Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Revelation — English → Malay
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the entire book of Revelation (chapters 1–22), for use in building the Phase 2 translation memory. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked (Reuse) and their baseline rendering is carried forward unchanged, per the governing rule that established renderings must be reused exactly. New terms (no Romans precedent) are marked (New) and are proposed here for adoption into the extended translation memory.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions:
- Critical — Mistranslation alters or destroys essential doctrine. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — Mistranslation creates significant theological confusion or syncretism risk. Human theologian review required.
- Medium — Mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning. Native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Mistranslation causes minor misunderstanding or imprecision. Automated review sufficient.
A. Reused Baseline Terms (Romans TM) — Occur Throughout Revelation
| English | Malay (exact reuse) | Risk (baseline) | Chapters where load-bearing in Revelation | Revelation-specific note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Allah | Critical | 1, 4-5, 7, 19-22, throughout | Same legal/political sensitivity as baseline applies; Revelation additionally applies Pantokrator/Alpha-Omega titles jointly to God and the Lamb, sharpening the deity-of-Christ argument. |
| Jesus | Yesus | Critical | 1, 19, 22, throughout | Never Isa; paired with Kristus per baseline convention. |
| Christ/Messiah | Kristus | Critical | 1, 5, 11, 12, 20, throughout | Never Al-Masih. |
| Lord | Tuhan | Critical | 1, 4, 11, 17, 19, 22 | Climactic use in “King of kings and Lord of lords” (19:16) and the closing prayer “Tuhan Yesus” (22:20) — never tuan. |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | 1-3 (letters), 22 | Complicated by the distinct “seven spirits” (ch.1) formula — see New Terms below; core Roh Kudus rendering itself unaffected. |
| Holy | Kudus | High | 4 (trisagion), 21-22 | Reaches its most concentrated form in the 4:8 trisagion; extends into the New Jerusalem’s purity requirement (21:27, 22:11ff). |
| Saints | Orang kudus | High | 5, 8, 11, 13-14, 17-19 | Corporate people of God under persecution and in final vindication/worship scenes — same wali/keramat caution as baseline applies throughout. |
| Righteousness | Kebenaran | Critical | 19 (righteous deeds of saints), 22 | Must be distinguished from ἀληθινός (“true/genuine,” 19:9; 21:5; 22:6), a different Greek lexeme risking the same Malay-gloss ambiguity flagged in baseline. |
| Justification / Imputed Righteousness | Diperbenarkan / Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan | Critical | 7 (robes washed in the blood of the Lamb), 19 (linen granted, not earned) | Revelation’s own imagery (washed robes, granted linen) restates baseline’s grace-not-merit doctrine vividly. |
| Salvation | Keselamatan | Critical | 7, 12, 19 | Reinforced by “salvation belongs to our God” acclamations (7:10; 19:1). |
| Resurrection | Kebangkitan | Critical | 1 (firstborn from the dead), 20 (first resurrection, general resurrection) | Requires the same real-death-then-resurrection sequence; extended into a distinct “first resurrection” sub-category in ch.20. |
| Grace | Kasih kurnia | High | 1:4 (greeting), 21:6/22:17 (“freely,” dōrean) | The “freely” (dōrean) language of 21:6/22:17 directly restates baseline Grace doctrine at the book’s climax. |
| Faith | Iman | High | 2:13, 19; 13:10; 14:12 | ”The faith of Jesus” / “patient endurance and faith of the saints” (13:10; 14:12) ties Faith doctrine directly to the Perseverance doctrine. |
| Peace | Damai sejahtera | Medium | 1:4 (greeting) | Standard epistolary greeting use, consistent with baseline. |
| Church | Gereja | Medium | 1-3 (seven churches), 22:16 | The seven local congregations; same institutional distinctiveness caution as baseline (vs. jemaah/masjid). |
| Kingdom of God | Kerajaan Allah | Medium | 1:6, 9; 11:15; 12:10 | 11:15’s “kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord” is the book’s thesis-level Kerajaan statement — flag for verbatim cross-document consistency. |
| Prophecy | Nubuat | Medium | 1, 10-11, 19, 22 | ”The testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy” (19:10) directly links Nubuat to the book’s central witness theme. |
| Prophet | Nabi | Low/High (context-dependent) | 10-11 (true prophets), 13, 16, 19, 20 (false prophet) | Same word underlies both “Nabi” (true, e.g. two witnesses) and “nabi palsu” (false prophet, the second beast) — contrast must be explicit. |
| Sin | Dosa | High | throughout (implicit); 18 (Babylon’s sins) | Corporate/systemic sin (a civilization’s accumulated sins, 18:5) extends baseline’s individual-focused Sin doctrine. |
| Glory | Kemuliaan | High | 1, 4-5, 15, 21 | Reaches its climax as the New Jerusalem’s literal light source (21:23; 21:11). |
| Apostle | Rasul | Medium | 2:2; 18:20; 21:14 | 21:14’s twelve foundations bearing apostolic names extends baseline’s Apostleship doctrine into the New Jerusalem’s architecture. |
| Election/Calling | Pilihan Allah / Dipanggil / Panggilan | High | 17:14 (“called, chosen, and faithful”) | Ties directly into the Perseverance and Overcomer themes. |
| Providence/Sovereignty | Pemeliharaan Allah | High | 4-6, 11:15, throughout | Underlies the whole book’s throne-room framing; extend baseline term’s application from personal providence to cosmic-historical sovereignty. |
| Intercession | Perantaraan | Critical | (implicit contrast; no direct lexical occurrence, but doctrinally essential) | Christ’s unique mediating/worthiness role (ch. 5) and the absence of any temple/priestly mediator in the New Jerusalem (21:22) both reinforce baseline’s Perantaraan doctrine against syafaat. |
| David | Daud | Medium | 3:7 (key of David); 5:5 (Root of David); 22:16 (root and descendant of David) | Reuse exactly; extends baseline Davidic Covenant doctrine to its final, climactic occurrence (22:16). |
| Israel | Israel | Medium | 7:4 (144,000 from the tribes of Israel); 21:12 (twelve tribes on the gates) | Same geopolitical-sensitivity caution as baseline; here strictly typological/theological, not a comment on the modern state. |
| Gentiles / Nations | Bangsa bukan Yahudi (Romans-specific) — superseded in Revelation by “Bangsa-bangsa” (see New Terms) | Medium | 7, 11, 12, 21-22 | Revelation’s “nations” (ta ethnē) has a broader, all-peoples scope than Romans’ Jew/Gentile binary; use the new term below instead of forcing the baseline Romans-specific gloss. |
| Fellowship | Persekutuan | Low | 3:20 (“dine with him”) | Standard extension. |
| Thanksgiving | Kesyukuran | Low | 4:9; 7:12; 11:17 | Recurs in heavenly worship-doxology formulas. |
B. New Terms Introduced by Revelation (No Romans Baseline Precedent)
| # | English Term | Original (Greek) | Malay Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link | Chapters | Rationale Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Revelation/Apocalypse (book title & genre) | ἀποκάλυψις (apokalypsis) | Wahyu (title); penyataan (running text, event of unveiling) | Critical | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation; Inspiration of Scripture (baseline link) | 1 (title, applies throughout) | Wahyu is the precise Islamic term for closed, prophet-borne revelation (pre-eminently the Qur’an, understood as sealed with Muhammad). Must be taught as unveiling what is already accomplished in Christ, a first-century apostolic writing, not a competing new-revelation claim. |
| 2 | Testimony / Witness (of Jesus) | μαρτυρία / μάρτυς (martyria / martys) | Kesaksian / saksi | Critical | Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution | 1, 2, 6, 11, 12, 17, 19, 20 | Must never be rendered with vocabulary evoking Islamic syahid/martyrdom-for-paradise theology (a merit-earning framework); Christian witness is testimony to Christ’s finished work, sealed (not earned) by faithfulness even to death. |
| 3 | Lamb (of Revelation, distinct diminutive) | ἀρνίον (arnion) | Anak Domba | Critical | Worship of the Lamb; Deity of Christ (baseline link) | 5, 6, 7, 12-15, 17, 19, 21-22 | Receives the same worship as God on the throne (5:13) — the book’s central deity-of-Christ argument. Established Malay Bible convention retained despite collapsing the arnion/amnos Greek distinction. |
| 4 | Overcomer / Conqueror | νικάω / ὁ νικῶν (nikaō / ho nikōn) | Menang / orang yang menang | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution | 2-3 (refrain), 12, 15, 17, 21 | Must be distinguished from martial/political victory and from any jihad-linked struggle-and-triumph narrative; overcoming = faithful endurance and testimony “by the blood of the Lamb” (12:11), not violent conquest. |
| 5 | Throne | θρόνος (thronos) | Takhta | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 1, 3-5, 7, 12, 19-22 | The book’s central recurring visual anchor; risk is narrowing to an earthly-monarchical image rather than transcendent cosmic sovereignty. |
| 6 | Almighty | Παντοκράτωρ (Pantokratōr) | Yang Mahakuasa | High | Sovereignty of God over History; Deity of Christ | 1, 4, 11, 15-16, 19, 21 | Shared vocabulary with standard Islamic omnipotence titles (generally safe common ground), but applied also to the Lamb (5:13), extending omnipotence to Christ. |
| 7 | Alpha and Omega | τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ (to Alpha kai to Ō) | Alfa dan Omega (transliterated) | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History; Deity of Christ | 1, 21, 22 | Applied to both the Father (1:8; 21:6) and Christ (22:13) — a shared-title deity argument requiring explicit teaching. |
| 8 | New Heaven and New Earth | οὐρανὸν καινὸν καὶ γῆν καινήν (ouranon kainon kai gēn kainēn) | Langit yang baru dan bumi yang baru | Critical | The New Heaven and New Earth | 21 (core passage) | Never “syurga baru” — must use langit (per Genesis 1:1 convention) to preserve the doctrine of whole-cosmos renewal, distinct from entering Jannah/paradise as an individual afterlife destination. |
| 9 | New Jerusalem | Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή (Ierousalēm kainē) | Yerusalem yang baru | High | The New Heaven and New Earth; The Church as Bride of Christ | 3, 21 | Must be distinguished pastorally from the modern political city/state, given the sensitivity already flagged for “Israel” in the baseline. |
| 10 | Bride (of Christ / the Lamb) | νύμφη (nymphē) | Pengantin perempuan | High | The Church as Bride of Christ | 19, 21-22 | New doctrinal image for this curriculum; must be taught as corporate/covenantal marital-union imagery, not devotional/mystical individual bridal-union language, and not implying literal marriage/procreation of God (parallel to baseline’s Father/tawhid caution). |
| 11 | Tabernacling Presence of God | σκηνή / σκηνόω (skēnē / skēnoō) | Kediaman Allah / akan diam bersama-sama dengan | High | The New Heaven and New Earth; Incarnation (baseline link) | 15, 21 | Fulfills the Immanuel/Incarnation trajectory (baseline Critical); must convey substantial, personal presence, not mere symbolic nearness. |
| 12 | Seven Spirits | ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (hepta pneumata) | Ketujuh-tujuh Roh (with mandatory gloss: kepenuhan Roh Kudus yang satu) | Critical | (extends baseline Holy Spirit doctrine) | 1, 3, 4, 5 | Acute risk of being heard as multiple spirit-beings given the Malay animist substrate of many kinds of roh already flagged Critical in baseline’s Roh Kudus entry — requires an explanatory gloss at every occurrence. |
| 13 | Second Death | ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος (ho thanatos ho deuteros) | Maut yang kedua / kematian yang kedua | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 2, 20, 21 | No Islamic doctrinal parallel of equivalent shape; final, conscious, judicial separation from God for the unrepentant, distinct from ordinary physical death. |
| 14 | Lake of Fire (and Sulfur) | λίμνη τοῦ πυρός (καὶ θείου) (limnē tou pyros kai theiou) | Lautan api (dan belerang) | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 14, 19-21 | Direct collision risk with the fully developed, deeds-weighing, potentially-graduated Islamic doctrine of neraka/Jahannam; must be taught as this curriculum’s own distinct, final category following bodily resurrection and judgment. |
| 15 | Book of Life | βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς (biblion tēs zōēs) | Kitab kehidupan | Critical | Assurance of Salvation (baseline link); Judgment of the Wicked | 3, 13, 17, 20-21 | Reinforces present-tense assurance of belonging to Christ, not a deferred, undisclosed final weighing of deeds. |
| 16 | Judged According to Deeds | κρίσις κατὰ τὰ ἔργα (krisis kata ta erga) | Dihakimi menurut perbuatan | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints; Grace/Justification (baseline link) | 2 (implicit), 20, 22:12 | Must be explicitly harmonized with baseline’s Grace/Justification doctrines: deeds are evidentiary fruit of genuine faith, not an independent meritorious ground of judgment — otherwise risks collapsing into the Islamic mizan (scale-of-deeds) framework. |
| 17 | Thousand Years / Millennium | χίλια ἔτη (chilia etē) | Seribu tahun | High | The Return and Reign of Christ | 20 | Straightforward translation, but requires teaching material to acknowledge historic denominational diversity of interpretation (premillennial/amillennial/postmillennial) rather than resolving the debate by translation choice. |
| 18 | First Resurrection | ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη (hē anastasis hē prōtē) | Kebangkitan yang pertama | Critical | The Return and Reign of Christ; Resurrection (baseline link) | 20 | A distinct sub-category of baseline’s Critical Kebangkitan doctrine; teach alongside the millennium’s interpretive diversity. |
| 19 | Beast (from the sea) | θηρίον (ἐκ τῆς θαλάσσης) (thērion) | Binatang (yang keluar dari laut) | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked; Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 11, 13, 14, 16-17, 19-20 | Real functional parallel with the Islamic end-times Dajjal figure; must engage this directly without conflating the two distinct narratives. |
| 20 | False Prophet (beast from the earth) | θηρίον ἐκ τῆς γῆς / ψευδοπροφήτης (thērion ek tēs gēs / pseudoprophētēs) | Binatang yang keluar dari bumi / nabi palsu | High | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 13, 16, 19-20 | Uses baseline Nabi negated; teach as deliberate counterfeit of true prophetic ministry. |
| 21 | Mark of the Beast | χάραγμα (charagma) | Tanda | Critical | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation; Judgment of the Wicked | 13-14, 16, 19-20 | Extremely potent popular-culture image; teach symbolically (ultimate allegiance/ownership), resist speculative real-world technology identification. |
| 22 | Number of the Beast (666) | ἀριθμὸς τοῦ θηρίου (arithmos tou thēriou) | 666 (enam ratus enam puluh enam) | High | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 13 | Text itself calls for “wisdom”/calculation, not casual contemporary identification. |
| 23 | Worship (rightly/wrongly directed) | προσκυνέω (proskyneō) | Menyembah | Critical | Worship of the Lamb | 4-5, 7, 9, 13-14, 19, 22 | Same verb used for true worship (of God/the Lamb) and false worship (of the beast/dragon/image) — object, not form, is decisive; directly engages tawhid, but with Revelation including the Lamb within the single legitimate object of worship. |
| 24 | Worthy | ἄξιος (axios) | Layak | High | Worship of the Lamb; Deity of Christ | 4-5 | ”Worthy is the Lamb” (5:12) uses the same worship-worthiness vocabulary reserved for God alone. |
| 25 | Dragon / Ancient Serpent / Satan | δράκων / ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος / ὁ Σατανᾶς (drakōn / ho ophis ho archaios / ho Satanas) | Naga / ular tua itu / Iblis (Setan) | Critical | Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil | 12, 20 | Naga carries independent, sometimes ambivalent-to-positive folkloric weight in Malay-Nusantara culture; the text’s own explicit identification formula (dragon = serpent = devil = Satan) must always be taught together, unbroken, to prevent a neutral folkloric misreading. |
| 26 | Woman Clothed with the Sun | γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον (gynē peribeblēmenē ton hēlion) | Perempuan yang berpakaikan matahari | High | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation; Sovereignty of God over History | 12 | Corporate/symbolic (covenant people), not a literal individual; guard against conflation with Mary-veneration or locally venerated female religious figures. |
| 27 | King of Kings and Lord of Lords | βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων (basileus basileōn kai kyrios kyriōn) | Raja segala raja dan Tuhan segala tuhan | Critical | The Return and Reign of Christ; Lordship of Christ (baseline link) | 17, 19 | Must render “lord(s)” here with baseline Tuhan, never tuan — an absolute, exclusive divine title, not a merely relative human comparison. |
| 28 | Word of God (title of Christ) | Λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ (Logos tou Theou) | Firman Allah | Critical | Deity of Christ (baseline link) | 19 | Genuine point of Qur’anic textual contact (Isa called “a Word from Him,” Q3:45) but with far less doctrinal content than John/Revelation intend — engage the parallel directly while clarifying the gap. |
| 29 | Fine Linen, Bright and Clean (righteous deeds of the saints) | βύσσινον λαμπρὸν καθαρόν (byssinon lampron katharon) | Kain linen halus yang bersih dan berkilau | High | Righteousness/Grace/Justification (baseline link) | 19 | Explicitly “granted” (given), not earned — must not be read as amal soleh functioning as the ground of acceptance. |
| 30 | Marriage of the Lamb / Marriage Supper | γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου / δεῖπνον τοῦ γάμου τοῦ ἀρνίου (gamos tou arniou) | Perkahwinan Anak Domba / perjamuan perkahwinan Anak Domba | High | The Church as Bride of Christ | 19 | Culminating image of the Bride doctrine; contrasted deliberately with the grim “great supper of God” (19:17-18). |
| 31 | No Temple (unmediated presence) | ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον ἐν αὐτῇ (naon ouk eidon en autē) | Aku tidak melihat bait suci di dalamnya | Critical | Worship of the Lamb; Perantaraan (baseline link) | 21 | Ends every prior mediating structure (priesthood, sacred space); relevant contrast to any sacred-space-mediated worship practice (e.g., qibla orientation) and to the baseline’s syafaat cautions. |
| 32 | Book of Life of the Lamb | τὸ βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ ἀρνίου (to biblion tēs zōēs tou arniou) | Kitab kehidupan Anak Domba | Critical | Assurance of Salvation; Worship of the Lamb | 21 | Entry into the consummated kingdom determined entirely by relationship to the Lamb. |
| 33 | Tree of Life | ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς (xylon tēs zōēs) | Pokok kehidupan | High | The New Heaven and New Earth | 2, 22 | Genesis Eden restored/surpassed through Christ; some positive resonance with Jannah’s garden imagery is a valid teaching bridge, but must remain tied to the specific gospel narrative, not a generic paradise motif. |
| 34 | They Will See His Face (beatific vision) | ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ (opsontai to prosōpon autou) | Mereka akan memandang wajah-Nya | Critical | The New Heaven and New Earth; Worship of the Lamb | 22 | Notable common ground with mainstream Sunni ru’yat Allah doctrine, but distinctly Christological packaging (seeing God-and-Lamb’s shared throne/face together) requires careful framing. |
| 35 | ”I Am Coming Quickly/Soon” | ἔρχομαι ταχύ (erchomai tachy) | Aku datang segera | Critical | The Return and Reign of Christ | 3, 22 | Requires pastoral handling of nearly 2,000 years’ delay without weakening the promise’s certainty or inviting date-setting speculation. |
| 36 | Hades | ᾅδης (hadēs) | Hades (transliterated) | High | Judgment of the Wicked; Sovereignty of God over History | 1, 6, 20 | The temporary abode of the dead prior to final judgment (itself cast into the lake of fire, 20:14) — distinct from both Barzakh and neraka; requires its own explanation rather than equivalence to either. |
| 37 | Abyss / Bottomless Pit | ἄβυσσος (abyssos) | Jurang yang tidak berdasar | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History; Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 9, 11, 17, 20 | Bounded confinement for demonic forces under God’s ultimate control — not an independent, rival power. |
| 38 | Wrath of the Lamb / Wrath of God | ὀργὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου / θυμὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (orgē tou arniou / thymos tou theou) | Murka Anak Domba / murka Allah | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 6, 14, 16, 19 | Deliberate paradox (the sacrificial Lamb also judges); both halves of the image (Lamb, wrath) must be preserved together, not softened. |
| 39 | Every Tribe, Tongue, People, and Nation | ἐκ πάσης φυλῆς καὶ γλώσσης καὶ λαοῦ καὶ ἔθνους | Daripada setiap suku, bahasa, kaum, dan bangsa | High | Universal Scope of the Gospel (baseline link) | 5, 7, 11, 13-14, 17 | Broader than baseline’s Jew/Gentile Bangsa bukan Yahudi framing; use this fresh, fully universal phrase instead, with relevance to Malaysia’s own ethnic-religious plurality. |
| 40 | The Nations (redeemed, in the New Jerusalem) | τὰ ἔθνη (ta ethnē) | Bangsa-bangsa | High | Universal Scope of the Gospel; Kingdom Mission (baseline link) | 21-22 | Positive, worshiping inclusion of all nations — climax of the Universal Scope doctrine; distinct usage from Romans’ Bangsa bukan Yahudi. |
| 41 | Souls Under the Altar | ψυχαὶ ὑπὸ τὸ θυσιαστήριον (psychai hypo to thysiastērion) | Jiwa-jiwa di bawah mazbah | High | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 6 | Conscious intermediate-state martyrs awaiting vindication — distinguish carefully from more sleep-like Islamic barzakh conceptions. |
| 42 | Sorcerers | φαρμακοί (pharmakoi) | Ahli sihir | High | Judgment of the Wicked (vice list, cf. 21:8) | 9 (implicit demonic locusts), 21-22 | Direct collision risk with Malay bomoh/dukun/ilmu hitam folk-magic substrate, paralleling baseline’s “power of God”/“spiritual gifts” cautions. |
| 43 | Repent / Repentance | μετανοέω / μετάνοια (metanoeō / metanoia) | Bertaubat / pertaubatan | High | Obedience of Faith (baseline link); Perseverance | 2-3, 9, 16 | Shared vocabulary with Islamic taubah (a meritorious, sin-erasing act within a deeds-based framework); must be taught as fruit of a grace-secured relationship, not itself the ground of restored standing. |
| 44 | Synagogue of Satan | συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ (synagōgē tou Satana) | Rumah ibadat Iblis | High | Perseverance under Persecution | 2-3 | Requires explicit historical-contextual framing (specific first-century opponents) to prevent antisemitic misreading. |
| 45 | Kingdom and Priests | βασιλεία καὶ ἱερεῖς (basileia kai hiereis) | Kerajaan dan imam-imam | High | Kingdom Mission; Worship of the Lamb | 1, 5, 20 | All believers’ direct, unmediated royal-priestly status — contrast with clerically-mediated access models. |
| 46 | Great Tribulation | ἡ θλῖψις ἡ μεγάλη (hē thlipsis hē megalē) | Kesengsaraan besar itu | Medium | Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution | 7 | Interpretive-tradition-dependent timing/referent; flag without resolving via translation. |
| 47 | Blood of the Lamb (washing/overcoming) | αἷμα τοῦ ἀρνίου (haima tou arniou) | Darah Anak Domba | Critical | Righteousness/Grace (baseline link); Perseverance | 7, 12 | Revelation’s own picture of imputed righteousness and victorious perseverance grounded entirely in Christ’s atonement, not self-effort. |
| 48 | Great Prostitute / Babylon the Great | ἡ πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη / Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη (hē pornē hē megalē / Babylōn hē megalē) | Perempuan sundal yang besar itu / Babel yang besar | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked; The Church as Bride of Christ (negative counter-image) | 14, 16-18 | Requires the most careful typological framing in the book — never a coded reference to any specific living religious community; the deliberate negative counterpart to the Bride image. |
| 49 | Armageddon | Ἁρμαγεδών (Harmagedōn) | Harmagedon (transliterated) | Medium | Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil | 16 | Symbolic name for the final cosmic conflict; avoid over-identifying with a specific literal modern battlefield given geopolitical sensitivities already flagged for “Israel.” |
| 50 | Hallelujah | Ἁλληλουϊά (Hallēlouia) | Haleluya (transliterated, per baseline transliteration standards) | Medium | Worship of the Lamb; Assurance of God’s Final Victory | 19 | Only NT occurrences; low collision risk as recognized worship interjection. |
| 51 | Blessed (Revelation’s seven beatitudes) | μακάριος (makarios) | Berbahagialah | Medium | (frames entire book) | 1, 14, 16, 19, 20, 22 | Structuring device across the whole book; standard beatitude vocabulary. |
| 52 | ”I Make All Things New” | καινὰ ποιῶ πάντα (kaina poiō panta) | Aku menjadikan segala sesuatu baru | High | The New Heaven and New Earth | 21 (core passage) | Must preserve both the qualitative “new” (kainos) and the totalizing “all things” (panta). |
| 53 | Faithful and True | πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί (pistoi kai alēthinoi) | Setia dan benar | Medium | (guarantee formula) | 19, 21-22 | Distinguish ἀληθινός (“benar” here = genuine/reliable) from baseline’s Kebenaran (forensic righteousness) to avoid conflation. |
| 54 | It Is Done | γέγονεν / γέγοναν (gegonen / gegonan) | Sudah selesai / semuanya telah tergenap | Medium | The Return and Reign of Christ; Sovereignty of God over History | 16, 21 | Echoes Christ’s “It is finished” (John 19:30); marks decisive completion of God’s redemptive/judicial plan. |
| 55 | Spring/Water of Life (freely given) | πηγὴ τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς, δωρεάν (pēgē tou hydatos tēs zōēs, dōrean) | Mata air kehidupan, dengan percuma | High | Grace (baseline link) | 21-22 (core passage + 22:1, 17) | Restates baseline’s Critical Grace doctrine (unearned gift) at the climax of the whole Bible’s storyline. |
| 56 | Son (of believers, adoptive) | υἱός (huios, of the overcomer, 21:7) | Anak (never “Anak Allah”) | Critical | Adoption (baseline link); Sonship of Christ (baseline link, by contrast) | 21 (core passage) | Must be sharply distinguished from baseline’s Christ-exclusive Anak Allah — believers’ adoptive sonship must never be rendered so as to imply shared unique eternal Sonship with Christ. |
| 57 | Firstborn from the Dead | πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν (prōtotokos tōn nekrōn) | Yang sulung yang bangkit dari antara orang mati | High | Resurrection (baseline link) | 1 | Christ’s resurrection as pattern/guarantee of believers’ own resurrection. |
| 58 | Keys of Death and Hades | κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου (kleis tou thanatou kai tou hadou) | Kunci maut dan Hades | High | Resurrection; Sovereignty of God over History | 1 | Christ’s authority over death secured by his own resurrection. |
| 59 | Son of Man (Daniel-7 glory title) | υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου (huios anthrōpou) | Anak Manusia | High | Deity/Humanity of Christ (baseline link) | 1, 14 | Must not be misheard as a merely diminishing human descriptor; Daniel 7’s referent is glorious, enthroned, and worshipped. |
| 60 | Winepress of the Wrath of God | ληνὸς τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ (lēnos tou thymou tou theou) | Kilang pemerahan anggur kemurkaan Allah | High | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 14, 19 | Graphic OT-derived judgment image; preserve full severity per Doctrinal Preservation Rule. |
C. Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2 Translation Memory Construction
- Every Critical-tier new term above (#1-3, 8, 13-16, 18-19, 21, 23, 25, 27-28, 31-32, 34-35, 38, 47-48, 56) requires human theologian review for every occurrence, per the baseline’s risk-tier convention, and should be added to an extended
doctrine_risk_registry.jsonin the next Phase 1 step. - Terms marked “(reuse)” in Section A carry forward their baseline risk tier and rationale unchanged; Revelation-specific notes in the right-hand column supplement, but do not alter, the baseline entries.
- Thesis-level verses requiring verbatim cross-document consistency (per the baseline’s established practice for Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, 10:9-10): Revelation 11:15 (“the kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ”), 19:16 (“King of kings and Lord of lords”), and 21:5 (“Behold, I make all things new”) should receive the same fixed, identical-rendering treatment across all lesson materials in this curriculum.
- Genre caution: Because Revelation is apocalyptic literature, every symbolic image (numbers, beasts, colors, measurements) must be flagged for the Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation doctrine’s teaching apparatus, distinguishing text-guided symbolic meaning (per the book’s own self-interpreting practice, e.g., 1:20; 17:7) from speculative or news-event-driven decoding.
- Legal/pastoral safety note (parallel to baseline’s Evangelism doctrine): Terms touching the Beast/Dajjal parallel (#19), the Synagogue of Satan (#44), and the Great Prostitute/Babylon (#48) carry real potential for causing offense or being misused in Malaysia’s plural religious and political context; all three should be routed to human theologian review with explicit pastoral-framing guidance, not translation accuracy alone.
End of Phase 1 Step 1 deliverables for the Revelation curriculum (Malay). Proceed to Step 2 (doctrine_risk_registry.json extension) and Step 3 (translation_memory.json extension) using this glossary as the controlled source list.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan (reserved for ‘Lord’ in this package)
Inherited from Romans package. In Revelation, God’s titles (Almighty, Alpha and Omega, the one who is/was/is to come) are applied jointly to God and to Christ/the Lamb, sharpening the same legal/political and tawhid sensitivity already documented in the baseline.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: YEH-soos
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isa (Qur’anic name, forbidden)
Inherited from Romans package. Always paired with Kristus in doctrinally significant contexts, including the closing prayer ‘Tuhan Yesus’ (22:20).
Messiah
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: Al-Masih (forbidden)
Inherited from Romans package. Appears throughout Revelation (1:1, 1:5, 11:15, 12:10, 20:4, 20:6, 22:21).
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: TOO-hahn
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: tuan (human master/sir, forbidden)
Inherited from Romans package. Climactic use in ‘Raja segala raja dan Tuhan segala tuhan’ (19:16; cf. 17:14) and the closing prayer ‘Tuhan Yesus’ (22:20) — never tuan.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: ROHKH KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification / Sevenfold Fullness of the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: Jibril, roh halus
Inherited from Romans package. Complicated in Revelation by the distinct ‘seven spirits’ formula (see seven_spirits, Section B) — the core Roh Kudus rendering itself is unaffected and must still be taught as the one, personal, fully divine third Person of the Trinity.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: BAH-pah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Pencipta (Creator, as a flattening substitute)
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the covenant formula ‘I will be his God and he will be my son’ (21:7); relational, adoptive, not literal-offspring language.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak Allah
Transliteration: AH-nahk ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: kekasih Allah, wakil Allah
Inherited from Romans package. Used directly of Christ in Revelation (2:18, ‘the Son of God’). Must never be used for the ordinary word ‘son’ (huios) applied to overcomers in 21:7 — see believers_son, Section B, for the required contrast.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Penjelmaan
Transliteration: pen-jel-MAHN
Doctrine: Incarnation / Tabernacling Presence of God
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan yang menyamar sebagai manusia
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation’s tabernacling-presence doctrine (7:15; 15:5; 21:3) is taught as the consummation of this same Critical doctrine, not a new or separate divine appearance.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: Kebangkitan
Transliteration: keh-bahng-KIT-ahn
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: diangkat naik ke syurga (no-death ascension)
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in Revelation via ‘firstborn from the dead’ (1:5), ‘first resurrection’ (20:5-6), and the general resurrection (20:12-13) — all presuppose a real, historical death first.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh
Inherited from Romans package. Must be distinguished from ἀληθινός (‘true/genuine,’ rendered ‘benar,’ see faithful_and_true, Section B) — a separate Greek lexeme risking the same Malay-gloss ambiguity flagged in baseline.
Justification
Approved rendering: Diperbenarkan
Transliteration: dee-per-beh-NAHR-kahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: diampunkan
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Revelation’s own righteousness-by-grace imagery (washed robes, granted linen; see washed_robes_blood_of_lamb and fine_linen_righteous_deeds, Section B).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn yahng dee-per-hee-TOONG-kahn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: kebenaran yang diusahakan
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation 19:8’s ‘fine linen’ explicitly ‘granted’ (not earned) restates this doctrine vividly and must never be read as amal soleh functioning as the ground of acceptance.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Keselamatan
Transliteration: keh-seh-lah-MAH-tahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: masuk syurga
Inherited from Romans package. Reinforced by ‘Salvation belongs to our God’ acclamations (7:10; 19:1) as a present, God-and-Lamb-secured reality, not a deferred, undisclosed judgment outcome.
Intercession
Approved rendering: Perantaraan
Transliteration: peh-rahn-tah-RAH-ahn
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: syafaat
Inherited from Romans package. Reinforced by the New Jerusalem’s lack of any temple/priestly mediating structure (21:22, see no_temple, Section B) and by the incense-as-prayers imagery (5:8; 8:3-4, see incense_as_prayers, Section B); prayers reach God directly.
Book Title
Approved rendering: Wahyu (title) / Penyataan (running text)
Transliteration: WAH-yoo / puh-nyah-TAH-an
Doctrine: Nature and Reception of Revelation
Rejected alternatives: Any new coined title departing from the established Alkitab title (would break decades of reader continuity)
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Scripture
Wahyu is simultaneously the established Alkitab title and the precise Islamic technical term for closed-canon prophetic revelation (pre-eminently the Qur’an, sealed with Muhammad, khatam al-nabiyyin). Retained per translation precedent (parallel to Rasul, Injil), but every lesson introducing the book by name must explicitly teach this is the unveiling of what God already accomplished in Christ in the first century, not new revelation competing with Islamic prophetic claims.
Testimony Of Jesus
Approved rendering: Kesaksian tentang Yesus / saksi
Transliteration: kuh-SAHK-see-an ten-TAHNG YEH-soos / SAHK-see
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: any vocabulary evoking Islamic syahid (martyrdom-for-paradise theology)
Original: μαρτυρία Ἰησοῦ / μάρτυς
Category: Perseverance and Witness
The controlling theme of faithful proclamation and endurance running through the whole book (1:2, 1:9, 6:9, 12:17, 19:10, 20:4). Must never be rendered with vocabulary evoking a meritorious, sin-erasing martyrdom framework; Christian testimony is proclamation of and endurance in Christ’s already-finished work.
Lamb
Approved rendering: Anak Domba
Transliteration: AH-nahk DOM-bah
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb / Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: domba (bare, without diminutive/titular force)
Original: ἀρνίον
Category: Christology
The dominant title for Christ in Revelation (28 occurrences). Receives the identical worship formula directed to God on the throne (5:13) — one of the strongest deity-of-Christ arguments in the NT. Established Malay Bible convention retained; must always be taught alongside Anak Allah/Deity of Christ doctrines, never softened to an honored-but-lesser figure.
Word Of God Title
Approved rendering: Firman Allah
Transliteration: FEER-mahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: kalimat Allah (used to avoid the deity implication)
Original: Λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Title of the returning Christ (19:13). Genuine point of Qur’anic textual contact (Isa called ‘a Word from Him,’ Q3:45) but with far less doctrinal content — must engage this parallel directly while teaching that Revelation’s Word of God shares the divine name, throne, and war-in-righteousness authority.
Seven Spirits
Approved rendering: Ketujuh-tujuh Roh
Transliteration: kuh-TOO-jooh TOO-jooh ROHKH
Doctrine: Sevenfold Fullness of the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: tujuh roh yang berlainan (implying seven distinct spirit-beings)
Original: ἑπτὰ πνεύματα
Category: God
Distinctive Revelation formula (1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6) drawing on Isaiah 11:2’s sevenfold Spirit — the one Holy Spirit’s fullness, not seven spirit-beings. Acute risk against the Malay animist substrate of many kinds of roh; MANDATORY clarifying gloss (‘kepenuhan Roh Kudus yang satu’) at every occurrence.
New Heaven And New Earth
Approved rendering: Langit yang baru dan bumi yang baru
Transliteration: LAHNG-git yahng BAH-roo dahn BOO-mee yahng BAH-roo
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Rejected alternatives: syurga baru (collapses cosmic renewal into individual afterlife/Jannah entry)
Original: οὐρανὸν καινὸν καὶ γῆν καινήν
Category: Eschatology
The renewed, qualitatively new (kainos) whole created cosmos (21:1). Never render ‘syurga baru’; langit preserves the Kejadian 1:1 cosmic-merism convention, keeping this distinct from entering paradise as an individual destination.
No Temple
Approved rendering: Aku tidak melihat bait suci di dalamnya
Transliteration: AH-koo TEE-dahk muh-LEE-haht BAH-eet SOO-chee dee dah-LAHM-nyah
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession (Unmediated Access)
Original: ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον ἐν αὐτῇ
Category: Worship
Explicit statement (21:22) that no temple exists in the New Jerusalem — God and the Lamb ARE its temple. Ends every prior mediating structure; relevant contrast to sacred-space-mediated worship without commenting on any specific contemporary practice.
Second Death
Approved rendering: Maut yang kedua / kematian yang kedua
Transliteration: MAH-oot yahng kuh-DOO-ah
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος
Category: Judgment
A term unique to Revelation (2:11; 20:6, 14; 21:8): final, conscious, judicial separation from God for the unrepentant, categorically distinct from ordinary physical death. Must always be taught paired with its converse (the redeemed are exempt, 2:11).
Lake Of Fire
Approved rendering: Lautan api dan belerang / tasik api yang bernyala-nyala dengan belerang
Transliteration: LAH-oo-tahn AH-pee dahn buh-LEH-rahng
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: neraka (forbidden — imports the Islamic deeds-weighing mizan framework)
Original: λίμνη τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ θείου
Category: Judgment
The final, unending place of judgment for the unrepentant (14:9-11; 19:20; 20:10, 14-15; 21:8), distinct from Hades. Must be taught as this curriculum’s own distinct category, never equated with neraka/Jahannam.
Book Of Life
Approved rendering: Kitab kehidupan
Transliteration: KEE-tahb kuh-hee-DOO-pahn
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation / Judgment of the Wicked
Original: βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Judgment
God’s precise, certain record of those who belong to him (3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12, 15; 21:27). Reinforces present-tense assurance, not a deferred, undisclosed mizan-style weighing.
Book Of Life Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: Kitab kehidupan Anak Domba
Transliteration: KEE-tahb kuh-hee-DOO-pahn AH-nahk DOM-bah
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation / Worship of the Lamb
Original: τὸ βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Judgment
Combines the book of life with explicit ownership by the Lamb (21:27) — final entry into the consummated kingdom is entirely determined by relationship to the Lamb.
Judged According To Deeds
Approved rendering: Dihakimi menurut perbuatan mereka
Transliteration: dee-hah-KEE-mee muh-NOO-root per-boo-AH-tahn muh-REH-kah
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: a rendering implying deeds are the independent meritorious basis of judgment
Original: κρίσις κατὰ τὰ ἔργα
Category: Judgment
Deeds function evidentially, confirming genuine faith-union with Christ (20:12-13; 22:12), not as the meritorious ground of salvation. MUST be paired with explicit Grace/Justification harmonization every occurrence to avoid a mizan-style misreading.
Wrath Of The Lamb And God
Approved rendering: Murka Anak Domba / murka Allah
Transliteration: MOOR-kah AH-nahk DOM-bah
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: a softened rendering of either ‘Lamb’ or ‘wrath’ that flattens the paradox
Original: ὀργὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου / θυμὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Judgment
A deliberately paradoxical phrase (6:16; 14:10; 16:1, 19) — the sacrificial Lamb is also the executor of righteous judgment. Both halves must be preserved together, per the Doctrinal Preservation Rule.
First Resurrection
Approved rendering: Kebangkitan yang pertama
Transliteration: kuh-bahng-KEE-tahn yahng per-TAH-mah
Doctrine: The Millennial Reign and First Resurrection
Original: ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη
Category: Eschatology
A distinct category (20:5-6) from the general resurrection (20:12-13); a sub-category of the baseline’s Critical Kebangkitan doctrine, taught alongside the millennium’s interpretive diversity.
Dragon Serpent Satan
Approved rendering: Naga (besar) itu, ular tua itu, Iblis (Setan)
Transliteration: NAH-gah, OO-lahr TOO-ah EE-too, IB-lees (SEH-tan)
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Rejected alternatives: ‘naga’ used alone without the compound identification formula
Original: δράκων, ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος, ὁ Σατανᾶς
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
The full compound identity formula (12:9; 20:2): dragon = ancient serpent = devil = Satan. Naga carries independent, sometimes ambivalent-to-positive folkloric weight in Malay-Nusantara culture; MUST always be taught together, unbroken, to prevent a neutral-to-positive folkloric misreading.
Beast From The Sea
Approved rendering: Binatang yang keluar dari laut
Transliteration: bee-NAH-tahng yahng kuh-LOO-ahr DAH-ree LAH-oot
Doctrine: The Beast as Antichrist Figure
Original: θηρίον ἐκ τῆς θαλάσσης
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
The Antichrist figure (13:1-10; 17). Real functional parallel with Islamic ad-Dajjal; must engage this directly without conflating the two distinct narratives.
Mark Of The Beast
Approved rendering: Tanda
Transliteration: TAHN-dah
Doctrine: The Mark of the Beast as Allegiance/Ownership
Original: χάραγμα
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
A mark of allegiance/ownership (13:16-18; 14:9-11; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4), contrasted with God’s seal (ch. 7). Teach symbolically per Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation doctrine; resist speculative real-world-technology identification.
Worship
Approved rendering: Menyembah
Transliteration: muh-NYEM-bah
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: ellipsis/dropping the grammatical object of worship
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Worship
Used both of true worship (God/Lamb) and false worship (dragon/beast/image); object, not form, is decisive. MUST never appear without its explicit grammatical object retained in the same sentence/co-text.
Great Prostitute Babylon
Approved rendering: Perempuan sundal yang besar itu / Babel yang besar
Transliteration: puh-rem-PWAHN SOON-dahl yahng buh-SAHR EE-too / BAH-bel yahng buh-SAHR
Doctrine: Babylon/Great Prostitute as Corrupt World-System
Rejected alternatives: any rendering or framing implying a coded reference to a specific living religious community or nation
Original: ἡ πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη / Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
A deliberately shocking symbolic figure for corrupt, idolatrous world-systems (14:8; 16-18); requires the book’s most careful pastoral and typological framing — never a coded contemporary reference.
Beatific Vision
Approved rendering: Mereka akan memandang wajah-Nya
Transliteration: muh-REH-kah AH-kahn muh-MAHN-dahng WAH-jah-nyah
Doctrine: The Beatific Vision (Seeing God’s Face)
Original: ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ
Category: Eschatology
Direct, unmediated, personal sight of God (22:4). Genuine common ground with mainstream Sunni ru’yat Allah doctrine, but the distinctly Christological packaging (seeing God-and-Lamb’s shared face together) requires careful framing.
Coming Quickly
Approved rendering: Aku datang segera
Transliteration: AH-koo DAH-tahng suh-GEH-rah
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: a rendering suggesting rapid speed rather than certain soon-ness
Original: ἔρχομαι ταχύ
Category: Return and Reign of Christ
Christ’s repeated promise of imminent, certain return (3:11; 22:7, 12, 20); tachy denotes soon/without delay, not speed. Must address nearly 2,000 years’ delay pastorally without weakening certainty.
Reign Of Christ Thesis
Approved rendering: Ia telah mula memerintah
Transliteration: EE-ah tuh-LAH MOO-lah muh-muh-RIN-tah
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ἐβασίλευσεν
Category: Return and Reign of Christ
Aorist-tense thesis statement (11:15): ‘The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ.’ Requires identical, verbatim cross-document rendering, parallel to Romans 1:16-17.
King Of Kings Lord Of Lords
Approved rendering: Raja segala raja dan Tuhan segala tuhan
Transliteration: RAH-jah suh-GAH-lah RAH-jah dahn TOO-hahn suh-GAH-lah TOO-hahn
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ / Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Raja segala raja dan tuan segala tuan (forbidden — flattens to merely relative human comparison)
Original: βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων
Category: Return and Reign of Christ
A superlative title of absolute sovereignty (17:14; 19:16). MUST use baseline Tuhan, never tuan, for ‘lord(s)’ here — the highest-stakes phonetic-confusability risk in the whole registry.
Believers Son
Approved rendering: Anak (never Anak Allah)
Transliteration: AH-nahk
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ vs. Adoptive Sonship of Believers
Rejected alternatives: Anak Allah (forbidden here — reserved exclusively for Christ)
Original: υἱός (21:7)
Category: Adoption
Ordinary word for ‘son,’ applied to redeemed human overcomers individually (21:7): ‘I will be his God and he will be my son.’ Must be rendered as the lower-register, generic ‘anak’ (per baseline Pengangkatan sebagai anak), never as ‘Anak Allah,’ which would collapse a Christologically Critical distinction.
Washed Robes Blood Of Lamb
Approved rendering: Mencuci jubah mereka dalam darah Anak Domba
Transliteration: men-CHOO-chee JOO-bah muh-REH-kah dah-LAHM DAH-rah AH-nahk DOM-bah
Doctrine: Righteousness by Grace, Pictured in Blood-Washed Robes
Rejected alternatives: a rendering implying self-generated purity
Original: ἔπλυναν τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Salvation
A deliberately paradoxical image (7:14) — blood, which stains, here cleanses and whitens. Revelation’s own picture of imputed righteousness through Christ’s atoning blood, never amal soleh.
Trisagion
Approved rendering: Kudus, kudus, kudus
Transliteration: KOO-doos KOO-doos KOO-doos
Doctrine: Holy / Worship of the Lamb
Original: Ἅγιος ἅγιος ἅγιος
Category: Worship
Direct echo of Isaiah 6:3 (4:8) — reuse of baseline’s Critical Kudus in its most concentrated liturgical form, a pattern later extended to the Lamb (ch. 5), a major deity-of-Christ argument.
High Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: AH-bah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly used in Revelation’s text but retained as controlled vocabulary for cross-curriculum teaching on adoption alongside 21:7.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: IN-jeel
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: berita baik
Inherited from Romans package. Combined with ‘eternal’ in Revelation 14:6-7 (see eternal_gospel, Section B); the baseline caution against Injil being read as a contested, allegedly corrupted book still applies.
Grace
Approved rendering: Kasih kurnia
Transliteration: KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat
Inherited from Romans package. Restated at the book’s climax via ‘freely’/dōrean (21:6; 22:17) — see spring_of_the_water_of_life, Section B.
Faith
Approved rendering: Iman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: kepercayaan
Inherited from Romans package. ‘The faith of Jesus’ / patient endurance and faith of the saints (13:10; 14:12) directly ties Faith to the Perseverance and Faithful Witness doctrine.
Apostle
Approved rendering: Rasul
Transliteration: RAH-sool
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: utusan
Inherited from Romans package. Extended into the New Jerusalem’s architecture: the twelve foundations bear the names of the twelve apostles (21:14).
Called
Approved rendering: Dipanggil
Transliteration: dee-PAHNG-gil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dijemput
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in 17:14, ‘called, chosen, and faithful,’ tying Calling directly to the Perseverance/Overcomer themes.
Calling
Approved rendering: Panggilan
Transliteration: pahng-GIL-ahn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: jemputan
Inherited from Romans package. Retained as controlled vocabulary alongside 17:14.
Holy
Approved rendering: Kudus
Transliteration: KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci
Inherited from Romans package. Reaches its most concentrated liturgical form in the trisagion (4:8, see trisagion, Section B) and the New Jerusalem’s purity requirement (21:27; 22:11).
Saints
Approved rendering: Orang kudus
Transliteration: OH-rahng KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs throughout persecution and final-vindication scenes (5:8, 8:3-4, 11:18, 13:7, 13:10, 14:12, 17:6, 18:24, 19:8) — same wali/keramat caution as baseline applies.
Adoption
Approved rendering: Pengangkatan sebagai anak
Transliteration: peng-ahng-KAH-tahn seh-BAH-gai AH-nahk
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: anak angkat (bare, without doctrinal qualifier)
Inherited from Romans package. The controlling category for teaching 21:7’s ‘he will be my son’ (see believers_son, Section B) without collapsing it into Christ’s unique Sonship.
Sin
Approved rendering: Dosa
Transliteration: DOH-sah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: kesilapan
Inherited from Romans package. Extended to corporate/systemic sin in ch. 18 (‘her sins are heaped high as heaven,’ 18:5), beyond baseline’s individual-focused treatment.
Glory
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur
Inherited from Romans package. Reaches its climax as the New Jerusalem’s literal light source, replacing sun and moon (21:11, 21:23).
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: Ketaatan iman
Transliteration: keh-tah-AH-tahn ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ketaatan agama
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to 14:12, ‘keeping the commandments of God and their faith in Jesus’ — obedience is the fruit of a faith relationship, not itself the ground of standing.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: Kuasa Allah
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: kuasa ghaib
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to 12:10, ‘the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God.‘
Prophet
Approved rendering: Nabi
Transliteration: NAH-bee
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ahli nujum
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies both true prophetic ministry (the two witnesses, 11:3-13) and, negated, ‘nabi palsu’ (false prophet, see false_prophet_beast, Section B) — the contrast must always be explicit.
Election
Approved rendering: Pilihan Allah
Transliteration: pee-LEE-hahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to 17:14, ‘called, chosen, and faithful.‘
Providence
Approved rendering: Pemeliharaan Allah
Transliteration: peh-meh-lee-hah-RAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the entire throne-room framing (chs. 4-6) and the sovereign, purposive (not fatalistic) permission of even terrifying judgment imagery.
Son Of Man Title
Approved rendering: Anak Manusia
Transliteration: AH-nahk mah-NOO-see-ah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Humanity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: a rendering implying mere ordinary humanity, obscuring the Daniel 7 background
Original: υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
Messianic self-designation from Daniel 7:13-14 (1:13; 14:14), depicting a divine-glory, worshipped, enthroned figure — must not be misheard as diminishing Christ’s deity.
Firstborn From The Dead
Approved rendering: Yang sulung yang bangkit dari antara orang mati
Transliteration: yahng SOO-loong yahng BAHNG-kit DAH-ree ahn-TAH-rah OH-rahng MAH-tee
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν
Category: Christology
Christ’s resurrection (1:5) as pattern, guarantee, and preeminence-marker of believers’ own future resurrection; must connect explicitly to baseline Kebangkitan.
Alpha And Omega
Approved rendering: Alfa dan Omega
Transliteration: AHL-fah dahn OH-may-gah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: yang awal dan yang akhir (used alone, losing the transliterated merism’s teaching value)
Original: τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ
Category: God
Applied to both the Father (1:8, 21:6) and Christ (22:13) — a shared-title deity-of-Christ argument requiring explicit teaching every occurrence.
Almighty
Approved rendering: Yang Mahakuasa
Transliteration: yahng mah-hah-koo-AH-sah
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History / Deity of Christ
Original: Παντοκράτωρ
Category: God
Shared vocabulary with standard Islamic omnipotence titles — generally safe common ground, but applied also to the enthroned Lamb (5:13; 7:9-10), extending omnipotence to Christ himself.
Keys Of Death And Hades
Approved rendering: Kunci maut dan Hades
Transliteration: KOON-chee MAH-oot dahn HAY-deez
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ / Sovereignty of God over History
Original: κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου
Category: God
Christ’s total authority over death and the intermediate state (1:18), secured by his own resurrection.
Hades
Approved rendering: Hades
Transliteration: HAY-deez
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked
Rejected alternatives: Barzakh (Islamic intermediate state), neraka (final judgment)
Original: ᾅδης
Category: Judgment
Temporary realm of the dead prior to final resurrection/judgment; itself cast into the lake of fire (20:14). Requires its own explanation rather than equivalence to either Islamic category.
New Jerusalem
Approved rendering: Yerusalem yang baru
Transliteration: yeh-ROO-sah-lem yahng BAH-roo
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth / Church as Bride of Christ
Original: Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή
Category: Eschatology
The eschatological, heavenly city (3:12; 21:2). Requires explicit pastoral framing distinguishing this from the modern geopolitical city/state, given the sensitivity already flagged for ‘Israel.‘
Tabernacling Presence
Approved rendering: Kediaman Allah / akan diam bersama-sama dengan mereka
Transliteration: kuh-dee-AH-mahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: The Tabernacling Presence of God
Rejected alternatives: a rendering suggesting mere symbolic proximity
Original: σκηνή / σκηνόω
Category: Eschatology
God’s permanent, unmediated presence (7:15; 15:5; 21:3), fulfilling OT tabernacle/Shekinah theology. The climactic fulfillment of the Incarnation doctrine — not a new or separate divine appearance.
Bride Of Christ
Approved rendering: Pengantin perempuan
Transliteration: puh-NGAHN-tin puh-rem-PWAHN
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Rejected alternatives: individual devotional/Sufi bridal-mysticism framing
Original: νύμφη
Category: Church
The Church corporately as Christ’s bride (19:7-9; 21:2, 9; 22:17). Must be taught as corporate, covenantal marital-union imagery, never implying literal marriage/procreation about God (parallel to baseline’s Father/tawhid caution).
Marriage Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: Perkahwinan Anak Domba / perjamuan perkahwinan Anak Domba
Transliteration: per-kahh-WEE-nahn AH-nahk DOM-bah
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Church
The wedding celebration uniting Christ and his redeemed people (19:7, 9); deliberately contrasted with the grim ‘great supper of God’ (19:17-18) — the literary contrast must be preserved.
Kingdom And Priests
Approved rendering: Kerajaan dan imam-imam
Transliteration: kuh-rah-JAH-ahn dahn EE-mahm EE-mahm
Doctrine: Kingdom and Priesthood of All Believers
Original: βασιλεία καὶ ἱερεῖς
Category: Church
All believers share royal-priestly status directly (1:6; 5:10; 20:6), with no separate priestly caste — contrast with clerically-mediated religious systems and the ulama’s role in Malaysian Islamic practice.
Winepress Of Gods Wrath
Approved rendering: Kilang pemerahan anggur kemurkaan Allah
Transliteration: KEE-lahng puh-muh-RAH-hahn AHNG-goor kuh-moor-KAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ληνὸς τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Judgment
Vivid OT-derived judgment image (14:19-20; 19:15); requires careful pastoral framing while preserving, not softening, its severity.
Souls Under The Altar
Approved rendering: Jiwa-jiwa di bawah mazbah
Transliteration: JEE-wah JEE-wah dee BAH-wah MAHZ-bah
Doctrine: Conscious Intermediate State of the Dead
Original: ψυχαὶ τῶν ἐσφαγμένων ὑπὸ τὸ θυσιαστήριον
Category: Judgment
The conscious, aware intermediate state of martyred believers, crying out for vindication (6:9-11); distinguish, with pastoral care, from more sleep-like Islamic barzakh conceptions.
Millennium
Approved rendering: Seribu tahun
Transliteration: suh-REE-boo TAH-hoon
Doctrine: The Millennial Reign and First Resurrection
Original: χίλια ἔτη
Category: Eschatology
A specific, bounded period (20:1-6); teaching material must explicitly acknowledge historic premillennial/amillennial/postmillennial diversity rather than resolving the debate via translation choice.
Woman Clothed With The Sun
Approved rendering: Seorang perempuan yang berpakaikan matahari
Transliteration: SEH-oh-rahng puh-rem-PWAHN yahng ber-pah-KAI-kahn mah-tah-HAH-ree
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
A symbolic, cosmic figure (12:1-6) representing the covenant people of God; must be taught as corporate/symbolic, not a literal individual, guarding against conflation with Mary-veneration or venerated female religious figures.
False Prophet Beast
Approved rendering: Binatang yang keluar dari bumi / nabi palsu
Transliteration: bee-NAH-tahng yahng kuh-LOO-ahr DAH-ree BOO-mee / NAH-bee PAHL-soo
Doctrine: False Prophecy and Religious Deception
Original: θηρίον ἐκ τῆς γῆς / ψευδοπροφήτης
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
The second beast (13:11-15; 16:13; 19:20; 20:10). ‘Nabi palsu’ directly negates baseline Nabi; teach as a deliberate, narrative-specific counterfeit, never a comment on any named figure in another tradition.
Number Of The Beast
Approved rendering: 666 (enam ratus enam puluh enam)
Transliteration: EH-nahm RAH-toos EH-nahm POO-looh EH-nahm
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: ἀριθμὸς τοῦ θηρίου, ἑξακόσιοι ἑξήκοντα ἕξ
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Symbolic (likely gematria) representation of the beast’s imperfect opposition to God (13:18), which the text itself calls for ‘wisdom’ to calculate — not casual contemporary identification.
Image Of The Beast
Approved rendering: Patung binatang itu / imej binatang itu
Transliteration: PAH-toong bee-NAH-tahng EE-too
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb (negative counter-image)
Original: εἰκὼν τοῦ θηρίου
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
An idol-image of the first beast, worshipped (ch. 13); ties to Worship of the Lamb doctrine by stark contrast.
Worthy
Approved rendering: Layak
Transliteration: LAH-yahk
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb / Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: a merely honorific/respect-level gloss
Original: ἄξιος
Category: Worship
‘Worthy is the Lamb’ (5:12) directs the same worship-worthiness vocabulary reserved for God alone toward Christ — must not be softened into mere honor language.
Overcomer
Approved rendering: Orang yang menang
Transliteration: OH-rahng yahng muh-NAHNG
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: a rendering emphasizing martial/political conquest
Original: ὁ νικῶν / νικάω
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Signature refrain (17 occurrences, chs. 2-3, 21). Must be distinguished from jihad-linked struggle-and-victory narratives; overcoming = faithful endurance grounded in 12:11 (blood of the Lamb, word of testimony), never violent conquest.
Synagogue Of Satan
Approved rendering: Rumah ibadat Iblis
Transliteration: ROO-mah ee-BAH-daht IB-lees
Doctrine: Synagogue of Satan as Local Historical Polemic
Original: συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ
Category: Perseverance and Witness
A polemical designation (2:9; 3:9) for specific first-century opponents in Smyrna/Philadelphia; requires explicit historical framing to prevent an antisemitic misreading.
Repentance
Approved rendering: Bertaubat / pertaubatan
Transliteration: ber-tah-OO-baht
Doctrine: Repentance as Fruit of Grace
Rejected alternatives: a rendering framing repentance as itself the meritorious act restoring standing
Original: μετανοέω / μετάνοια
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Shared vocabulary with Islamic taubah (a meritorious, sin-erasing act). Must be taught as the fruit of a covenant relationship already secured by grace (2:5, 16, 21-22; 3:3, 19; 9:20-21; 16:9, 11), not the ground of restored standing.
Sorcerers
Approved rendering: Ahli sihir
Transliteration: AH-lee SEE-heer
Doctrine: Judgment on Occult Practice and Sorcery
Original: φαρμακοί / φάρμακα
Category: Judgment
Practitioners of magic/occult power apart from God (9:20-21; 18:23; 21:8; 22:15); direct collision risk with the Malay bomoh/dukun/ilmu hitam folk-magic substrate.
Spring Of The Water Of Life
Approved rendering: Mata air kehidupan, dengan percuma
Transliteration: MAH-tah AH-eer kuh-hee-DOO-pahn
Doctrine: Grace (Extended: Freely Given at the Climax)
Rejected alternatives: a rendering implying conditional access earned by right living
Original: πηγὴ τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς, δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
Life freely available at its source (21:6; 22:1, 17), not scarce or rationed. Restates baseline’s Critical Grace doctrine at the climax of Scripture’s storyline.
Tree Of Life
Approved rendering: Pokok kehidupan
Transliteration: POH-kok kuh-hee-DOO-pahn
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Eschatology
Direct echo of Genesis 2:9; 3:22-24 (2:7; 22:2, 14, 19). Positive resonance with Jannah’s garden imagery is a valid teaching bridge, but must remain tied to the specific Genesis/gospel narrative.
All Things New
Approved rendering: Aku menjadikan segala sesuatu baru
Transliteration: AH-koo men-JAH-dee-kahn suh-GAH-lah suh-soo-AH-too BAH-roo
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Rejected alternatives: a rendering narrowed to ‘some things’ or mere renovation
Original: καινὰ ποιῶ πάντα
Category: New Heaven and New Earth
Present-tense declaration (21:5), the single most concentrated statement of the New Heaven/New Earth doctrine. Must preserve both the qualitative ‘new’ (kainos) and the totalizing ‘all things’ (panta); fixed thesis-level rendering.
Every Tribe Tongue People Nation
Approved rendering: Daripada setiap suku, bahasa, kaum, dan bangsa
Transliteration: dah-ree-PAH-dah suh-tee-AHP SOO-koo bah-HAH-sah kah-OOM dahn BAHNG-sah
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel (Extended)
Rejected alternatives: forcing baseline’s Romans-specific ‘Bangsa bukan Yahudi’ into this broader formula
Original: ἐκ πάσης φυλῆς καὶ γλώσσης καὶ λαοῦ καὶ ἔθνους
Category: Church
A fourfold universal formula (5:9; 7:9; 11:9; 13:7; 14:6; 17:15) broader than the baseline’s Jew/Gentile binary; politically relevant given Malaysia’s constitutionally defined ethnic-religious categories.
The Nations Redeemed
Approved rendering: Bangsa-bangsa
Transliteration: BAHNG-sah BAHNG-sah
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel (Extended)
Rejected alternatives: Bangsa bukan Yahudi (Romans-specific, do not force here)
Original: τὰ ἔθνη
Category: Church
The nations in positive, redeemed, worshiping inclusion within the New Jerusalem (21:24, 26; 22:2) — the climax of the Universal Scope doctrine.
Incense As Prayers
Approved rendering: Kemenyan (with gloss: doa-doa orang kudus)
Transliteration: kuh-MEN-yahn
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession (Extended: Unmediated Access)
Rejected alternatives: a rendering implying literal ongoing ritual efficacy or saint-mediation
Original: θυμιάματα
Category: Prayer and Intercession
Incense symbolically identified by the text as ‘the prayers of the saints’ (5:8; 8:3-4). Must not imply intercessory-saint mediation practice; prayers reach God directly.
Fine Linen Righteous Deeds
Approved rendering: Kain linen halus yang bersih dan berkilau
Transliteration: kah-EEN LEE-nen HAH-loos yahng ber-SEH dahn ber-kee-LOW
Doctrine: Righteousness by Grace, Pictured in Blood-Washed Robes
Rejected alternatives: ‘kebenaran yang diusahakan’ framing (earned/worked-for righteousness)
Original: βύσσινον λαμπρὸν καθαρόν (τὰ δικαιώματα τῶν ἁγίων)
Category: Salvation
The Bride’s wedding garment, explicitly identified as ‘the righteous deeds of the saints’ (19:8) yet ‘granted,’ not earned — must be taught as fruit of grace already received.
Great Supper Of God
Approved rendering: Perjamuan besar Allah
Transliteration: per-jah-MOO-ahn buh-SAHR ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: δεῖπνον τὸ μέγα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Judgment
A grim, ironic counter-image to the marriage supper of the Lamb (19:17-18); translators must preserve the deliberate literary contrast between these two ‘suppers.‘
Eternal Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil yang kekal
Transliteration: IN-jeel yahng KEH-kahl
Doctrine: Gospel (extended)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον αἰώνιον
Category: Gospel
The gospel proclaimed amid final judgment (14:6-7) as God’s unchanging, eternal message; still carries baseline’s caution against Injil being read as a contested, allegedly corrupted book.
Morning Star Title
Approved rendering: Bintang timur / bintang pagi
Transliteration: BIN-tahng TEE-moor / BIN-tahng PAH-gee
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός
Category: Christology
A messianic title self-applied by Christ (22:16). Some English translation traditions (KJV Isaiah 14:12 ‘Lucifer, son of the morning’) have associated ‘morning star’ with Satan; teaching material must clearly prevent this cross-contamination and affirm the title belongs to Christ.
Two Witnesses
Approved rendering: Dua orang saksi
Transliteration: DOO-ah OH-rahng SAHK-see
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: δύο μάρτυρες
Category: Perseverance and Witness
Symbolic prophetic figures who prophesy, die, and are raised (ch. 11); same syahid-adjacent caution as testimony_of_jesus applies. Their death-then-resurrection pattern models Christ’s own sequence.
Medium Risk Terms
Church
Approved rendering: Gereja
Transliteration: geh-REH-jah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: jemaah
Inherited from Romans package. The seven local congregations of chs. 1-3 and 22:16; same institutional-distinctiveness caution as baseline.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: keh-rah-JAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: pentadbiran Allah
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation 11:15’s ‘the kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord’ is this book’s thesis-level Kerajaan statement, requiring verbatim cross-document consistency.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: Bangsa bukan Yahudi
Transliteration: BAHNG-sah BOO-kahn yah-HOO-dee
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: kafir
Inherited from Romans package. Superseded in Revelation’s broader, non-binary ‘every tribe, tongue, people, nation’ formula and ‘the nations’ — use every_tribe_tongue_people_nation and the_nations_redeemed (Section B) instead of forcing this Romans-specific Jew/Gentile gloss into Revelation passages.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: Nubuat
Transliteration: noo-boo-AHT
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ramalan
Inherited from Romans package. ‘The testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy’ (19:10) directly links Nubuat to the book’s central witness theme.
Covenant
Approved rendering: Perjanjian
Transliteration: per-jahn-jee-AHN
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: kontrak
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the covenant formula ‘I will be his God and he will be my son’ (21:7), the final fulfillment of Genesis 17:7/Exodus 6:7/Jeremiah 31:33.
David
Approved rendering: Daud
Transliteration: dah-OOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in ‘Root of David’ (5:5), ‘Key of David’ (3:7), and ‘root and descendant of David’ (22:16).
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: Keturunan Daud
Transliteration: keh-too-ROO-nahn dah-OOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Reaches its final biblical occurrence at 22:16, ‘I am the root and the descendant of David.‘
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: iss-rah-EL
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Strictly typological in Revelation (7:4, the 144,000 from the tribes of Israel; 21:12, twelve tribes on the gates) — same geopolitical-sensitivity caution as baseline, not commentary on the modern state.
Peace
Approved rendering: Damai sejahtera
Transliteration: DAH-mai seh-jah-TEH-rah
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ketenangan
Inherited from Romans package. Standard epistolary greeting use in 1:4.
Throne
Approved rendering: Takhta
Transliteration: TAHKH-tah
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Original: θρόνος
Category: God
The book’s recurring central visual anchor (chs. 1, 3-5, 7, 12, 19-22); teach against narrowing to an earthly-monarchical image. Shared by God and the Lamb (22:1, 3) — a deity-of-Christ data point.
Abyss
Approved rendering: Jurang yang tidak berdasar
Transliteration: JOO-rahng yahng TEE-dahk ber-DAH-sahr
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Original: ἄβυσσος
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Bounded confinement for demonic forces (chs. 9, 11, 17, 20) under God’s ultimate control — not an independent rival power.
Hallelujah
Approved rendering: Haleluya
Transliteration: hah-leh-LOO-yah
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb / Assurance of Final Victory
Original: Ἁλληλουϊά
Category: Worship
‘Praise the LORD’ (19:1, 3, 4, 6), the only NT occurrences; low collision risk, teach with attention to its covenant-name origin.
Blessed Beatitudes
Approved rendering: Berbahagialah
Transliteration: ber-bah-hah-gee-AH-lah
Doctrine: (frames entire book)
Original: μακάριος
Category: Worship
Standard NT beatitude vocabulary occurring seven times (1:3; 14:13; 16:15; 19:9; 20:6; 22:7, 14); a structuring device, ideally taught together across the book.
Great Tribulation
Approved rendering: Kesengsaraan besar itu
Transliteration: kuh-seng-sah-RAH-ahn buh-SAHR EE-too
Doctrine: The Great Tribulation
Original: ἡ θλῖψις ἡ μεγάλη
Category: Perseverance and Witness
The specific, climactic end-time suffering (7:14); interpretive-tradition-dependent timing, note range of views without resolving via translation.
Armageddon
Approved rendering: Harmagedon
Transliteration: hahr-mah-GEH-don
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: Ἁρμαγεδών
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Symbolic gathering-place name for the final cosmic conflict (16:16); avoid over-identifying with a specific literal modern battlefield given ‘Israel’-adjacent geopolitical sensitivity.
Faithful And True
Approved rendering: Setia dan benar
Transliteration: suh-TEE-ah dahn buh-NAHR
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Assurance
Original: πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί
Category: Sovereignty and Assurance
A guarantee formula (19:9; 21:5; 22:6). ‘Benar’ here (ἀληθινός, genuine/reliable) must not be conflated with Kebenaran (forensic righteousness, δικαιοσύνη); flag for a translator note distinguishing the two on first use.
It Is Done
Approved rendering: Sudah selesai / semuanya telah tergenap
Transliteration: SOO-dah suh-leh-SAI
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Assurance / Return and Reign of Christ
Original: γέγονεν / γέγοναν
Category: Sovereignty and Assurance
Perfect-tense declaration marking decisive completion (16:17; 21:6); should echo, without being identical to, the Johannine ‘tetelestai’ resonance.
River Of The Water Of Life
Approved rendering: Sungai air kehidupan
Transliteration: SOO-ngai AH-eer kuh-hee-DOO-pahn
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς
Category: Eschatology
A flowing river proceeding from the shared throne of God and the Lamb (22:1) — the shared throne is itself a deity-of-Christ data point.
Hidden Manna
Approved rendering: Manna yang tersembunyi
Transliteration: MAHN-nah yahng ter-sem-BOO-nyee
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: μάννα κεκρυμμένον
Category: Church
Echoes wilderness manna and messianic-age revelation traditions (2:17); requires brief OT-background explanation for readers with low OT narrative literacy.
Key Of David
Approved rendering: Kunci Daud
Transliteration: KOON-chee dah-OOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: κλεὶς Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Echoes Isaiah 22:22 — messianic authority over the household of David (3:7); cross-reference baseline Keturunan Daud.
Seven Stars Lampstands
Approved rendering: Tujuh bintang / tujuh kaki dian
Transliteration: TOO-jooh BIN-tahng / TOO-jooh KAH-kee dee-AHN
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: ἑπτὰ ἀστέρες / ἑπτὰ λυχνίαι
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Symbolic imagery interpreted by the text itself (1:20) — establishes the book’s self-interpreting-symbol method, a key methodological anchor for later, more complex symbols.
Living Creatures
Approved rendering: Makhluk-makhluk hidup
Transliteration: MAHKH-look MAHKH-look HEE-doop
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: ζῷα (τέσσαρα ζῷα)
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Composite, symbolic beings (ch. 4) representing all creation’s worship of God; over-literalization risk, not doctrinal collision.
Twenty Four Elders
Approved rendering: Tua-tua
Transliteration: TOO-ah TOO-ah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Church
Representative heavenly figures (ch. 4); should not be confused with any local religious-authority office (e.g., ulama, imam).
Michael Archangel
Approved rendering: Mikael
Transliteration: MEE-kah-el
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: Μιχαήλ
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
Archangel leading the heavenly army (ch. 12). Shared name with Islamic Mika’il; clarify as a created being, category-distinct from Christ.
Apollyon Abaddon
Approved rendering: Apolion / Abadon (with meaning: Yang Membinasakan)
Transliteration: ah-POH-lee-on / ah-BAH-don
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: Ἀπολλύων / Ἀβαδδών
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
The demonic king of the abyss, named for what he does (9:11); the meaning should be taught since the text itself supplies it, and he remains bound within God’s sovereign permission.
No More Delay
Approved rendering: Tidak akan ada penangguhan lagi
Transliteration: TEE-dahk AH-kahn AH-dah puh-nahng-GOO-hahn LAH-gee
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Assurance
Rejected alternatives: masa tidak akan ada lagi (over-literal ‘time will cease’ reading)
Original: χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται
Category: Sovereignty and Assurance
Ambiguous phrase (10:6); ‘no more delay’ preferred to avoid a cosmologically confusing claim about time’s cessation. Flag for native speaker/theologian review given genuine ambiguity.
Measuring The Temple
Approved rendering: Bait Allah
Transliteration: BAH-eet ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Church
The inner sanctuary measured as a symbol of God’s people marked out for protection (ch. 11); should not be read as endorsing/predicting a literal rebuilt physical temple without further theological framing.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: Persekutuan
Transliteration: per-seh-koo-TOO-ahn
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: persaudaraan
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to 3:20, ‘I will come in and eat with him.‘
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: Kesyukuran
Transliteration: keh-shoo-KOO-rahn
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in heavenly worship-doxology formulas (4:9; 7:12; 11:17).