Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 1 Corinthians (English → Malay)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across the whole of 1 Corinthians. Terms marked [Baseline] are reused exactly from the Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json with no change; new terms proposed for this curriculum are marked [New] and are candidates for addition to translation memory (subject to Phase 1 Step 8 sign-off and Phase 2 theologian review for Critical/High items). Risk tiers and review routing follow doctrine_risk_registry.json conventions.
Reused Baseline Terms (Occurring in 1 Corinthians)
| English Term | Malay Rendering | Risk | Chapters | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | Injil | High | 1, 4, 9, 15 | [Baseline] |
| Grace | Kasih kurnia | High | 1, 3, 15, 16 | [Baseline] |
| Faith | Iman | High | 2, 3, 12, 13, 15, 16 | [Baseline] |
| Apostle | Rasul | High | 1, 4, 9, 12, 15 | [Baseline] |
| Called / Calling | Dipanggil / Panggilan | High | 1, 7 | [Baseline] |
| Holy | Kudus | High | 1, 3, 7, 16 | [Baseline] |
| Saints | Orang kudus | High | 1, 6 | [Baseline] |
| Sanctification | Pengudusan | High | 1, 6 | [Baseline] |
| Justification | Diperbenarkan | Critical | 4, 6 | [Baseline] |
| Righteousness | Kebenaran | Critical | 1, 6 | [Baseline] |
| Salvation | Keselamatan | Critical | 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 15 | [Baseline] |
| Resurrection | Kebangkitan | Critical | 6, 15 | [Baseline] |
| Lord | Tuhan | Critical | throughout | [Baseline] |
| Power of God | Kuasa Allah | High | 1, 2, 6 | [Baseline] |
| Glory | Kemuliaan | High | 10, 11, 15 | [Baseline] |
| Church | Gereja | Medium | 1, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 | [Baseline] |
| Fellowship | Persekutuan | Low | 1, 10 | [Baseline] |
| Covenant | Perjanjian | Medium | 11 | [Baseline] |
| Prophet / Prophecy | Nabi / Nubuat | Low-Medium | 12, 13, 14 | [Baseline] |
| Sin | Dosa | High | 15 | [Baseline] |
| Father | Bapa | Critical | 8 | [Baseline] |
| God | Allah | Critical | throughout | [Baseline] |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | 2, 3, 6, 12 | [Baseline] |
| Jesus | Yesus | Critical | throughout | [Baseline] |
| Messiah/Christ | Kristus | Critical | throughout | [Baseline] |
| Spiritual Gifts | Karunia rohani | Medium | 7, 12, 14 | [Baseline] |
| Thanksgiving | Kesyukuran | Low | 14 | [Baseline] |
| Kingdom of God | Kerajaan Allah | Medium | 4, 6, 15 | [Baseline] |
| Abba | Abba | High | (Aramaic pattern precedent for Maranatha, ch. 16) | [Baseline] |
New Terms Introduced by 1 Corinthians
| English Term | Malay Rendering | Original (Greek) | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives | Translation Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross | Salib | σταυρός (stauros) | Critical | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 2, 15 | — (established Alkitab term) | Qur’an 4:157 denies the crucifixion itself; must be taught alongside the Resurrection doctrine’s existing baseline caution, never softened or allegorized away. |
| Wisdom (of God/world) | Hikmat | σοφία (sophia) | High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 2, 3 | — | Hikmah is a significant Islamic theological category (divine wisdom); must be distinguished from Paul’s specific cross-centered “wisdom of God.” |
| Foolishness | Kebodohan | μωρία (mōria) | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1 | — | Preserve the ironic foolish-to-world/wise-to-God reversal in teaching notes. |
| Division / Faction | Perpecahan | σχίσμα (schisma) | High | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 1, 3, 11 | perbezaan pendapat (mere difference of opinion — too weak) | Must not be softened given Malaysia’s own plural ethnic-church landscape; this is relational rupture, not preference diversity. |
| Spiritual person / Natural person | Rohani / manusia biasa (tanpa Roh) | πνευματικός / ψυχικός | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 2 | — | Contrast is Spirit-possession, not intellect or education level. |
| Mind of Christ | Fikiran Kristus | νοῦς Χριστοῦ | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 2 | — | Not a claim to private revelation; Spirit-given insight into what is already revealed. |
| Temple (of God / believer’s body) | Bait (Allah) | ναός (naos) | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 3, 6 | masjid (mosque — wrong category) | Distinguish from mosque-as-sacred-building and from animist spirit-indwelling (semangat) concepts. |
| Foundation | Asas | θεμέλιος (themelios) | Low | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 3 | — | Standard, unambiguous. |
| Steward | Pengurus / penatalayan | οἰκονόμος (oikonomos) | Low-Medium | Church order/leadership | 4 | — | Delegated, accountable authority; a useful cultural bridge via household-management imagery. |
| Mystery | Rahsia (yang telah dinyatakan) | μυστήριον (mystērion) | High | Inspiration/Revelation | 4 | — | Must be distinguished from Islamic ghaib (the unknowable unseen) and from occult “secret knowledge” — this is truth God has now fully disclosed. |
| Sexual immorality | Percabulan | πορνεία (porneia) | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5, 6 | zina (an operative Syariah criminal-law category in Malaysia) | Never use zina, paralleling the baseline’s Syariah/Hukum Taurat caution — avoids importing an operative Malaysian civil-legal category into NT church discipline. |
| Leaven | Ragi | ζύμη (zymē) | Low | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | — | Passover background may need brief explanatory teaching. |
| Deliver to Satan | Menyerahkan kepada Iblis | παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᾷ | Medium-High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | — | Restorative discipline formula, not a curse; distinguish from folk-magic harm beliefs (santau, ilmu hitam). |
| Body (temple / member of Christ) | Tubuh / badan | σῶμα (sōma) | High | Church Discipline and Holiness; The Lord’s Supper; Spiritual Gifts | 6, 11, 12, 15 | — | The body matters to God and will be resurrected; not a disposable shell. |
| Bought with a price | Dibeli dengan harga (yang mahal) | ἠγοράσθητε τιμῆς | Medium-High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 6 | — | Redemption/slave-purchase metaphor; frame as belonging-not-self-ownership. |
| Marriage | Perkahwinan | γάμος (gamos) | Low | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | — | Standard, adequate. |
| Virgin | Anak dara / perawan | παρθένος (parthenos) | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | — | Keep distinct from any later Mariological usage if curriculum expands to the Gospels. |
| Gift (of marriage/celibacy) | Karunia | χάρισμα (charisma) | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | — | Extended usage beyond ch. 12-14 ministry gifts; flag distinctly in teaching notes. |
| Idol | Berhala | εἴδωλον (eidōlon) | Critical | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | — | Strong common ground with Islamic shirk condemnation; still requires clarifying Paul’s specific liberty-of-conscience question is pastoral, not a halal/haram-certification parallel. |
| Food offered to idols | Makanan yang dipersembahkan kepada berhala | εἰδωλόθυτον (eidōlothyton) | High | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | — | Culturally distant scenario; apply conscience/liberty principles pastorally, with legal-safety awareness akin to the baseline’s evangelism caution. |
| Conscience | Hati nurani | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | — | “Weak conscience” is pastoral tenderness, not character weakness. |
| Knowledge | Pengetahuan | γνῶσις (gnōsis) | Low-Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8 | — | Ties forward to ch. 13’s love-versus-knowledge argument. |
| Free / Freedom | Bebas | ἐλεύθερος (eleutheros) | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 9 | merdeka (national-independence connotation) | Prefer bebas over merdeka to avoid unintended political resonance. |
| Idolatry | Penyembahan berhala | εἰδωλολατρία (eidōlolatria) | Critical | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | — | Same profile as “Idol” above. |
| Demon(s) | Roh jahat / syaitan-syaitan | δαιμόνιον (daimonion) | Critical | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | jin (specifically Islamic cosmological category) | Must not import the Islamic jin category directly; teach as fallen spiritual beings under Christ’s authority, distinct from the folk-animist bomoh/exorcism substrate. |
| Table of the Lord | Meja Tuhan | τράπεζα κυρίου | Medium | The Lord’s Supper | 10 | — | Anticipates full Lord’s Supper doctrine in ch. 11. |
| Temptation | Godaan / pencubaan | πειρασμός (peirasmos) | Low-Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | — | Standard, well understood. |
| Head / Headship | Kepala | κεφαλή (kephalē) | High | Order in Worship | 11 | — | Present as an area of ongoing interpretive discussion (source/origin vs. authority), not resolved unilaterally by translation. |
| Head covering / veiling | Menutup kepala / tudung kepala | κατακαλύπτω (katakalyptō) | Critical | Order in Worship | 11 | — | Extremely sensitive given the tudung’s socio-political weight in Malaysia; requires theologian AND native-speaker cultural review before use in any teaching material. |
| New covenant (in his blood) | Perjanjian baharu (dalam darah-Nya) | καινὴ διαθήκη | Medium | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | — | High-use liturgical phrase; render consistently across all Supper-related material. |
| Remembrance | Peringatan | ἀνάμνησις (anamnēsis) | Low | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | — | Participatory commemoration, not mere mental recollection. |
| Unworthily / discern the body | Dengan cara yang tidak layak / membezakan tubuh Tuhan | ἀναξίως / διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα | Medium | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | — | Connect to genuine self-examination, not merit-earned worthiness. |
| Body of Christ | Tubuh Kristus | σῶμα Χριστοῦ | High | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | Strong cultural-resonance bridge (gotong-royong communal solidarity), while remaining specifically Christ-united. |
| Members | Anggota | μέλη (melē) | Low | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | Standard, adequate. |
| Tongues | Bahasa roh / karunia berbahasa lain | γλῶσσα (glōssa) | High | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ; Order in Worship | 12, 14 | — | Intra-Christian charismatic/cessationist sensitivity; keep translation choice neutral and non-partisan. |
| Distinguishing of spirits | Karunia membezakan roh-roh | διακρίσεις πνευμάτων | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | — | Reinforce one-true-Spirit framework against the folk-animist multiple-spirit substrate. |
| Love | Kasih | ἀγάπη (agapē) | Critical | Love as the Greater Way | 13 | cinta, kasih sayang (romantic/affectionate love — insufficient alone) | Established Alkitab “Perikop Kasih” term; must be explicitly distinguished from Kasih kurnia (grace) and from romantic-love registers. Route every occurrence to human theologian review. |
| Hope | Pengharapan | ἐλπίς (elpis) | Medium | Love as the Greater Way | 13 | — | Part of the faith-hope-love triad (13:13); render consistently. |
| Interpretation | Tafsiran | ἑρμηνεία (hermēneia) | Low | Order in Worship | 14 | — | Standard, adequate. |
| Order | Tertib | τάξις (taxis) | Low | Order in Worship | 14 | — | Standard, adequate. |
| Silence (women in the churches) | Berdiam diri | σιγάω (sigaō) | High | Order in Worship | 14 | — | Genuinely contested interpretive crux; render literally and present major interpretive options fairly in teaching material rather than resolving unilaterally. |
| Appeared (resurrection appearance) | Menampakkan diri kepada | ὤφθη (ōphthē) | Critical | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | mendapat penglihatan tentang (private vision — too weak) | Objective, externally-witnessed appearance; must not be softened into a subjective-vision reading that would support a non-bodily resurrection interpretation. |
| Delivered / Received (tradition) | Menyampaikan / Menerima | παραδίδωμι / παραλαμβάνω | High | Inspiration of Scripture; The Resurrection of Christ | 15 | — | Fixed, early, eyewitness-rooted apostolic creed; potential cultural bridge to isnad-chain concept, handled carefully to counter tahrif-based doubt. |
| Fallen asleep (death euphemism) | Telah meninggal dunia / tertidur | κοιμάομαι (koimaomai) | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Deliberate sleep-metaphor implying resurrection hope; distinct from ἀποθνῄσκω’s plain “died” used of Christ himself. |
| Firstfruits | Buah sulung | ἀπαρχή (aparchē) | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Christ’s resurrection guarantees, not merely illustrates, believers’ future resurrection. |
| Spiritual body | Tubuh rohani | σῶμα πνευματικόν | Critical | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | A real, transformed, Spirit-empowered physical body — NOT a disembodied/non-physical spirit; must not invert Paul’s meaning. |
| Corruption / Incorruption | Kebinasaan / ketidakbinasaan | φθορά / ἀφθαρσία | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Paired antithesis; render consistently throughout ch. 15 teaching. |
| Victory | Kemenangan | νῖκος (nikos) | Low | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Standard, adequate. |
| Sting | Sengat | κέντρον (kentron) | Low | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | — | Standard, adequate. |
| Collection | Kutipan derma / persembahan | λογεία (logeia) | Low | Church practice | 16 | — | Standard, adequate; natural point of contact with existing giving practice. |
| Maranatha | Maranata | μαράνα θά (Aramaic) | Medium | Eschatological hope | 16 | — | Retain untranslated, following the Abba precedent in the Romans baseline. |
| Holy kiss | Ciuman kudus | φίλημα ἅγιον | Low-Medium | Christian Fellowship | 16 | — | First-century greeting custom; note culturally equivalent greetings without altering the translated text. |
Risk Summary (New Terms Only)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 9 (Cross, Idol, Idolatry, Demon(s), Head covering/veiling, Love, Appeared, Spiritual body, and their shared collision points) | Human theologian required for every occurrence |
| High | 13 | Human theologian required |
| Medium | 16 | Native speaker review recommended |
| Low | 13 | Automated review sufficient |
Notes for Phase 2 Integration
- All [Baseline] terms above must load from the existing
translation_memory.jsonwithout modification; this glossary does not redefine them, only documents their recurrence in 1 Corinthians. - All [New] terms in this glossary are proposed additions to translation memory; Critical and High risk new terms (Cross, Wisdom, Temple, Mystery, Sexual immorality, Body, Idol, Food offered to idols, Idolatry, Demon(s), Head, Head covering/veiling, Body of Christ, Tongues, Love, Silence, Appeared, Delivered/Received, Spiritual body) require human theologian sign-off before Phase 2 translation begins, per the established doctrine risk registry escalation rules.
- The three most culturally sensitive new collision points introduced by this curriculum — (a) Head covering/veiling (ch. 11, tudung-adjacent sensitivity), (b) Demon(s) (ch. 10, jin/animist substrate), and (c) Love (ch. 13, overlap with Kasih kurnia and romantic-love registers) — should receive dedicated review sessions beyond standard segment-level flagging, given their combination of high doctrinal load and high everyday cultural visibility in Malaysia.
- This glossary should be merged into an updated
translation_memory.json(version increment) before any Phase 2 segment translation for 1 Corinthians begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Justification
Approved rendering: Diperbenarkan
Transliteration: dee-per-beh-NAHR-kahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: diampunkan (forgiven, alone)
Original: δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. A forensic-legal declaration, not merely forgiveness. 1 Corinthians extension: 6:11’s triple past-tense sequence (‘you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified’) is a teaching point on the completeness of conversion; a one-word rendering rarely suffices and the full sequence must be preserved.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh (righteous deeds, as the ground itself)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Kebenaran can ambiguously mean ‘truth/correctness’ as well as moral righteousness; never present as equivalent to amal soleh. 1 Corinthians extension: 1:30 (‘Christ Jesus, who became to us… righteousness’) and 6:11 both reuse this baseline term exactly; do not re-coin.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Keselamatan
Transliteration: keh-seh-lah-MAH-tahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: masuk syurga (entering paradise, as the whole content)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Must not be diluted into everyday ‘selamat’ well-wishing, nor deferred entirely to an undisclosed Judgment Day outcome. 1 Corinthians extension: 15:2’s present passive ‘you are being saved’ (sedang diselamatkan) reinforces an ongoing, present-tense secured reality grounded in continuing to hold the specific gospel content of 15:3-5; render with both the already-secured ground and present continuance preserved.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: Kebangkitan
Transliteration: keh-bahng-KIT-ahn
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: diangkat naik ke syurga (being raised up to heaven, without dying)
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Must affirm real bodily death followed by bodily resurrection; never substitute a no-death-ascension reading. 1 Corinthians extension: chapter 15 is the fullest NT treatment of this doctrine in the whole curriculum; the perfect-tense force of ἐγήγερται (15:4, ‘has been raised and remains risen’) should be surfaced in teaching notes even where Malay morphology cannot mark it directly.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: TOO-hahn
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: tuan (master/sir, non-divine)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Established Alkitab term (Tuhan Yesus); Tuan denotes a human master/sir and must never substitute. 1 Corinthians extension: used throughout for both Christ’s supreme lordship and covenant ownership of the Supper (‘the Lord’s Supper,’ Perjamuan Tuhan, 11:20; ‘the Lord’s table,’ Meja Tuhan, 10:21) — both senses must retain the exclusive divine claim.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: BAH-pah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Pencipta (Creator, as a substitute to avoid relational language)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Teach the relational, adoptive sense directly rather than retreating to the flatter Pencipta. 1 Corinthians extension: 8:6 (‘one God, the Father, from whom are all things’) anchors monotheistic confession to the Father specifically within a Trinitarian framing that also names ‘one Lord, Jesus Christ.‘
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan (used for ‘Lord’ in this Language Package; reserving Allah for ‘God’ keeps the two terms distinct as Alkitab does)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Malaysia’s single most legally and politically sensitive term (see the Allah litigation history documented in 04_comparative_theology.md). Used throughout 1 Corinthians without modification; must never be substituted.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: ROHKH KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: Jibril (the archangel Gabriel), roh halus (a generic nature/subtle spirit in traditional Malay animist belief)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Must not be equated with Jibril or with roh halus given the animist substrate underlying parts of Malay folk culture. 1 Corinthians extension: central to ch. 2 (Spirit-given discernment), chs. 3 and 6 (temple indwelling), and ch. 12 (spiritual gifts and distinguishing of spirits) — the folk-animist multiple-spirit substrate risk recurs sharply at 12:10’s ‘distinguishing of spirits’ gift.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: YEH-soos
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isa (the Qur’anic name, deliberately avoided by established Alkitab convention)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. The Alkitab deliberately uses Yesus rather than the Qur’anic Isa. Used throughout 1 Corinthians, including the creedal recitation of 15:1-11; never render as Isa.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: Al-Masih (the Qur’anic title, deliberately avoided in favor of the Greek-derived Alkitab convention)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Established Alkitab usage (Yesus Kristus) deliberately avoids Al-Masih. 1 Corinthians extension: 15:3 (‘Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures’) is the creedal anchor of this curriculum’s core passage; never render as Al-Masih.
Cross
Approved rendering: Salib
Transliteration: sah-LEEB
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σταυρός
Category: Atonement
Established Alkitab term retained. Directly collides with Qur’an 4:157, which denies Jesus was actually crucified — the same collision profile as the baseline’s Critical resurrection doctrine, now anchored earlier and more centrally in this letter (1:17-25, 2:2, 15:3-4). Never soften, allegorize, or omit. Route every occurrence to human theologian review.
Idol
Approved rendering: Berhala
Transliteration: ber-HAH-lah
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἴδωλον
Category: Idolatry
An image representing a false deity, or the false deity itself, which Paul says has no real existence as a rival god (8:4). Directly parallels shirk, the gravest sin category in Islamic theology — genuine common ground — but Paul’s specific pastoral liberty-of-conscience question must not be conflated with Malaysia’s contemporary halal/haram certification framework, which operates under actual civil/Syariah regulatory authority (JAKIM).
Idolatry
Approved rendering: Penyembahan berhala
Transliteration: peh-nyem-BAH-hahn ber-HAH-lah
Doctrine: Idolatry and the Reality of Demonic Powers
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Idolatry
The practice of worshiping a false god (10:14, ‘flee from idolatry’). Same collision profile as ‘idol’ above (parallels shirk); genuine common ground with Islamic monotheistic conviction should be affirmed while clarifying the specific NT pastoral-liberty question.
Demons
Approved rendering: Roh jahat / Syaitan-syaitan
Transliteration: rohkh JAH-haht / shai-TAHN shai-TAHN
Doctrine: Idolatry and the Reality of Demonic Powers
Rejected alternatives: jin (specifically Islamic cosmological category)
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Idolatry
Real, malevolent spiritual beings behind pagan idol-worship, opposed to God (10:20-21). Intersects mainstream Islamic cosmology’s formal affirmation of jin (a point of contact, though jin must not be used as a direct substitute) and the pre-Islamic Malay animist substrate (bomoh folk-healing, exorcism rites); teach as fallen spiritual beings under Christ’s supreme authority.
Head Covering
Approved rendering: Menutup kepala / Tudung kepala
Transliteration: meh-NOO-toop keh-PAH-lah / TOO-doong keh-PAH-lah
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: κατακαλύπτω
Category: Order in Worship
A first-century Corinthian cultural practice of head-covering during worship (11:4-16). The tudung is an extremely visible, politically and socially loaded marker of Muslim identity and modesty compliance in contemporary Malaysia. Requires theologian AND native-speaker cultural review before use in any teaching material; frame strictly as first-century cultural practice, never as endorsement or rejection of the tudung itself.
Love
Approved rendering: Kasih
Transliteration: KAH-sih
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Rejected alternatives: cinta, kasih sayang (romantic/affectionate love — insufficient alone)
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Love
Self-giving, willed love that seeks the good of another regardless of merit or reciprocity (ch. 13, the established Alkitab ‘Perikop Kasih’). Kasih shares its root with Kasih kurnia (grace, Critical baseline term) and with everyday Malay affection/romance vocabulary; every occurrence must be explicitly taught as distinct from both. Route every occurrence in ch. 13 to human theologian review, not just doctrinally ‘loaded’ verses.
Appeared
Approved rendering: Menampakkan diri kepada
Transliteration: meh-nahm-PAHK-kahn DEE-ree keh-PAH-dah
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: mendapat penglihatan tentang (private vision — too weak)
Original: ὤφθη
Category: Resurrection
An objective, externally-witnessed appearance, technical NT/LXX vocabulary distinct from private vision or dream language (15:5-8). A softer rendering implying private inner experience would support exactly the non-bodily, spiritualized resurrection reading compatible with Qur’an 4:157’s denial of Christ’s death. Flag every occurrence (15:5, 6, 7, 8) for human theologian review.
Spiritual Body
Approved rendering: Tubuh rohani
Transliteration: TOO-booh roh-HAH-nee
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: σῶμα πνευματικόν
Category: Resurrection
A real, transformed, imperishable physical body animated and empowered by the Spirit — NOT an immaterial/non-physical body (15:44). Risks being misread as ‘non-physical/ghostly body’ on a plain Malay reading, precisely inverting Paul’s point; mandatory teaching gloss required on every occurrence, paralleling the baseline’s Critical resurrection caution.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: IN-jeel
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: berita baik (generic ‘good news’, without the proclamation weight)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Injil is the established Alkitab (Malay Bible) term, shared with the Qur’anic name for the revelation given to Isa, which Islamic doctrine treats as historically altered (tahrif). This curriculum uses Injil for Paul’s living proclamation specifically, not as a bare reference to a contested book. 1 Corinthians extension: 15:1-4 anchors Injil to a specific, fixed creedal content (Christ’s death, burial, resurrection, appearances) — teach this concrete anchoring explicitly.
Grace
Approved rendering: Kasih kurnia
Transliteration: KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat (mercy, an Arabic-loan term operating within a deeds-and-mercy Islamic judgment framework)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Kasih kurnia (‘loving favor’) is a native Malay-Sanskrit compound rather than an Arabic loanword, established to convey unearned favor apart from merit, distinct from rahmat. 1 Corinthians extension: 15:10’s threefold repetition (‘by the grace of God I am what I am… his grace was not in vain… the grace of God with me’) must not be smoothed into a single mention; also must be actively distinguished from Kasih (agapē, ch. 13) in teaching material, since both share the Kasih root.
Faith
Approved rendering: Iman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: kepercayaan (generic belief/trust)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Iman is shared with Islamic vocabulary (the pillars of belief). The object of faith must always be stated in context. 1 Corinthians extension: appears in the abiding faith-hope-love triad (13:13) and brackets the core passage’s creedal recitation (15:2, 15:11); ensure the object of faith (the specific gospel content of 15:3-5) remains explicit.
Apostle
Approved rendering: Rasul
Transliteration: RAH-sool
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: utusan (a lower-weight, purely secular ‘envoy/messenger’)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Rasul is also the specific Islamic category for a major prophet-messenger receiving new scripture (preeminently Muhammad). Every use must be accompanied by explicit teaching that a New Testament apostle is a Spirit-authorized eyewitness to the risen Christ, not a scripture-bearing prophet. 1 Corinthians extension: 9:1-2, 12:28-29, and especially 15:7-9 (Paul’s self-description as ‘the least of the apostles, unworthy to be called an apostle’) require this teaching to be reinforced at each occurrence.
Called
Approved rendering: Dipanggil
Transliteration: dee-PAHNG-gil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dijemput (invited, as to a social event)
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive across apostleship, sainthood, and effectual salvation-calling senses. 1 Corinthians extension: 1:1-2, 1:9, 1:24 apply this corporately to the Corinthian believers; 7:17-24 extends the related noun (calling) to a vocational/marital-state sense requiring careful disambiguation from salvation-calling.
Calling
Approved rendering: Panggilan
Transliteration: pahng-GIL-ahn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: jemputan
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form for the act/state of being called by God. 1 Corinthians extension: 7:17-24 (‘remain in the condition/calling in which you were called’) extends this to social/marital state specifically; context must disambiguate this vocational-state sense from the effectual-calling-to-salvation sense used elsewhere in the curriculum.
Holy
Approved rendering: Kudus
Transliteration: KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci (ritually/physically clean)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Kudus = set apart for God, morally pure; shared with the divine attribute Al-Quddus and used in Roh Kudus. 1 Corinthians extension: underlies ‘holy kiss’ (16:20) and the church’s sanctified identity (1:2, 7:14); keep the moral-relational sense distinct from ritual cleanliness in every occurrence.
Saints
Approved rendering: Orang kudus
Transliteration: OH-rahng KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali (Sufi saints venerated at keramat sites in traditional Malay Islam)
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Orang kudus = all believers corporately, set apart in Christ, not a Sufi-style venerated elite. 1 Corinthians extension: 1:2 and 6:1-2 both apply this corporately to the whole Corinthian congregation, including its most flawed members — reinforcing that sainthood is a status conferred, not earned by exceptional piety.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: Pengudusan
Transliteration: peng-goo-DOO-sahn
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: penyucian (ritual purification)
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy, not ceremonial/ritual cleansing. 1 Corinthians extension: 1:2 (church’s identity) and especially 6:11 (‘you were sanctified’), part of the definitive past-tense washed-sanctified-justified triad describing complete conversion from a named vice-list.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: Kuasa Allah
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kuasa ghaib (occult/supernatural power, associated with traditional Malay bomoh shamanic practice and animistic belief in semangat, life-force)
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Kuasa Allah is the doctrinally clean term for God’s sovereign power. 1 Corinthians extension: 1:18, 1:24, and 2:4-5 locate this power specifically and counter-intuitively in the cross itself and in Spirit-empowered (not rhetorically persuasive) preaching — a distinct nuance from the Romans 1:16 usage that should be flagged in teaching notes.
Glory
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur (divine light, associated with Nur Muhammad devotion in the historic Malay Sufi tradition, e.g. the writings of Hamzah Fansuri)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid nur, which evokes the pre-existent light of Muhammad in Malay Sufi devotional literature. 1 Corinthians extension: appears in 2:8 (‘the Lord of glory’ crucified — reinforcing, not softening, the crucifixion claim), 10:31, and 11:7, 15.
Prophet
Approved rendering: Nabi
Transliteration: NAH-bee
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ahli nujum (fortune-teller/astrologer)
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Nabi is the exact category Islamic theology places Jesus into (Nabi Isa); ensure OT/NT prophetic roles are distinguished from Christ’s own greater identity. 1 Corinthians extension: 12:28-29 and ch. 14 treat prophecy/prophet as a spontaneous congregational spiritual gift — distinguish this NT congregational sense from both OT predictive prophecy and the Islamic Nabi category.
Sin
Approved rendering: Dosa
Transliteration: DOH-sah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: kesilapan (mistake/error)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Islamic anthropology (fitrah, humans born sinless) resists inherited universal sinfulness. 1 Corinthians extension: 15:3, ‘Christ died for our sins’ — the creedal, substitutionary use anchors the whole atonement claim of the core passage; teach this alongside ‘ὑπέρ’ (on behalf of) as a substitutionary preposition, not merely causal.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: AH-bah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Aramaic term of intimacy preserved untranslated. Does not itself recur in 1 Corinthians but establishes the retained-Aramaic-transliteration precedent this package follows for Maranatha (16:22, see below).
Wisdom
Approved rendering: Hikmat
Transliteration: HEEK-maht
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σοφία
Category: Cross and Wisdom
Hikmat parallels hikmah, a significant Qur’anic/Islamic theological category (divine wisdom granted to prophets). Must be distinguished from Paul’s specific claim that the crucified Messiah himself, not superior religious insight, is the wisdom of God (1:18-25, 2:6-8, 3:19). First-use teaching should pair the term with ‘yang tersalib’ (crucified) to fence it against generic Islamic hikmah associations.
Division
Approved rendering: Perpecahan
Transliteration: per-peh-CHAH-hahn
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Rejected alternatives: perbezaan pendapat (mere difference of opinion — too weak)
Original: σχίσμα
Category: Church
Malaysia’s own ethnically and denominationally plural churches (Chinese, Indian, Iban, Kadazan-Dusun, Malay-background congregations) risk this being softened to ordinary difference-of-opinion language rather than the serious relational tearing Paul names (1:10-17, 3:1-9, 11:18-19). Must not be softened; distinguish healthy cultural/linguistic diversity from factional rupture.
Temple
Approved rendering: Bait (Allah)
Transliteration: BAH-eet (AHL-lahh)
Doctrine: Sanctity of the Body and Temple of the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: masjid (mosque — wrong category)
Original: ναός
Category: Church
Applied corporately to the church (3:16-17) and individually to the believer’s body (6:19). Must be distinguished from masjid as a sacred-building concept, and from folk-animist notions of spirit-indwelling in objects/places (semangat).
Mystery
Approved rendering: Rahsia (yang telah dinyatakan)
Transliteration: RAH-see-ah (yahng teh-LAH dee-nyah-TAH-kahn)
Doctrine: Apostolic Tradition and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: rahsia alone, unqualified (implies still-concealed, risks alignment with Islamic ghaib or occult ‘secret knowledge’)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Inspiration of Scripture
God’s redemptive plan, formerly hidden, now fully disclosed in Christ and entrusted to the apostles (4:1). Must be taught, every occurrence, as truth now fully disclosed — the opposite of ongoing concealment.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: Percabulan / Hubungan sumbang
Transliteration: per-chah-BOO-lahn / hoo-BOONG-ahn SOOM-bahng
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: zina (an operative Syariah criminal-law category in Malaysia enforced by JAIS/JAKIM, with real khalwat/zina legal consequences)
Original: πορνεία
Category: Church Discipline
Illicit sexual relations broadly (5:1, specifically incest); never render zina, paralleling the baseline’s Syariah/Hukum Taurat caution, since this would import a live civil-legal institution into a pastoral NT discipline argument.
Deliver To Satan
Approved rendering: Menyerahkan kepada Iblis
Transliteration: meh-nyeh-RAH-kahn keh-PAH-dah EEB-lees
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᾷ
Category: Church Discipline
A severe, restorative disciplinary formula (5:5) — removing a persistent, unrepentant sinner from fellowship for the goal of ultimate restoration, not a curse or occult act. Must be distinguished from folk-magic harm beliefs (santau, ilmu hitam) present in parts of Malay culture.
Body
Approved rendering: Tubuh / Badan
Transliteration: TOO-booh / BAH-dahn
Doctrine: Sanctity of the Body and Temple of the Holy Spirit
Original: σῶμα
Category: Sanctification
The physical human body, treated as morally and spiritually significant — a member of Christ and a temple of the Holy Spirit, destined for resurrection (6:12-20, 11:24-29, 12:12-27, 15:35-44). Must be explicitly unpacked to challenge both ascetic-dualist and libertine readings.
Food Offered To Idols
Approved rendering: Makanan yang dipersembahkan kepada berhala
Transliteration: mah-KAH-nahn yahng dee-per-sem-BAH-kahn keh-PAH-dah ber-HAH-lah
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἰδωλόθυτον
Category: Idolatry
Meat from pagan temple sacrifices, resold in the marketplace (chs. 8, 10). Culturally distant scenario, but the conscience-and-liberty principles have direct pastoral application to believers navigating halal-certification-adjacent social situations; handle with legal-safety care akin to the baseline’s evangelism caution.
Head Headship
Approved rendering: Kepala
Transliteration: keh-PAH-lah
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: κεφαλή
Category: Order in Worship
Head; metaphorically source/origin or authority/preeminence depending on context, in a relational chain (God-Christ-man-woman, 11:3). Given Malaysia’s plural gender-relations discourse and existing patriarchal household-headship norms, present as an area of ongoing interpretive discussion among Christian scholars, not resolved unilaterally by translation.
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: Tubuh Kristus
Transliteration: TOO-booh KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα Χριστοῦ
Category: Church
The church as a single organism with Christ-given diverse, interdependent parts (12:12-27). A strong, positive cultural-resonance bridge with Malaysian communal (gotong-royong, kampung-solidarity) social values; must retain clarity that this is specifically a Christ-united body, not a generic community-solidarity concept.
Tongues
Approved rendering: Bahasa roh / Karunia berbahasa lain
Transliteration: bah-HAH-sah rohkh / kah-ROO-nee-ah ber-bah-HAH-sah LAH-in
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Church
Either known human languages or Spirit-given ecstatic/prayer utterance requiring interpretation; one gift among many, not required of every believer (12:10, 28, 30; 14:1-40). Sits inside a live, contemporary charismatic/Pentecostal-versus-cessationist debate within Malaysian Christianity itself; keep the rendering neutral and non-partisan.
Silence Women
Approved rendering: Berdiam diri
Transliteration: ber-dee-AHM DEE-ree
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: σιγάω
Category: Church
A disputed instruction regarding the scope and cultural specificity of women keeping silence in the churches (14:34-35). Malaysia’s own active plural gender-role discourse means this passage will be read against an already-active local conversation; render literally without smoothing, and require teaching material presenting major interpretive options fairly rather than resolving unilaterally through translation.
Delivered Received Tradition
Approved rendering: Menyampaikan / Menerima
Transliteration: meh-nyahm-PIE-kahn / meh-neh-REE-mah
Doctrine: Apostolic Tradition and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: παραδίδωμι / παραλαμβάνω
Category: Inspiration of Scripture
Technical terms for transmitting and receiving a fixed creedal formula through an authorized chain (15:1, 3; also 11:23). Establishes the gospel as received apostolic tradition, not private invention. Potential cultural bridge to the Islamic isnad chain-of-transmission concept, but must be taught as a fixed, once-for-all apostolic creed rooted in eyewitness testimony to a historical, bodily event, directly countering tahrif-based doubts.
Medium Risk Terms
Church
Approved rendering: Gereja
Transliteration: geh-REH-jah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: jemaah (a term also used broadly for a mosque congregation or generic religious assembly)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Gereja is unambiguous and distinct from masjid and the more generic jemaah. 1 Corinthians extension: used for both the local Corinthian congregation (1:2) and the universal church Paul once persecuted (15:9); ensure ‘Gereja Allah’ reads corporately, not as a specific denominational institution.
Covenant
Approved rendering: Perjanjian
Transliteration: per-jahn-jee-AHN
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: kontrak (bare commercial contract)
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Perjanjian preserves the relational-promise dimension lost in kontrak. 1 Corinthians extension: 11:25 (‘this cup is the new covenant in my blood,’ Perjanjian baharu dalam darah-Nya) is a high-use liturgical phrase; always keep ‘dalam darah-Nya’ attached in the same clause to disambiguate from the book title ‘Perjanjian Baru’ (New Testament).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: Nubuat
Transliteration: noo-boo-AHT
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ramalan (fortune-telling/prediction)
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Ramalan carries divination/fortune-telling connotations and must be avoided. 1 Corinthians extension: chs. 12-14 treat prophecy as a Spirit-given congregational gift contrasted favorably with uninterpreted tongues (14:1-5); distinguish this sense from OT predictive prophecy referenced elsewhere in the curriculum.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: Karunia rohani
Transliteration: kah-ROO-nee-ah roh-HAH-nee
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: keramat (a miraculous power or site associated with a venerated wali in traditional Malay Islam)
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Always pair karunia with rohani; keramat must never be used. 1 Corinthians extension: ch. 12 gives the fullest NT taxonomy (wisdom, knowledge, faith, healing, miracles, prophecy, tongues, interpretation) ‘for the common good’ (12:7); ch. 7:7 extends the bare karunia term to marriage/singleness as a life-state gift — flag this extension distinctly.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: keh-rah-JAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: pentadbiran Allah (God’s administration)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Kerajaan doubles as the ordinary Malay word for ‘government’; always clarify God’s sovereign reign is not a literal administration. 1 Corinthians extension: 4:20, 6:9-10, and 15:24-25 (Christ delivering the kingdom to the Father at the end) all reuse this term; the eschatological handing-over language of 15:24-25 needs particular care not to be read as a literal political transfer.
Foolishness
Approved rendering: Kebodohan
Transliteration: keh-BOH-doh-hahn
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: μωρία
Category: Cross and Wisdom
The world’s ironic verdict on the cross-centered message (1:18-25). Kebodohan is adequate; ensure the foolish-to-world/wise-to-God reversal is preserved in surrounding teaching, not lost in isolated glossary use.
Spiritual Natural Person
Approved rendering: Rohani / manusia biasa (tanpa Roh)
Transliteration: roh-HAH-nee / mah-NOO-see-ah bee-AH-sah (TAHN-pah rohkh)
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: πνευματικός / ψυχικός
Category: Sanctification
Contrast pair (2:14-15): one guided by the Holy Spirit versus one operating on unaided human faculties. The contrast is Spirit-possession, not intellect or education; avoid a rendering implying the natural person is merely less educated or intelligent.
Mind Of Christ
Approved rendering: Fikiran Kristus
Transliteration: FEE-kee-rahn KRIS-toos
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: νοῦς Χριστοῦ
Category: Sanctification
The Spirit-given capacity to understand and share God’s own perspective (2:16). Must not be misread as a claim to independent private revelation apart from Scripture, but Spirit-given insight into what has already been revealed (2:9-13).
Steward
Approved rendering: Pengurus / Penatalayan
Transliteration: PENG-oo-roos / peh-NAH-tah-lah-yahn
Doctrine: Apostolic Tradition and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Church
A trusted household manager given delegated authority (4:1-2). Conveys delegated, accountable authority; a useful cultural bridge via household-management imagery in Malay culture.
Bought With A Price
Approved rendering: Dibeli dengan harga (yang mahal)
Transliteration: dee-BEH-lee DEH-ngahn HAR-gah (yahng MAH-hahl)
Doctrine: Sanctity of the Body and Temple of the Holy Spirit
Original: ἠγοράσθητε τιμῆς
Category: Salvation
Marketplace/slave-purchase metaphor for redemption: believers are no longer their own (6:20). Frame via the belonging-not-self-ownership implication rather than the culturally distant slave-market mechanics.
Virgin
Approved rendering: Anak dara / Perawan
Transliteration: AH-nahk DAH-rah / peh-RAH-wahn
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: παρθένος
Category: Marriage and Singleness
An unmarried person, contextually often a young unmarried woman (7:25-38). Keep distinct from any later Mariological usage should this curriculum expand into the Gospels, avoiding unintended conflation.
Gift Life Calling
Approved rendering: Karunia
Transliteration: kah-ROO-nee-ah
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Marriage and Singleness
In 7:7, a Spirit-given capacity for a particular life-calling (marriage or singleness), extending the ministry-gift vocabulary of chs. 12-14. Reuses the same Malay term (karunia) as spiritual_gifts for consistency but must be flagged distinctly in teaching notes as broader than the ministry-ability sense.
Conscience
Approved rendering: Hati nurani
Transliteration: HAH-tee noo-RAH-nee
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Ethics
The inner faculty of moral self-judgment, able to be weak or strong (chs. 8, 10). ‘Weak conscience’ must be taught as pastoral tenderness, not character weakness, to avoid an unintended honor/shame reading.
Knowledge
Approved rendering: Pengetahuan
Transliteration: peng-eh-tah-HOO-ahn
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Ethics
Correct doctrinal knowledge which, without love, puffs up rather than builds up (8:1). Ties forward to ch. 13’s love-versus-knowledge argument; ensure this connection is not lost in isolated glossary use.
Free Freedom
Approved rendering: Bebas
Transliteration: BEH-bahs
Doctrine: Apostolic Freedom and Gospel-Centered Ministry
Rejected alternatives: merdeka (national-independence connotation, e.g. Hari Merdeka)
Original: ἐλεύθερος
Category: Christian Liberty
Legal/social freedom, applied to Paul’s freedom from all human obligation, voluntarily set aside for the gospel’s sake (9:19). Prefer bebas over merdeka to avoid unintended political resonance in a spiritual-liberty argument.
Table Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Meja Tuhan
Transliteration: MEH-jah TOO-hahn
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: τράπεζα κυρίου
Category: The Lord’s Supper
The Lord’s Supper as an exclusive covenant meal, contrasted with ‘the table of demons’ (10:21). Directly anticipates the fuller Lord’s Supper doctrine developed in ch. 11.
New Covenant Blood
Approved rendering: Perjanjian baharu (dalam darah-Nya)
Transliteration: per-jahn-jee-AHN bah-HAH-roo (DAH-lahm DAH-rah nyah)
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: The Lord’s Supper
The new covenant established by Christ’s blood, echoed from the Last Supper tradition (11:25). A high-use liturgical phrase; always keep ‘dalam darah-Nya’ attached to disambiguate from the book title ‘Perjanjian Baru’ (New Testament).
Unworthily Discern Body
Approved rendering: Dengan cara yang tidak layak / Membezakan tubuh Tuhan
Transliteration: DEH-ngahn CHAH-rah yahng TEE-dahk LAH-yahk / mem-beh-ZAH-kahn TOO-booh TOO-hahn
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀναξίως / διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα
Category: The Lord’s Supper
Warns against careless, self-examination-free participation in the Supper (11:27, 29). Must connect to genuine self-examination (11:28), not a works-based worthiness earned by merit, avoiding drift toward the amal soleh framing already Critical in the baseline.
Distinguishing Of Spirits
Approved rendering: Karunia membezakan roh-roh
Transliteration: kah-ROO-nee-ah mem-beh-ZAH-kahn rohkh-ROHKH
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: διακρίσεις πνευμάτων
Category: Church
The Spirit-given ability to discern whether a purported spiritual manifestation is truly from the Holy Spirit (12:10). Must reinforce a one-true-God-and-his-Spirit-versus-deceptive/evil-spirits framework, not a menu of many co-equal spirit-types, given the folk-animist substrate (roh halus).
Hope
Approved rendering: Pengharapan
Transliteration: peng-hah-RAH-pahn
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
Confident expectation grounded in God’s promises, part of the abiding faith-hope-love triad (13:13). Render consistently wherever the triad recurs in curriculum material.
Fallen Asleep
Approved rendering: Telah meninggal dunia / Tertidur
Transliteration: teh-LAH meh-NING-gahl DOO-nee-ah / ter-TEE-door
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: κοιμάομαι
Category: Resurrection
Standard NT euphemism for the death of believers, implying a future waking (bodily resurrection), distinct from the plain death-verb used of Christ himself (15:6, 18, 20, 51; contrast 15:3’s ἀπέθανεν). Teaching notes should surface the deliberate sleep-metaphor and its resurrection-hope implication.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: Buah sulung
Transliteration: boo-AH SOO-loong
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Resurrection
Agricultural metaphor: the first-ripened sheaf guaranteeing and previewing the full harvest to come, applied to Christ’s resurrection guaranteeing believers’ future resurrection (15:20, 23). The agricultural referent may need brief explanatory teaching in urban Malaysian contexts; the guarantee-logic must be preserved as the chapter’s central pastoral payoff.
Corruption Incorruption
Approved rendering: Kebinasaan / Ketidakbinasaan
Transliteration: keh-bee-nah-SAH-ahn / keh-tee-dahk-bee-nah-SAH-ahn
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: φθορά / ἀφθαρσία
Category: Resurrection
The present body’s subjection to decay and death, contrasted with the resurrection body’s permanent freedom from decay (15:42, 50-54). Render as a paired antithesis consistently throughout ch. 15 teaching.
Maranatha
Approved rendering: Maranata
Transliteration: mah-rah-NAH-tah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Greetings
Original: μαράνα θά
Category: Eschatology
Primitive Aramaic liturgical formula, ‘Our Lord, come!’ (16:22). Retain untranslated as Maranata, following the same principle as Abba’s preservation in the Romans baseline; brief explanatory gloss should accompany first use.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: Persekutuan
Transliteration: per-seh-koo-TOO-ahn
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: persaudaraan (brotherhood, generic/ethnic)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Persekutuan is well-understood for shared participation in Christ, not ethnic/bumiputera solidarity. 1 Corinthians extension: 1:9 (fellowship of God’s Son) and 10:16 (the cup of blessing as a koinonia/participation in Christ’s blood) extend this into a sacramental context — flag this extended usage for teaching clarity alongside The Lord’s Supper doctrine.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: Kesyukuran
Transliteration: keh-shoo-KOO-rahn
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term shared with everyday Islamic-influenced gratitude vocabulary. 1 Corinthians extension: 14:16-18, in the context of tongues/prophecy worship instructions.
Foundation
Approved rendering: Asas
Transliteration: AH-sahs
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: θεμέλιος
Category: Church
Metaphor for Christ as the sole foundation of Christian ministry and community (3:11). Standard, unambiguous.
Leaven
Approved rendering: Ragi
Transliteration: RAH-gee
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ζύμη
Category: Church Discipline
Metaphor for corrupting influence spreading through a whole community (5:6). Standard, understood; Passover background may need brief explanatory teaching for readers with low OT narrative literacy.
Marriage
Approved rendering: Perkahwinan
Transliteration: per-kah-WEE-nahn
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: γάμος
Category: Marriage and Singleness
The marital union, treated by Paul as good but not obligatory (ch. 7). Standard, adequate.
Temptation
Approved rendering: Godaan / Pencubaan
Transliteration: goh-DAH-ahn / pen-choo-BAH-ahn
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Ethics
Trial or testing; God’s faithfulness in providing a way of escape (10:13). Standard and well understood.
Remembrance
Approved rendering: Peringatan
Transliteration: peh-ring-AH-tahn
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀνάμνησις
Category: The Lord’s Supper
Active, participatory re-presentation/commemoration, not mere mental recollection (11:24-25). Ensure the participatory sense is taught.
Members
Approved rendering: Anggota
Transliteration: AHNG-goh-tah
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: μέλη
Category: Church
The individual parts of the one body, each necessary and differently gifted (12:14-26). Standard and adequate.
Interpretation
Approved rendering: Tafsiran
Transliteration: taf-SEE-rahn
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: ἑρμηνεία
Category: Church
The Spirit-given ability to render an utterance in tongues intelligible to the congregation (14:5, 13, 26-28). Standard and adequate.
Order
Approved rendering: Tertib
Transliteration: TER-tib
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: τάξις
Category: Church
Arrangement, sequence; the chapter’s closing principle that worship be conducted decently and in order (14:40). Standard and adequate.
Victory
Approved rendering: Kemenangan
Transliteration: keh-meh-NAHNG-ahn
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: νῖκος
Category: Resurrection
The resurrection’s ultimate outcome: death itself is defeated (15:54-57). Standard and adequate.
Sting
Approved rendering: Sengat
Transliteration: SEH-ngaht
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: κέντρον
Category: Resurrection
Metaphor for death’s power to harm, now removed by Christ’s resurrection victory (15:55-56). Standard and adequate.
Collection
Approved rendering: Kutipan derma / Persembahan
Transliteration: koo-TEE-pahn DER-mah / per-sem-BAH-hahn
Doctrine: Christian Generosity and Giving
Original: λογεία
Category: Church
A practical, organized fund-raising practice for the relief of the Jerusalem church (16:1-2). Standard; a natural point of contact with existing Malaysian church giving/tithing practice.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: Ciuman kudus
Transliteration: chee-OO-mahn KOO-doos
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Greetings
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
A first-century Mediterranean greeting custom given spiritual significance as an expression of genuine Christian affection and unity (16:20). Culturally equivalent greetings may be noted in teaching material without altering the translated text itself.
Referenced passages