayaan (generic belief/trust)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew occurrences: 8:10 (centurion); 9:2,22,29; 15:28 (Canaanite woman); 17:20; 21:21. The object of faith must remain Christ specifically, not generic Islamic iman toward the pillars of belief.
Apostle
Approved rendering: Rasul
Transliteration: RAH-sool
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: utusan (a lower-weight, purely secular ‘envoy/messenger’)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 10:2. Distinguish from Rasul’s Islamic sense as a scripture-bearing prophet-messenger; Matthew’s Twelve are Spirit-commissioned eyewitness-sent representatives, not new-revelation bearers.
Called
Approved rendering: Dipanggil
Transliteration: dee-PAHNG-gil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dijemput (invited, as to a social event)
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 2:15 (Christ ‘called’ out of Egypt, fulfillment sense); 4:18-22, 9:9 (discipleship summons); 22:3,8,14 (wedding-feast parable, salvation-invitation sense). Never reduce to a merely optional, declinable social invitation.
Calling
Approved rendering: Panggilan
Transliteration: pahng-GIL-ahn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: jemputan
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Implicit throughout Matthew’s discipleship-summons narratives (4:18-22; 9:9); must convey sovereign summons, not human-initiated seeking.
Holy
Approved rendering: Kudus
Transliteration: KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci (ritually/physically clean)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 4:5 (‘holy city’); 6:9 (Lord’s Prayer, ‘hallowed be your name’); 27:53. Avoid suci’s ritual-cleanliness connotation.
Saints
Approved rendering: Orang kudus
Transliteration: OH-rahng KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali (Sufi saints venerated at keramat sites in traditional Malay Islam)
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 27:52 (bodies of the saints raised). Not a Sufi wali-style venerated elite.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: Pengudusan
Transliteration: peng-goo-DOO-sahn
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: penyucian (ritual purification)
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Implicit throughout the Sermon on the Mount’s holiness ethic (chs. 5-7). Distinguish from ritual purification (penyucian).
Adoption
Approved rendering: Pengangkatan sebagai anak
Transliteration: peng-ahng-KAH-tahn seh-BAH-gai AH-nahk
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: anak angkat (bare, without doctrinal qualifier)
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 5:9,45 (‘sons of God’/‘children of your Father’). Must be kept distinct from the singular, Critical Anak Allah reserved for Christ’s unique ontological Sonship.
Law
Approved rendering: Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: HOO-koom tow-RAHT
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: Syariah / Hukum Syariat (Islamic religious law, an operative parallel legal system in Malaysia)
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 5:17-18; 7:12; 22:36,40; 23:23. NEVER use Syariah; intersects directly with the new Fulfillment of Prophecy and Authority of Jesus’ Teaching doctrines.
Sin
Approved rendering: Dosa
Transliteration: DOH-sah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: kesilapan (mistake/error)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 1:21; 9:2-6 (Jesus’ authority to forgive sin, a direct deity claim); 26:28. Islamic anthropology (fitrah) resists this doctrine’s universal, inherited weight.
Glory
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur (divine light, associated with Nur Muhammad devotion in the historic Malay Sufi tradition)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 4:8; 6:29; 16:27; 19:28; 24:30; 25:31. Avoid nur, the Malay Sufi ‘Nur Muhammad’ pre-existent-light devotional association.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: Ketaatan iman
Transliteration: keh-tah-AH-tahn ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ketaatan agama (generic religious dutifulness/submission)
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; underlies Matthew’s own obedience-flowing-from-grace emphasis (7:21-23; 28:19-20).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: Kuasa Allah
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kuasa ghaib (occult/supernatural power, associated with traditional Malay bomoh shamanic practice)
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 9:8; 14:2; 22:29; 24:30; 28:18. Avoid kuasa ghaib’s bomoh/occult folk-animist associations; overlaps directly with the new Authority of Jesus’ Teaching doctrine at 28:18.
Prophet
Approved rendering: Nabi
Transliteration: NAH-bee
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ahli nujum (fortune-teller/astrologer)
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 1:22; 2:5,15,17,23; 5:12,17; 7:12,15; 10:41; 11:9,13; 13:17,57; 21:11,46; 23:29-37. Islamic theology places Jesus himself (Nabi Isa) in this exact category; teaching must distinguish OT prophets pointing to Christ from Christ’s own greater identity.
Election
Approved rendering: Pilihan Allah
Transliteration: pee-LEE-hahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: takdir (fate/predetermined decree)
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 22:14 (‘many are called, but few are chosen’); 24:22,24,31. Avoid takdir’s fatalistic-decree connotation; combines directly with ‘called’ in the new many_called_few_chosen entry.
Providence
Approved rendering: Pemeliharaan Allah
Transliteration: peh-meh-lee-hah-RAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: takdir (fate/decree)
Original: πρόνοια (theological category; cf. Matt 6:25-34; 10:29-31)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 6:25-34 (do not be anxious); 10:29-31 (sparrows); 19:26. Avoid takdir.
Mission
Approved rendering: Penyebaran Injil
Transliteration: peh-nyeh-BAH-rahn IN-jeel
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: misi (colonial-era missionary connotations), dakwah-style framing (the specifically Islamic term for religious propagation)
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω (cf. Matt 10; 28:18-20)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 10:5-42; 24:14; 28:18-20. Overlaps directly with the new Great Commission doctrine; route related segments to human theologian review for pastoral and legal-safety reasons given Malaysian proselytizing restrictions.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: AH-bah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Not present in Matthew itself but retained untranslated for cross-curriculum consistency with Romans 8:15.
Kingdom Of Heaven
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Syurga
Transliteration: keh-rah-JAH-ahn SOOR-gah
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Rejected alternatives: Kerajaan Langit (literal calque ‘kingdom of the sky’, loses established theological resonance and Alkitab precedent)
Original: βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν
Category: Kingdom
New term. Matthew’s preferred phrase (32 occurrences, e.g. 3:2; 4:17; 5:3,10,19-20; 13 throughout; 25:1), reflecting Jewish reverential avoidance of the divine name. Theologically synonymous with Kerajaan Allah (confirmed by Matthew’s own interchangeable usage at 6:33; 12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43). Syurga is the standard, heavily loaded Islamic paradise/jannah term; readers risk hearing this exclusively as a future reward destination (masuk syurga) rather than God’s present, inaugurated reign (12:28). Must be taught alongside Kerajaan Allah as one reality, both present and future in scope.
Mysteries Of The Kingdom
Approved rendering: Rahsia Kerajaan Syurga
Transliteration: RAH-see-ah keh-rah-JAH-ahn SOOR-gah
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Original: τὰ μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας τῶν οὐρανῶν
Category: Kingdom
New term. Matthew 13:11. Rahsia (secret) risks resonance with the historic Malay Sufi devotional tradition’s own vocabulary of ilmu batin/rahsia (esoteric inner knowledge for initiates); must be taught as revealed truth now disclosed in Christ to all who receive him by faith, not privileged esoteric knowledge.
Keys Of The Kingdom Bind Loose
Approved rendering: Kunci Kerajaan Syurga / mengikat / melepaskan
Transliteration: KOON-chee keh-rah-JAH-ahn SOOR-gah / meng-ee-KAHT / meh-leh-PAHS-kahn
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: κλεῖδας τῆς βασιλείας / δέω / λύω
Category: Church
New term. Matthew 16:19; 18:18. This concept of an authoritative religious body issuing binding rulings structurally parallels Malaysia’s state Islamic legal apparatus (fatwa-issuing mufti councils); must be taught as the local church’s Spirit-guided discipline process, never as a parallel religious-legal jurisdiction comparable to the Syariah court system.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Anak Daud
Transliteration: AH-nahk dah-OOD
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 1:1; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42-45. Distinct from Keturunan Daud (bare lineage); functions as a direct messianic acclamation/address. Malay royal-lineage tradition (salasilah diraja) gives dynastic legitimacy claims cultural resonance, but readers must be moved from earthly succession to eternal messianic kingship (22:41-46).
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Anak Manusia
Transliteration: AH-nahk mah-NOO-see-ah
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 8:20; 9:6; 12:8,40; 16:13,27-28; 17:9,12,22; 20:28; 24:27,30,37,39,44; 25:31; 26:2,24,45,64. Paradoxical self-designation invoking Daniel 7:13-14’s figure who receives universal, everlasting dominion and worship. Risk: readers may over-affirm the humanity this title outwardly suggests while missing the Danielic divine-glory claim, especially at 24:30 and 26:64 (answered as blasphemy by the high priest). Always teach with its OT background.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: Raja orang Yahudi
Transliteration: RAH-jah OH-rahng yah-HOO-dee
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: Βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 2:2; 27:11,29,37. Requires pastoral sensitivity given contemporary geopolitical associations around Israel/Jewish identity (cf. baseline israel entry); teach strictly as a first-century messianic-kingship title, historically ironic in its mocking context, not as a contemporary political statement.
Rock Peters Confession
Approved rendering: Petrus / batu karang
Transliteration: PET-roos / BAH-too KAH-rahng
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: Πέτρος / πέτρα
Category: Church
New term. Matthew 16:18. Foundational Church statement; the historic interpretive question (Peter himself, his confession, or Christ as true foundation) is genuinely disputed across Christian traditions and must be routed to human theologian guidance rather than defaulting to any single reading; must not import a Malaysian-specific religious-authority-succession framework.
Fulfillment Formula
Approved rendering: Digenapi / supaya genaplah
Transliteration: dee-geh-NAH-pee / soo-PAH-yah geh-NAHP-lah
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: πληρόω / πληρωθῇ
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 1:22; 2:15,17,23; 4:14; 8:17; 12:17; 13:14,35; 21:4; 26:54,56; 27:9 (15+ occurrences). Structural marker recurring across the Gospel; Matthew’s cumulative, converging OT fulfillment in a single person contrasts with a successive-prophets-restating-the-same-message pattern. Should be taught as a unit early in the curriculum.
The One Who Is To Come
Approved rendering: Dia yang akan datang
Transliteration: DEE-ah yahng AH-kahn DAH-tahng
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: ὁ ἐρχόμενος
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 11:3, John the Baptist’s question. Direct messianic-expectation idiom; ties to the baseline’s Messianic Promise doctrine.
Pure In Heart
Approved rendering: Suci hati
Transliteration: SOO-chee HAH-tee
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ
Category: Sanctification
New term. Matthew 5:8. Suci was explicitly rejected elsewhere in the baseline (for ‘holy,’ ritual-purity connotation); here the specific risk is assimilation into a niat (ritual-intention sincerity) framework common in Malay Islamic prayer discourse, rather than grace-wrought inward transformation only God can produce.
Sons Of God Believers
Approved rendering: Anak-anak Allah
Transliteration: AH-nahk AH-nahk ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοὶ θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
New term. Matthew 5:9,45. Must never be conflated with the singular, Critical Anak Allah describing Christ’s unique ontological Sonship; this is believers’ derivative, adoptive relationship, the same category as the baseline’s Pengangkatan sebagai anak doctrine.
Persecuted
Approved rendering: Dianiaya
Transliteration: dee-ah-nee-AH-yah
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: διωκόμενοι / διώκω
Category: Discipleship
New term. Matthew 5:10-12; 10:23; 23:34. Carries acute real-world pastoral and legal weight: converts from Islam and Malay-speaking Christians navigate real social and legal consequences (apostasy-related state enactments, family/community pressure) for identifying with Christ; flag for human theologian review for pastoral framing, not accuracy alone.
Repentance
Approved rendering: Pertaubatan / bertaubat
Transliteration: per-tow-BAH-tahn / ber-TOW-baht
Doctrine: Repentance
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Faith
New term. Matthew 3:2,8,11; 4:17; 11:20-21; 12:41. Established Alkitab usage sharing its root with the Arabic-derived Islamic taubat; followed here per existing precedent rather than substituted, but every occurrence requires explicit teaching tying it to Christ’s atoning work and the in-breaking Kerajaan Syurga, not a standalone act that itself merits divine mercy.
Gehenna Hell
Approved rendering: Neraka
Transliteration: neh-RAH-kah
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
New term. Matthew 5:22,29-30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15,33. Standard Malay word for hell, used equally in Islamic contexts (neraka jahannam), whose deeds-weighted, multi-level, possible-eventual-reprieve framework differs from the NT’s Christ-mediated judgment. Must be taught with explicit contrast, not assumed identical because the word is shared.
Confess Acknowledge
Approved rendering: Mengaku
Transliteration: meng-AH-koo
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: ὁμολογέω
Category: Discipleship
New term. Matthew 10:32-33. Ties directly to the baseline’s cross-document consistency rule for Romans 10:9’s confession language (‘Yesus adalah Tuhan’); carries the same weight of public, costly allegiance.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: Sabat
Transliteration: SAH-baht
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Σάββατον
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 12:1-14; 24:20; 28:1. No direct Islamic-calendar parallel (Jumaat/Friday is not a theological Sabbath-rest equivalent); the chapter’s climax (‘the Son of Man is lord of the Sabbath,’ 12:8) is a direct claim of divine authority over the Mosaic Law itself.
Many Called Few Chosen
Approved rendering: Ramai yang dipanggil, sedikit yang terpilih
Transliteration: RAH-mai yahng dee-PAHNG-gil, seh-DEE-kit yahng ter-PEE-lih
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: πολλοὶ κλητοί, ὀλίγοι ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
New term. Matthew 22:14. Direct combination of the baseline’s Dipanggil and Pilihan Allah terms; must be taught consistently with the Effectual Calling doctrine framework, avoiding any takdir-style fatalistic reading.
End Of The Age
Approved rendering: Akhir zaman
Transliteration: AH-khir zah-MAHN
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος
Category: Eschatology
New term. Matthew 13:39-40,49; 24:3; 28:20. Akhir zaman is standard vocabulary in Malaysian Islamic eschatological teaching (associated with the Imam Mahdi, the Dajjal, and Isa’s return); shared vocabulary risks importing this entire alternate eschatological framework wholesale onto Matthew’s own distinct account.
Make Disciples Of All Nations
Approved rendering: Jadikanlah segala bangsa murid-Ku
Transliteration: jah-dee-KAHN-lah seh-GAH-lah BAHNG-sah MOO-rid-koo
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη
Category: Church
New term. Matthew 28:19. ‘Panta ta ethnē’ (‘all nations/peoples’) is broader and more inclusive than the baseline’s Bangsa bukan Yahudi (‘Gentiles,’ specifically non-Jewish peoples); must not be conflated with or read as narrower than that term. Intersects directly with Malaysian legal restrictions on proselytizing Muslims; route to human theologian review for pastoral and legal-safety framing.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: Damai sejahtera
Transliteration: DAH-mai seh-jah-TEH-rah
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ketenangan (inner calm)
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the new Matthean ‘Peacemakers’ term (5:9); relational, whole-life peace with God, not merely psychological calm.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: Karunia rohani
Transliteration: kah-ROO-nee-ah roh-HAH-nee
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: keramat (a miraculous power or site associated with a venerated wali in traditional Malay Islam)
Inherited from Romans package. Not a primary Matthean emphasis but retained for cross-curriculum consistency; must not be conflated with keramat.
Church
Approved rendering: Gereja
Transliteration: geh-REH-jah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: jemaah (a term also used broadly for a mosque congregation or generic religious assembly)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 16:18; 18:17. Distinct from masjid and generic jemaah; overlaps directly with the new Church and Church Discipline doctrine.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: keh-rah-JAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: pentadbiran Allah (God’s administration)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 6:33; 12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43 — the exceptions to Matthew’s usual ‘kingdom of heaven,’ confirming the two phrases are Matthew’s own synonyms for one reality. Must be taught alongside the new Kerajaan Syurga term, not as a separate concept.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: Bangsa bukan Yahudi
Transliteration: BAHNG-sah BOO-kahn yah-HOO-dee
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: kafir (unbeliever/infidel, an Islamic religious-legal category with strong, actively contested pejorative force)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 4:15; 10:5,18; 12:18,21; 20:19. Note: Matthew 28:19’s ‘panta ta ethnē’ (‘all nations’) is broader than this term and must not be conflated with it.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: Nubuat
Transliteration: noo-boo-AHT
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ramalan (fortune-telling/prediction)
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies all Matthean fulfillment-formula citations (see new fulfillment_formula entry).
Covenant
Approved rendering: Perjanjian
Transliteration: per-jahn-jee-AHN
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: kontrak (bare commercial contract)
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 26:28 (‘my blood of the covenant’). Escalated cultural sensitivity in this exact context (see new body_and_blood_of_the_covenant entry).
David
Approved rendering: Daud
Transliteration: dah-OOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 1:1,6,17,20; 9:27; 12:3,23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42-45. Foundational to the new Son of David messianic-title term.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: iss-rah-EL
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 2:6,20-21; 8:10; 9:33; 10:6,23; 15:24,31; 19:28; 27:9,42. Handle with pastoral awareness of contemporary geopolitical sensitivities.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: Keturunan Daud
Transliteration: keh-too-ROO-nahn dah-OOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Matthew 1:1-17 (genealogy). Distinct from the new, High-risk Anak Daud messianic title — bare physical lineage, not a direct messianic acclamation.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: Berubah rupa
Transliteration: beh-ROO-bah ROO-pah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 17:2. Must be distinguished from Penjelmaan (Incarnation): this is a temporary, visible unveiling of Christ’s already-present divine glory, not a new incarnation-event, a change of nature, or an avatar-style episodic appearance.
Magi
Approved rendering: Orang bijak dari Timur
Transliteration: OH-rahng BEE-jahk dah-ree TEE-moor
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: Majusi (specifically denotes Zoroastrians in Malay/Arabic usage, a distinct religious category)
Original: μάγοι
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 2:1,7,16. Descriptive rendering preferred to avoid the Majusi confusion.
Sign Of Jonah
Approved rendering: Tanda Yunus
Transliteration: TAHN-dah YOO-noos
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ
Category: Eschatology
New term. Matthew 12:39-40. Three-days/nights typology pointing to a real death and resurrection; directly relevant to Qur’an 4:157’s denial of Christ’s death.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: Batu penjuru
Transliteration: BAH-too pen-JOO-roo
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 21:42, citing Psalm 118:22. Ties to the rejection-then-vindication pattern culminating in the resurrection.
Blessed
Approved rendering: Berbahagialah
Transliteration: ber-bah-HAH-gee-ah-lah
Doctrine: Core Passage: The Beatitudes
Original: μακάριος
Category: Faith
New term. Matthew 5:3-11. Established Alkitab Beatitudes rendering. Risk: bahagia in everyday Malay denotes ordinary emotional happiness/contentment; must be taught as God’s declarative verdict of favor, not a prediction of emotional ease.
Merciful
Approved rendering: Murah hati
Transliteration: MOO-rah HAH-tee
Doctrine: Core Passage: The Beatitudes
Rejected alternatives: rahmat-rooted terms (avoided per the baseline grace entry’s caution about the deeds-and-mercy Islamic framework)
Original: ἐλεήμων
Category: Faith
New term. Matthew 5:7. Native Malay compassion idiom, deliberately avoiding the rahmat root; teach as the fruit of having received grace, not a merit-earning transaction securing reciprocal mercy from God.
Peacemakers
Approved rendering: Pembawa damai
Transliteration: pem-BAH-wah DAH-mai
Doctrine: Core Passage: The Beatitudes
Original: εἰρηνοποιοί
Category: Salvation
New term. Matthew 5:9. Ties to the baseline’s Damai sejahtera; must be taught as active reconciling fruit of having received peace with God, not passive conflict-avoidance.
Reward
Approved rendering: Upah
Transliteration: OO-pah
Doctrine: Grace
Original: μισθός
Category: Discipleship
New term. Matthew 5:12; 6:1-18 (repeated); 10:41-42; 20:1-16. Upah’s ordinary ‘earned wages’ connotation risks implying reward is a merit transaction, in tension with the Kasih kurnia (grace) doctrine; must be taught as flowing from grace-secured sonship, not a wage owed for services rendered.
Disciple
Approved rendering: Murid
Transliteration: MOO-rid
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
New term. Matthew 5:1; 8:21; 10:1,24-25,42; 28:19. Standard, well-understood Malay word for a teacher’s student/follower; teaching must clarify total, life-reordering allegiance (10:37-39; 16:24-26), not mere intellectual apprenticeship.
Baptism
Approved rendering: Baptisan / membaptis
Transliteration: bahp-TEE-sahn / mem-BAHP-tis
Doctrine: Baptism
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Church
New term. Matthew 3:6,11,13-16; 28:19. Established, distinctly Christian Malay term with minimal direct Islamic-vocabulary overlap; must be clearly distinguished in teaching from ritual washing/wudu’ purification practices.
Temptation
Approved rendering: Pencubaan / mencubai
Transliteration: pen-choo-BAH-ahn / men-CHOO-bai
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: πειρασμός / πειράζω
Category: Discipleship
New term. Matthew 4:1,3; 6:13 (Lord’s Prayer); 26:41. Pastoral clarity needed at 6:13 that this is not God’s own tempting to sin, but a prayer for deliverance from testing/trial.
Devil Satan
Approved rendering: Iblis / Syaitan
Transliteration: IB-lis / sy-AI-tahn
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: διάβολος / Σατανᾶς
Category: God
New term. Matthew 4:1,5,8,10-11; 12:26; 13:39; 16:23; 25:41. Substantial cross-tradition name-resonance (same names used in the Qur’an), but the underlying narrative content differs (Iblis’s refusal to bow before Adam vs. the Gospel’s three scriptural temptations testing Jesus’ identity); do not assume interchangeable narratives.
Scribes
Approved rendering: Ahli Taurat
Transliteration: AH-lee tow-RAHT
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: γραμματεῖς
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 5:20; 7:29; 23 (throughout). Historically specific 1st-century category; avoid direct-equivalence mapping onto contemporary Malaysian religious authorities (ulama, mufti).
Pharisees
Approved rendering: Orang Farisi
Transliteration: OH-rahng fah-REE-see
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: Φαρισαῖοι
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 5:20; 9:11,14,34; 12:2,14,24; 15:1,12; 16:1,6,11-12; 19:3; 22:15,34,41; 23 (throughout). The doctrinal point concerns the nature of righteousness itself, not a critique of a specific contemporary institution.
Perfect Mature
Approved rendering: Sempurna
Transliteration: sem-POOR-nah
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: τέλειος
Category: Sanctification
New term. Matthew 5:48; 19:21. Sempurna risks a flawless-performance reading in everyday Malay; teach as wholehearted, grace-enabled covenant love, not achievable merit that would collide with the Kasih kurnia doctrine.
Narrow Gate
Approved rendering: Pintu yang sempit
Transliteration: PIN-too yahng SEM-pit
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: στενὴ πύλη
Category: Discipleship
New term. Matthew 7:13-14. Ties to exclusivity claims already Critical in the baseline (Lordship of Christ, Universal Scope of the Gospel); the narrow way is narrow specifically because it is found only through Christ.
Yoke And Rest
Approved rendering: Kuk / kelegaan (rehat)
Transliteration: kook / keh-leh-GAH-ahn (REH-haht)
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Original: ζυγός / ἀνάπαυσις
Category: Discipleship
New term. Matthew 11:28-30. Rabbinic ‘yoke of Torah study’ idiom; Jesus offers his own authoritative, gentler yoke in place of the burden of legal observance.
Parable
Approved rendering: Perumpamaan
Transliteration: peh-room-pah-MAH-ahn
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Original: παραβολή
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 13 (throughout); 21:33,45; 22:1; 24:32; 25:1-13. Standard literary word in Malay for any illustrative story; teaching should clarify Jesus’ parables function distinctively as a revelatory-and-judicial device tied to the hearer’s response to the kingdom, not merely a generic moral-teaching technique.
Weeping And Gnashing Of Teeth
Approved rendering: Tangisan dan kertak gigi
Transliteration: tahng-EE-sahn dahn ker-TAHK GEE-gee
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: κλαυθμὸς καὶ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων
Category: Eschatology
New term. Matthew 8:12; 13:42,50; 22:13; 24:51; 25:30. Recurring judgment formula.
Tradition Of The Elders
Approved rendering: Tradisi orang tua-tua
Transliteration: trah-DEE-see OH-rahng too-AH too-AH
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 15:2-3,6. Care is needed: adat (custom/tradition) is a weighty word in Malay culture generally; Jesus’ critique here is specifically that human tradition had been elevated above God’s actual commandment, and must not be misread as a wholesale critique of cultural custom as such.
Defile
Approved rendering: Menajiskan / mencemarkan
Transliteration: meh-NAH-jis-kahn / men-cheh-MAHR-kahn
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: κοινόω
Category: Sanctification
New term. Matthew 15:11,18-20. Jesus relocates defilement from external ritual (handwashing, food laws) to the internal condition of the heart — an important point of contrast with ritual-purity frameworks.
Woe
Approved rendering: Malangnya kamu / Celakalah kamu
Transliteration: mah-LAHNG-nyah KAH-moo / cheh-LAH-kah-lah KAH-moo
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: οὐαί
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 11:21; 18:7; 23 (sevenfold). Standard prophetic judgment-oracle vocabulary, reinforcing continuity with OT prophetic critique rather than introducing a novel category.
Great Tribulation
Approved rendering: Kesengsaraan yang besar
Transliteration: keh-seng-SAH-rah-ahn yahng beh-SAHR
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: θλῖψις μεγάλη
Category: Eschatology
New term. Matthew 24:21. Standard apocalyptic term within the Judgment and the End of the Age doctrine.
Talent Stewardship
Approved rendering: Talenta
Transliteration: tah-LEN-tah
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: τάλαντον
Category: Discipleship
New term. Matthew 25:14-30. Talenta is already a common Malay loanword meaning ‘personal talent/ability/gift,’ which risks readers hearing this parable as being about developing natural abilities in a generic self-improvement sense, rather than about faithful stewardship of gospel-entrusted responsibility pending Christ’s return.
Betray Hand Over
Approved rendering: Mengkhianati / menyerahkan
Transliteration: meng-khee-ah-NAH-tee / meh-nyeh-RAH-kahn
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Covenant
New term. Matthew 26:15-16,21,23-25,45-46,48; 27:2-4. Standard narrative vocabulary within the Passion narrative.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosana
Transliteration: hoh-SAH-nah
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: Ὡσαννά
Category: Christology
New term. Matthew 21:9,15. Retained transliteration, standard across Bible translation traditions; teach as a messianic acclamation tying to Anak Daud.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: Kesyukuran
Transliteration: keh-shoo-KOO-rahn
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term shared with everyday Islamic-influenced gratitude vocabulary; low doctrinal risk.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: Persekutuan
Transliteration: per-seh-koo-TOO-ahn
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: persaudaraan (brotherhood, generic/ethnic)
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; not a primary Matthean-specific term but relevant to the Church doctrine.
Exhort
Approved rendering: Menasihati
Transliteration: meh-NAH-see-HAH-tee
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Implicit in Sermon on the Mount teaching sections.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Poor In Spirit
Approved rendering: Miskin di hadapan Allah / miskin dalam roh
Transliteration: MIS-kin dee hah-DAH-pahn ahl-LAHH / MIS-kin dah-lahm rohkh
Doctrine: Core Passage: The Beatitudes
Original: πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι
Category: Salvation
New term. Matthew 5:3. Risk of confusion with literal material poverty (a real socioeconomic category in Malaysia) or with low self-worth, rather than confessed spiritual bankruptcy with nothing to offer God but total dependence on grace.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: Kekejian yang membinasakan
Transliteration: keh-keh-JEE-ahn yahng mem-bee-NAH-sah-kahn
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology
New term. Matthew 24:15, citing Daniel. Requires OT (Danielic) background teaching; low direct Islamic-vocabulary collision but a genuinely obscure apocalyptic register for most readers.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Mammon
Approved rendering: Mamon
Transliteration: MAH-mon
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: harta benda (mere wealth, loses the personification-as-rival-master sense)
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Discipleship
New term. Matthew 6:24. Retained as a transliterated proper-noun-like term, as in most Bible translation traditions; low ambiguity risk.
Referenced passages