Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Luke 1–24 (English–Malay)
Translation Requirements Interface (TRI) — Phase 1, Step 1 Deliverable
Curriculum: Luke | Core passage: Luke 4:16–21 Destination language: Malay
How to use this glossary:
- Terms marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACT] are already established in the Romans
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.jsonand MUST be rendered identically here. Full doctrinal notes for these terms are not repeated in full; see the baseline files. Only Luke-specific contextual notes are added where relevant. - Terms marked [NEW — LUKE] are introduced in this document for the first time and must be added to
translation_memory.json(with version increment) before Phase 2 translation begins, per the AI Translation Requirements’ term-discovery protocol. - Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier system: Critical / High / Medium / Low.
A. Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (as they occur across Luke)
| Term (EN) | Malay | Risk | Luke references (representative) | Luke-specific note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | Injil | High | 4:18 (verb form), 9:6, 20:1 | Verb form εὐαγγελίσασθαι shares this root; enforce noun/verb consistency. |
| Faith | Iman | High | 5:20; 7:9, 50; 8:25, 48; 17:19; 18:8, 42 | Object of faith (trust in Jesus specifically) must remain explicit at every occurrence. |
| Righteousness / Justified | Kebenaran / Diperbenarkan | Critical | 18:14 | Luke 18:9–14 (Pharisee/tax collector) is Luke’s clearest forensic-justification text; must align with Romans 3–4 teaching. |
| Salvation / Saved | Keselamatan / menyelamatkan | Critical | 1:69, 71, 77; 2:11, 30; 3:6; 7:50; 8:12, 36, 50; 9:24; 18:26, 42; 19:9–10; 23:35, 37, 39 | Highest-frequency Critical term in Luke; also collides with σῴζω’s dual healing/salvation sense (see New Terms, “Saved/Made Well”). |
| Apostle | Rasul | Medium–High | 6:13; 9:10; 11:49; 17:5; 22:14; 24:10 | Choosing of the Twelve (6:13) is the key institutional moment. |
| Called / Calling | Dipanggil / Panggilan | High | 1:32, 35, 76; 6:46; 14:7–24 (parable) | Also present in the Great Banquet’s invitation-language (14:16–24). |
| Holy | Kudus | High | 1:35, 49, 70; 2:23; 4:34; 11:2 | Also appears in “Holy One of God” (4:34, demon’s confession) — flag for deity-of-Christ teaching continuity. |
| Saints | Orang kudus | High | (indirect; corporate sainthood concept underlies “disciples”) | Low direct occurrence in Luke; retained for cross-curriculum consistency. |
| Resurrection | Kebangkitan | Critical | 14:14; 20:27–40; 24:1–49 | Ch. 24 is Luke’s climactic resurrection narrative; see semantic analysis for full physical-proof emphasis. |
| Lord | Tuhan | Critical | 1:43, 76; 2:11; 5:8; 6:46; 20:42–44; 24:34 | ”Christ the Lord” (2:11) and “David’s Lord” (20:44) are key Christological convergence points. |
| Son of God | Anak Allah | Critical | 1:35; 4:3, 9, 41; 8:28; 22:70 | Demons’ confessions (4:41; 8:28) ironically affirm this truth; teach as reliable testimony despite the source. |
| Incarnation (concept) | Penjelmaan | Critical | 1:31–35; 2:7 | Ch. 1–2 birth narrative is Luke’s incarnation text; pair with Menaungi/Overshadow (New Terms). |
| Peace | Damai sejahtera | Medium | 1:79; 2:14, 29; 7:50; 8:48; 19:38, 42 | Recurs at both birth (2:14) and triumphal entry (19:38), framing Jesus’ whole mission. |
| Thanksgiving | Kesyukuran | Low | 17:16; 18:11 (ironic, Pharisee’s false thanksgiving) | Contrast 17:16 (genuine) with 18:11 (self-congratulatory) for teaching nuance. |
| Fellowship | Persekutuan | Low | (concept underlies table-fellowship scenes) | See New Terms “Eat with / Table Fellowship” for the specific Lukan motif. |
| Kingdom of God | Kerajaan Allah | Medium | 4:43; 6:20; 8:1, 10; 9:2, 11, 27, 60, 62; 10:9, 11; 11:20; 13:18–21; 14:15; 17:20–21; 18:16–17, 24–25, 29; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16, 18; 23:42 (thief’s request, “remember me when you come into your kingdom”) | Highest-frequency Kingdom term in the NT; anchors this curriculum’s Kingdom Present and Future doctrine across nearly every chapter. |
| Law | Hukum Taurat | High | 2:22–27, 39; 10:26; 16:16–17; 24:44 | ”Law of Moses, the Prophets, and the Psalms” (24:44) is Luke’s tripartite OT-fulfillment formula. |
| Sin | Dosa | High | 1:77; 3:3; 5:20–24, 32; 6:37 (forgive); 7:47–49; 11:4; 13:2–4; 15:1–2, 7, 10, 18, 21; 17:3–4; 18:13; 19:7; 24:47 | Foundational to Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins; see New Terms for the compound “forgiveness of sins.” |
| Gentiles | Bangsa bukan Yahudi | Medium | 2:32; 18:32; 21:24; 24:47 | Simeon’s prophecy (2:32) and the Great Commission (24:47) bookend the Gospel with this theme. |
| Glory | Kemuliaan | High | 2:9, 14, 32; 9:26, 31–32; 21:27; 24:26 | Transfiguration (9:31–32) and the risen Christ “entering into his glory” (24:26) are key Christological anchors. |
| Power of God | Kuasa Allah | High | 1:35; 4:14, 36; 5:17; 6:19; 9:1; 21:27; 24:49 | ”Power from on high” (24:49) directly anticipates Pentecost; ties to Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History. |
| Messiah/Christ | Kristus | Critical | 2:11, 26; 3:15; 4:41; 9:20; 20:41; 22:67; 23:2, 35, 39; 24:26, 46 | Peter’s confession (9:20, “the Christ of God”) and the Emmaus revelation (24:26) are pivotal. |
| Prophet | Nabi | Low–High (context-dependent) | 1:76; 4:24, 27; 7:16, 26, 39; 9:8, 19; 13:33–34; 16:16, 29–31; 24:19, 25, 27 | Jesus is repeatedly called “a prophet” by observers (7:16, 24:19) — teach that he is more than, not merely, a prophet. |
| Prophecy | Nubuat | Medium | 1:67 (implied); 24:25–27, 44 | Ch. 24’s Emmaus road unpacking of “all the Scriptures” is Luke’s fullest prophecy-fulfillment scene. |
| Covenant | Perjanjian | Medium–High | 1:72; 22:20 | 22:20 introduces “new covenant” — see New Terms for the intensified atonement-blood context. |
| David | Daud | Medium | 1:27, 32, 69; 2:4, 11; 3:31; 6:3; 18:38–39; 20:41–44 | Extremely frequent in Luke; anchors the Davidic-covenant/messianic-kingship thread throughout. |
| Israel | Israel | Medium | 1:16, 54, 68, 80; 2:25, 32, 34; 24:21 | ”We had hoped he was the one to redeem Israel” (24:21) — poignant pre-resurrection statement; handle with pastoral sensitivity per baseline note. |
| Jesus | Yesus | Critical | throughout | Never Isa. |
| God | Allah | Critical | throughout | Never substitute Tuhan for Allah. |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | 1:15, 35, 41, 67, 80; 2:25–27; 3:16, 22; 4:1, 14, 18; 10:21; 11:13; 12:10, 12 | Extraordinarily dense concentration in chs. 1–4; foundational to the Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History doctrine — see also New Term “Spirit of the Lord.” |
| Father | Bapa | Critical | 2:49; 6:36; 10:21–22; 11:2, 13; 15:12–32 (prodigal); 22:42; 23:34, 46; 24:49 | The prodigal son parable (ch. 15) is Luke’s richest relational-Father narrative; pair with baseline Adoption entry conceptually. |
| Exhort | Menasihati | Low | (implied in teaching/parable contexts) | Low direct occurrence; retained for consistency. |
| Seed of David | Keturunan Daud | Medium | 1:27, 32; 3:31; 18:38–39; 20:41 | See New Terms “Son of David, have mercy” for the ch. 18 convergence with mercy language. |
| Imputed Righteousness | Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan | Critical | (conceptually underlies 18:14) | No direct Lukan lexical occurrence, but the justification scene (18:14) requires this baseline concept for full teaching. |
B. New Terms Introduced by Luke (add to translation_memory.json)
| Term (EN) | Malay | Transliteration | Risk | Greek / Translit | Definition | Luke references | Translation notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior | Juruselamat | joo-roo-seh-LAH-maht | High | σωτήρ / sōtēr | One who saves/rescues; here Jesus’ own birth-announcement title. | 2:11 | Must be taught as exclusive and unique, not a generic rescuer-figure among others. |
| Mercy | Belas kasihan | BEH-lahs KAH-see-hahn | High | ἔλεος / eleos | Compassionate covenant-kindness shown to the afflicted/humble. | 1:50, 54, 58, 72, 78; 10:37; 18:38–39 | Rejected: rahmat (standard Islamic mercy-term operating within a deeds-still-matter judgment framework), for the same reason baseline rejects it for “grace.” |
| Repentance | Pertaubatan (bertaubat) | per-tow-BAH-tahn | High | μετάνοια / metanoia | Complete reorientation of mind/heart away from sin toward God, evidenced by fruit. | 3:3, 8; 5:32; 13:3, 5; 15:7, 10; 17:3–4; 24:47 | Shares root with Islamic taubat; must be explicitly anchored to Christ’s finished work and present forgiveness, not left as generic human-initiated moral turning. |
| Forgiveness of sins | Pengampunan dosa | peng-am-POO-nahn DOH-sah | High | ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν / aphesis hamartiōn | The same underlying Greek word (aphesis) as “release” in 4:18; here specifically forgiveness of moral guilt. | 1:77; 3:3; 5:20–24; 7:47–49; 24:47 | See semantic analysis 4:18 entry: the single Greek word aphesis is split into two Malay words (pembebasan/pengampunan) — record translator note on the lost wordplay. |
| Poor | Orang miskin | OH-rahng MIS-kin | Medium | πτωχός / ptōchos | Utterly destitute, economically powerless. | 4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13, 21; 16:20, 22; 18:22; 19:8; 21:3 | Must retain concrete economic referent; do not prematurely spiritualize. |
| Compassion | Belas kasihan / tergerak hati | ter-GEH-rahk HAH-tee | Medium | σπλαγχνίζομαι / splanchnizomai | Visceral, gut-level pity moving one to act. | 7:13; 10:33; 15:20 | Recurring three-part motif (widow of Nain, Good Samaritan, prodigal’s father); teach as a deliberate Lukan pattern. |
| Sinners | Orang berdosa | OH-rahng ber-DOH-sah | Medium | ἁμαρτωλός / hamartōlos | A socially marked, stigmatized category of morally disreputable persons, not merely “someone who sins.” | 5:30, 32; 7:34, 37, 39; 15:1–2, 7, 10; 18:13; 19:7 | Retain the social-marginalization dimension in teaching. |
| Tax collectors | Pemungut cukai | peh-MOONG-oot CHOO-kai | Medium | τελώνης / telōnēs | Roman-collaborating toll/tax agents, socially despised. | 3:12; 5:27–30; 7:29, 34; 15:1; 18:10–13; 19:2, 8 | Modern Malay “cukai” is a neutral civil term; teaching must supply the historical stigma. |
| Disciple | Murid | MOO-rid | High | μαθητής / mathētēs | One who follows a teacher, adopting their whole way of life. | 5:30; 6:13, 17, 20, 40; 9:14, 16, 18, 40, 43, 54; 10:23; 11:1; 12:1, 22; 14:26–27, 33; 16:1; 17:1, 22; 18:15; 19:29, 37, 39; 20:45; 22:11, 39, 45; 24:9, 13, 33 | Collision with Sufi murid–mursyid discipleship structure; must be taught as direct relationship to Christ, not human-mediated spiritual mastery. |
| Follow (discipleship) | Mengikut | MENG-ee-koot | Medium | ἀκολουθέω / akoloutheō | To follow, accompany as a committed adherent, not casual accompaniment. | 5:11, 27–28; 9:23, 57–62; 18:22, 28, 43 | Must carry full self-denial/cross-bearing weight in context (see “Deny himself,” “Cross”). |
| Joy | Sukacita | SOO-kah-CHEE-tah | Low–Medium | χαρά / chara | Deep gladness; heaven’s own joy over repentance. | 1:14; 2:10; 8:13; 10:17; 15:7, 10; 24:41, 52 | Established, warm Christian term. |
| Cross / Crucifixion | Salib / Penyaliban / Disalibkan | sah-LEEB / peh-nyah-lee-BAHN | Critical | σταυρός, σταυρόω / stauros, stauroō | The Roman execution-stake; the act of crucifying. | 9:23; 14:27; 23:21, 23, 26, 33 | Directly contradicts Qur’an 4:157’s denial of the crucifixion; must be translated and taught with full historical/physical weight, never softened. |
| Deny himself | Menyangkal diri | meh-NYAHNG-kahl DEE-ree | Medium–High | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / aparneomai heauton | Total, ongoing renunciation of self-rule for the sake of following Christ. | 9:23 | Distinguish from Sufi ascetic self-mortification (zuhud); this is relational, Christ-directed, not a merit-earning technique. |
| Son of Man | Anak Manusia | AH-nahk MAH-noo-see-ah | High | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου / ho huios tou anthrōpou | Jesus’ favored self-title; draws on Daniel 7’s exalted, dominion-holding figure. | 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22–30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7 | Risk that Muslim-background readers hear only “mere human,” missing the Daniel 7 divine-authority dimension; must be explicitly taught. |
| Synagogue | Sinagoge | see-nah-GOH-geh | Medium | συναγωγή / synagōgē | Jewish local assembly/building for Scripture, prayer, teaching. | 4:16, 20, 28, 33, 38, 44; 6:6; 7:5; 8:41; 11:43; 13:10, 14; 20:46 | Never rendered/explained as equivalent to masjid (mosque). |
| Sabbath | Hari Sabat | HAH-ree SAH-baht | Medium | σάββατον / sabbaton | The Jewish seventh-day rest institution. | 4:16, 31; 6:1–9; 13:10–16; 14:1–6; 23:56 | Distinct from Friday (Jumaat) congregational prayer; multiple Sabbath-healing controversies establish Jesus’ authority over it. |
| Anoint | Mengurapi | meng-oo-RAH-pee | Medium | χρίω / chriō | Ritual consecration by oil; root of “Christ.” | 4:18 | Link explicitly to baseline Kristus entry. |
| Proclaim/Preach | Mengisytiharkan / Memberitakan | meng-is-tee-HAR-kahn | Low | κηρύσσω / kēryssō | Authoritative, herald-like public announcement. | 4:18–19, 44; 8:1, 39; 9:2; 12:3; 24:47 | Distinct from casual teaching; retains authoritative-herald force. |
| Captives / Release | Tawanan / Pembebasan | tah-WAH-nahn | Medium | αἰχμάλωτος, ἄφεσις / aichmalōtos, aphesis | Literal war-captives and their release; also metaphorical bondage to sin. | 4:18 | Dual literal/spiritual referent must both be taught. |
| Blind / Recovery of Sight | Orang buta / Celik/penglihatan pulih | OH-rahng BOO-tah | Low–Medium | τυφλός, ἀνάβλεψις / typhlos, anablepsis | Physical blindness and its reversal; frequent spiritual-blindness metaphor. | 4:18; 6:39; 7:21–22; 18:35–43 | Note literal healings (18:35–43) fulfill the core passage’s own programmatic claim. |
| Oppressed | Yang tertindas | yahng ter-TIN-dahs | Low–Medium | θραύω (τεθραυσμένους) / thrauō | Those crushed/broken by circumstance or injustice. | 4:18 | Broadens core-passage mission scope. |
| Acceptable year of the Lord | Tahun yang berkenan kepada Tuhan | TAH-hoon yahng ber-KEH-nahn | Medium | ἐνιαυτὸς κυρίου δεκτός / eniautos kyriou dektos | Echoes the Jubilee year (Leviticus 25); the messianic age’s arrival. | 4:19 | Requires OT Jubilee background teaching. |
| Fulfilled | Digenapi | dee-geh-NAH-pee | High | πληρόω (πεπλήρωται) / plēroō | Prophecy reaching its intended completion. | 4:21; 24:44 | Teach as cumulative, converging fulfillment, not one more parallel prophetic restatement. |
| Today (eschatological) | Hari ini | HAH-ree EE-nee | Medium | σήμερον / sēmeron | Marks the decisive present arrival of salvation/fulfillment. | 2:11; 4:21; 19:5, 9; 23:43 | Recurring theological pattern across the Gospel; flag for teaching continuity. |
| Gabriel | Gabriel | GAH-bree-el | Critical | Γαβριήλ / Gabriēl | Named angelic messenger of the annunciations. | 1:19, 26 | NEVER “Jibril” — would reinforce the Islamic archangel-identification risk already flagged Critical for Roh Kudus in the baseline. |
| Virgin | Anak dara | AH-nahk DAH-rah | High | παρθένος / parthenos | Mary’s virginal state at conception. | 1:27, 34 | Shared miracle-claim with Qur’an 19; must move readers past the shared sign to the differing incarnational conclusion. |
| Overshadow | Menaungi | meh-NAH-oong-ee | Critical | ἐπισκιάζω / episkiazō | Non-physical divine enveloping presence at the conception. | 1:35 | Must be explicitly non-physical/non-sexual to preempt tawhid-driven misreading of “Son of God.” |
| Son of the Most High | Anak Yang Maha Tinggi | AH-nahk yahng MAH-hah TING-gee | Critical | υἱὸς ὑψίστου / huios hypsistou | Direct expression of Christ’s divine Sonship. | 1:32 | Fully inherits baseline Anak Allah/Sonship risk profile. |
| Redemption | Penebusan | peh-neh-BOO-sahn | High | λύτρωσις / lytrōsis | Ransom-payment to free a captive; applied to God’s saving act. | 1:68; 2:38; 21:28; 24:21 | No Islamic parallel to a paid ransom for sin; must be explicitly taught. |
| Devil | Iblis | IB-lees | High | διάβολος / diabolos | The personal spiritual adversary; slanderer/accuser. | 4:2, 3, 5, 6, 13; 8:12 | Shares name with the Qur’anic fallen-jinn figure with its own origin narrative (Qur’an 7:11–18); present only Luke’s own narrative content. |
| Unclean spirit / Demon | Roh jahat | rohkh jah-HAHT | Medium–High | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον, δαιμόνιον / pneuma akatharton, daimonion | Malevolent spiritual beings opposing God’s kingdom. | 4:33–36, 41; 6:18; 8:2, 27–33, 35–38; 9:1, 39, 42; 11:14–20 | Distinguish from jin (Islamic/animist category) and roh halus (folk nature-spirit, already Critical-flagged for Holy Spirit confusion). |
| Leprosy | Kusta | KOOS-tah | Medium | λέπρα / lepra | Serious skin disease causing ritual uncleanness/social exclusion. | 5:12–13; 7:22; 17:12 | Note ritual-purity (not Islamic najis) framework specific to Mosaic law. |
| Blessed (beatitude) | Berbahagialah | ber-bah-hah-gee-AH-lah | Medium | μακάριος / makarios | God’s own eschatological pronouncement of favor, often on the disadvantaged. | 6:20–22; 7:23; 11:27–28; 12:37–38, 43; 14:14–15; 23:29 | Teach as divine reversal-declaration, not present emotional happiness. |
| Woe | Malangnya kamu / Celakalah | MAH-lahng-nyah KAH-moo | Low–Medium | οὐαί / ouai | Prophetic pronouncement of coming judgment. | 6:24–26; 10:13; 11:42–52; 17:1; 21:23; 22:22 | Pairs with “blessed” in the reversal-theme. |
| The one who is to come | Yang akan datang | yahng AH-kahn dah-TAHNG | Medium | ὁ ἐρχόμενος / ho erchomenos | John the Baptist’s messianic-inquiry title. | 7:19–20; 13:35; 19:38 | Ties directly to Kristus/messianic_promise. |
| Word of God | Firman Allah | FEER-mahn ahl-LAHH | Low–Medium | ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ / ho logos tou theou | God’s proclaimed message, the “seed” of the sower parable. | 5:1; 8:11, 21; 11:28 | Established Christian term. |
| Saved / Made well | Menyelamatkan / Menyembuhkan | meh-NYEH-lah-maht-kahn | High | σῴζω (σέσωκεν) / sōzō | Single Greek verb spanning physical healing and spiritual/eternal salvation. | 7:50; 8:12, 36, 48, 50; 17:19; 18:42; 19:9–10 | Malay requires two distinct words where Greek uses one; flag the deliberate healing–salvation theological connection. |
| Neighbor | Jiran / sesama manusia | JEE-rahn | Medium | πλησίον / plēsion | Fellow person to whom mercy/love is owed; radically redefined by the Good Samaritan parable. | 10:27, 29, 36 | Genuine cultural bridge (Malaysian jiran-value); ensure the ethnicity-crossing challenge is not lost. |
| Prayer | Doa | DOH-ah | Medium–High | προσευχή, προσεύχομαι / proseuchē, proseuchomai | Petition and relational communion with God the Father. | 1:13; 3:21; 5:16; 6:12, 28; 9:18, 28–29; 11:1–13; 18:1, 10–14; 19:46; 21:36; 22:32, 39–46; 23:34, 46 | Shared vocabulary with Islamic doa (distinct from solat); must be anchored in relational sonship through Christ. |
| Counting the cost | Menghitung kos/perbelanjaan | meng-HEE-toong kohs | Medium | ψηφίζω τὴν δαπάνην / psēphizō tēn dapanēn | Deliberate calculation before committing to costly discipleship. | 14:28–32 | Connect back to grace-received, not merit-earning, discipleship. |
| Hate (comparative priority) | Membenci | mem-BEHN-chee | High | μισέω / miseō | Semitic idiom for comparative preference, not literal emotional hatred. | 14:26 | Intersects baseline christian_identity_in_christ (High risk) given Malay ethnic-religious identity fusion; retain literal wording, surround with pastoral teaching. |
| Heaven (God’s realm) | Syurga | SOOR-gah | High | οὐρανός / ouranos | God’s transcendent dwelling; locus of joy, reward, and future hope. | 2:15; 3:21–22; 6:23; 9:16 (implied), 54; 10:15, 18, 20–21; 11:13; 12:33; 15:7, 18, 21; 17:29; 18:22; 19:38; 20:4–5; 21:11, 26, 33; 22:43; 24:51 | Shares terminology with Jannah (Islamic Paradise), typically understood as deeds-weighed and deferred; must be taught as present, secured, relational reality where Luke asserts it as such. |
| Hades | Alam maut / Hades | AH-lahm MOWT | Medium–High | ᾅδης / hadēs | The intermediate realm of the dead. | 10:15; 16:23 | Must not be automatically equated with final neraka/hell; teach as intermediate, not final, state. |
| Justified | Diperbenarkan | (baseline transliteration) | Critical | δικαιόω (δεδικαιωμένος) / dikaioō | Forensic declaration of right standing before God. | 18:14 | Reuse baseline term exactly; the tax collector’s humility is the receiving posture, not the earning merit. |
| Son of David, have mercy | Anak Daud, kasihanilah aku | AH-nahk DAH-oot, KAH-see-hah-nee-lah AH-koo | High | Υἱὲ Δαυίδ, ἐλέησόν με / Huie Dauid, eleēson me | Blind beggar’s messianic recognition plus plea for mercy. | 18:38–39 | Combines Keturunan Daud + Belas kasihan; models the posture of faith. |
| Seek and save the lost | Mencari dan menyelamatkan yang hilang | men-CHAH-ree dahn meh-NYEH-lah-maht-kahn | High | ζητῆσαι καὶ σῶσαι τὸ ἀπολωλός / zētēsai kai sōsai to apolōlos | Luke’s programmatic mission-thesis statement. | 19:10 | Treat with cross-document consistency priority equal to Romans 1:16–17 in the baseline. |
| The king | Raja | RAH-jah | Medium | βασιλεύς / basileus | Messianic kingship claim, later the grounds for the trial charge. | 19:38; 23:2–3, 37–38 | Reinforce Kerajaan Allah’s spiritual (not political-monarchic) sense despite Malaysia’s active sultanate/government usage of related vocabulary. |
| Cornerstone | Batu penjuru | BAH-too pen-JOO-roo | Low–Medium | κεφαλὴ γωνίας / kephalē gōnias | The rejected-stone-become-foundation messianic image (Psalm 118). | 20:17 | Foreshadows rejection-then-vindication pattern. |
| Blood (atonement) | Darah | DAH-rah | High | αἷμα / haima | Sacrificial/covenantal blood, the means of atonement and covenant ratification. | 22:20 | No Islamic parallel to substitutionary blood atonement; must be explicitly taught. |
| New Covenant (in blood) | Perjanjian Baru | per-jahn-jee-AHN BAH-roo | High | καινὴ διαθήκη / kainē diathēkē | The covenant ratified by Christ’s atoning blood at the Last Supper. | 22:20 | Extension of baseline Perjanjian; pair explicitly with Darah entry. |
| Given for you (substitution) | Diserahkan untukmu | dee-seh-RAH-kahn oon-tuk-moo | High | τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν διδόμενον / to hyper hymōn didomenon | Substitutionary, self-giving framing of Christ’s body/death. | 22:19 | Requires explicit teaching of vicarious substitution, absent from Islamic soteriology. |
| Not my will, but yours | Bukan kehendakku, tetapi kehendak-Mu | BOO-kahn keh-HEHN-dah-koo | Medium–High | μὴ τὸ θέλημά μου ἀλλὰ τὸ σόν / mē to thelēma mou alla to son | Christ’s voluntary filial submission to the Father’s saving plan. | 22:42 | Surface resonance with Islamic “submission” (Islam); must be taught as relational, intra-Trinitarian, atonement-accomplishing submission, not fatalistic resignation. |
| Crucify / Crucifixion | (see Section B entry above, “Cross / Crucifixion”) | Critical | σταυρόω / stauroō | 23:21, 23, 26, 33 | Direct Qur’an 4:157 collision; never softened or narrated ambiguously. | ||
| Paradise | Firdaus | feer-DOWS | Critical | παράδεισος / paradeisos | The blessed abode of the righteous dead, granted here instantly and by grace. | 23:43 | Firdaus is a named, specific Qur’anic garden entered by deeds after judgment; this instant, grace-based promise to a dying criminal directly contradicts that framework — mandatory theologian review. |
| Father, forgive them | Bapa, ampunilah mereka | BAH-pah, ahm-POO-nee-lah meh-REH-kah | High | Πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς / Pater, aphes autois | Christ’s forgiveness extended even to his executioners. | 23:34 | Combines Bapa + aphesis word-family; ultimate embodiment of grace-based forgiveness. |
| Necessary (divine necessity) | Mesti / mustahak | MES-tee | High | δεῖ (ἔδει) / dei (edei) | Divine necessity fulfilling the whole scriptural plan concerning the Messiah. | 24:26, 44 | Capstone of the fulfillment_of_prophecy trajectory opened at the core passage (4:21). |
| Ascension | Terangkat naik ke syurga / Kenaikan Kristus | teh-RAHNG-kaht NAH-eek keh SOOR-gah | Critical (highest priority) | ἀναφέρω (ἀνεφέρετο) / anapherō (anephereto) | Christ’s bodily departure into heaven, following real death and bodily resurrection. | 24:51 | The natural Malay phrasing is IDENTICAL to the baseline’s explicitly forbidden no-death-ascension substitute for the Resurrection doctrine (Qur’an 4:157–158). Every occurrence must be anchored explicitly to the preceding death (ch. 23) and bodily resurrection (24:1–43) sequence. Mandatory theologian review on every occurrence. |
C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (for this curriculum’s eight named doctrines)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary terms (Section A + B) |
|---|---|
| Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | Juruselamat, Keselamatan, Bangsa bukan Yahudi, Orang miskin, Jiran, Raja |
| The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | Roh Kudus, Roh Tuhan, Mengurapi, Menaungi, Kuasa Allah (“power from on high”) |
| Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | Injil, Orang miskin, Orang berdosa, Pemungut cukai, Berbahagialah |
| Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | Pertaubatan, Pengampunan dosa, Firdaus, “Father, forgive them” |
| Prayer and Dependence on God | Doa, Bapa, “Not my will, but yours” |
| The Kingdom of God Present and Future | Kerajaan Allah, “Today,” Syurga, “the kingdom…is in the midst of you” |
| The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | Murid, Mengikut, Menyangkal diri, Salib/Penyaliban, Sukacita, “Counting the cost,” “Hate father and mother” |
| Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | Belas kasihan, Orang berdosa, Pemungut cukai, Kusta |
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json (new terms, Section B) before Phase 2 segment translation of Luke begins, per the AI Translation Requirements’ term-discovery protocol. All Section A terms remain governed by the existing baseline entries without modification.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh (righteous deeds, as the ground itself)
Original: δίκαιος / δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: must never collapse into moral achievement or factual correctness alone. Inherited from Romans package. Central to Luke 18:9-14’s Pharisee/tax collector parable, Luke’s clearest forensic-justification text.
Justification
Approved rendering: Diperbenarkan
Transliteration: dee-per-beh-NAHR-kahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: diampunkan (forgiven, alone)
Original: δεδικαιωμένος (from δικαιόω)
Category: Salvation
A forensic-legal declaration, not merely forgiveness. Inherited from Romans package. Luke 18:14 (‘this man went down to his house justified’) is the Gospel’s clearest justification-by-faith text; the tax collector’s humility is the receiving posture, never the meriting cause.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Keselamatan
Transliteration: keh-seh-lah-MAH-tahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: masuk syurga (entering paradise, as the whole content)
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: must not be diluted into generic well-wishing via its ‘selamat’ root. Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s highest-frequency Critical term (1:69,71,77; 2:11,30; 3:6; 7:50; 8:12,36,50; 9:24; 18:26,42; 19:9-10; 23:35,37,39), intensified by collision with sozo’s dual healing/salvation sense — see saved_made_well below.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: Kebangkitan
Transliteration: keh-bahng-KIT-ahn
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: diangkat naik ke syurga (being raised up to heaven, without dying)
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL: must affirm real bodily death followed by bodily resurrection. Inherited from Romans package. Luke 24 is the Gospel’s climactic resurrection narrative, with maximal physical-proof detail (touching hands and feet, eating broiled fish, 24:39-43) directly answering Qur’an 4:157’s denial that Jesus died.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: TOO-hahn
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: tuan (master/sir, non-divine)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 20:41-44 (‘David’s Lord’) and 24:34 (‘The Lord has risen indeed’) are key exclusive-Lordship convergence points in this book.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak Allah
Transliteration: AH-nahk ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: kekasih Allah (God’s beloved one), wakil Allah (God’s representative)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: full phrase required, never softened. Inherited from Romans package. Luke uniquely places this confession in demons’ mouths (4:41; 8:28) — reliable, ironic testimony that must be taught as such, never discounted for its source.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Penjelmaan
Transliteration: pen-jel-MAHN
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan yang menyamar sebagai manusia (God disguising himself as a human)
Original: ἐγένετο σὰρξ (conceptually, via Luke’s birth narrative)
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: shares its root with penjelmaan dewa, the Hindu-Buddhist-derived avatar concept surviving from the pre-Islamic Malay Archipelago. Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s nativity narrative (1:26-38; 2:1-7) is the Gospel’s primary incarnation text and must be paired explicitly with the new term Menaungi (overshadow) below.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: Al-Masih (the Qur’anic title, deliberately avoided)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: established Alkitab usage deliberately uses Kristus, not the Qur’anic Al-Masih. Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s confession (9:20, ‘the Christ of God’) and the Emmaus revelation (24:26) are Luke’s pivotal messianic-recognition scenes.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: YEH-soos
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isa (the Qur’anic name, deliberately avoided)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: never Isa. Inherited from Romans package. Non-negotiable throughout all 24 chapters of Luke.
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan (reserved for ‘Lord’ in this Language Package)
Original: θεός
Category: God
CRITICAL: carries the same legally and politically sensitive profile documented in the baseline (2013 Court of Appeal, 2021 Kuching High Court rulings). Inherited from Romans package.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: ROHKH KOO-doos
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Rejected alternatives: Jibril (the archangel Gabriel), roh halus (a generic nature/subtle spirit in traditional Malay animist belief)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL. Inherited from Romans package. Luke chs. 1-4 carry an extraordinarily dense concentration of Spirit-language, foundational to this curriculum’s Holy Spirit doctrine; see also the new spirit_of_the_lord entry below for the ‘Roh Tuhan’ variant phrasing at 4:18.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: BAH-pah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Pencipta (Creator, as a substitute to avoid relational language)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
CRITICAL: risk of implying literal offspring, which tawhid forbids. Inherited from Romans package. Luke 15’s prodigal son parable is the Gospel’s richest relational-Father narrative, alongside 2:49; 11:2; 22:42; 23:34, 46.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn yahng dee-per-hee-TOONG-kahn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: kebenaran yang diusahakan (earned/worked-for righteousness)
Original: ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην (conceptually underlying 18:14)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Lukan lexical occurrence, but required to teach 18:9-14 without lapsing into a deeds-ledger reading.
Cross Crucifixion
Approved rendering: Salib / Penyaliban / Disalibkan
Transliteration: sah-LEEB / peh-nyah-lee-BAHN
Doctrine: Crucifixion and Real Death of Christ
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: Qur’an 4:157 explicitly denies Jesus was crucified. First named as a discipleship demand (9:23; 14:27), then narrated as historical fact (23:21, 23, 26, 33). Must never be softened, abbreviated, or narrated ambiguously — the necessary premise for the resurrection in ch. 24.
Gabriel
Approved rendering: Gabriel
Transliteration: GAH-bree-el
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Rejected alternatives: Jibril (the Islamic archangel of revelation)
Original: Γαβριήλ
Category: Angelology
CRITICAL: NEVER ‘Jibril.’ Named angelic messenger of both annunciations (1:19, 26). Jibril is the archangel of Islamic revelation theology and the figure some Islamic commentary uses to reinterpret Ruh al-Qudus/Roh Kudus as a created angel; using Jibril here would reinforce, not correct, that conflation across two doctrines simultaneously (angelology and pneumatology).
Overshadow
Approved rendering: Menaungi
Transliteration: meh-NAH-oong-ee
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ἐπισκιάζω
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: non-physical divine enveloping presence at Christ’s conception (1:35), echoing Exodus 40:35’s cloud of glory. Must be explicitly taught as non-physical, non-sexual, and mysterious, paired directly with Penjelmaan and Anak Allah, to preempt any reading implying literal divine procreation.
Son Of The Most High
Approved rendering: Anak Yang Maha Tinggi
Transliteration: AH-nahk yahng MAH-hah TING-gee
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: kekasih Allah, wakil Allah
Original: υἱὸς ὑψίστου
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: Gabriel’s direct declaration of Christ’s divine Sonship (1:32). Fully inherits the Anak Allah Critical-risk profile; NEVER substitute a servant/representative euphemism.
Paradise
Approved rendering: Firdaus
Transliteration: feer-DOWS
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation and Immediate Grace
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL: the blessed abode of the righteous dead, granted instantly to the repentant dying criminal (23:43) on the sole basis of turning to Christ. Firdaus is a named, specific Qur’anic term (18:107; 23:11) for the highest tier of Jannah, entered only after final judgment on the basis of righteous deeds; this instant, grace-based promise directly and pointedly contradicts that deeds-then-judgment framework. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Ascension
Approved rendering: Terangkat naik ke syurga / Kenaikan Kristus ke syurga
Transliteration: teh-RAHNG-kaht NAH-eek keh SOOR-gah
Doctrine: Ascension of Christ
Rejected alternatives: diangkat naik ke syurga presented as a standalone, unanchored event
Original: ἀναφέρω (ἀνεφέρετο)
Category: Eschatology
HIGHEST-PRIORITY FLAG IN THIS ENTIRE PACKAGE. Christ’s bodily departure into heaven (24:51), the third and final act following his real death (ch. 23) and real bodily resurrection with physical proofs (24:1-43). The natural Malay phrasing is word-for-word identical to the phrase this Language Package’s baseline explicitly rejects as the forbidden no-death-ascension substitute for the Resurrection (Qur’an 4:157-158, Allah raising Isa directly to himself without death). Every occurrence must include an explicit anchoring clause referencing the preceding death-then-resurrection sequence; mandatory human theologian review on every single occurrence with a dedicated translator note.
Spirit Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Roh Tuhan
Transliteration: ROHKH TOO-hahn
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: Πνεῦμα κυρίου
Category: God
The OT formula for God’s empowering presence (echoing Isaiah 61:1), applied by Jesus directly to himself at the core passage (4:18). Inherits the full Roh Kudus risk profile; because this phrase uses Tuhan rather than Kudus, teaching material must make explicit that ‘Roh Tuhan’ here is the same divine Third Person as ‘Roh Kudus’ elsewhere, not a lesser or different spirit-being.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: IN-jeel
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: berita baik (generic ‘good news’, without the proclamation weight)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίσασθαι
Category: Salvation
Injil is the established Alkitab term, shared with the Qur’anic name for the revelation given to Isa, which Islamic doctrine treats as historically altered (tahrif). Inherited from Romans package. In Luke 4:18 the verb form euangelisasthai shares this root and must retain the same active, personal-proclamation sense Jesus applies to himself, not a bare reference to a book.
Grace
Approved rendering: Kasih kurnia
Transliteration: KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat (mercy, an Arabic-loan term operating within a deeds-and-mercy Islamic judgment framework)
Kasih kurnia (‘loving favor’) conveys unearned favor apart from merit, distinct from rahmat. Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Luke’s Assurance of Salvation and Immediate Grace doctrine, most sharply illustrated at 23:39-43, where the dying criminal receives Paradise instantly, apart from any deeds.
Faith
Approved rendering: Iman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: kepercayaan (generic belief/trust)
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Iman is shared with Islamic vocabulary (the pillars of belief). Inherited from Romans package. Repeatedly the explicit object of Luke’s healing formula ‘your faith has saved/healed you’ (5:20; 7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42); the object of faith (Jesus personally) must remain explicit at every occurrence.
Apostle
Approved rendering: Rasul
Transliteration: RAH-sool
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: utusan (a lower-weight, purely secular ‘envoy/messenger’)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Established Alkitab usage, shared with the Islamic category of a scripture-bearing prophet-messenger. Inherited from Romans package. Luke 6:13’s formal naming of the Twelve is the key institutional moment in this book.
Called
Approved rendering: Dipanggil
Transliteration: dee-PAHNG-gil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dijemput (invited, as to a social event)
Original: καλέω (κληθήσεται, etc.)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Also present in the Great Banquet’s repeated invitation-and-excuse pattern (14:16-24), which must retain the weight of a sovereign summons, not a socially optional invitation.
Calling
Approved rendering: Panggilan
Transliteration: pahng-GIL-ahn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: jemputan
Original: κλῆσις (conceptually, via κληθήσεται usage)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Low direct lexical occurrence in Luke; retained for cross-curriculum consistency with the calling of Jesus and John announced before birth (ch. 1).
Holy
Approved rendering: Kudus
Transliteration: KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci (ritually/physically clean)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Also appears in the demon’s confession ‘Holy One of God’ (4:34) — teach as ironically reliable testimony to Jesus’ deity, not discounted for its unclean source.
Saints
Approved rendering: Orang kudus
Transliteration: OH-rahng KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali (Sufi saints venerated at keramat sites in traditional Malay Islam)
Original: ἅγιοι (conceptually underlying corporate sainthood)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Low direct occurrence in Luke; retained so disciples’ corporate identity is never taught through a wali-style venerated-holy-figure lens.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: Pengudusan
Transliteration: peng-goo-DOO-sahn
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: penyucian (ritual purification)
Original: ἁγιασμός (conceptually, via holiness-of-life teaching)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-document consistency; distinguish from penyucian’s ritual-cleansing connotations.
Adoption
Approved rendering: Pengangkatan sebagai anak
Transliteration: peng-ahng-KAH-tahn seh-BAH-gai AH-nahk
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: anak angkat (bare, without doctrinal qualifier)
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Lukan lexical occurrence, but must be taught alongside the prodigal son parable (15:11-32) and Luke’s dense Bapa (Father) material as the relational-legal frame for that relationship.
Law
Approved rendering: Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: HOO-koom tow-RAHT
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: Syariah / Hukum Syariat (Islamic religious law, an operative parallel legal system in Malaysia)
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 24:44’s tripartite formula (‘the Law of Moses, the Prophets, and the Psalms’) is Luke’s own canonical fulfillment statement and must be taught as the full shape of the OT fulfilled in Christ.
Sin
Approved rendering: Dosa
Transliteration: DOH-sah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: kesilapan (mistake/error)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Foundational to Luke’s dense concentration of repentance-and-forgiveness narratives (3:3; 5:20-32; 7:47-49; 15; 24:47); Islamic fitrah anthropology (humans born sinless) resists this doctrine and requires explicit teaching support.
Glory
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur (divine light, associated with Nur Muhammad devotion in the historic Malay Sufi tradition)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Surrounds the nativity (2:9, 14), the Transfiguration (9:31-32), and the risen Christ ‘entering into his glory’ (24:26).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: Kuasa Allah
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kuasa ghaib (occult/supernatural power, associated with traditional Malay bomoh shamanic practice)
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 24:49’s ‘power from on high’ directly anticipates Pentecost and must be taught as the Holy Spirit’s personal power, never kuasa ghaib.
Prophet
Approved rendering: Nabi
Transliteration: NAH-bee
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ahli nujum (fortune-teller/astrologer)
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Risk elevated above the Romans baseline’s original Low rating because Nabi is precisely the (exclusive) category Islamic theology places Jesus into (Nabi Isa). Inherited from Romans package. Onlookers repeatedly (and inadequately) call Jesus himself ‘a prophet’ (7:16; 9:8, 19; 24:19) — a true-but-incomplete verdict the Gospel itself corrects (9:20; 24:26-27); every such occurrence must be paired with ‘more than a prophet’ teaching.
Covenant
Approved rendering: Perjanjian
Transliteration: per-jahn-jee-AHN
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: kontrak (bare commercial contract)
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Risk elevated above the Romans baseline’s Medium rating because Luke 22:20 fuses covenant language directly with substitutionary blood atonement (see new_covenant_in_blood below), a concept with no Islamic soteriological parallel. Inherited from Romans package.
Mission
Approved rendering: Penyebaran Injil
Transliteration: peh-nyeh-BAH-rahn IN-jeel
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations and the Great Commission
Rejected alternatives: misi (colonial-era connotations), dakwah-style framing (the specifically Islamic religious-propagation term)
Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant to Luke 10:1-20 (sending of the seventy-two) and 24:46-49 (Great Commission); proselytizing Muslims remains legally restricted in Malaysia, so this content must route to human theologian review for pastoral and legal-safety reasons.
Savior
Approved rendering: Juruselamat
Transliteration: joo-roo-seh-LAH-maht
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: penyelamat (generic secular ‘rescuer/lifeguard’)
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
The angel’s birth-announcement title (2:11), given first to shepherds, a socially marginal group. Must be taught as exclusive and unique for Jew and Gentile, rich and poor alike, not diluted by secular penyelamat usage or Greco-Roman imperial ‘savior’ cult-title associations Luke’s original readers also knew.
Mercy
Approved rendering: Belas kasihan
Transliteration: BEH-lahs KAH-see-hahn
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: rahmat (standard Islamic mercy-term operating within a deeds-still-matter judgment framework)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Compassion
Dominates the Magnificat/Benedictus (1:50, 54, 58, 72, 78), the Good Samaritan (10:37), and the blind beggar’s cry (18:38-39). Rejected for the same reason the baseline rejects rahmat for ‘grace’: rahmat operates within a framework where final judgment still weighs deeds.
Repentance
Approved rendering: Pertaubatan
Transliteration: per-tow-BAH-tahn
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Repentance
Shares its root with the standard Islamic term taubat/taubat nasuha, a human-initiated turning combined with good deeds whose final acceptance is left uncertain until judgment. Luke’s repentance (3:3, 8; 5:32; 13:3, 5; 15:7, 10; 17:3-4; 24:47) must be explicitly anchored to Christ’s already-accomplished work and a present, received forgiveness.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: Pengampunan dosa
Transliteration: peng-am-POO-nahn DOH-sah
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Repentance
The same underlying Greek word aphesis is rendered pembebasan (‘release’) for captives in 4:18 but pengampunan for sin-guilt elsewhere (1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 24:47); Malay splits into two words what Greek unifies in one. Mandate a standing translator’s note recovering the lost wordplay at every relevant occurrence.
Disciple
Approved rendering: Murid
Transliteration: MOO-rid
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
In traditional Malay Sufi tarekat practice, murid is a technical term for a disciple bound in submission to a mursyid (spiritual master) within an initiatory order. Biblical discipleship (5:30; 6:13,17,20,40; 9:14,16,18,40,43,54; 10:23; 11:1; 12:1,22; 14:26-27,33; 16:1; 17:1,22; 18:15; 19:29,37,39; 20:45; 22:11,39,45; 24:9,13,33) must be taught as direct relationship to Christ himself, not human-mediated spiritual mastery.
Deny Himself
Approved rendering: Menyangkal diri
Transliteration: meh-NYAHNG-kahl DEE-ree
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
Total, ongoing renunciation of self-rule for the sake of following Christ (9:23). Risk of assimilation to Sufi ascetic self-mortification (zuhud, fana’); must be taught as relational self-renunciation for a specific Person (Christ), not a merit-earning technique.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Anak Manusia
Transliteration: AH-nahk MAH-noo-see-ah
Doctrine: Humanity and Authority of the Son of Man
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
Jesus’ favored self-designation drawing on Daniel 7:13-14’s dominion-holding, glorified figure (5:24; 6:5,22; 7:34; 9:22,26,44,58; 11:30; 12:8,10,40; 17:22-30; 18:8,31; 19:10; 21:27,36; 22:22,48,69; 24:7). Because Islamic theology already affirms Jesus’ full humanity, Muslim-background readers risk hearing only ‘mere human,’ missing the Daniel 7 divine-authority dimension; must be taught explicitly at every major occurrence.
Fulfilled
Approved rendering: Digenapi
Transliteration: dee-geh-NAH-pee
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: πληρόω (πεπλήρωται)
Category: Covenant
Prophecy reaching its intended completion — the theological climax of the core passage (4:21) and the Emmaus road teaching (24:44). Islamic prophetology treats prophets as delivering parallel, self-contained messages; digenapi must be taught as a specific, climactic, once-for-all convergence, not one more prophetic restatement.
Virgin
Approved rendering: Anak dara
Transliteration: AH-nahk DAH-rah
Doctrine: Virgin Birth / Miraculous Conception
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
Mary’s virginal state at conception (1:27, 34). Islam affirms Isa’s virgin birth (Qur’an 19:16-22) as a miraculous sign, creating unusual common ground; teaching must move readers past the shared miracle-claim to Luke’s differing incarnational conclusion, which Islam explicitly denies.
Redemption
Approved rendering: Penebusan
Transliteration: peh-neh-BOO-sahn
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement and the New Covenant
Original: λύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
Ransom-payment to free a captive, applied to God’s saving act (1:68; 2:38; 21:28; 24:21). No equivalent category in Islamic soteriology, where forgiveness is granted directly by Allah’s mercy without a paid ransom; must be explicitly taught.
Devil
Approved rendering: Iblis
Transliteration: IB-lees
Doctrine: Christ’s Authority Over Evil Spirits
Original: διάβολος
Category: Angelology
The personal spiritual adversary (4:2,3,5,6,13; 8:12; 22:3, 31). Iblis is also the specific proper name of the fallen jinn in Islamic theology (Qur’an 7:11-18) with its own distinct origin narrative; present only Luke’s own narrative content (a personal tempter decisively defeated by Jesus) without assuming or importing the Qur’anic jinn-origin story.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: Roh jahat
Transliteration: rohkh jah-HAHT
Doctrine: Christ’s Authority Over Evil Spirits
Rejected alternatives: roh halus (folk nature-spirit)
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Angelology
Malevolent spiritual beings cast out by Jesus with a word (4:33-36, 41; 6:18; 8:2, 27-33, 35-38; 9:1, 39, 42; 11:14-20). Must be kept distinct from jin (Islamic/animist category) and roh halus (already Critical-flagged in the baseline for confusing Roh Kudus with a folk nature-spirit).
Saved Made Well
Approved rendering: Menyelamatkan / Menyembuhkan
Transliteration: meh-NYEH-lah-maht-kahn
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: σῴζω (σέσωκεν)
Category: Salvation
A single Greek verb (sozo) spans physical healing and spiritual/eternal salvation (7:50; 8:12,36,48,50; 17:19; 18:42; 19:9-10). Malay requires two distinct words where Greek uses one; teaching notes must flag the deliberate theological connection Luke intends between physical healing and total salvation.
Prayer
Approved rendering: Doa
Transliteration: DOH-ah
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Prayer
Petition, intercession, and relational communion with God (1:13; 3:21; 5:16; 6:12,28; 9:18,28-29; 11:1-13; 18:1,10-14; 19:46; 21:36; 22:32,39-46; 23:34,46). Shared vocabulary with Islamic doa (distinct from solat), a genuine bridge; must be anchored in relational sonship through Christ addressed as Bapa, not a formal petition within a deeds-and-duty framework.
Hate Comparative Priority
Approved rendering: Membenci
Transliteration: mem-BEHN-chee
Doctrine: Family Loyalty versus Christ-Centered Identity
Original: μισέω
Category: Discipleship
A Semitic idiom of comparative preference/priority (‘love less by comparison’), not literal emotional hatred (14:26). Intersects Malaysia’s constitutional fusion of Malay ethnicity and Islam, where following Christ can feel like betraying family and ethnic identity; the wording must never be softened in translation, but must be surrounded with careful pastoral framing in teaching notes only.
Heaven
Approved rendering: Syurga
Transliteration: SOOR-gah
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: οὐρανός
Category: Eschatology
God’s transcendent dwelling place, the locus of joy over repentance (15:7), reward for faithfulness (6:23; 12:33), and the destiny opened at Jesus’ baptism (3:21) and ascension (24:51). Syurga is also the standard term for Jannah, generally understood as a deeds-weighed outcome deferred to final judgment; every occurrence describing heaven as a present, secured, relational reality must be explicitly fenced against this deferred, works-based frame.
Son Of David Have Mercy
Approved rendering: Anak Daud, kasihanilah aku
Transliteration: AH-nahk DAH-oot, KAH-see-hah-nee-lah AH-koo
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Messianic Promise
Original: Υἱὲ Δαυίδ, ἐλέησόν με
Category: Compassion
The blind beggar’s cry (18:38-39) combines Keturunan Daud with Belas kasihan in a single breath; models the posture of faith the Repentance and Forgiveness doctrine commends — recognition of identity joined to a plea for undeserved mercy, not a claim of merit.
Seek And Save The Lost
Approved rendering: Mencari dan menyelamatkan yang hilang
Transliteration: men-CHAH-ree dahn meh-NYEH-lah-maht-kahn
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: ζητῆσαι καὶ σῶσαι τὸ ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
Luke’s own programmatic mission-thesis statement (19:10), spoken after Zacchaeus’s conversion; treat with the same cross-document consistency priority the baseline gives to Romans 1:16-17.
Blood Atonement
Approved rendering: Darah
Transliteration: DAH-rah
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement and the New Covenant
Original: αἷμα
Category: Salvation
Sacrificial/covenantal blood, the means of atonement and covenant ratification: ‘this cup…is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you’ (22:20). No equivalent category in Islamic theology, where forgiveness is granted by Allah’s direct mercy without a required sacrificial payment; must be explicitly taught.
New Covenant In Blood
Approved rendering: Perjanjian Baru
Transliteration: per-jahn-jee-AHN BAH-roo
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement and the New Covenant
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
The covenant ratified by Christ’s atoning blood, instituted at the Last Supper (22:20); an extension of the Perjanjian term, paired explicitly with blood_atonement above and the whole Perjanjian Lama/Perjanjian Baru framework already established in Alkitab usage.
Given For You
Approved rendering: Diserahkan untukmu
Transliteration: dee-seh-RAH-kahn oon-tuk-moo
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement and the New Covenant
Original: τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν διδόμενον
Category: Salvation
‘The [body] being given on behalf of/for you’ (22:19); a key substitutionary formula requiring explicit teaching of vicarious substitution, a concept without direct Islamic parallel.
Not My Will But Yours
Approved rendering: Bukan kehendakku, tetapi kehendak-Mu
Transliteration: BOO-kahn keh-HEHN-dah-koo
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: μὴ τὸ θέλημά μου ἀλλὰ τὸ σόν
Category: Prayer
Jesus’ Gethsemane prayer of perfect filial submission to the Father’s saving plan (22:42). Echoes etymologically close to Islam’s own core meaning (‘submission’); must be taught as the eternal Son’s voluntary, relational, intra-Trinitarian submission accomplishing atonement, not fatalistic resignation resembling the rejected takdir framework.
Father Forgive Them
Approved rendering: Bapa, ampunilah mereka
Transliteration: BAH-pah, ahm-POO-nee-lah meh-REH-kah
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: Πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς
Category: Repentance
Christ’s prayer of forgiveness extended even to his executioners while dying (23:34); combines Bapa with the aphesis/forgiveness word family — the ultimate embodiment of grace-based forgiveness.
Necessary Divine Necessity
Approved rendering: Mesti / mustahak
Transliteration: MES-tee
Doctrine: Divine Necessity and the Suffering Messiah
Original: δεῖ (ἔδει)
Category: Covenant
Divine necessity fulfilling the whole scriptural plan concerning the Messiah’s suffering, death, and resurrection (9:22; 13:33; 17:25; 22:37, 42; 24:7, 26, 44); must be taught as the climax of a cumulative, converging OT trajectory, not a pattern of self-contained, parallel prophetic messages.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: Damai sejahtera
Transliteration: DAH-mai seh-jah-TEH-rah
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ketenangan (inner calm)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Bookends Jesus’ earthly ministry from the nativity (2:14) to the triumphal entry (19:38, 42); teach as a deliberate Lukan framing device.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: keh-rah-JAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: pentadbiran Allah (God’s administration)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s highest-frequency Kingdom term (4:43 through 23:42); Kerajaan’s everyday ‘government’ meaning in Malaysian usage requires vigilant fencing at every occurrence, especially 17:20-21 (‘within/among you’) and 19:11-27 (Parable of the Minas).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: Bangsa bukan Yahudi
Transliteration: BAHNG-sah BOO-kahn yah-HOO-dee
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel (Jew and Gentile)
Rejected alternatives: kafir (unbeliever/infidel, an Islamic religious-legal category with strong pejorative force)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 4:25-27’s Gentile examples (widow of Zarephath, Naaman) provoke the Nazareth congregation’s murderous rage (4:28-29) — the scandal of the doctrine must not be softened.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: Nubuat
Transliteration: noo-boo-AHT
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ramalan (fortune-telling/prediction)
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 24:25-27, 44 is the Gospel’s fullest prophecy-fulfillment scene, bookending the core passage (4:21).
David
Approved rendering: Daud
Transliteration: dah-OOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Extremely frequent throughout Luke (1:27, 32, 69; 2:4, 11; 3:31; 6:3; 18:38-39; 20:41-44).
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: iss-rah-EL
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel (Jew and Gentile)
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 24:21’s poignant pre-resurrection lament (‘we had hoped he was the one to redeem Israel’) requires particular pastoral sensitivity given contemporary geopolitical associations.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: Keturunan Daud
Transliteration: keh-too-ROO-nahn dah-OOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ (conceptually, via Davidic descent claims)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the genealogy (3:31) and the blind beggar’s messianic cry, ‘Jesus, Son of David, have mercy on me’ (18:38-39).
Poor
Approved rendering: Orang miskin
Transliteration: OH-rahng MIS-kin
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχός
Category: Compassion
Concrete, economically destitute referent (4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13, 21; 16:20, 22; 18:22; 19:8; 21:3); must not be prematurely spiritualized. Connect to real Malaysian socio-economic categories (B40 households, urban poor, refugee and stateless communities) in teaching material only, never in the translation text itself.
Compassion
Approved rendering: Tergerak hati dengan belas kasihan
Transliteration: ter-GEH-rahk HAH-tee
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion
Visceral, gut-level pity (splanchnizomai) moving Jesus to act: the widow of Nain (7:13), the Good Samaritan (10:33), the prodigal’s father (15:20). No single Malay word carries this physicality; teach as a deliberate three-occurrence Lukan literary pattern.
Sinners
Approved rendering: Orang berdosa
Transliteration: OH-rahng ber-DOH-sah
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Repentance
A socially marked, stigmatized category (5:30, 32; 7:34, 37, 39; 15:1-2, 7, 10; 18:13; 19:7), not merely ‘someone who sins’ in the abstract; retain the social-marginalization dimension so the scandal of Jesus’ table fellowship is not lost.
Tax Collectors
Approved rendering: Pemungut cukai
Transliteration: peh-MOONG-oot CHOO-kai
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τελώνης
Category: Compassion
Modern Malay cukai is a neutral civil-service term carrying no stigma; first-century tax collectors were reviled Roman-collaborating extortionists (3:12; 5:27-30; 7:29, 34; 15:1; 18:10-13; 19:2, 8). Teaching material must supply this historical stigma explicitly or the scandal of Zacchaeus’s and Levi’s inclusion is lost.
Follow Discipleship
Approved rendering: Mengikut
Transliteration: MENG-ee-koot
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
To follow as a committed adherent (5:11, 27-28; 9:23, 57-62; 18:22, 28, 43), not casual accompaniment; must carry the full self-denial/cross-bearing weight from its immediate context.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: Sinagoge
Transliteration: see-nah-GOH-geh
Doctrine: Sabbath Authority of Christ
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Church
The Jewish local assembly and building for Scripture, prayer, and teaching (4:16,20,28,33,38,44; 6:6; 7:5; 8:41; 11:43; 13:10,14; 20:46). Never rendered or explained as equivalent to masjid (mosque).
Sabbath
Approved rendering: Hari Sabat
Transliteration: HAH-ree SAH-baht
Doctrine: Sabbath Authority of Christ
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
The Jewish seventh-day rest institution (4:16, 31; 6:1-9; 13:10-16; 14:1-6; 23:56). Distinct from Jumaat (Friday congregational prayer); repeated Sabbath-healing controversies establish Jesus’ own authority over it.
Anoint
Approved rendering: Mengurapi
Transliteration: meng-oo-RAH-pee
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: χρίω
Category: Christology
Ritual consecration by oil, root of ‘Christ’ (4:18, quoting Isaiah 61:1). Must be explicitly linked in teaching notes to the Kristus entry so learners see this as Jesus’ own self-identification as Messiah.
Captives Release
Approved rendering: Tawanan / Pembebasan
Transliteration: tah-WAH-nahn
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: αἰχμάλωτος / ἄφεσις
Category: Compassion
Literal war-captives and their release (4:18); in Isaiah 61 extended metaphorically to bondage under sin and oppression. Both literal and spiritual referents must be taught, not collapsed into only one sense.
Blind Recovery Of Sight
Approved rendering: Orang buta / Celik penglihatan pulih
Transliteration: OH-rahng BOO-tah
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τυφλός / ἀνάβλεψις
Category: Compassion
Physical blindness and its reversal, named in the core passage’s mission statement (4:18) and literally fulfilled at 18:35-43; also carries a recurring spiritual-blindness metaphor (6:39) taught alongside, not instead of, the literal sense.
Oppressed
Approved rendering: Yang tertindas
Transliteration: yahng ter-TIN-dahs
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: θραύω (τεθραυσμένους)
Category: Compassion
Those crushed or broken by circumstance or injustice, named in the core passage’s mission statement (4:18); broadens the mission’s scope beyond captivity/blindness.
Acceptable Year Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Tahun yang berkenan kepada Tuhan
Transliteration: TAH-hoon yahng ber-KEH-nahn
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ἐνιαυτὸς κυρίου δεκτός
Category: Kingdom
Echoes the Jubilee year (Leviticus 25) of debt release, land restoration, and slave emancipation (4:19); requires explicit OT Jubilee background teaching given target readers’ generally low OT narrative literacy.
Today Eschatological
Approved rendering: Hari ini
Transliteration: HAH-ree EE-nee
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: σήμερον
Category: Eschatology
Marks the decisive present arrival of salvation/fulfillment, recurring at 2:11; 4:21; 19:5, 9; 23:43. A deliberate theological pattern across the Gospel, not an incidental time-marker each time; flag for teaching continuity.
Leprosy
Approved rendering: Kusta
Transliteration: KOOS-tah
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: λέπρα
Category: Compassion
Serious skin disease causing ritual uncleanness and social exclusion under Mosaic law (Leviticus 13-14); Jesus touches a leper (5:12-13) and cleanses ten more (17:12-19). Distinct from Islamic ritual-purity categories (najis).
Blessed Beatitude
Approved rendering: Berbahagialah
Transliteration: ber-bah-hah-gee-AH-lah
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
God’s own eschatological pronouncement of favor on the disadvantaged (6:20-23; 7:23; 11:27-28; 12:37-38,43; 14:14-15; 23:29). Teach as a divine reversal-declaration, not present emotional happiness (which everyday Malay bahagia could otherwise suggest); preserve Luke’s concrete economic referent against Matthew’s more spiritualized ‘poor in spirit.‘
The One Who Is To Come
Approved rendering: Yang akan datang
Transliteration: yahng AH-kahn dah-TAHNG
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Messianic Promise
Original: ὁ ἐρχόμενος
Category: Christology
John the Baptist’s messianic-inquiry title for Jesus (7:19-20), echoed at the triumphal entry (19:38). Ties directly to the Kristus/Messianic Promise doctrine; Jesus’ answer (7:22) reconfirms the core passage’s claims through healing deeds.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: Jiran / sesama manusia
Transliteration: JEE-rahn
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: πλησίον
Category: Compassion
‘The one nearby,’ deliberately redefined by the Good Samaritan parable through an ethnicity-crossing act of mercy (10:27-37). Jiran carries strong, positive everyday Malaysian kampung-community resonance, a genuine cultural bridge; ensure the parable’s ethnic/religious-boundary-crossing challenge is not lost by settling for the comfortable in-group sense.
Counting The Cost
Approved rendering: Menghitung kos / perbelanjaan
Transliteration: meng-HEE-toong kohs
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ψηφίζω τὴν δαπάνην
Category: Discipleship
Deliberate calculation before committing to costly discipleship (14:28-32); must be connected back to the relational, grace-received nature of discipleship, not a merit-earning transaction.
Hades
Approved rendering: Alam maut / Hades
Transliteration: AH-lahm MOWT
Doctrine: Hades and the Intermediate State
Original: ᾅδης
Category: Eschatology
The intermediate realm of the dead (10:15; 16:23); must not be automatically equated with neraka (the final hell/Jahannam in common Malay-Islamic usage), since Hades here names an intermediate, not final, condition.
The King
Approved rendering: Raja
Transliteration: RAH-jah
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Messianic Promise
Original: ὁ βασιλεύς
Category: Christology
Applied messianically to Jesus at the triumphal entry (19:38) and as the trial/crucifixion charge (23:2-3, 37-38). Must be taught as a spiritual, messianic kingship, reinforcing the caution against reading Kerajaan Allah as a literal government or monarchy.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: Kesyukuran
Transliteration: keh-shoo-KOO-rahn
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία (conceptually, via giving thanks)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Contrast the genuine gratitude of the healed Samaritan leper (17:16) with the Pharisee’s ironic false thanksgiving (18:11) in teaching notes.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: Persekutuan
Transliteration: per-seh-koo-TOO-ahn
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: persaudaraan (brotherhood, generic/ethnic)
Original: κοινωνία (conceptually, via shared table scenes)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke this concept is concretely expressed through the many table-fellowship scenes with sinners and tax collectors; teaching should point to those specific scenes as the lived referent.
Exhort
Approved rendering: Menasihati
Transliteration: meh-NAH-see-HAH-tee
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω (conceptually, via teaching/encouragement contexts)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Low direct occurrence in Luke; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Joy
Approved rendering: Sukacita
Transliteration: SOO-kah-CHEE-tah
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: χαρά
Category: Discipleship
Deep gladness; heaven’s own joy over a sinner’s repentance (15:7, 10) and the disciples’ joy after resurrection and ascension (24:41, 52). Established, warm Christian term.
Proclaim Preach
Approved rendering: Mengisytiharkan / Memberitakan
Transliteration: meng-is-tee-HAR-kahn
Doctrine: Proclamation and Preaching Ministry
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Church
Authoritative, herald-like public announcement (4:18-19, 44; 8:1, 39; 9:2; 12:3; 24:47), distinct from casual private teaching.
Woe
Approved rendering: Malangnya kamu / Celakalah kamu
Transliteration: MAH-lahng-nyah KAH-moo
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: οὐαί
Category: Kingdom
Prophetic pronouncement of coming judgment (6:24-26; 10:13; 11:42-52; 17:1; 21:23; 22:22), paired with ‘blessed’ in the reversal-theme.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: Firman Allah
Transliteration: FEER-mahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: God
God’s proclaimed message, identified as the seed in the Parable of the Sower (5:1; 8:11, 21; 11:28). Established Christian term; note the parallel with the Islamic concept of kalam Allah but well-established Alkitab usage requiring no substitution.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: Batu penjuru
Transliteration: BAH-too pen-JOO-roo
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology
The rejected-stone-become-foundation messianic image (Psalm 118:22), applied by Jesus to himself after the Wicked Tenants parable (20:17); foreshadows the rejection-then-vindication pattern completed in the crucifixion and resurrection.
Referenced passages