Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Timothy — English → Malay
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified across all four chapters of 2 Timothy (see 07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse/chapter analysis). It is organized into three sections:
- Baseline Terms Reused from Romans — the Malay rendering is carried over EXACTLY from
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json; only new contextual notes specific to 2 Timothy are added. - New Terms Introduced by 2 Timothy — full glossary entries for terms not present in the Romans baseline, using the same risk framework.
- Cross-Term Collision Alerts — book-specific ambiguity risks arising from terms that share a Malay surface form.
All risk tiers use the baseline definitions: Critical = human theologian review required, every occurrence; High = human theologian review required; Medium = native speaker review recommended; Low = automated review sufficient.
Section 1 — Baseline Terms Reused from Romans (2 Timothy Occurrences)
| Term (English) | Malay | Risk | Doctrine (baseline) | 2 Timothy chapters | 2 Timothy-specific note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Allah | Critical | Deity of Christ | 1, 2, 4 | No new nuance; frequent throughout |
| Jesus | Yesus | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1, 2, 4 | Always paired Yesus Kristus in creedal contexts (2:8) |
| Christ / Messiah | Kristus | Critical | Messianic Promise | 1, 2, 4 | 2:8’s “seed of David…raised…my gospel” is a compressed creedal summary |
| Lord | Tuhan | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1, 2, 4 | 4:1, 4:8 “the Lord, the righteous judge” |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | Sanctification | 1 | 1:14 “that good thing…keep by the Holy Spirit which dwelleth in us” |
| Father | Bapa | Critical | Adoption into God’s Family | 1 | 1:2 greeting |
| Resurrection | Kebangkitan | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 2 | 2:8 (true); 2:18 (Hymenaeus/Philetus’ false claim it is “already past”) — same word must render BOTH the true doctrine and its explicit denial; context must make the contrast unmistakable |
| Salvation | Keselamatan | Critical | Salvation | 1, 3, 4 | 3:15 “wise unto salvation”; 4:18 “preserve me unto his heavenly kingdom” |
| Righteousness | Kebenaran | Critical | Salvation | 2, 3, 4 | See Section 3 collision alert with “truth” (ἀλήθεια) |
| Imputed/credited righteousness | Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan | Critical | Justification by Faith | (conceptually underlies 3:16, 4:8) | Must not be confused with “crown of righteousness” (a reward, not a justifying status) |
| Seed of David | Keturunan Daud | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 2 | 2:8, part of Paul’s creedal gospel summary |
| Grace | Kasih kurnia | High | Grace | 1, 2, 4 | 1:9 “grace…given us in Christ Jesus before the world began”; 2:1 “be strong in the grace” |
| Faith | Iman | High | Faith | 1, 2, 3, 4 | Frequent; object always named (“faith…in Christ Jesus,” 3:15) |
| Called / Calling | Dipanggil / Panggilan | High | Divine Calling | 1 | 1:9 “holy calling” |
| Holy | Kudus | High | Sanctification | 1, 2, 3 | 1:9 holy calling; 2:21 sanctified vessel; 3:15 holy scriptures |
| Sanctification / sanctified | Pengudusan / Dikuduskan | High | Sanctification | 2 | 2:21 “sanctified, meet for the master’s use” |
| Apostle | Rasul | High | Apostleship | 1 | 1:1, 1:11 — grounds Paul’s authority to charge Timothy |
| Election / elect | Pilihan Allah | High | Effectual Calling | 2 | 2:10 “for the elect’s sakes” |
| Glory | Kemuliaan | High | Deity of Christ | 2, 4 | 2:10 “eternal glory”; 4:18 “glory for ever and ever” |
| Power of God | Kuasa Allah | High | Power of God for Salvation | 1, 3 | 1:7-8; 3:5 “denying the power thereof” (of godliness) |
| David | Daud | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 2 | 2:8 |
| Peace | Damai sejahtera | Medium | Peace with God | 1 | 1:2 greeting |
| Sin | Dosa | High | Universal Human Accountability | 3 | 3:6 “laden with sins” |
| Gospel | Injil | High | Gospel | 1, 2 | 1:8, 1:10, 2:8 “my gospel,” 2:9 |
| Fellowship / persekutuan | Persekutuan | Low | Christian Fellowship | (implicit, ch.4 greetings) | Community of co-workers named in ch. 4 |
| Kingdom of God | Kerajaan Allah | Medium | Kingdom Mission | 4 | 4:1 “his kingdom”; 4:18 “his heavenly kingdom” — note the added qualifier “heavenly” (ἐπουράνιος) sharpens the non-political, non-bureaucratic sense already flagged in the baseline |
| Exhort | Menasihati | Low | Mutual Edification | 4 | 4:2 “exhort” |
Section 2 — New Terms Introduced by 2 Timothy
| Term (English) | Original / Transliteration | Malay | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God-breathed / inspiration | θεόπνευστος / theopneustos | Diilhamkan Allah | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 (core passage) | Anchor term. Malay ilham is doctrinally distinct in Islamic theology from wahyu (prophetic revelation); risk of Scripture being understated as mere pious insight OR overstated toward a Qur’an-equivalent revelatory claim. Requires explicit teaching contrasting θεόπνευστος (God’s own breath) with the popular ilham register. |
| Holy Scripture(s) | ἱερὰ γράμματα / γραφή / hiera grammata, graphē | Kitab Suci | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 (core passage) | Generic Malay term for “holy book,” shared with the Qur’an and other traditions’ texts; risk of Scripture being received as one venerable book among several rather than uniquely sufficient and reliably transmitted (intersects with the baseline’s tahrif-related Inspiration of Scripture doctrine). |
| Savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | Juruselamat | Critical | Salvation | 1 | Reinforces Keselamatan; must be tied to Christ’s exclusive, finished saving work, not deferred hope. |
| Appearing (of Christ) | ἐπιφάνεια / epiphaneia | Kedatangan(-Nya) | Critical | Assurance of Reward / Lordship of Christ | 1, 4 (core passage) | Used for BOTH Christ’s first appearing (incarnation, 1:10, tied to baseline Penjelmaan) and his future return (4:1, 4:8). Distinct, grounded risk: mainstream Sunni eschatology’s Nuzul Isa (Isa’s second coming as a subordinate prophet who dies naturally) is a formally taught doctrine that could be conflated with Christ’s own ἐπιφάνεια as divine Judge and King. Contexts must be sharply distinguished in teaching material. |
| Mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | Rahmat | High | Grace (distinguished) | 1 | Distinct from grace (Kasih kurnia). Rahmat is the standard Islamic term for Allah’s compassion (Ar-Rahman, Ar-Rahim), operating within a deeds-mercy framework in Islamic soteriology; must be taught as flowing specifically from Christ’s finished work already secured by grace. |
| Sound doctrine / sound words | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι / hygiainousa didaskalia, hygiainontes logoi | Ajaran yang sihat / Perkataan yang sihat | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 1, 4 (core passage) | Anchor term for this curriculum’s namesake doctrine. Preserve the “health” metaphor (sihat); do not flatten to abstract “correctness” (betul). |
| Deposit / that which is entrusted | παραθήκη / parathēkē | Amanah | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 1, 2 | Rich cultural resonance with Malay-Islamic amanah (moral-existential trust, Qur’an 33:72; also a live political term, e.g. the Malaysian political party name “Amanah”). Positive bridge concept but must be anchored specifically to gospel-content transmission across teacher generations, not generic civic/moral duty. |
| Entrust | παρατίθημι / paratithēmi | Mempercayakan / Menyerahkan | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 1, 2 | Verb form of amanah/parathēkē; 2:2’s “commit to faithful men” is the doctrine’s key verse. |
| Faithful men | πιστοὶ ἄνθρωποι / pistoi anthrōpoi | Orang yang setia | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 2 | The recipients of the transmitted deposit, themselves able to teach others — the transmission-chain concept. |
| Godliness / form of godliness | εὐσέβεια / μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας / eusebeia, morphōsis eusebeias | Kesalehan / Rupa kesalehan | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 | Direct collision with amal soleh (Islamic righteous-deeds framework) and the broader Malay-Islamic virtue vocabulary built on the soleh root (anak soleh, amal soleh). Must be taught as God-empowered devotion, contrasted with a powerless outward “form” — never a performance-based piety score. |
| Ungodliness | ἀσέβεια / asebeia | Ketidaksalehan | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 2 | Antonym of εὐσέβεια; same risk cluster as above. |
| Last days | ἔσχαται ἡμέραι / eschatai hēmerai | Zaman akhir | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 | Shares vocabulary with Islamic eschatology’s well-developed “akhir zaman” framework (Dajjal, Yakjuj-Makjuj, Imam Mahdi); must be taught as the whole interadvental church age’s moral character, not necessarily an imminent, cosmic-signs countdown paralleling Islamic end-times lore. |
| Perilous/difficult times | χαλεποὶ καιροί / chalepoi kairoi | Zaman yang susah/genting | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 | Pairs with “last days” above. |
| Man of God | ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ / anthrōpos tou theou | Hamba Allah | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 (core passage) | Risk of collapsing into generic Islamic self-identification as hamba Allah (servant of Allah, cf. the common name-element “Abdullah”); must be taught as a specific OT/prophetic office-title for a Scripture-equipped minister. |
| Good works | ἔργα ἀγαθά / pan ergon agathon | Kerja baik / Perbuatan baik | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 (core passage) | Fruit of Scripture-formed character; must never be presented as amal soleh accumulating merit toward salvation (per baseline’s righteousness/imputed_righteousness cautions). |
| Solemn charge | διαμαρτύρομαι / diamartyromai | Berpesan dengan sungguh-sungguh | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4 (core passage) | Invokes God and Christ as witnesses; conveys binding, covenantal weight beyond ordinary encouragement. |
| The word (of God) | ὁ λόγος (τοῦ θεοῦ) / ho logos (tou theou) | Firman (Allah) | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | 2, 4 (core passage) | Capitalized “Firman” for God’s authoritative message, distinct from generic “perkataan” (human words). Consistency across all documents required (per baseline cross-document rules). |
| Preach / preacher | κηρύσσω / κῆρυξ / kēryssō, kēryx | Memberitakan / Pemberita | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | 1, 4 (core passage) | Authoritative herald-proclamation, not private opinion-sharing or generic teaching. |
| Evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής / euangelistēs | Penginjil | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4 (core passage) | Intersects with the baseline’s flagged legal sensitivity around evangelism/proselytizing under Malaysian state Islamic administration enactments; route related teaching content to human theologian review. |
| Ministry | διακονία / diakonia | Pelayanan | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4 (core passage) | Timothy’s specific pastoral assignment (“make full proof of thy ministry”). |
| Endure hardship/afflictions | κακοπαθέω / kakopatheō | Menanggung kesusahan | High | Perseverance under Suffering | 1, 2, 4 (core passage) | Occurs 4x across the letter (1:8, 2:3, 2:9, 4:5); load-bearing repetition for this doctrine. |
| Share in suffering | συγκακοπαθέω / synkakopatheō | Turut menanggung kesusahan | High | Perseverance under Suffering | 1, 2 | ”Be partaker of the afflictions of the gospel” (1:8), “endure hardship as a good soldier” (2:3). |
| Persecution | διωγμός / διώκω / diōgmos, diōkō | Penganiayaan / Dianiaya | High | Perseverance under Suffering | 3 | 3:11 (Paul’s own persecutions); 3:12 “all who will live godly…shall suffer persecution” — universal guarantee, key verse. |
| Ashamed | ἐπαισχύνομαι / epaischynomai | Berasa malu | High | Perseverance under Suffering | 1 | Intersects with Malay culture’s strong honor-shame (malu) dynamics; must be taught as bold public identification with Christ despite social shame, not merely private feeling. |
| Testimony | μαρτύριον / martyrion | Kesaksian | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | 1 | ”The testimony of our Lord” (1:8), not to be ashamed of. |
| Repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | Pertobatan | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 2 | Distinct from Islamic taubat (tawbah), which operates within a deeds-mercy framework with no final assurance. 2 Timothy 2:25 presents repentance as itself God’s sovereign gift preceding recognition of truth, not a human-initiated precondition earning mercy. |
| Fight the good fight | ἀγωνίζομαι τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα / agōnizomai ton kalon agōna | Bertanding dalam pertandingan yang baik | Medium | Assurance of Reward | 4 | Athletic-contest metaphor for a completed, faithful ministry life. |
| Finished my course | δρόμος / dromos (τελέω / teleō) | Menghabiskan perlumbaan | Medium | Assurance of Reward | 4 | Footrace metaphor; ministry as a completed race. |
| Kept the faith | τηρέω τὴν πίστιν / tēreō tēn pistin | Memelihara iman | High | Assurance of Reward / Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 4 | Links personal perseverance directly to the guarded apostolic deposit (parathēkē). |
| Crown of righteousness | στέφανος δικαιοσύνης / stephanos dikaiosynēs | Mahkota kebenaran | High | Assurance of Reward | 4 (core passage-adjacent) | Anchor term. A victor’s-wreath reward for perseverance, never a second, works-earned righteousness alongside justification’s already-credited righteousness. Flag wherever it occurs alongside imputed_righteousness content. |
| Righteous judge | δίκαιος κριτής / dikaios kritēs | Hakim yang adil | Medium | Assurance of Reward | 4 (core passage-adjacent) | Christ’s role as impartial evaluator and rewarder, paired with κρίνω (judge) at 4:1. |
| Immortality/incorruption | ἀφθαρσία / aphtharsia | Keabadian / Hidup yang tidak dapat binasa | High | Resurrection of Christ (extension) | 1 | Must be tied specifically to Christ’s resurrection (baseline Kebangkitan), not a generic immortal-soul concept shared broadly across religious traditions. |
| Spirit of power, love, and sound mind | πνεῦμα δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ / pneuma dynameōs kai agapēs kai sōphronismou | Roh kuasa, kasih, dan pengawalan diri | High | (character formation, tied to Sanctification) | 1 | Lowercase “roh” (disposition) must be visually/contextually distinguished from “Roh Kudus” (capitalized, the Holy Spirit); risk of animist-folk “roh” (spirit-being) misreading given traditional Malay belief in multiple spirit categories, as already flagged for Roh Kudus in the baseline. |
| Devil | διάβολος / diabolos | Iblis | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 2 | Unlike most collision terms in this package, Qur’anic Iblis (the specific fallen jinn of the Adam narrative) and the biblical devil/Satan overlap meaningfully as a personal evil supernatural opponent; still requires light teaching that the biblical Iblis is an actively present tempter/deceiver (2:26), not confined to a single past narrative episode. |
| Disqualified concerning the faith | ἀδόκιμος περὶ τὴν πίστιν / adokimos peri tēn pistin | Gagal ujian mengenai iman | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 | Ties to broader “reprobate”/testing vocabulary. |
| Fables / myths | μῦθοι / mythoi | Dongeng-dongeng | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 4 (core passage) | Distinguish from the neutral Malay oral-tradition genre (hikayat, cerita rakyat); Paul means invented religious teaching displacing revealed truth. |
| Itching ears | κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν / knēthomenoi tēn akoēn | Telinga yang gatal | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 4 (core passage) | Vivid idiom; retain rather than flatten to “curious,” per this Language Package’s idiom-handling rule for doctrinally loaded idioms. |
| Poured out as a drink offering | σπένδομαι / spendomai | Dicurahkan sebagai korban curahan | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering / Assurance of Reward | 4 | No direct Malay-Islamic ritual parallel (which centers on animal qurban, not poured libations); explain the sacrificial metaphor rather than assume equivalence. |
| Time of departure | ἀνάλυσις / analysis | Masa keberangkatan(ku) | Medium | Assurance of Reward | 4 | Nautical/military image for death as a dignified release, not defeat. |
Section 3 — Cross-Term Collision Alerts (Book-Specific)
These are ambiguity risks unique to how 2 Timothy’s vocabulary maps onto Malay, arising from terms that share or nearly share a Malay surface form. Each requires explicit disambiguation in teaching notes and native-speaker/theologian review flagging wherever they co-occur.
| Collision | Terms involved | Malay surface form(s) | Risk | Location(s) | Disambiguation guidance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Righteousness vs. Truth | δικαιοσύνη (righteousness) vs. ἀλήθεια (truth) | Both commonly render as kebenaran | Critical | 3:16 (righteousness) and 4:4 (truth) within the same core passage; also 2:15, 2:25, 3:7 (ἀλήθεια) | Retain Kebenaran for δικαιοσύνη per the Romans baseline; qualify kebenaran for ἀλήθεια with contextual glosses (e.g. “kebenaran Firman Allah,” “kebenaran yang sebenar”) and flag every occurrence for native speaker review, noting the underlying Greek term. |
| Christ’s two “appearings” | ἐπιφάνεια at 1:10 (incarnation) vs. ἐπιφάνεια at 4:1, 4:8 (second coming) | Kedatangan(-Nya) | Critical | 1:10 vs. 4:1, 4:8 | Same Malay root retained for reader traceability, but surrounding teaching text must state explicitly which event (first, humble appearing in flesh — tied to Penjelmaan — vs. future, glorious appearing as Judge and King) is in view at each occurrence. |
| Godliness vs. Righteous deeds | εὐσέβεια (godliness) risk of merging with the amal-soleh/soleh root already flagged for δικαιοσύνη-adjacent works vocabulary | Kesalehan (godliness) vs. amal soleh (rejected works-framework term, per baseline) | High | Chapter 3 throughout (3:5, 3:12) | Never render εὐσέβεια or its cognates using vocabulary built to suggest merit-earning religious performance; anchor definition to God’s own power (δύναμις) working genuine transformation. |
| Repentance vs. Tawbah | μετάνοια (repentance, God-given) vs. Islamic taubat (deeds-mercy framework) | Pertobatan (used) vs. taubat (avoided as a direct substitute, though phonetically adjacent) | High | 2:25 | State plainly in teaching material that repentance here is God’s sovereign gift preceding recognition of truth, not a human-initiated act securing uncertain divine mercy. |
Glossary Load Order for Phase 2
When this glossary is loaded for Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Timothy:
- Load
translation_memory.json(Romans baseline) FIRST — all Section 1 terms above are enforced exactly as recorded there. - Load this document’s Section 2 as NEW entries to be added to translation memory (with version increment) before any 2 Timothy segment is finalized.
- Apply Section 3’s collision alerts as mandatory disambiguation checks on every segment containing kebenaran, kedatangan, kesalehan, or pertobatan.
- Route every Critical and High term above to human theologian review per the baseline’s escalation rules in
12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
See 07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter analysis supporting every entry above.
This glossary extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh (righteous deeds, as the ground itself)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL book-specific collision: within this curriculum, kebenaran ALSO renders alētheia (truth) at 2:15, 3:7, 4:4 — a distinct Greek concept sharing the identical Malay surface form as dikaiosynē (righteousness, 3:16, 4:8). Every occurrence of kebenaran in 2 Timothy must be checked against its underlying Greek term and disambiguated in teaching notes; flag for native speaker review.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Keselamatan
Transliteration: keh-seh-lah-MAH-tahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: masuk syurga (entering paradise, as the whole content)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 3:15 ‘wise unto salvation’ and 4:18 ‘preserve me…into his heavenly kingdom’ both present salvation as a present, Christ-secured reality with a certain future consummation, not diluted toward Keselamatan’s everyday ‘selamat’ greeting register nor deferred to an uncertain Judgment-Day outcome.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: Kebangkitan
Transliteration: keh-bahng-KIT-ahn
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: diangkat naik ke syurga (being raised up to heaven, without dying)
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: the SAME Malay word must render both the true doctrine (2:8, requiring a prior real death per the baseline’s Qur’an 4:157 caution) and its explicit named heretical denial by Hymenaeus and Philetus (2:18, ‘the resurrection is already past’); context must make unmistakable which use is in view every time. See resurrection_already_past below for the specific handling of the false-teaching occurrence.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Penjelmaan
Transliteration: pen-jel-MAHN
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan yang menyamar sebagai manusia (God disguising himself as a human)
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Timothy 1:9-10’s ‘manifest by the appearing of our Savior’ is the FIRST epiphaneia referent (the incarnation itself), distinct from the second referent at 4:1/4:8 (Christ’s future return) — see epiphaneia_appearing below. This appearing is the eternal Son’s permanent human-nature assumption, not an episodic avatar-style appearance.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: Al-Masih (the Qur’anic title, deliberately avoided)
Inherited from Romans package. 2:8’s compressed creedal summary (‘seed of David…raised from the dead…my gospel’) always pairs Yesus Kristus.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: YEH-soos
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isa (the Qur’anic name, deliberately avoided)
Inherited from Romans package. Always paired Yesus Kristus in creedal contexts (2:8).
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan (reserved for ‘Lord’ in this Language Package)
Inherited from Romans package. Frequent throughout 2 Timothy (1, 2, 4); no new nuance beyond the baseline’s legal/political sensitivity documentation.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: ROHKH KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: Jibril (the archangel Gabriel), roh halus (a generic nature/subtle spirit in traditional Malay animist belief)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 1:14 ‘that good thing…keep by the Holy Spirit which dwelleth in us.’ Must be kept visually and contextually distinct from the lowercase ‘roh’ of 1:7’s ‘spirit of power, love, and a sound mind’ — see spirit_of_power_love_sound_mind below.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: BAH-pah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Pencipta (Creator, as a substitute to avoid relational language)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 1:2 greeting formula only; no new nuance in 2 Timothy.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn yahng dee-per-hee-TOONG-kahn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: kebenaran yang diusahakan (earned/worked-for righteousness)
Original: ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην (conceptual)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must never be confused with ‘Mahkota kebenaran’ (crown of righteousness, 4:8, see crown_of_righteousness below), which is a future reward for a life already justified, not a second earned righteousness.
Theopneustos God Breathed
Approved rendering: Diilhamkan Allah
Transliteration: dee-il-HAHM-kahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: wahyu (verbatim prophetic revelation, would provoke a direct Qur’an-equivalence dispute), ilham alone with no accompanying teaching (understates Scripture’s authority as mere pious insight)
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
New anchor term for this curriculum, 3:16 (hapax legomenon). Malay’s ilham/wahyu revelatory hierarchy has no third slot for Scripture as God’s own breath expressed through human authors; retain the established Alkitab rendering but require mandatory accompanying teaching text on every occurrence, routed to human theologian review.
Holy Scripture
Approved rendering: Kitab Suci
Transliteration: KEE-tahb SOO-chee
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: Alkitab sahaja tanpa penjelasan (bare ‘the Bible’ without a uniqueness qualifier)
Original: ἱερὰ γράμματα / γραφή
Category: Scripture
New term, 3:15-16 (hiera grammata / graphē). Generic Malay ‘holy book’ term shared with the Qur’an and other traditions’ texts; must always be paired with explicit teaching on theopneustos (above) to avoid Scripture being received as one venerable book among several.
Savior
Approved rendering: Juruselamat
Transliteration: JOO-roo-seh-lah-maht
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: Penyelamat (a more generic ‘rescuer’, usable for merely human rescuers)
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
New standalone term, 1:10, reinforcing baseline Keselamatan. Must be tied to Christ’s exclusive, finished saving work accomplished through real death and resurrection, not a deferred hope.
Epiphaneia Appearing
Approved rendering: Kedatangan(-Nya)
Transliteration: keh-dah-TAHNG-ahn(-nyah)
Doctrine: Second Coming (Appearing) of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Kemunculan (a weaker, casual ‘showing up’)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
New term used for BOTH Christ’s first appearing/incarnation (1:10) and his future glorious return (4:1, 4:8). Distinctive risk beyond generic tawhid concerns: mainstream Sunni eschatology’s formally taught Nuzul Isa doctrine (Isa returning as a subordinate prophet who later dies naturally) is categorically different from Christ himself returning as divine Judge and King. Same Malay root retained across both referents for reader traceability, but surrounding teaching text must state explicitly which event is in view at every occurrence.
Cannot Deny Himself
Approved rendering: Dia tidak dapat menyangkal diri-Nya
Transliteration: DEE-ah TEE-dahk DAH-paht muh-nyahng-KAHL DEE-ree-nyah
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἀρνήσασθαι ἑαυτὸν οὐ δύναται
Category: Reward
New term, 2:13, closing the ‘faithful saying’ of 2:11-13. Grounds assurance in God’s own unchanging faithfulness, not human performance; must not diminish the preceding warning (‘if we deny him, he will deny us’) but ground ultimate security specifically in God’s own character.
Resurrection Already Past
Approved rendering: Kebangkitan sudah berlaku (ajaran sesat)
Transliteration: keh-bahng-KIT-ahn SOO-dah buhr-LAH-koo
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι
Category: Apostasy
New term, 2:18. Hymenaeus and Philetus’ specific named heresy, spiritualizing away a future bodily resurrection. Must be presented as a rejected error, never a plausible alternative reading, despite reusing the same Malay word (Kebangkitan) as the true doctrine at 2:8.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: IN-jeel
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: berita baik (generic ‘good news’, without the proclamation weight)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Timothy tied directly to Paul’s imprisonment (1:8) and to ‘my gospel’ (2:8-9) as a fixed, transmissible creedal content he suffers for as a criminal — teach as Paul’s specific, guarded apostolic deposit, not a generic reference to a disputed book subject to tahrif claims.
Grace
Approved rendering: Kasih kurnia
Transliteration: KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat (mercy, reserved separately below for eleos)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Timothy 1:9’s ‘grace…given us in Christ Jesus before the world began’ must be preserved as eternal, unconditioned favor, ruling out any merit-based origin; 2:1 ‘be strong in the grace’ ties grace to ministry endurance.
Faith
Approved rendering: Iman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: kepercayaan (generic belief/trust)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. 3:15 explicitly names the object (‘faith which is in Christ Jesus’), essential given Iman’s shared vocabulary with the Islamic pillars of belief; 4:7 ‘kept the faith’ ties personal perseverance to the guarded apostolic deposit (see kept_the_faith below).
Apostle
Approved rendering: Rasul
Transliteration: RAH-sool
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: utusan (a lower-weight, purely secular ‘envoy/messenger’)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Timothy 1:1 and 1:11 ground Paul’s authority to issue the letter’s charges to Timothy; continue teaching the distinction from the Islamic scripture-bearing rasul category wherever this recurs.
Called
Approved rendering: Dipanggil
Transliteration: dee-PAHNG-gil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dijemput (invited, as to a social event)
Original: καλέω / κλητός (cf. κλήσις)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1:9 ‘holy calling’ grounds salvation and vocation in God’s own sovereign purpose, not human merit or takdir-style impersonal fate.
Calling
Approved rendering: Panggilan
Transliteration: pahng-GIL-ahn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: jemputan
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1:9 ‘holy calling’ (panggilan yang kudus).
Holy
Approved rendering: Kudus
Transliteration: KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci (ritually/physically clean)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Used of the calling (1:9), the scriptures (3:15), and the sanctified vessel (2:21) in this book.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: Pengudusan
Transliteration: peng-goo-DOO-sahn
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: penyucian (ritual purification)
Original: ἁγιάζω (ἡγιασμένον, 2:21)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. 2:21’s active self-purging (‘if a man therefore purge himself,’ see purge_cleanse_himself below) must be distinguished from ritual/ceremonial cleansing; the resulting state is moral-relational holiness and useful service to God.
Sin
Approved rendering: Dosa
Transliteration: DOH-sah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: kesilapan (mistake/error)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. 3:6 ‘silly women laden with sins.‘
Glory
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur (divine light, associated with Nur Muhammad devotion in Malay Sufi tradition)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 2:10 ‘eternal glory,’ the goal secured for the elect; 4:18 closing doxology.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: Kuasa Allah
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kuasa ghaib (occult/supernatural power, associated with traditional Malay bomoh shamanic practice)
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in this book to ministry courage (1:7-8, ‘spirit of power’) and to the explicit contrast with false teachers’ powerless ‘form of godliness’ (3:5) — the key anchor contrast for the Apostasy doctrine.
Election
Approved rendering: Pilihan Allah
Transliteration: pee-LEE-hahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: takdir (fate/predetermined decree)
Original: ἐκλεκτός (τοὺς ἐκλεκτούς, 2:10)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 2:10 ‘for the elect’s sakes’ ties election directly to Paul’s motivation for enduring suffering, distinguished from takdir-style impersonal predetermination.
Mercy
Approved rendering: Rahmat
Transliteration: RAHH-maht
Doctrine: Mercy of God
Rejected alternatives: kasih kurnia (reserved exclusively for grace/charis, per baseline)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
New term, part of an expanded greeting triad (1:2) beyond Romans’ grace-and-peace pair, and Paul’s prayer for Onesiphorus (1:16, 1:18). Rahmat is the standard Malay-Islamic term for Allah’s compassion (Ar-Rahman, Ar-Rahim), operating within a deeds-and-mercy framework where final mercy remains uncertain until Judgment Day; must be taught as flowing specifically from Christ’s finished work already secured by grace.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: Ajaran yang sihat
Transliteration: ah-JAH-rahn yahng SEE-haht
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: ajaran yang lurus/tidak sesat (activates Malaysia’s state Islamic fatwa/sesat legal-institutional category, a different category entirely)
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Doctrine
New anchor term for this curriculum’s namesake doctrine, 4:3. Preserve the health metaphor (sihat); do not flatten to abstract ‘betul’ (correct) or reach for the sesat framework, which invokes JAKIM/JAIN fatwa-style institutional deviance rulings.
Sound Words
Approved rendering: Perkataan yang sihat
Transliteration: pehr-kah-TAH-ahn yahng SEE-haht
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑγιαινόντων λόγων (ὑποτύπωσιν ἔχε)
Category: Doctrine
New term, 1:13, ‘hold fast the pattern of sound words.’ Shares the sihat root with sound_doctrine; keep visually consistent across all documents.
Deposit Entrusted
Approved rendering: Amanah
Transliteration: ah-mah-NAHH
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: harta simpanan (bare ‘stored valuables’, loses the relational-trust dimension)
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Transmission
New anchor term, 1:12, 1:14. Rich, positive resonance with Malay-Islamic amanah (Qur’an 33:72) and Malaysian civic/political usage (e.g. the political party name Amanah); always modify with a content-anchor phrase (e.g. ‘amanah Injil’) so it is not read as generic civic or moral duty.
Entrust
Approved rendering: Percayakan / Serahkan
Transliteration: pehr-CHAH-yah-kahn / seh-RAH-kahn
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: παρατίθημι / παράθου
Category: Transmission
New term, verb form of deposit_entrusted. 2:2 ‘commit to faithful men’ is the KEY VERSE establishing the four-generation transmission chain (Paul to Timothy to faithful men to others).
Faithful Men
Approved rendering: Orang yang setia, yang mampu mengajar orang lain
Transliteration: OH-rahng yahng seh-TEE-ah
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: πιστοὶ ἄνθρωποι, ἱκανοὶ…διδάξαι
Category: Transmission
New term, 2:2. Reliable recipients of the entrusted deposit, themselves competent to teach further generations; the chain must continue beyond Timothy.
Godliness
Approved rendering: Kesalehan
Transliteration: keh-sah-LEH-hahn
Doctrine: Godliness and the Form of Godliness
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh (the Islamic deeds-ledger righteous-works category)
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Apostasy
New term, 3:5, 3:12. Sits directly beside amal soleh and the broader soleh-root virtue vocabulary (anak soleh); must be taught as God-empowered devotion carrying real divine power (dynamis) behind it, never a performance-based piety score.
Form Of Godliness
Approved rendering: Rupa kesalehan
Transliteration: ROO-pah keh-sah-LEH-hahn
Doctrine: Godliness and the Form of Godliness
Original: μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας, τὴν δὲ δύναμιν αὐτῆς ἠρνημένοι
Category: Apostasy
THE anchor term for Apostasy and False Teachers, 3:5. Outward religious appearance while denying godliness’s actual transformative power; a fundamentally different, powerless imitation of true godliness, never merely ‘insufficient’ amal soleh.
Last Days
Approved rendering: Zaman akhir
Transliteration: ZAH-mahn AH-kheer
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: akhir zaman (word-order variant closely associated with the specific Islamic eschatological framework of Dajjal/Yakjuj-Makjuj/Imam Mahdi)
Original: ἔσχαται ἡμέραι
Category: Apostasy
New term, 3:1. Shares vocabulary with Islamic eschatology’s well-developed akhir zaman framework; must be taught as describing the whole interadvental church age’s moral character, not an imminent cosmic-signs countdown.
Man Of God
Approved rendering: Hamba Allah
Transliteration: HAHM-bah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: orang soleh (righteous person, reinforces the amal-soleh framework)
Original: ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος
Category: Scripture
New term, 3:17. An OT prophetic office-title for a Scripture-equipped minister; risks collapsing into the common Malay-Muslim self-identifier (‘hamba Allah,’ cf. the name-element ‘Abdullah’). Must be taught as a specific office-title, not a generic descriptor of religious devotion.
Good Works
Approved rendering: Kerja baik
Transliteration: KUHR-jah BAH-eek
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh (merit-earning righteous deeds)
Original: πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθόν
Category: Scripture
New term, 3:17. Fruit of Scripture-shaped character; must never be presented as merit accumulating toward salvation, per the baseline’s righteousness and imputed_righteousness cautions.
Solemn Charge
Approved rendering: Berpesan dengan sungguh-sungguh
Transliteration: buhr-PUH-sahn duh-ngahn soong-GOOH-soong-GOOH
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
New term, 4:1. Invokes God and Christ as witnesses, conveying binding, covenantal weight beyond ordinary encouragement; sets the tone for the entire 4:1-5 charge.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: Firman (Allah)
Transliteration: FEER-mahn (ahl-LAHH)
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: perkataan/kata-kata (generic human words/speech)
Original: ὁ λόγος (τοῦ θεοῦ)
Category: Ministry
New term, 4:2; also 2:9 ‘the word of God is not bound.’ Capitalize Firman consistently across all documents for God’s authoritative message, distinct from generic human speech.
Preach Preacher
Approved rendering: Beritakanlah / Pemberita
Transliteration: buh-ree-tah-KAHN-lah / puhm-buh-REE-tah
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: mengajar sahaja (teaching alone, loses the authoritative herald-proclamation sense)
Original: κηρύσσω / κῆρυξ
Category: Ministry
New term, 4:2 ‘preach the word’; also 1:11, Paul’s own office. Authoritative herald-proclamation, not private opinion-sharing or generic teaching.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: Penginjil
Transliteration: puhng-IN-jeel
Doctrine: Evangelism
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Ministry
New term, 4:5 ‘do the work of an evangelist.’ Intersects with Malaysian legal restrictions on proselytizing Muslims under state Islamic administration enactments; render the base translation strictly text-accurate, and route surrounding pastoral/devotional application to human theologian review for legal-safety framing, per the baseline’s existing evangelism/mission routing precedent.
Endure Hardship
Approved rendering: Menanggung kesusahan
Transliteration: muh-NAHNG-goong keh-soo-SAH-hahn
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: κακοπαθέω
Category: Perseverance
New term, occurring FOUR times across the letter (1:8, 2:3, 2:9, 4:5) — a load-bearing repeated term. Render consistently across all occurrences; anchor explicitly to ‘for the gospel’/‘with Christ’ content so it is not read as generic circumstantial hardship.
Share In Suffering
Approved rendering: Turut menanggung kesusahan
Transliteration: TOO-root muh-NAHNG-goong keh-soo-SAH-hahn
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: συγκακοπαθέω
Category: Perseverance
New term, 1:8, 2:3. Compound form of endure_hardship emphasizing shared partnership in suffering rather than solitary endurance.
Persecution
Approved rendering: Penganiayaan / Dianiaya
Transliteration: puhng-ah-nee-ah-YAH-ahn / dee-ah-nee-AH-yah
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: διωγμός / διώκω
Category: Perseverance
New term, 3:11 (Paul’s own persecutions); 3:12 KEY VERSE, ‘all who will live godly…shall suffer persecution’ — a universal guarantee that must not be softened into a merely possible outcome.
Ashamed
Approved rendering: Berasa malu
Transliteration: buh-RAH-sah MAH-loo
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἐπαισχύνομαι
Category: Perseverance
New term, 1:8, 1:12, 1:16. Intersects with Malay culture’s strong honor-shame (malu) dynamics; must be taught as bold, public identification with Christ despite social shame, not merely a private feeling.
Repentance
Approved rendering: Pertobatan
Transliteration: puhr-toh-BAH-tahn
Doctrine: Repentance
Rejected alternatives: taubat (the Islamic tawbah concept, operating within a deeds-and-mercy framework offering no final assurance until Judgment Day)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Apostasy
New term, 2:25 ‘if God peradventure will give them repentance’ — presented as God’s own sovereign gift preceding recognition of truth, not a human-initiated act securing uncertain mercy. Parallels the baseline’s election-vs-takdir distinction.
Kept The Faith
Approved rendering: Memelihara iman
Transliteration: muh-muh-lee-HAH-rah EE-mahn
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα
Category: Reward
New term, 4:7, third element of Paul’s closing triad. Directly links Faithful Transmission of the Gospel (the guarded deposit of chapter 1) with personal perseverance and Assurance of Reward.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: Mahkota kebenaran
Transliteration: mah-KOH-tah keh-beh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: kebenaran kedua yang diusahakan (a second, earned righteousness — explicitly rejected)
Original: ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος
Category: Reward
ANCHOR TERM for Assurance of Reward, 4:8. A victor’s wreath (not a royal diadem) awarded for a persevering life of faith already justified — must never be taught as a second, later-earned righteousness alongside the already-credited justification-righteousness (imputed_righteousness). Flag wherever this phrase co-occurs with righteousness-cluster content.
Immortality
Approved rendering: Keabadian / Hidup yang tidak dapat binasa
Transliteration: keh-ah-bah-DEE-ahn
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: roh yang kekal (a generic immortal-soul concept shared broadly across religious traditions)
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
New term, 1:10, brought to light through the gospel. Must be tied specifically to Christ’s resurrection (Kebangkitan), not treated as a generic immortal-soul concept.
Spirit Of Power Love Sound Mind
Approved rendering: Roh kuasa, kasih, dan pengawalan diri
Transliteration: ROHKH KOO-ah-sah, KAH-sih, dahn puhng-ah-WAH-lahn DEE-ree
Doctrine: Power of God for Ministry and Godliness
Original: πνεῦμα δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ
Category: Sanctification
New term, 1:7. Lowercase ‘roh’ (God-given disposition) must be visually/contextually distinguished from capitalized Roh Kudus (Holy Spirit); risk of animist-folk roh (spirit-being) misreading given traditional Malay belief in multiple spirit categories.
Rightly Dividing Word Of Truth
Approved rendering: Menyampaikan firman kebenaran dengan tepat
Transliteration: muh-nyahm-PAI-kahn FEER-mahn keh-beh-NAH-rahn duh-ngahn TUH-paht
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Doctrine
New term, 2:15. Contains alētheia (truth), sharing the Malay surface form kebenaran with dikaiosynē (righteousness); flag every occurrence for native speaker review, noting which Greek term underlies it.
Word Not Bound
Approved rendering: Firman Allah tidak terikat
Transliteration: FEER-mahn ahl-LAHH TEE-dahk teh-REE-kaht
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται
Category: Ministry
New term, 2:9. Assurance that persecution cannot stop gospel advance; reinforces Perseverance under Suffering and Faithful Transmission of the Gospel together.
Foundation Stands Sure
Approved rendering: Asas Allah yang teguh itu tetap berdiri
Transliteration: AH-sahs ahl-LAHH yahng TUH-gooh EE-too TUH-tahp buhr-DEE-ree
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ὁ στερεὸς θεμέλιος τοῦ θεοῦ ἕστηκεν
Category: Apostasy
New term, 2:19. God’s unshakeable establishment of the church despite false teachers; provides assurance amid apostasy.
Lord Knows His Own
Approved rendering: Tuhan mengenali orang-orang milik-Nya
Transliteration: TOO-hahn muh-ngeh-NAH-lee OH-rahng-OH-rahng MEE-lik-nyah
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἔγνω κύριος τοὺς ὄντας αὐτοῦ
Category: Apostasy
New term, 2:19, quoted from Numbers 16:5. Secures true believers’ identity regardless of apostates present within the visible church.
Purge Cleanse Himself
Approved rendering: Menyucikan diri
Transliteration: muh-nyoo-CHEE-kahn DEE-ree
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: penyucian (ritual/ceremonial purification)
New term, 2:21. Active self-separation from corrupting associations, distinct from pengudusan (the Spirit’s ongoing sanctifying work); the resulting state is moral-relational holiness (dikuduskan), not ritual cleanliness.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: Damai sejahtera
Transliteration: DAH-mai seh-jah-TEH-rah
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ketenangan (inner calm)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1:2 greeting; now part of an EXPANDED greeting triad (grace, mercy, peace) rather than Romans’ simpler grace-and-peace pair — see mercy below for the new third term.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: Karunia rohani
Transliteration: kah-ROO-nee-ah roh-HAH-nee
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: keramat (a miraculous power or site associated with a venerated wali in traditional Malay Islam)
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Timothy 1:6 uses the singular ‘the gift’ (charisma) specifically for Timothy’s own ordination gift rather than the plural charismata; see the new rekindle_the_gift entry below for this specific verb-form rendering.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: keh-rah-JAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: pentadbiran Allah (God’s administration)
Original: βασιλεία (τὴν ἐπουράνιον, 4:18)
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. 4:18 adds the qualifier ‘heavenly’ (Kerajaan-Nya yang di syurga), sharpening the non-political, non-bureaucratic sense already flagged in the baseline against Kerajaan’s everyday ‘government’ meaning in modern Malay.
David
Approved rendering: Daud
Transliteration: dah-OOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. 2:8, part of Paul’s creedal gospel summary.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: Keturunan Daud
Transliteration: keh-too-ROO-nahn dah-OOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. 2:8, appearing within the same verse as Kebangkitan and ‘my gospel’ in a dense creedal statement to be taught as a single unit.
Ungodliness
Approved rendering: Ketidaksalehan
Transliteration: keh-tee-dahk-sah-LEH-hahn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀσέβεια (ἐπὶ πλεῖον…ἀσεβείας)
Category: Apostasy
New term, 2:16, direct antonym of godliness above; shares the same soleh-root collision risk.
Perilous Times
Approved rendering: Zaman yang susah/genting
Transliteration: ZAH-mahn yahng SOO-sahh/GUHN-ting
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: χαλεποὶ καιροί
Category: Apostasy
New term, 3:1, pairing with last_days above.
Ministry
Approved rendering: Pelayanan
Transliteration: puh-lah-YAH-nahn
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
New term, 4:5 ‘make full proof of thy ministry’; Timothy’s specific pastoral assignment.
Testimony
Approved rendering: Kesaksian
Transliteration: keh-SAHK-see-ahn
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: μαρτύριον
Category: Perseverance
New term, 1:8 ‘the testimony of our Lord,’ which Timothy must not be ashamed of.
Fight The Good Fight
Approved rendering: Bertanding dalam pertandingan yang baik
Transliteration: buhr-TAHN-ding dah-lahm puhr-TAHN-ding-ahn yahng BAH-eek
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι
Category: Reward
New term, 4:7. Athletic-contest imagery; first element of Paul’s three-part closing assurance statement.
Finished The Course
Approved rendering: Menghabiskan perlumbaan
Transliteration: muhng-hah-BEES-kahn puhr-loom-BAH-ahn
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα
Category: Reward
New term, 4:7. A footrace completed to its end, describing ministry as finished, not abandoned; second element of the closing triad.
Righteous Judge
Approved rendering: Hakim yang adil
Transliteration: HAH-keem yahng AH-dil
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ὁ δίκαιος κριτής
Category: Reward
New term, 4:8. Christ’s role as impartial evaluator and rewarder, paired with 4:1’s judge (krinein).
Devil
Approved rendering: Iblis
Transliteration: IB-lees
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: διάβολος
Category: Apostasy
New term, 2:26 ‘snare of the devil.’ Qur’anic Iblis and the biblical devil overlap meaningfully as a personal evil supernatural opponent; still requires light teaching that the biblical Iblis is an actively present tempter, not confined to a single past narrative episode.
Disqualified Concerning Faith
Approved rendering: Gagal ujian mengenai iman
Transliteration: GAH-gahl OO-jee-ahn muh-ngeh-NAH-ee EE-mahn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν
Category: Apostasy
New term, 3:8. False teachers ultimately fail the test of genuine faith despite religious activity.
Fables
Approved rendering: Dongeng-dongeng
Transliteration: DOH-ngeng-DOH-ngeng
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: μῦθοι
Category: Doctrine
New term, 4:4. Distinguish from the neutral Malay oral-tradition genre (hikayat, cerita rakyat); qualify on first use (e.g. ‘dongeng-dongeng ajaran palsu’).
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: Telinga yang gatal
Transliteration: teh-LEE-ngah yahng GAH-tahl
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: ingin tahu (curious, an overly flattened alternative)
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Doctrine
New term, 4:3. Deliberately retained vivid idiom rather than a flattened abstraction, per this Language Package’s idiom-handling rule for doctrinally loaded idioms.
Poured Out Drink Offering
Approved rendering: Tercurah sebagai korban curahan
Transliteration: tuhr-CHOO-rah suh-BAH-gai KOHR-bahn CHOO-rah-hahn
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἤδη σπένδομαι
Category: Perseverance
New term, 4:6. No direct Malay-Islamic ritual parallel (qurban centers on animal sacrifice, not poured libations); explain the sacrificial metaphor rather than assume cultural equivalence.
Time Of Departure
Approved rendering: Masa keberangkatan(ku)
Transliteration: MAH-sah keh-buh-rahng-KAH-tahn(-koo)
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ὁ καιρὸς τῆς ἀναλύσεώς μου
Category: Reward
New term, 4:6. Nautical/military image reframing death as a dignified, purposeful release, not defeat.
Promise Of Life
Approved rendering: Janji hidup
Transliteration: JAHN-jee HEE-doop
Doctrine: Gospel
New term, 1:1. A guaranteed pledge of eternal life ‘in Christ Jesus,’ the content of the apostolic message.
Pure Conscience
Approved rendering: Hati nurani yang suci
Transliteration: HAH-tee noo-RAH-nee yahng SOO-chee
Doctrine: Faith
New term, 1:3. Paul’s inherited, consistent devotion to God. Note: ‘suci’ here carries its everyday moral-purity sense; kudus remains reserved for the doctrinal set-apartness sense (see ‘holy’ above).
Unfeigned Faith
Approved rendering: Iman yang tulus
Transliteration: EE-mahn yahng TOO-loos
Doctrine: Faith
New term, 1:5. Timothy’s authentic, family-transmitted faith (Lois, Eunice).
Rekindle The Gift
Approved rendering: Kobarkan karunia Allah
Transliteration: koh-BAHR-kahn kah-ROO-nee-ah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: keramat (a venerated wali’s grave-site miraculous power, per baseline caution)
New term, 1:6. Timothy’s specific ordination gift (singular charisma) needing active, ongoing exercise; distinct rendering from the plural charismata (karunia rohani) above.
Vessels Honor Dishonor
Approved rendering: Bekas-bekas…kehormatan…kehinaan
Transliteration: BEH-kahs-BEH-kahs…keh-hohr-MAH-tahn…keh-HEE-nah-ahn
Doctrine: Sanctification
New term, 2:20-21. Household-object metaphor distinguishing purified, useful believers from corrupted, unfaithful ones.
Servant Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Hamba Tuhan
Transliteration: HAHM-bah TOO-hahn
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
New term, 2:24. Timothy’s ministerial identity as a bondservant wholly devoted to Christ’s authority.
Lovers Of Self Lovers Of Pleasure
Approved rendering: Pementing diri…mencintai kesukaan lebih daripada mencintai Allah
Transliteration: puh-MEHN-ting DEE-ree
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
New term, 3:2-4. Opening/closing terms of the vice catalogue, framing all listed vices as misdirected love.
Profane Vain Babblings
Approved rendering: Percakapan kosong yang tidak suci
Transliteration: puhr-CHAH-kah-pahn KOH-song yahng TEE-dahk SOO-chee
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New term, 2:16. Irreverent, content-empty speech contrasted with sound doctrine, the hallmark of false teachers.
Gangrene Metaphor
Approved rendering: Akan merebak seperti gangren
Transliteration: AH-kahn muh-REH-bahk suh-PEHR-tee GAHNG-rehn
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New term, 2:17. Vivid medical metaphor for false doctrine’s corrosive, spreading effect within the church body.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: Kesyukuran
Transliteration: keh-shoo-KOO-rahn
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / χάριν ἔχω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. 1:3 ‘I thank God.‘
Fellowship
Approved rendering: Persekutuan
Transliteration: per-seh-koo-TOO-ahn
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: persaudaraan (brotherhood, generic/ethnic)
Original: κοινωνία (implicit in shared ministry/greetings)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Reflected in the extensive network of named co-workers and companions in chapter 4.
Exhort
Approved rendering: Menasihati
Transliteration: meh-NAH-see-HAH-tee
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Part of the 4:2 charge cluster (reprove, rebuke, exhort).
Gentle Apt To Teach Patient
Approved rendering: Lemah lembut, cakap mengajar, dan sabar
Transliteration: LEH-mah LEHM-boot, CHAH-kahp muh-NGAH-jahr, dahn SAH-bahr
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
New term, 2:24. Cluster of pastoral character qualities required alongside sound doctrine’s content.
Jannes And Jambres
Approved rendering: Yanes dan Yambres
Transliteration: YAH-nes dahn YAHM-brehs
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
New proper-name term, 3:8. Drawn from extrabiblical Jewish tradition identifying Pharaoh’s magicians (Exodus 7); note the extrabiblical source in teaching material.
Foolish Unlearned Questions
Approved rendering: Soal-soal yang bodoh dan tidak berfaedah
Transliteration: SOH-ahl-SOH-ahl yahng BOH-dohh dahn TEE-dahk buhr-fah-EH-dah
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New term, 2:23. Speculative disputes without edifying value, contrasted with sound, edifying doctrine.
Referenced passages