Core Glossary
2 Peter — Core Glossary and Translation Risk Table
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, across all three chapters of 2 Peter, into a single per-term reference table. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked REUSE and their baseline rendering is carried forward unchanged — no new rendering is proposed for these. New terms (not present in the baseline package) are marked NEW and are proposed for addition to translation_memory.json during Phase 2 setup. This glossary is organized by curriculum doctrine, then lists REUSE terms in a consolidated cross-reference table.
Section A — New Terms by Doctrine
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
| Term (Eng) | Greek | Malay Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapter Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scripture | γραφή (graphē) | Kitab Suci | KEE-tab SOO-chee | High | REUSE-adjacent (new entry, aligns with baseline inspiration_of_scripture doctrine) | 1:20, 3:16 | Must be taught against tahrif claims; sits inside Malaysia’s live legal-political vocabulary controversy. |
| prophetic word | προφητικὸς λόγος (prophētikos logos) | Perkataan nubuat | per-KAH-tah-an noo-boo-AHT | High | NEW | 1:19 | Built on REUSE Nubuat; teach as one converging, divinely-superintended witness culminating in Christ. |
| interpretation | ἐπίλυσις (epilysis) | Tafsiran (peribadi) | tahf-SEE-rahn (per-ee-BAH-dee) | Critical | NEW | 1:20 | Direct collision with the Islamic tafsir exegetical genre; mandatory theologian review with distinguishing teaching note every occurrence. |
| carried along (by the Spirit) | φερόμενοι (pheromenoi) | Digerakkan | dee-geh-RAHK-kahn | High | NEW | 1:21 | Must be distinguished from the Jibril-dictation model of revelation; Spirit-carried human authors genuinely “spoke.” |
| myths | μῦθος (mythos) | Cerita rekaan | cheh-REE-tah reh-KAH-ahn | Medium | NEW | 1:16 | Contrast term; must carry pejorative “fabricated” force, not neutral “story.” |
| hard to understand | δυσνόητα (dysnoēta) | Sukar difahami | SOO-kar dee-fah-HAH-mee | Low-Medium | NEW | 3:16 | Marks Paul’s letters as canonical “Scripture”; a significant early canon-recognition data point for teaching notes. |
| eyewitnesses | ἐπόπται (epoptai) | Saksi mata | SAHK-see MAH-tah | Low-Medium | NEW | 1:16, 1:18 | Historical-epistemological ground for Scripture’s reliability; pairs with Spirit-inspiration (v.21) as dual ground. |
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
| Term (Eng) | Greek | Malay Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapter Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excellence/virtue | ἀρετή (aretē) | Keutamaan | keh-oo-TAH-mahn | Medium | NEW | 1:3, 1:5 | Teach as grace-enabled, not self-generated Greek-philosophical or akhlak-merit achievement. |
| [full/personal] knowledge | ἐπίγνωσις (epignōsis) | Pengenalan | peng-eh-NAH-lahn | High | NEW | 1:2, 1:3, 1:8, 2:20 | Risk of conflation with Sufi ma’rifah/ma’rifatullah mystical-attainment concept; teach as knowledge of the historical, incarnate Christ via apostolic testimony/Scripture. |
| knowledge (general) | γνῶσις (gnōsis) | Pengetahuan | peng-eh-TAH-oo-ahn | Medium | NEW | 1:5-6, 3:18 | Lower risk than epignōsis; virtue-list item. |
| self-control | ἐγκράτεια (enkrateia) | Penguasaan diri | peng-goo-ah-SAH-ahn DEE-ree | Low-Medium | NEW | 1:6 | Standard ethical term. |
| steadfastness/endurance | ὑπομονή (hypomonē) | Ketekunan | keh-teh-KOO-nahn | Medium | NEW | 1:6 | Must stay lexically distinct from God’s own makrothymia (Kesabaran Allah, ch.3) to separate human virtue from divine attribute. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια (eusebeia) | Kesalehan | keh-sah-LEH-hahn | High | NEW | 1:3, 1:6-7, 3:11 | Shares root with amal soleh/taqwa; teach as Spirit-enabled fruit of grace, not merit-accumulating piety. |
| brotherly affection | φιλαδελφία (philadelphia) | Kasih persaudaraan | KAH-sih per-sow-dah-RAH-ahn | Low | NEW | 1:7 | Standard term. |
| love | ἀγάπη (agapē) | Kasih | KAH-sih | Low-Medium | NEW | 1:7 | Keep visually distinct from REUSE Kasih kurnia (grace) despite shared root. |
| divine power | θεία δύναμις (theia dynamis) | Kuasa ilahi | KOO-ah-sah ee-LAH-hee | High | NEW | 1:3 | Distinct construction from REUSE Kuasa Allah; avoid kuasa ghaib occult-power association. |
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
| Term (Eng) | Greek | Malay Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapter Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| divine nature | θεία φύσις (theia physis) | Tabiat ilahi | TAH-bee-aht ee-LAH-hee | Critical | NEW | 1:4 | Single highest-risk new term in the book: collides with tawhid, Sufi wahdat al-wujud/fana’, and Hindu-Buddhist moksha-adjacent readings. Never teach without the accompanying “escape corruption” moral-transformation frame; never imply ontological identity with God. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| corruption | φθορά (phthora) | Kebinasaan | keh-bee-NAH-sahn | Medium-High | NEW | 1:4, 2:12, 2:19 | Moral-spiritual ruin, not mere physical decay; cognate with 3:9’s “perish” (Binasa) for intertextual consistency. |
| sinful desire/lust | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | Hawa nafsu | HAH-wah NAHF-soo | Medium | NEW | 1:4, 2:10, 2:18, 3:3 | Genuine resonance with Islamic nafs ethics; teach remedy as grace-enabled participation in Christ, not self-disciplined nafs-mastery alone. |
| sensuality | ἀσέλγεια (aselgeia) | Hawa nafsu yang keji / Kecabulan | HAH-wah NAHF-soo yahng KEH-jee | Medium | NEW | 2:2, 2:7, 2:18 | Intensified form of epithymia; shameless indecency. |
| slaves of corruption | δοῦλοι τῆς φθορᾶς (douloi tēs phthoras) | Hamba kebinasaan | HAHM-bah keh-bee-NAH-sahn | Medium-High | NEW | 2:19 | Builds on Kebinasaan above; describes false teachers’ bondage, contrasted with true freedom in Christ. |
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
| Term (Eng) | Greek | Malay Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapter Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| false prophets | ψευδοπροφῆται (pseudoprophētai) | Nabi-nabi palsu | NAH-bee NAH-bee PAHL-soo | High | NEW | 2:1 | Built on REUSE Nabi; requires framing that the referent is specific OT-era counterfeit figures, not any tradition’s honored prophetic figures generally. |
| false teachers | ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι (pseudodidaskaloi) | Guru-guru palsu | GOO-roo GOO-roo PAHL-soo | Medium | NEW | 2:1 | Lower risk than “false prophets”; guru carries no equivalent Islamic doctrinal weight to nabi. |
| destructive heresies | αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας (haireseis apōleias) | Ajaran sesat yang membinasakan | ah-JAH-rahn seh-SAHT yahng mem-bee-nah-SAH-kahn | High | NEW | 2:1 | ”Ajaran sesat” is a formally defined Malaysian state-Islamic legal category for banned sects; avoid triggering that specific administrative register. |
| Master/Sovereign Owner | δεσπότης (despotēs) | Penguasa Agung | peng-goo-AH-sah AH-goong | High | NEW | 2:1 | Stronger than REUSE-rejected “tuan”; must retain ownership-through-redemption sense, not flattened to a bare honorific. |
| bought/redeemed | ἀγοράζω (agorazō) | Menebus | meh-NEH-boos | Critical | NEW | 2:1 | Atonement/redemption core term; substitutionary price-paying sense must remain intact. |
| covetousness/greed | πλεονεξία (pleonexia) | Ketamakan | keh-tah-MAH-kahn | Low-Medium | NEW | 2:3, 2:14 | Standard ethical term. |
| cast into Tartarus | ταρταρόω (tartaroō) | Dicampakkan ke dalam neraka (Tartarus) | dee-chahm-PAHK-kahn keh DAH-lahm neh-RAH-kah | Critical | NEW | 2:4 | Neraka carries the full weight of elaborated Islamic Jahannam doctrine; clarify this names an interim holding-place for fallen angels, distinct from final human judgment. Mandatory theologian review. |
| flood/deluge | κατακλυσμός (kataklysmos) | Air bah | AH-yeer bahh | Medium | NEW | 2:5 | Genuine narrative parallel with Qur’anic Nuh account; differing theological emphasis (2 Peter: type of certain end-time judgment). |
| Noah / Lot / Sodom and Gomorrah / Balaam | Νῶε / Λώτ / Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα / Βαλαάμ | Nuh / Lut / Sodom dan Gomora / Bileam | — | Medium | NEW (proper names) | 2:5-7, 2:15-16 | Documented Qur’anic parallels; note resonance and doctrinal distinctness together. |
| day of judgment | ἡμέρα κρίσεως (hēmera kriseōs) | Hari penghakiman | HAH-ree peng-hah-KEE-mahn | Critical | NEW | 2:9, 3:7 | Parallels Yawm al-Qiyamah; teach Christ-administered, union-based judgment as distinct from a deeds-ledger day. |
| irrational animals | ἄλογα ζῷα (aloga zōa) | Binatang yang tidak berakal | bee-NAH-tahng yahng TEE-dahk beh-RAH-kahl | Low | NEW | 2:12 | Metaphor; low risk. |
| accursed children | κατάρας τέκνα (kataras tekna) | Anak-anak laknat | AH-nahk AH-nahk LAHK-naht | Medium | NEW | 2:14 | Hebraic idiom; needs brief teaching gloss against folk-superstitious hereditary-curse misreading. |
| scoffers | ἐμπαῖκται (empaiktai) | Pencemuh | pen-CHEH-mooh | Low-Medium | NEW | 3:3 | Sets up ch.3’s central objection to the parousia. |
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
| Term (Eng) | Greek | Malay Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapter Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| coming/return (parousia) | παρουσία (parousia) | Kedatangan (Kristus yang kedua) | keh-dah-TAHNG-ahn (KRIS-toos yahng keh-DOO-ah) | Critical | NEW | 1:16, 3:4, 3:12 | Genuine but divergent parallel with mainstream Sunni hadith doctrine of Isa’s return; must teach Christ’s parousia as his own triumphant, divine, judging arrival — not a subordinate role within another system. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| last days | ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτου τῶν ἡμερῶν (ep’ eschatou tōn hēmerōn) | Akhir zaman | AH-kheer zah-MAHN | High | NEW | 3:3 | Shared vocabulary with the extensively elaborated Islamic apocalyptic sign-sequence (Dajjal, Imam Mahdi, etc.); confine teaching content to 2 Peter’s own simple claim (certainty of Christ’s return and judgment). |
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
| Term (Eng) | Greek | Malay Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapter Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα Κυρίου (hēmera Kyriou) | Hari Tuhan | HAH-ree TOO-hahn | Critical | NEW | 3:10 | Built on REUSE Tuhan; this Day belongs specifically to the Lord Jesus Christ, not an intermediary or undetermined-identity judge. Mandatory theologian review. |
| elements | στοιχεῖα (stoicheia) | Unsur-unsur | OON-soor OON-soor | Low-Medium | NEW | 3:10, 3:12 | Physical-cosmic sense specifically; not the “elementary teachings” sense found elsewhere in the NT. |
| new heavens and new earth | καινοὶ οὐρανοὶ καὶ γῆ καινή (kainoi ouranoi kai gē kainē) | Langit yang baru dan bumi yang baru | LAHNG-eet yahng BAH-roo dahn BOO-mee yahng BAH-roo | Medium | NEW | 3:13 | Positive resonance with Jannah-hope; anchor specifically to Christ’s own righteousness (REUSE Kebenaran) dwelling there. |
| thief (simile) | κλέπτης (kleptēs) | Pencuri | pen-CHOO-ree | Low | NEW | 3:10 | Cross-reference Matthew 24:43, 1 Thess 5:2 for doctrinal continuity. |
| without spot or blemish | ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι (aspiloi kai amōmētoi) | Tanpa cacat cela | TAHN-pah CHAH-chaht CHEH-lah | Low-Medium | NEW | 3:14 | OT sacrificial-purity idiom; connects to REUSE Sanctification doctrine. |
| firm/settled standing | στηριγμός (stērigmos) | Keteguhan | keh-teh-GOO-hahn | Low | NEW | 3:17 | Closing exhortation to doctrinal stability. |
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
| Term (Eng) | Greek | Malay Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapter Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| patience/forbearance (of God) | μακροθυμία / μακροθυμέω (makrothymia/makrothymeō) | Kesabaran Allah | keh-sah-BAH-rahn ahl-LAHH | High | NEW | 3:9, 3:15 | Positive resonance with Islamic sabar, but must not be read fatalistically (takdir-style); God’s patience is purposive and salvific (3:9). |
| perish | ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi) | Binasa | bee-NAH-sah | Medium | NEW | 3:9 | Cognate rendering with Kebinasaan (Ch.1/2) to preserve intertextual link. |
| repentance | μετάνοια (metanoia) | Pertobatan | per-toh-BAH-tahn | High | NEW | 3:9 | Overlaps with Islamic tawbah but functions here as Spirit-enabled response to grace already secured, not a meritorious act restoring standing. |
Christological Titles (cross-cutting; multiple doctrines)
| Term (Eng) | Greek | Malay Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapter Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | Juruselamat | Joo-roo-seh-LAH-mat | Critical | NEW | 1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18 | 1:1’s Granville Sharp construction (“our God and Savior Jesus Christ”) is a direct single-verse affirmation of Christ’s deity; distinct from REUSE Keselamatan (the abstract noun); reinforces baseline deity_of_christ doctrine. |
| servant/bondservant | δοῦλος (doulos) | Hamba | HAHM-bah | Medium | NEW | 1:1 | Positive resonance with devotional “hamba Allah” self-designation in Malay Islam, provided the object (Christ) stays explicit. |
| the Majestic Glory | μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα (megaloprepēs doxa) | Kemuliaan yang Maha Mulia | keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn yahng MAH-hah MOO-lee-ah | High | NEW | 1:17 | Superlative construction parallels Islamic divine-attribute formulas (Maha Esa, Maha Suci); teach as the Father’s voice specifically. |
| majesty | μεγαλειότης (megaleiotēs) | Kebesaran / Keagungan | keh-beh-SAH-rahn / keh-ah-GOONG-ahn | Medium | NEW | 1:16 | Keep distinct from REUSE Kemuliaan in the same verse-cluster. |
| honor | τιμή (timē) | Hormat / kehormatan | HOR-maht | Low | NEW | 1:17 | Standard term. |
| beloved | ἀγαπητός (agapētos) | Yang dikasihi | yahng dee-KAH-see-hee | Low-Medium | NEW | 1:17 | Father’s declaration over the Son; keep distinct from REUSE Kasih kurnia. |
| well pleased | εὐδοκέω (eudokeō) | Berkenan | ber-KEH-nahn | Medium | NEW | 1:17 | Settled divine delight, not mere tolerance. |
| eternal kingdom | αἰώνιος βασιλεία (aiōnios basileia) | Kerajaan yang kekal | keh-rah-JAH-ahn yahng KEH-kahl | Medium | NEW (built on REUSE Kerajaan Allah) | 1:11 | Explicitly “of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ” to keep referent unambiguous amid Kerajaan’s “government” double meaning. |
| tent/tabernacle (body) | σκήνωμα (skēnōma) | Kemah (tubuh) | KEH-mah (TOO-booh) | Low-Medium | NEW | 1:13-14 | Metaphor for the body; echoes OT tabernacle imagery. |
| departure | ἔξοδος (exodos) | Pemergian | peh-mer-GEE-ahn | Low-Medium | NEW | 1:15 | Euphemism for death; Exodus/transfiguration intertextual echo needs a teaching footnote. |
Section B — Reused Terms from Baseline Romans translation_memory.json
The following terms recur in 2 Peter and MUST be rendered exactly as recorded in the baseline package. No new entries are created for these; this table exists for cross-reference and coverage-tracking only.
| Term (Eng) | Malay Rendering | Baseline Risk | 2 Peter Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|
| God | Allah | Critical | 1:1, 1:2, 1:17, 1:21, 2:4, 3:5, 3:12, 3:18, throughout |
| Lord | Tuhan | Critical | 1:2, 1:8, 1:11, 1:14, 1:16, 2:1, 2:9, 2:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:8-10, 3:15, 3:18, throughout |
| Jesus | Yesus | Critical | 1:1, 1:2, 1:8, 1:11, 1:14, 1:16, 2:20, 3:18 |
| Christ | Kristus | Critical | 1:1, 1:8, 1:11, 1:14, 1:16, 2:20, 3:18 |
| Son (of God) | Anak Allah / Anak-Ku (in direct speech) | Critical | 1:17 |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | 1:21 |
| holy | Kudus | High | 1:18 (holy mountain), 1:21, 2:21, 3:11 |
| faith | Iman | High | 1:1, 1:5 |
| righteousness | Kebenaran | Critical | 1:1, 2:5, 2:21, 3:13 |
| grace | Kasih kurnia | High | 1:2, 3:18 |
| peace | Damai sejahtera | Medium | 1:2 |
| glory | Kemuliaan | High | 1:3, 1:17, 3:18 |
| calling | Panggilan | High | 1:10 |
| election | Pilihan Allah | High | 1:10 |
| apostle | Rasul | High | 1:1 |
| prophet | Nabi | Low (baseline)/High in compound (see false prophets, Section A) | 1:19-21, 2:1, 2:16 |
| prophecy | Nubuat | Medium | 1:19-21, 3:2 |
| kingdom of God | Kerajaan Allah | Medium | 1:11 (as “eternal kingdom,” see Section A) |
| sin | Dosa | High | 2:4, 2:14 |
| salvation | Keselamatan | Critical | (conceptually underlying Juruselamat/Savior, Section A) |
Section C — Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | New Term Count (Section A) | Cumulative with Reused Terms (Section B) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 9 (Tabiat ilahi; Neraka/Tartarus; Hari penghakiman; Kedatangan/parousia; Hari Tuhan; Juruselamat; Menebus; Tafsiran; 3:18 cumulative doxology) | +7 reused Critical (Allah, Tuhan, Yesus, Kristus, Anak Allah, Roh Kudus, Kebenaran) |
| High | 15 | +6 reused High (Iman, Kasih kurnia, Kemuliaan, Panggilan, Pilihan Allah, Rasul) |
| Medium | 17 | +3 reused Medium (Damai sejahtera, Nubuat, Kerajaan Allah) |
| Low / Low-Medium | 12 | +1 reused Low-adjacent (Nabi, generally Low but High in compound use) |
Routing note: Per the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json convention, all Critical and High risk terms above require human theologian review; Medium risk terms require native speaker review; Low risk terms require automated review only. This convention is extended unchanged to the 2 Peter curriculum.
Coverage Note
This glossary draws terms from every chapter of 2 Peter (1, 2, and 3) and from all seven assigned curriculum doctrines: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture, Growing in Christian Virtue, False Teachers and Their Judgment, The Certainty of Christ’s Return, The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment, Patience of God’s Timing, and Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption. No chapter or assigned doctrine is omitted.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan (used for ‘Lord’ in this Language Package; reserving Allah for ‘God’ keeps the two terms distinct as Alkitab does)
Original: θεός
Category: God
CRITICAL: Malay Christians have used Allah for God since 1629, and it remains the term used in the Alkitab today. Its use by non-Muslims is subject to ongoing legal and political contest in Malaysia (2013 Court of Appeal ruling; 2021 Kuching High Court ruling). In 2 Peter, 1:1’s Granville Sharp construction (‘our God and Savior Jesus Christ’) directly identifies Yesus as Allah within one grammatical unit — the single most direct deity-of-Christ claim in the book.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: TOO-hahn
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: tuan (master/sir, non-divine)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Established Alkitab term. In 2 Peter, used throughout (‘our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ’) and in the compound ‘Hari Tuhan’ (the Day of the Lord, 3:10), which must be anchored explicitly to Christ himself, not an undetermined judge as in the parallel Islamic Yawm al-Qiyamah.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: YEH-soos
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isa (the Qur’anic name, deliberately avoided by established Alkitab convention)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: The Alkitab deliberately uses Yesus rather than the Qur’anic Isa, to keep Jesus’ full Christian identity distinct from the Qur’anic prophet-Isa. Used throughout 2 Peter, always paired with Kristus in doctrinally significant contexts.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Al-Masih (the Qur’anic title, deliberately avoided in favor of the Greek-derived Alkitab convention)
CRITICAL: Established Alkitab usage (Yesus Kristus) uses Kristus rather than Al-Masih to avoid an Insider-Movement-style translation approach. Used throughout 2 Peter, including the closing doxology (3:18).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak Allah
Transliteration: AH-nahk ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: kekasih Allah (God’s beloved one), wakil Allah (God’s representative)
Original: Υἱός
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: Full phrase required, never softened. In 2 Peter 1:17, rendered relationally within quoted divine speech as ‘Anak-Ku’ (‘my Son’), the Father’s direct first-person declaration at the transfiguration — one of the strongest single confirmations of Sonship in the NT outside the Gospel transfiguration accounts. Must always be taught alongside the full Anak Allah doctrinal note.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: ROHKH KOO-doos
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: Jibril (the archangel Gabriel), roh halus (a generic nature/subtle spirit in traditional Malay animist belief)
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL: In 2 Peter 1:21, the Spirit is the active divine agent who ‘carried along’ (digerakkan) the human authors of Scripture. This is precisely the kind of ‘revelation’ passage where a Jibril-dictation reading is most likely to be imported; must not be equated with Jibril or roh halus.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ / Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh (righteous deeds, as the ground itself)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: 2 Peter 1:1 uses ‘the righteousness of our God and Savior Jesus Christ’ Christologically, reinforcing his deity; also used of Noah/Lot (2:5, 2:21) and of the righteousness dwelling in the new heavens and new earth (3:13). Never equate with amal soleh.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Keselamatan
Transliteration: keh-seh-lah-MAH-tahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: masuk syurga (entering paradise, as the whole content)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: The abstract noun conceptually underlying the repeated concrete title ‘Savior’ (Juruselamat, see savior entry below) throughout 2 Peter. Must not be diluted into a synonym for hoping to enter syurga.
Interpretation
Approved rendering: Tafsiran (peribadi)
Transliteration: tahf-SEE-rahn (per-ee-BAH-dee)
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: penjelasan sendiri (self-explanation, considered as a neighborhood-avoidance paraphrase and rejected in favor of established Alkitab convention)
Original: ἐπίλυσις
Category: Scripture
Original: epilysis, 1:20. Tafsiran is the specific, weighty technical term naming the entire classical and contemporary genre of Qur’anic exegesis (Tafsir al-Qur’an), formally taught in Malaysian Islamic education. Retained because it is also the established Alkitab convention for ‘interpretation,’ but mandatory human theologian review with an explicit distinguishing teaching note is required on every occurrence, clarifying 1:20 denies human-private-insight origin for prophecy itself, not that Scripture forbids an interpretive tradition generally.
Divine Nature
Approved rendering: Tabiat ilahi
Transliteration: TAH-bee-aht ee-LAH-hee
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: menjadi seperti Allah (becoming like God, understates the participatory claim), mencerminkan sifat Allah (reflecting God’s character, understates the participatory claim), hakikat ilahi / zat ilahi (more ontologically loaded terms, considered and rejected as worse)
Original: θεία φύσις
Category: Divine Nature
Original: theia physis, 1:4. The single highest-risk new term in 2 Peter. Collides at three levels: (1) tawhid’s absolute Creator/creature distinction; (2) the historic Malay Sufi doctrine of wahdat al-wujud (‘unity of being’) and fana’ (mystical self-annihilation/union with the divine); (3) a possible Hindu-Buddhist-substrate moksha-adjacent reading. Must never be taught without its immediately accompanying ‘escape the corruption in the world’ clause (1:4b) in the same sentence or verse-unit — this functions as a permanent lexical fence, not a one-time footnote. Never imply ontological identity with God’s essence. Mandatory human theologian review, every occurrence, no exceptions.
Bought Redeemed
Approved rendering: Menebus
Transliteration: meh-NEH-boos
Doctrine: Redemption and Atonement
Original: ἀγοράζω
Category: Salvation
Original: agorazō, 2:1. Identifies Christ’s atoning death as a purchase that claims believers, even (in this verse’s tragic irony) those who will apostatize. Must be taught with the cross’s substitutionary, price-paying character intact, consistent with the weight the baseline places on justification/salvation vocabulary.
Cast Into Tartarus
Approved rendering: Dicampakkan ke dalam neraka (Tartarus)
Transliteration: dee-chahm-PAHK-kahn keh DAH-lahm neh-RAH-kah
Doctrine: Judgment of the Fallen Angels and Historical Examples of Judgment
Original: ταρταρόω
Category: Judgment
Original: tartaroō, 2:4, describing God’s judgment confining the angels who sinned to an interim place of imprisonment ‘until the judgment.’ Neraka carries the full weight of the elaborate Islamic Jahannam doctrine (multiple named levels/gates, specific torments for specific sins), one of the most fully developed doctrinal systems in Malay-Islamic religious education. Retain the parenthetical ‘(Tartarus)’ transliteration as a fencing device preventing full collapse into the Jahannam system, and clarify this names an interim holding-place for fallen angels awaiting a still-future judgment, distinct from the final judgment on humans. Mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence, paired with day_of_judgment below.
Day Of Judgment
Approved rendering: Hari penghakiman
Transliteration: HAH-ree peng-hah-KEE-mahn
Doctrine: Judgment of the Fallen Angels and Historical Examples of Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα κρίσεως
Category: Judgment
Original: hēmera kriseōs, 2:9, 3:7. Closely parallel to, but theologically distinct from, the Islamic Yawm al-Qiyamah/Yawm al-Din, one of Islam’s six articles of faith, extensively developed in Malaysian Islamic religious education (weighing of deeds, the Sirat bridge, intercession). Must teach Christ-administered, union-based judgment as distinct content, not assumed equivalent. Mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence.
Parousia Coming
Approved rendering: Kedatangan (Kristus yang kedua)
Transliteration: keh-dah-TAHNG-ahn (KRIS-toos yahng keh-DOO-ah)
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: a bare transliteration of ‘parousia’, rejected as unintelligible to lay Malay readers
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
Original: parousia, 1:16, 3:4, 3:12. Mainstream Sunni Islam (via hadith, not the Qur’an) affirms a return of Isa al-Masih before the Last Day, a genuine but theologically divergent point of contact — in that tradition Isa returns to affirm Islam, defeat al-Dajjal, and eventually die a natural death, subordinate to Muhammad’s finality as last prophet. Christ’s parousia in 2 Peter is instead his own triumphant, divine, judging arrival as glorified Lord and Savior. Mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence to state this contrast explicitly.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Hari Tuhan
Transliteration: HAH-ree TOO-hahn
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα Κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
Original: hēmera Kyriou, 3:10. Built on the baseline’s Tuhan. Closely parallel to, but theologically distinct from, Yawm al-Qiyamah; must be taught as specifically the Lord Jesus Christ’s own day (cf. 3:18’s closing doxology), administering judgment on the basis of union with him, not an intermediary or a day whose presiding judge’s identity remains theologically undetermined. Mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence.
Savior
Approved rendering: Juruselamat
Transliteration: Joo-roo-seh-LAH-mat
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
Original: sōtēr, 1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18. The well-established Alkitab title for Jesus, distinct from the abstract noun Keselamatan (salvation). 1:1’s Granville Sharp construction (‘our God and Savior Jesus Christ’) is one of the NT’s clearest single-verse affirmations that Jesus is God; must be taught, especially at 1:1, as a direct assertion of Christ’s full deity alongside Allah, never a subordinate honorific title for a great teacher or prophet.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: IN-jeel
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: berita baik (generic ‘good news’, without the proclamation weight)
Injil is the established Alkitab term, shared with the Qur’anic name for the revelation given to Isa, which Islamic doctrine treats as historically altered (tahrif). Retained for cross-document consistency though 2 Peter does not use this term as densely as Romans; relevant background for the Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture doctrine.
Holy
Approved rendering: Kudus
Transliteration: KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci (ritually/physically clean)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Used in 2 Peter of the ‘holy mountain’ (1:18, the transfiguration site), the Holy Spirit (1:21), the holy prophets (3:2), and holy conduct (3:11). The ‘holy mountain’ reference carries a small additional risk of being heard through a keramat (venerated holy-site) lens; teaching must clarify its holiness derives from the unique historical theophany, not an ongoing veneration site.
Faith
Approved rendering: Iman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: kepercayaan (generic belief/trust)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
In 2 Peter 1:1, ‘a faith of equal standing’ received by grace, not achievement; in 1:5, the foundational virtue to which other virtues are added. The object of faith (Yesus Kristus) must remain explicit.
Grace
Approved rendering: Kasih kurnia
Transliteration: KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat (mercy, an Arabic-loan term operating within a deeds-and-mercy Islamic judgment framework)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Invoked in the opening greeting (1:2) and the closing exhortation to ‘grow in grace’ (3:18). Kept distinct from rahmat, and from the unrelated ‘Kasih’ (love) and ‘Kasih persaudaraan’ (brotherly affection) entries introduced by this book despite the shared root.
Glory
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur (divine light, associated with Nur Muhammad devotion in the historic Malay Sufi tradition)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Used of God’s/Christ’s honor in 1:3, the transfiguration glory bestowed by the Father in 1:17 (kept lexically distinct from the new term ‘Kemuliaan yang Maha Mulia,’ the Majestic Glory, and from ‘Kebesaran/Keagungan,’ majesty), and the closing doxology of 3:18. Avoid nur.
Calling
Approved rendering: Panggilan
Transliteration: pahng-GIL-ahn
Doctrine: Assurance through Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: jemputan
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
2 Peter 1:10: believers are urged to ‘confirm’ their calling and election through visible fruit — assurance expressed through growth, not doubt about God’s sovereign initiative. Avoid dijemput/jemputan.
Election
Approved rendering: Pilihan Allah
Transliteration: pee-LEE-hahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Assurance through Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: takdir (fate/predetermined decree)
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Paired with ‘calling’ in 2 Peter 1:10. Must be kept distinct from takdir-style impersonal fatalism.
Apostle
Approved rendering: Rasul
Transliteration: RAH-sool
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Rejected alternatives: utusan (a lower-weight, purely secular ‘envoy/messenger’)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
2 Peter 1:1: Peter’s self-designation of delegated, eyewitness apostolic authority, the basis for his teaching authority throughout the letter; also 3:2, apostolic commandment alongside prophetic prediction. Apply baseline’s teaching requirement distinguishing NT apostleship from the Islamic scripture-bearing rasul category.
Prophet
Approved rendering: Nabi
Transliteration: NAH-bee
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ahli nujum (fortune-teller/astrologer)
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Base term underlying both ‘prophetic word’ (1:19-21) and, in the higher-risk compound, ‘false prophets’ (2:1, see false_prophets entry below) and ‘the holy prophets’ (3:2). Note the compound carries substantially higher risk than the bare term.
Sin
Approved rendering: Dosa
Transliteration: DOH-sah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: kesilapan (mistake/error)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
The state from which Christ’s atoning purchase (2:1) and cleansing (1:9) rescue believers. Islamic anthropology (fitrah) resists inherited universal sinfulness; requires explicit teaching support.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: BAH-pah
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Pencipta (Creator, as a substitute to avoid relational language)
2 Peter 1:17: ‘having received honor and glory from God the Father’ (para Theou Patros) at the transfiguration — the Father who speaks, distinguished from the Son who is spoken of and the Spirit who inspires (1:21), a Trinitarian data-point. Teach the relational, adoptive sense; never retreat to the flatter Pencipta.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: Kuasa Allah
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: kuasa ghaib (occult/supernatural power, associated with traditional Malay bomoh shamanic practice)
In 2 Peter 1:16, dynamis (‘power,’ of Christ, anticipating the parousia) is rendered with the bare noun Kuasa, patterned on this baseline entry when qualified relationally. Distinct from the new term ‘divine power’ (theia dynamis, Kuasa ilahi, 1:3), a different grammatical construction; keep both clear of kuasa ghaib.
Scripture
Approved rendering: Kitab Suci
Transliteration: KEE-tab SOO-chee
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
Original: graphē. 2 Peter 1:20 identifies OT prophecy specifically as written, authoritative, God-given text; 3:16 extends the category to Paul’s letters, a significant early canon-recognition statement. Must be taught against the widely-held tahrif claim; sits inside Malaysia’s live legal-political controversy over religious-text vocabulary (cf. Allah entry).
Prophetic Word
Approved rendering: Perkataan nubuat
Transliteration: per-KAH-tah-an noo-boo-AHT
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφητικὸς λόγος
Category: Scripture
Original: prophētikos logos, 1:19. Built on Nubuat. Peter asserts Scripture’s prophetic testimony is ‘more sure’ even than his own eyewitness experience. Must be taught as one converging, divinely-superintended witness culminating in Christ, not a series of self-contained prophetic figures each restating an independent message.
Carried Along By The Spirit
Approved rendering: Digerakkan
Transliteration: dee-geh-RAHK-kahn
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: dibawa (bare ‘carried’, loses active-speech nuance if used alone)
Original: φερόμενοι
Category: Scripture
Original: pheromenoi, 1:21. Describes human authors actively, personally moved and carried by the Spirit’s initiative while remaining conscious speakers (‘men spoke from God’). Must be distinguished from the mainstream Islamic dictation model of revelation (Jibril to Muhammad). Fixed paired construction required: ‘orang yang digerakkan oleh Roh Kudus, berkata-kata’ — never render ‘digerakkan’ alone without the accompanying ‘berkata-kata daripada Allah’ clause.
Full Personal Knowledge
Approved rendering: Pengenalan
Transliteration: peng-eh-NAH-lahn
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Virtue
Original: epignōsis, 1:2, 1:3, 1:8, 2:20. Risks conflation with the Sufi devotional concept ma’rifah/ma’rifatullah (mystical, experiential knowledge attained through spiritual progression). Must be taught as knowledge of the historical, incarnate, resurrected Christ mediated through apostolic testimony and Scripture (1:16-21), not a mystical attainment reached through ascetic or contemplative stages.
Godliness
Approved rendering: Kesalehan
Transliteration: keh-sah-LEH-hahn
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Virtue
Original: eusebeia, 1:3, 1:6-7, 3:11. Shares its root (saleh) with amal soleh (righteous deeds) and, more distantly, ketakwaan (taqwa), both operating within Islamic soteriology’s deeds-and-judgment framework. Must be taught as the Spirit-enabled fruit of grace already secured (1:3-4), not a merit-accumulating practice contributing to final standing before God. Recurs across the letter (five-plus occurrences); consistent grace-framing is especially important given repetition.
Divine Power
Approved rendering: Kuasa ilahi
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah ee-LAH-hee
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: θεία δύναμις
Category: God
Original: theia dynamis, 1:3. A distinct adjectival construction (‘divine’ power) from the baseline’s genitive Kuasa Allah (‘power of God’). Source of ‘everything necessary for life and godliness.’ Must be taught alongside the higher-risk ‘divine nature’ (1:4) and kept clear of kuasa ghaib (occult/animist power).
Corruption
Approved rendering: Kebinasaan
Transliteration: keh-bee-NAH-sahn
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: kerosakan biasa (ordinary physical decay/spoilage, insufficient for the moral-spiritual sense)
Original: φθορά
Category: Divine Nature
Original: phthora, 1:4, 2:12, 2:19. Moral-spiritual ruin leading to final destruction, not mere physical decay. Cognate with 3:9’s ‘perish’ (Binasa) to preserve the intertextual link across the book between escaping corruption (1:4) and avoiding final perishing (3:9).
Slaves Of Corruption
Approved rendering: Hamba kebinasaan
Transliteration: HAHM-bah keh-bee-NAH-sahn
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: δοῦλοι τῆς φθορᾶς
Category: Sin
Original: douloi tēs phthoras, 2:19. Builds on Kebinasaan; describes false teachers’ bondage, in direct contrast to the true freedom-in-Christ frame of 1:4. Must be taught in that contrast, not merely as another vice-list item.
False Prophets
Approved rendering: Nabi-nabi palsu
Transliteration: NAH-bee NAH-bee PAHL-soo
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: False Teachers
Original: pseudoprophētai, 2:1. Pairs the exceptionally high-honor Islamic category Nabi with palsu (false/counterfeit); requires careful framing that the referent is specific OT-era counterfeit figures condemned within Israel’s own Scriptures, not a claim about any prophetic figure honored in another religious tradition. Mandatory human theologian review for framing on every occurrence.
Destructive Heresies
Approved rendering: Ajaran sesat yang membinasakan
Transliteration: ah-JAH-rahn seh-SAHT yahng mem-bee-nah-SAH-kahn
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας
Category: False Teachers
Original: haireseis apōleias, 2:1. ‘Ajaran sesat’ is a formally defined legal category used by Malaysian state Islamic authorities (JAKIM, state Fatwa Councils) to designate banned ‘deviant’ sects, carrying real civil and criminal consequences; using this phrase risks importing a legally-loaded contemporary administrative category into Peter’s theological argument, analogous to the baseline’s caution against using Syariah for ‘law.’ Mandatory human theologian review to ensure the theological category is communicated without triggering the state-legal register.
Master Sovereign Owner
Approved rendering: Penguasa Agung
Transliteration: peng-goo-AH-sah AH-goong
Doctrine: Redemption and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: tuan (already rejected in the baseline for kyrios as too weak/merely human)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
Original: despotēs, 2:1. Stronger than kyrios in its base ownership sense; describes Christ as the one ‘who bought’ false teachers, whom they deny. Must retain the ownership-through-redemption sense; never flattened to an ordinary honorific ‘tuan/sir’. Teach alongside ‘Menebus’ in the same verse.
Last Days
Approved rendering: Akhir zaman
Transliteration: AH-kheer zah-MAHN
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτου τῶν ἡμερῶν
Category: Eschatology
Original: ep’ eschatou tōn hēmerōn, 3:3. Shares vocabulary with the extensively elaborated Islamic apocalyptic sign-sequence (Dajjal, Imam Mahdi, Yajuj Majuj), taught in Malaysian Islamic religious education. Teaching must confine content to 2 Peter’s own simple claim: the certainty of Christ’s return and judgment, not the elaborated Islamic sign-sequence.
Patience Of God
Approved rendering: Kesabaran Allah
Transliteration: keh-sah-BAH-rahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: μακροθυμία / μακροθυμέω
Category: God
Original: makrothymia / makrothymeō, 3:9, 3:15. Sabar/kesabaran is one of Islam’s most celebrated virtues, giving this a genuine positive cultural bridge, but risks a fatalistic takdir-adjacent reading as passive endurance of an impersonal decree. Must always be paired with the purposive/salvific clause: God delays ‘not wishing that any should perish, but that all should reach repentance’ (3:9). Kept lexically distinct from Ketekunan (ch.1’s human-virtue endurance).
Repentance
Approved rendering: Pertobatan
Transliteration: per-toh-BAH-tahn
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
Original: metanoia, 3:9. Overlaps conceptually with the Islamic doctrine of tawbah (turning back to Allah, generally understood within a framework where repentance plus good deeds restores standing). In 2 Peter, repentance is the Spirit-enabled human response to grace already secured by Christ’s redemption (2:1, ‘the Master who bought them’), not itself the meritorious act that restores standing.
The Majestic Glory
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan yang Maha Mulia
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn yahng MAH-hah MOO-lee-ah
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα
Category: God
Original: megaloprepēs doxa, 1:17, a reverential circumlocution for God the Father, identifying the voice from heaven at the transfiguration as the Father’s own. The superlative construction (Maha + adjective) closely parallels Malay-Islamic divine-attribute formulas (Maha Esa, Maha Suci, Maha Agung). Usable as a bridge but must be taught explicitly as the Father’s voice addressing the Son — a relational, intra-Trinitarian moment — not a generic superlative honorific.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: Damai sejahtera
Transliteration: DAH-mai seh-jah-TEH-rah
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ketenangan (inner calm)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Invoked in the opening greeting (1:2), ‘multiplied … in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord.‘
Prophecy
Approved rendering: Nubuat
Transliteration: noo-boo-AHT
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ramalan (fortune-telling/prediction)
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
2 Peter 1:20-21: ‘no prophecy of Scripture’ originates from human interpretation but from the Spirit; also 3:2’s ‘predictions of the holy prophets.’ Avoid ramalan.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: keh-rah-JAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Hope of the Eternal Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: pentadbiran Allah (God’s administration)
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Root of 2 Peter 1:11’s compound ‘the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ’ (see eternal_kingdom entry below). Retains the baseline’s caution that Kerajaan also means ‘government’ in modern Malay.
Myths
Approved rendering: Cerita rekaan
Transliteration: cheh-REE-tah reh-KAH-ahn
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Rejected alternatives: cerita (neutral ‘story’, loses pejorative force)
Original: μῦθος
Category: Scripture
Original: mythos, 1:16. Peter contrasts apostolic testimony with fabricated myth. Must carry the pejorative ‘fabricated/invented’ force, not a neutral ‘story’.
Eyewitnesses
Approved rendering: Saksi mata
Transliteration: SAHK-see MAH-tah
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Original: ἐπόπτης
Category: Scripture
Original: epoptai, 1:16, 1:18. Standard Malay legal/testimonial term; no direct religious collision. Teach alongside 1:21’s Spirit-inspiration as the human, historical complement — the dual ground of Scripture’s reliability.
Hard To Understand
Approved rendering: Sukar difahami
Transliteration: SOO-kar dee-fah-HAH-mee
Doctrine: Doctrinal Stability and Recognition of Apostolic Scripture
Original: δυσνόητα
Category: Scripture
Original: dysnoēta, 3:16. Marks Paul’s letters as canonical ‘Scripture’ — a significant early canon-recognition data point supporting the Reliability of Scripture doctrine.
Excellence Virtue
Approved rendering: Keutamaan
Transliteration: keh-oo-TAH-mahn
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀρετή
Category: Virtue
Original: aretē, 1:3 (of God), 1:5 (of believers). Teach as a Spirit-enabled response flowing from grace (1:3-4), not a self-generated Greek-philosophical achievement or an independently meritorious akhlak mulia framework.
Knowledge General
Approved rendering: Pengetahuan
Transliteration: peng-eh-TAH-oo-ahn
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Virtue
Original: gnōsis, 1:5-6, 3:18. Deliberately distinguished from epignōsis above; lower risk as a virtue-list item.
Steadfastness Endurance
Approved rendering: Ketekunan
Transliteration: keh-teh-KOO-nahn
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Virtue
Original: hypomonē, 1:6. Must stay lexically distinct from God’s own patience (makrothymia, rendered Kesabaran Allah in ch.3) so the human-virtue doctrine (Growing in Christian Virtue) is kept separate from the divine-attribute doctrine (Patience of God’s Timing).
Love
Approved rendering: Kasih
Transliteration: KAH-sih
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Virtue
Original: agapē, 1:7, the culminating virtue in the growth chain. Must be kept visually/lexically distinct from the baseline’s Kasih kurnia (grace) despite the shared root kasih, so learners do not conflate God’s saving favor with the relational virtue believers cultivate.
Sinful Desire
Approved rendering: Hawa nafsu
Transliteration: HAH-wah NAHF-soo
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
Original: epithymia, 1:4, 2:10, 2:18, 3:3. Genuine resonance with Islamic nafs ethics (nafs ammarah, the soul commanding evil). Teaching should note that in 2 Peter the remedy is grace-enabled participation in Christ’s transforming power, not self-disciplined nafs-mastery alone.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: Hawa nafsu yang keji / Kecabulan
Transliteration: HAH-wah NAHF-soo yahng KEH-jee
Doctrine: The Depravity and Conduct of False Teachers
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Sin
Original: aselgeia, 2:2, 2:7, 2:18. Intensified form of epithymia above (‘keji’ = vile/depraved), capturing shameless, unrestrained indecency. Dual phrasing retained for context-sensitive selection.
False Teachers
Approved rendering: Guru-guru palsu
Transliteration: GOO-roo GOO-roo PAHL-soo
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι
Category: False Teachers
Original: pseudodidaskaloi, 2:1. Straightforward compound; lower risk than ‘false prophets’ since guru (teacher) carries no equivalent Islamic doctrinal weight to nabi.
Flood Deluge
Approved rendering: Air bah
Transliteration: AH-yeer bahh
Doctrine: Judgment of the Fallen Angels and Historical Examples of Judgment
Original: κατακλυσμός
Category: Judgment
Original: kataklysmos, 2:5. Standard Malay Bible term for Noah’s flood; genuine narrative parallel with the Qur’anic Nuh account (Qur’an 11, 71), though 2 Peter’s theological emphasis (a type of certain end-time judgment, 3:5-7) differs and should be taught explicitly.
Noah Lot Sodom Balaam
Approved rendering: Nuh / Lut / Sodom dan Gomora / Bileam
Transliteration: n/a (proper names)
Doctrine: Judgment of the Fallen Angels and Historical Examples of Judgment
Rejected alternatives: Qur’anic-style spellings/phrasing (e.g. ‘Nabi Luth’), rejected in favor of established Alkitab proper-name forms
Original: Νῶε / Λώτ / Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα / Βαλαάμ
Category: Judgment
Original: Νῶε / Λώτ / Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα / Βαλαάμ, 2:5-7, 2:15-16. All four have documented parallels in Qur’anic narrative; teaching material should note both the resonance and the distinct theological point 2 Peter draws from each (certain judgment on the ungodly, certain rescue of the godly), not full narrative identity with the Qur’anic accounts.
Accursed Children
Approved rendering: Anak-anak laknat
Transliteration: AH-nahk AH-nahk LAHK-naht
Doctrine: The Depravity and Conduct of False Teachers
Original: κατάρας τέκνα
Category: Judgment
Original: kataras tekna, 2:14, a Hebraic idiom (‘children of X’ = people characterized by X). Laknat (curse) is an Arabic-loan term used in Malay religious discourse, giving reasonable conceptual overlap; needs a brief teaching gloss so the idiom is not misread as folk-superstitious hereditary/family cursing.
New Heavens And New Earth
Approved rendering: Langit yang baru dan bumi yang baru
Transliteration: LAHNG-eet yahng BAH-roo dahn BOO-mee yahng BAH-roo
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: καινοὶ οὐρανοὶ καὶ γῆ καινή
Category: Eschatology
Original: kainoi ouranoi kai gē kainē, 3:13. Genuine, positive parallel with Islamic and general Malay eschatological hope for a renewed/paradisal final state (Jannah). Anchor specifically to Christ’s own righteousness (Kebenaran) dwelling there, not a separately-defined paradise reached by a deeds-ledger.
Perish
Approved rendering: Binasa
Transliteration: bee-NAH-sah
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: ἀπόλλυμι
Category: Judgment
Original: apollymi, 3:9. Rendered cognate with Kebinasaan (corruption, chs. 1-2) to preserve the intertextual link between escaping corruption (1:4) and avoiding final perishing (3:9).
Servant Bondservant
Approved rendering: Hamba
Transliteration: HAHM-bah
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
Original: doulos, 1:1. Peter’s self-designation of total ownership by and submission to Christ, paired with ‘apostle.’ ‘Hamba Allah’ is a common devotional Islamic-Malay self-designation, giving Hamba real positive cultural resonance provided the object (Kristus/Yesus Kristus, not a generic deity) remains explicit.
Majesty
Approved rendering: Kebesaran / Keagungan
Transliteration: keh-beh-SAH-rahn / keh-ah-GOONG-ahn
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Original: μεγαλειότης
Category: Christology
Original: megaleiotēs, 1:16. Describes Christ’s transfiguration glory, anticipating his full divine majesty at the parousia. Close cousin of Kemuliaan (glory); should not be confused with or substitute for Kemuliaan in the same verse cluster.
Beloved
Approved rendering: Yang dikasihi
Transliteration: yahng dee-KAH-see-hee
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
Original: agapētos, 1:17. The Father’s declaration of deep affection for the Son. Uses the Kasih root; must be kept distinct from the baseline’s Kasih kurnia (grace) to avoid conflating the Father’s eternal love for the Son with grace toward sinners.
Well Pleased
Approved rendering: Berkenan
Transliteration: ber-KEH-nahn
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: εὐδοκέω
Category: God
Original: eudokeō, 1:17. The Father’s approving delight in the Son at the transfiguration. Standard religious-register term for divine approval/pleasure; must retain settled divine delight, not mere tolerance.
Eternal Kingdom
Approved rendering: Kerajaan yang kekal
Transliteration: keh-rah-JAH-ahn yahng KEH-kahl
Doctrine: Hope of the Eternal Kingdom
Original: αἰώνιος βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Original: aiōnios basileia, 1:11, ‘the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.’ Built on the baseline’s Kerajaan Allah; the explicit possessive phrase must be retained in full so readers do not read this as a bureaucratic or nationalist entity, given Kerajaan’s ordinary modern-Malay ‘government’ sense.
Low Risk Terms
Self Control
Approved rendering: Penguasaan diri
Transliteration: peng-goo-ah-SAH-ahn DEE-ree
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Virtue
Original: enkrateia, 1:6. Standard, low-collision ethical term.
Brotherly Affection
Approved rendering: Kasih persaudaraan
Transliteration: KAH-sih per-sow-dah-RAH-ahn
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Virtue
Original: philadelphia, 1:7. Standard term, no significant collision.
Covetousness Greed
Approved rendering: Ketamakan
Transliteration: keh-tah-MAH-kahn
Doctrine: The Depravity and Conduct of False Teachers
Original: πλεονεξία
Category: Sin
Original: pleonexia, 2:3, 2:14. Standard ethical term, minimal collision risk.
Irrational Animals
Approved rendering: Binatang yang tidak berakal
Transliteration: bee-NAH-tahng yahng TEE-dahk beh-RAH-kahl
Doctrine: The Depravity and Conduct of False Teachers
Original: ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: False Teachers
Original: aloga zōa, 2:12. Straightforward metaphor for false teachers’ unreasoning, instinct-driven behavior.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: Pencemuh
Transliteration: pen-CHEH-mooh
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Eschatology
Original: empaiktai, 3:3. Standard term for mockers; sets up the chapter’s central objection to the parousia (v.4).
Elements
Approved rendering: Unsur-unsur
Transliteration: OON-soor OON-soor
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: στοιχεῖα
Category: Eschatology
Original: stoicheia, 3:10, 3:12. Standard scientific/cosmological term for the basic constituent elements of the physical cosmos, dissolved by fire; anchor to this physical-cosmic sense, not the ‘elementary teachings’ sense found elsewhere in the NT.
Thief Simile
Approved rendering: Pencuri
Transliteration: pen-CHOO-ree
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: κλέπτης
Category: Eschatology
Original: kleptēs, 3:10. Standard simile (‘the day of the Lord will come like a thief’); worth cross-referencing Matthew 24:43 and 1 Thessalonians 5:2 for doctrinal continuity in teaching notes.
Without Spot Or Blemish
Approved rendering: Tanpa cacat cela
Transliteration: TAHN-pah CHAH-chaht CHEH-lah
Doctrine: Doctrinal Stability and Recognition of Apostolic Scripture
Original: ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι
Category: Sanctification
Original: aspiloi kai amōmētoi, 3:14. OT sacrificial-purity idiom; connects to the baseline Sanctification doctrine (Kudus/Pengudusan).
Firm Settled Standing
Approved rendering: Keteguhan
Transliteration: keh-teh-GOO-hahn
Doctrine: Doctrinal Stability and Recognition of Apostolic Scripture
Original: στηριγμός
Category: Faith
Original: stērigmos, 3:17. Closes the letter’s exhortation to remain doctrinally stable against the false teachers’ distortion, tying chapters 2 and 3 together thematically.
Honor
Approved rendering: Hormat / kehormatan
Transliteration: HOR-maht
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: τιμή
Category: Christology
Original: timē, 1:17. Honor conferred by God the Father on the Son at the transfiguration. Standard term, no significant collision.
Tent Tabernacle Body
Approved rendering: Kemah (tubuh)
Transliteration: KEH-mah (TOO-booh)
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Original: σκήνωμα
Category: Eschatology
Original: skēnōma, 1:13-14. Peter’s body as a temporary dwelling he will soon ‘put off.’ Render literally as ‘kemah’ (tent) with ‘tubuh’ (body) as a clarifying gloss on first use; echoes OT tabernacle imagery.
Departure
Approved rendering: Pemergian
Transliteration: peh-mer-GEE-ahn
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Authority
Original: ἔξοδος
Category: Eschatology
Original: exodos, 1:15. Peter’s euphemism for his own coming death, echoing both the Exodus narrative and Christ’s own coming death at the Transfiguration (Luke 9:31). Natural, respectful Malay euphemism; the Exodus/Transfiguration echo needs a teaching footnote rather than lexical equivalence.
Referenced passages