Core Glossary

Core Glossary — Hebrews (English → Malay)

This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the full book of Hebrews, chapters 1–13. It is organized into two parts:

Part A — Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. These must be reused exactly as recorded there; no alternative renderings are permitted.
Part B — New terms introduced by the Hebrews curriculum, grouped by doctrinal category, each assigned a risk tier consistent with the baseline’s risk framework (Critical / High / Medium / Low) and routed for review accordingly.

All risk tiers follow the definitions in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json:

Critical: Mistranslation alters or destroys essential doctrine. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
High: Significant theological confusion or syncretism risk. Human theologian review required.
Medium: Reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning. Native speaker review recommended.
Low: Minor misunderstanding or imprecision. Automated review sufficient.

Part A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline

These terms recur throughout Hebrews and carry forward their established Malay rendering, risk tier, and doctrinal notes without modification.

Term	Malay Rendering	Risk	Hebrews Chapters Where Used
God	Allah	Critical	1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Jesus	Yesus	Critical	2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 12, 13
Christ/Messiah	Kristus	Critical	1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13
Son of God	Anak Allah	Critical	1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10
Lord	Tuhan	Critical	1, 2, 7, 13
Holy Spirit	Roh Kudus	Critical	2, 3, 6, 9, 10
Father	Bapa	Critical	1, 12
Resurrection	Kebangkitan	Critical	6, 11, 13
Incarnation	Penjelmaan	Critical	1, 2, 5, 10
Salvation	Keselamatan	Critical	1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9
Righteousness	Kebenaran	Critical	1, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12
Faith	Iman	High	3, 4, 6, 10, 11
Grace	Kasih kurnia	High	2, 4, 10, 12, 13
Holy	Kudus	High	1, 2, 7, 9, 12, 13
Saints/set apart	Orang kudus	High	3, 6, 13
Sanctification	Pengudusan	High	2, 9, 10, 13
Adoption	Pengangkatan sebagai anak	High	2, 12
Called/calling	Dipanggil / Panggilan	High	3, 5, 9, 11
Apostle	Rasul	High	3
Prophet/prophecy	Nabi / Nubuat	Low/Medium	1, 3, 11
Covenant	Perjanjian	High	6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13
Election	Pilihan Allah	High	11
Intercession	Perantaraan	Critical	7, 9
Providence	Pemeliharaan Allah	High	6, 13
Glory	Kemuliaan	High	1, 2, 3, 9
Church	Gereja	Medium	2, 10, 12
Fellowship	Persekutuan	Low	10, 13
Kingdom of God	Kerajaan Allah	Medium	1, 12
Law (Mosaic)	Hukum Taurat	High	7, 8, 9, 10
Sin	Dosa	High	throughout
Gentiles	Bangsa bukan Yahudi	Medium	(contextual, minority use)
Peace	Damai sejahtera	Medium	7, 12, 13
Thanksgiving	Kesyukuran	Low	13
David	Daud	Medium	4, 11
Israel	Israel	Medium	8, 11, 12
Abba	Abba	High	(not directly cited; family-of-God theme, ch.12)
Exhort	Menasihati	Low	3, 10, 13
Seed of David	Keturunan Daud	Medium	(background, Davidic-priesthood contrast in ch.7)
Imputed righteousness	Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan	Critical	11 (Abraham/Isaac faith-reckoning theme)
Power of God	Kuasa Allah	High	1, 7, 11
Obedience of faith	Ketaatan iman	High	5, 11
Mission	Penyebaran Injil	High	(not primary in Hebrews; background only)

Part B — New Terms Introduced by the Hebrews Curriculum

B.1 Priesthood, Sacrifice & Atonement

Term	Original (Greek)	Transliteration	Malay Rendering	Risk	Doctrine	Chapters	Notes
High Priest	ἀρχιερεύς	archiereus	Imam Besar	Critical	Christ as the Great High Priest	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	Collides with everyday Malay “imam” (mosque prayer leader). Christ’s high priesthood is atoning and mediatorial; a masjid imam’s role is neither. Must teach the contrast explicitly at every occurrence.
Priest (general)	ἱερεύς	hiereus	Imam	High	Levitical Priesthood	5, 7, 8, 9, 10	Same collision as above, lower stakes as it is not applied to Christ directly in every instance.
Priesthood	ἱερωσύνη	hierōsynē	Keimamatan	High	Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood	7	Abstract-noun form of the Imam collision above.
Melchizedek	Μελχισέδεκ	Melchisedek	Melkisedek	Medium	Christ as Great High Priest; Priesthood	5, 6, 7	Absent from the Quran; risk is unfamiliarity, not collision. Requires Genesis 14 background teaching.
Order of Melchizedek	τάξις Μελχισέδεκ	taxis Melchisedek	Peraturan/susunan Melkisedek	High	Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood	5, 6, 7	Core to the argument that Christ’s priesthood is categorically different from, not merely better within, the Levitical system.
Without genealogy	ἀγενεαλόγητος	agenealogētos	Tanpa salasilah	High	Priesthood; Davidic Covenant (contrast)	7	Runs counter to Malay culture’s positive valuation of salasilah diraja (royal genealogical legitimacy); requires careful unpacking as a point of contrast, not resonance.
Tabernacle	σκηνή	skēnē	Kemah Suci	Medium	Christ as Great High Priest; New Covenant	8, 9, 13	”Kemah” alone = ordinary tent; must always pair with “Suci” and supply OT background.
Sanctuary/Holy Place	ἅγια	hagia	Tempat Kudus	Medium	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	9	Distinguish carefully from Tempat Maha Kudus per Greek referent, not English gloss.
Holy of Holies	Ἅγια Ἁγίων	hagia hagiōn	Tempat Maha Kudus	Medium	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	9	The innermost chamber, entered only once yearly under the Old Covenant.
Veil	καταπέτασμα	katapetasma	Tabir	Medium	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	6, 9, 10	In 10:20 explicitly identified with Christ’s own flesh — a key incarnation/atonement cross-reference.
Blood	αἷμα	haima	Darah	Critical	The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	9, 10, 11, 12, 13	The single most load-bearing term in the curriculum. Must always be distinguished from the commemorative, non-substitutionary framing of Islamic qurban.
Sacrifice	θυσία	thysia	Korban	Critical	The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13	Shared vocabulary with Hari Raya Haji qurban observance. Must always be taught as (a) Christ offering himself, (b) truly atoning, not commemorative, (c) unrepeatable.
Sacrifice of praise	θυσία αἰνέσεως	thysia aineseōs	Korban puji-pujian	Medium	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice (contrast)	13	A non-atoning, responsive offering; must be clearly distinguished from Christ’s atoning Korban.
Offering	προσφορά	prosphora	Persembahan	Medium	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	10	Standard cultic-offering vocabulary.
Once for all	ἐφάπαξ	ephapax	Sekali untuk selama-lamanya	Critical	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	7, 9, 10	Must be rendered identically at every occurrence to preserve the cumulative theological argument.
Once (single occasion)	ἅπαξ	hapax	Sekali sahaja	High	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	6, 9	Distinct Greek word from ἐφάπαξ; keep the Malay renderings distinguishable in translator notes even where both gloss as “once.”
Redemption (eternal)	αἰωνία λύτρωσις	aiōnia lytrōsis	Penebusan yang kekal	High	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	9	No Islamic soteriological parallel for a ransom-price paid by a mediator; requires positive doctrinal explanation, not just word substitution.
Mercy seat / place of atonement	ἱλαστήριον	hilastērion	Tempat Pendamaian	Critical	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice; Access to God	9	The precise OT locus of atonement; must not be flattened into generic “reconciliation.”
Propitiation/make atonement	ἱλάσκομαι	hilaskomai	Mengadakan pendamaian bagi dosa	Critical	Christ as Great High Priest; Atoning Sacrifice	2	Establishes wrath-bearing substitution as early as ch.2.
Put away sin	ἀθέτησις ἁμαρτίας	athetēsis hamartias	Menghapuskan dosa	High	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	9	Distinguish complete removal from mere ritual “covering” imagery.
Bear sins	ἀναφέρω ἁμαρτίας	anapherō hamartias	Menanggung dosa	Critical	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	9	The central substitutionary term of the book; contrast with qurban’s non-substitutionary commemorative framing.
Without blemish	ἄμωμος	amōmos	Tanpa cacat cela	Medium	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	9	Genuine resonance with qurban’s unblemished-animal requirement, but requires the category shift (a person, not an animal) to be taught explicitly.
Sprinkle (blood/water)	ῥαντίζω	rhantizō	Memercikkan	Medium	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	9, 10, 12	Risk of assimilation to ritual ablution (wudu’); must point to atoning application, not mere ceremonial washing.
Remission/forgiveness	ἄφεσις	aphesis	Pengampunan	Medium	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	9	Do not let readers assume this exhausts the fuller doctrine of Diperbenarkan (justification) taught elsewhere in the curriculum.
Altar	θυσιαστήριον	thysiastērion	Mazbah	Medium	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	13	Established Alkitab term.
Outside the camp	ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς	exō tēs parembolēs	Di luar perkhemahan	Medium	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	13	Typological; requires Leviticus 16 background.
Learned obedience through suffering	ἔμαθεν… τὴν ὑπακοήν	emathen… tēn hypakoēn	Belajar taat melalui penderitaan-Nya	Critical	Christ as Great High Priest; Humanity of Christ	5	Must never imply prior disobedience or moral imperfection in Christ.
Made perfect/perfected (of Christ)	τελειόω / τελειωθείς	teleioō / teleiōtheis	Disempurnakan	Critical	Christ as Great High Priest	2, 5, 7, 12	Functional/vocational qualification, not moral perfecting from a flawed state; risk of collision with Sufi insan kamil concept.
Made perfect (of believers/OT saints)	τελειόω	teleioō	Disempurnakan	High	Faith of OT Saints; New Covenant	10, 11, 12	Distinct application from the Christ-specific sense above; teach continuity/fulfillment, not the OT saints’ deficiency.

B.2 Covenant & Law

Term	Original (Greek)	Transliteration	Malay Rendering	Risk	Doctrine	Chapters	Notes
New Covenant	καινὴ διαθήκη	kainē diathēkē	Perjanjian Baru	Critical	The New Covenant versus the Old	8, 9, 12	Ambiguous with the standard Malay name for the New Testament canon; every occurrence requires context-disambiguation.
Better covenant	κρείττων διαθήκη	kreittōn diathēkē	Perjanjian yang lebih baik	Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	7, 8	Structural “better” keyword; keep consistent with κρείττων elsewhere.
Mediator	μεσίτης	mesitēs	Pengantara	Critical	New Covenant; Access to God	8, 9, 12	Direct tawhid-adjacent tension; keep distinct from Perantaraan (intercession, the ongoing act) though related.
Testator	διαθέμενος	diathemenos	Yang membuat perjanjian/wasiat	Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	9	Supports the διαθήκη covenant/will wordplay; requires translator’s note since Malay “perjanjian” lacks the “last will” sense.
Covenant/testament (wordplay)	διαθήκη	diathēkē	Perjanjian (reuse)	High	New Covenant versus the Old	9	Translation-loss risk: the Greek dual sense (covenant/will) driving 9:16-17’s argument does not transfer; flag for explanatory footnote.
Transgression	παράβασις	parabasis	Pelanggaran	Low	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	9	Legal/technical companion to Dosa.
Guarantee/surety	ἔγγυος	engyos	Penjamin	Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	7	Positive bridge via Malay commercial-law guarantor concept.
Unchangeable (priesthood)	ἀπαράβατος	aparabatos	Tidak berpindah/kekal	Medium	Priesthood; New Covenant	7	Non-transferable, permanent priesthood.
Law of a fleshly commandment / power of an indestructible life	νόμος ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης / δύναμις ζωῆς ἀκαταλύτου	nomos entolēs sarkinēs / dynamis zōēs akatalytou	Hukum berdasarkan keturunan jasmani / kuasa hidup yang tidak berkesudahan	High	Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood	7	Conceptually dense; core to the genealogy-vs-indestructible-life argument.
Made old/obsolete	παλαιόω	palaioō	Menjadikan lama/usang	Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	8	Describes the Sinai covenant’s declared obsolescence.
Shadow	σκιά	skia	Bayangan	Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	8, 10	Contrasted with εἰκών/reality; requires the full shadow-vs-substance argument to be taught across chapters.
Image/very reality	εἰκών	eikōn	Rupa/gambar sebenar	Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	10	Completes the shadow/reality contrast.
Pattern/copy	ὑπόδειγμα	hypodeigma	Contoh/gambaran	Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	8, 9	Earthly tabernacle as model of heavenly reality.
Figure/antitype	ἀντίτυπος	antitypos	Bayangan/tiruan yang benar	Medium	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	9	Technical typological term requiring brief gloss on first use.
Reformation (time of)	διόρθωσις	diorthōsis	Zaman pembaharuan	Medium	New Covenant versus the Old	9	The old cultic order as provisional, until Christ.
Tithe	δεκάτη	dekatē	Persepuluhan	Low	Priesthood; Melchizedek	7	Standard, non-collision term.

B.3 Christology & Sonship (Hebrews-specific)

Term	Original (Greek)	Transliteration	Malay Rendering	Risk	Doctrine	Chapters	Notes
Angels	ἄγγελος	angelos	Malaikat	High	Superiority of Christ over Angels	1, 2, 13	Shared with a pillar of Islamic faith; positive structural parallel (created, non-worshipped beings) but must not reduce Christ to “a superior angel.”
Radiance/brightness of glory	ἀπαύγασμα	apaugasma	Cahaya kemuliaan Allah	High	Deity of Christ	1	Avoid “nur” vocabulary (Sufi Nur Muhammad collision, per baseline Kemuliaan entry).
Exact representation	χαρακτήρ	charaktēr	Gambaran tepat keperibadian Allah	High	Deity of Christ	1	Must not be softened to “a good example of God.”
Heir	κληρονόμος	klēronomos	Waris	Medium	Sonship of Christ; Faith of OT Saints	1, 9	Positive bridge with adoption/inheritance doctrine.
Inheritance	κληρονομία	klēronomia	Warisan	Medium	Sonship of Christ; New Covenant	1, 9	See above.
Firstborn	πρωτότοκος	prōtotokos	Anak Sulung	Critical	Superiority of Christ over Angels; Sonship of Christ	1, 12	Risk of an Arian-adjacent “first of several sons” misreading; teach as supreme rank/worship-worthiness, not birth order.
Birthright	πρωτοτόκια	prōtotokia	Hak kesulungan	High	Danger of Apostasy (Esau as warning type)	12	Tied to Firstborn family above.
Throne (applied to the Son)	θρόνος	thronos	Takhta	Critical	Deity of Christ	1	Psalm 45 applied directly to the Son as “God”; a direct deity proof-text, must not be diluted.
Founder/pioneer	ἀρχηγός	archēgos	Pengasas	Medium	Christ as Great High Priest; Perseverance	2, 12	Non-collision-prone but unfamiliar; requires brief explanation.
Author/finisher of faith	ἀρχηγὸς καὶ τελειωτής	archēgos kai teleiōtēs	Pengasas dan penyempurna iman kita	Critical	Perseverance and Assurance	12	Summary christological title for the whole book.
Christ’s changelessness	Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς…ὁ αὐτός	Iēsous Christos… ho autos	Yesus Kristus, sama semalam, hari ini, dan selama-lamanya	Critical	Deity of Christ	13	Compact eternality/deity statement; never soften to “his teaching remains relevant.”
Sat down at the right hand of God	ἐκάθισεν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ θεοῦ	ekathisen en dexia tou theou	Duduk di sebelah kanan Allah	Critical	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice; Lordship of Christ	10	Signifies the completed, finished nature of Christ’s work, contrasted with priests who never sit.
Apostle and High Priest (of Christ)	ἀπόστολος καὶ ἀρχιερεὺς	apostolos kai archiereus	Rasul dan Imam Besar	High	Christ as Great High Priest	3	Notable extension of “Rasul” to Christ himself, not only to human apostles; requires careful distinct teaching.
Body prepared (Incarnation proof-text)	σῶμα κατηρτίσω μοι	sōma katērtisō moi	”Engkau telah menyediakan tubuh bagi-Ku”	Critical	Incarnation (reuse Penjelmaan)	10	Key OT proof-text for the Incarnation doctrine.

B.4 Faith, Perseverance & the Danger of Apostasy

Term	Original (Greek)	Transliteration	Malay Rendering	Risk	Doctrine	Chapters	Notes
Fall away / depart from the living God	ἀφίστημι / παραπίπτω	aphistēmi / parapiptō	Murtad / meninggalkan iman (see note)	Critical — legal + doctrinal	The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages	3, 6, 10, 12	The single highest-flagged new term in this glossary. “Murtad” is Malaysia’s specific state-regulated legal category for a Muslim exiting Islam, subject to Syariah court processes in several states — analogous in political/legal weight to “Allah” in the baseline. Recommend “meninggalkan iman” / “gugur daripada iman” as the default running-text rendering, reserving “murtad” only for explicit theologian-supervised comparative footnotes. Route every occurrence to human theologian AND legal-sensitivity review.
Unbelief	ἀπιστία	apistia	Ketidakpercayaan	Medium	Danger of Apostasy	3	Direct contrast term to Iman.
Rebellion/provocation	παραπικρασμός	parapikrasmos	Pemberontakan	Medium	Danger of Apostasy	3	Named historical type (wilderness generation).
Repentance (from dead works)	μετάνοια	metanoia	Pertaubatan	Medium	Danger of Apostasy; Once-for-All Sacrifice	6, 12	Genuine shared vocabulary with Islamic tawbah, but must be taught as a singular foundational reorientation, not a repeatable act of restoration after each sin.
Dead works	νεκρὰ ἔργα	nekra erga	Perbuatan yang mati	High	Danger of Apostasy; Grace vs. Works	6, 9	Must not be confused with “amal soleh” (the works-ledger category the baseline explicitly rejects); “dead works” = any works attempted apart from Christ.
Crucify afresh	ἀνασταυρόω	anastauroō	Menyalibkan semula	High	Danger of Apostasy	6	Vivid severity image; handle with pastoral care.
Sin willfully	ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτάνειν	hekousiōs hamartanein	Sengaja berbuat dosa	Critical	Danger of Apostasy	10	Central to the most severe warning passage in the book.
Regard the covenant blood as common/unholy	κοινὸν ἡγήσασθαι	koinon hēgēsasthai	Menganggap darah perjanjian sebagai perkara biasa	Critical	Danger of Apostasy; Once-for-All Sacrifice	10	Measures apostasy’s severity by contempt for Christ’s blood.
Insult the Spirit of grace	ἐνυβρίζειν τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτος	enybrizein to pneuma tēs charitos	Menghina Roh kasih kurnia	Critical	Danger of Apostasy	10	Apostasy as an offense against the Holy Spirit himself.
Found no place of repentance	μετανοίας τόπον οὐχ εὗρεν	metanoias topon ouch heuren	Tidak menemui jalan untuk bertaubat	Critical	Danger of Apostasy (Esau as type)	12	The most severe possible statement of apostasy’s finality.
Illegitimate children	νόθοι	nothoi	Anak tak sah taraf	High (social sensitivity)	Perseverance and Assurance; Adoption (contrast)	12	Stigmatizing in Malay culture; prefer softer descriptive phrasing while preserving the doctrinal contrast.
Anchor	ἄγκυρα	ankyra	Sauh	Low	Perseverance and Assurance	6	Positive maritime metaphor.
Forerunner	πρόδρομος	prodromos	Perintis	Low-Medium	Perseverance and Assurance	6	Christ has entered heaven ahead of believers.
Oath	ὅρκος	horkos	Sumpah	Medium	Perseverance and Assurance	6	God’s self-guaranteeing oath, unlike ordinary human oaths.
Assurance/substance	ὑπόστασις	hypostasis	Keyakinan/dasar	Critical	Perseverance and Assurance; Faith of OT Saints	10, 11	Programmatic term defining faith itself in 11:1.
Evidence/conviction	ἔλεγχος	elenchos	Bukti	Critical	Faith of OT Saints	11	Paired with ὑπόστασις in the defining verse of the chapter.
Translated/taken up (Enoch)	μετατίθημι	metatithēmi	Diangkat (tanpa mengalami maut)	High	Faith of OT Saints; Resurrection (contrast)	11	Must be explicitly distinguished from the Qur’an’s no-death account of Jesus (4:157); never used to imply Christ’s resurrection could likewise be a no-death “taking up.”
Testify/commend	μαρτυρέω	martyreō	Diperakui	Low-Medium	Faith of OT Saints	11	Scripture’s approval of the OT saints’ faith.
Abraham offered up Isaac	προσενήνοχεν…τὸν Ἰσαάκ	prosenēnochen ton Isaak	Abraham telah mempersembahkan Ishak	Critical (cultural-doctrinal)	Faith of OT Saints	11	Mainstream Sunni tradition names Ismail, not Isaac, in the parallel near-sacrifice account; flag for theologian review and pastoral care in presentation.
Strangers and pilgrims	ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι	xenoi kai parepidēmoi	Orang asing dan pengembara	Low-Medium	Faith of OT Saints	11	Positive pilgrimage resonance; avoid conflation with Islamic haj.
God provided something better, that apart from us they should not be made perfect	κρείττονός τινος…ἵνα μὴ χωρὶς ἡμῶν τελειωθῶσιν	kreittonos tinos… hina mē chōris hēmōn teleiōthōsin	Allah telah menyediakan sesuatu yang lebih baik…supaya tanpa kita mereka tidak disempurnakan	High	Faith of OT Saints; New Covenant	11	Teach as redemptive-historical unity/fulfillment, not OT saints’ deficiency.
Cloud of witnesses	νέφος μαρτύρων	nephos martyrōn	Awan saksi	Low	Faith of OT Saints; Perseverance	12	Vivid, positive image.
Discipline/chastening	παιδεία	paideia	Didikan	Low-Medium	Perseverance and Assurance	12	Positive resonance with Bapa/adoption family.
Root of bitterness	ῥίζα πικρίας	rhiza pikrias	Akar kepahitan	Low	Perseverance and Assurance	12	Natural idiom.

B.5 Access, Worship & Assurance

Term	Original (Greek)	Transliteration	Malay Rendering	Risk	Doctrine	Chapters	Notes
Boldness/confidence	παρρησία	parrēsia	Keyakinan	Critical	Perseverance and Assurance; Access to God	3, 4, 10	Tension with the probabilistic-hope posture common in popular Malay-Muslim piety toward final judgment; ties to baseline’s Critical assurance_of_salvation doctrine.
Throne of grace	θρόνος τῆς χάριτος	thronos tēs charitos	Takhta kasih kurnia	High	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	4	The boldness of direct approach contrasts with typical devotional distance from Allah’s throne.
Draw near	προσέρχομαι	proserchomai	Menghampiri	Medium	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	4, 7, 10	Direct access without further priestly mediation for the individual believer.
New and living way	ὁδὸς πρόσφατος καὶ ζῶσα	hodos prosphatos kai zōsa	Jalan yang baharu dan hidup	High	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	10	Distinctive New Covenant claim of direct access.
Full assurance of faith	πληροφορία πίστεως	plērophoria pisteōs	Keyakinan penuh iman	Critical	Perseverance and Assurance	10	Direct link to baseline’s Critical Assurance of Salvation doctrine.
Bodies washed with pure water	λελουσμένοι τὸ σῶμα ὕδατι καθαρῷ	lelousmenoi to sōma hydati katharō	Tubuh dibasuh dengan air yang bersih	Medium	Access to God through Christ’s Blood	10	Baptismal allusion; risk of assimilation to wudu’-style repeated ritual washing.
Assembling together	ἐπισυναγωγή	episynagōgē	Perhimpunan/berhimpun bersama	Low-Medium	Christian Fellowship (reuse doctrine)	10	Corporate practice embodying Gereja/Persekutuan.
Living and active word	λόγος…ζῶν καὶ ἐνεργής	logos… zōn kai energēs	Firman Allah yang hidup dan berkuasa	High	Inspiration of Scripture (reuse doctrine)	4	Ties to baseline’s Critical tahrif-collision doctrine.
Sympathize	συμπαθέω	sympatheō	Bersimpati/turut merasai	Low-Medium	Christ as Great High Priest; Humanity of Christ	4	Positive bridge emphasizing Christ’s compassionate humanity.
Rest	κατάπαυσις	katapausis	Perhentian	Medium	New Covenant (typology)	3, 4	Eschatological/relational rest, not mere respite.
Sabbath rest	σαββατισμός	sabbatismos	Perhentian Sabat	Medium	New Covenant (typology)	4	Not a call to calendrical Sabbath-keeping; typological/eschatological fulfillment.
Sat down / finished work (see B.3)	—	—	—	—	—	—	Cross-reference only; see B.3 entry.
Heavenly Jerusalem	Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἐπουρανίῳ	Ierousalēm epouraniō	Yerusalem Syurgawi	Medium	Perseverance and Assurance	12	Same geopolitical sensitivity flagged for “Israel” in the baseline.
Festal gathering	πανήγυρις	panēgyris	Perhimpunan raya	Low-Medium	Perseverance and Assurance	12	Joyful heavenly assembly.
Church of the firstborn	ἐκκλησία πρωτοτόκων	ekklēsia prōtotokōn	Gereja anak-anak sulung	High	Church as God’s People (reuse doctrine); Sonship of Christ	12	Corporate title; must not imply multiple independent “firstborn” sons alongside Christ’s unique Sonship.
Unshakeable (kingdom)	ἀσάλευτος	asaleutos	Tidak tergoncang	Medium	Kingdom Mission (reuse doctrine)	12	Contrast with earthly, changeable political kerajaan.
I will never leave you nor forsake you	Οὐ μή σε ἀνῶ οὐδ᾽ οὐ μή σε ἐγκαταλίπω	ou mē se anō oud’ ou mē se enkatalipō	Aku tidak sekali-kali akan meninggalkan engkau atau membiarkan engkau	Medium-High	Perseverance and Assurance	13	Grounds contentment in covenant faithfulness.
Great shepherd of the sheep	ὁ ποιμὴν τῶν προβάτων ὁ μέγας	ho poimēn tōn probatōn ho megas	Gembala besar domba-domba	Low-Medium	Perseverance and Assurance	13	Positive pastoral image, grounded in the resurrection.
Blood of the eternal covenant	αἷμα διαθήκης αἰωνίου	haima diathēkēs aiōniou	Darah perjanjian yang kekal	Critical	New Covenant; Once-for-All Sacrifice	13	Final summary statement; must render consistently with all prior covenant/blood terminology.
Devil	διάβολος	diabolos	Iblis	Low-Medium	Christ as Great High Priest (victory over death)	2	Rare positive point of direct narrative overlap with Islamic tradition (same named figure); clarify the NT’s specific resolution (Christ’s death defeats the devil’s power) is distinct from the Quranic Iblis narrative.
Sanctify the people through his own blood	ἁγιάσῃ διὰ τοῦ ἰδίου αἵματος τὸν λαόν	hagiasē dia tou idiou haimatos ton laon	Menguduskan umat-Nya melalui darah-Nya sendiri	Critical	Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	13	Capstone summary statement of the book’s core atonement doctrine.

Summary Risk Counts (New Hebrews Terms, Part B only)

Risk Tier	Count	Review Routing
Critical	24	Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence)
High	20	Human theologian
Medium	26	Native speaker review
Low / Low-Medium	15	Automated / native speaker spot-check

Note on the single highest-priority new term: Murtad / meninggalkan iman (Apostasy) carries a compounded Critical risk profile matching the baseline’s treatment of Allah — it is simultaneously a Critical doctrinal term (per doctrine_risk_registry.json conventions) and a term with active legal and political weight in Malaysia specific to state Islamic administration enactments governing apostasy from Islam. This term must be carried into the Hebrews doctrine_risk_registry.json (Phase 1 Step 2) with a risk-note structure mirroring the baseline’s Allah and intercession entries.

This glossary, together with 07_semantic_analysis.md, feeds Phase 1 Step 2 (doctrine risk registry construction) and Phase 2 translation memory seeding for the Hebrews curriculum. All Part A terms must load from the existing Romans translation_memory.json without modification; all Part B terms are candidates for new entries in an extended translation_memory.json version for this curriculum.

Critical Risk Terms

God

Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan (reserved for ‘Lord’ in this Language Package; reserving Allah for ‘God’ keeps the two terms distinct as Alkitab does)
Original: θεός
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Malay Christians have used Allah for God since 1629; use remains a live legal/political matter in Malaysia (2013 Court of Appeal ruling restricting non-Muslim use in Peninsular Malaysia; 2021 Kuching High Court ruling affirming a Christian’s right to use it). Hebrews 1:8 intensifies the stakes further by directly addressing the Son himself as ‘God,’ making unambiguous, consistent use of Allah essential throughout the letter.

Jesus

Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: YEH-soos
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isa (the Qur’anic name, deliberately avoided by established Alkitab convention)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Never Isa. Hebrews’ emphasis on Jesus’ genuine humanity (2:9, 2:14, 4:14, 12:2) makes the established Alkitab name essential to keep the full Christian identity distinct from the Qur’anic prophet-Isa.

Messiah

Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: Al-Masih (the Qur’anic title, deliberately avoided in favor of the Greek/English-derived Alkitab convention)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 3:6, 3:14, 5:5, 6:1, 9:11-28, 13:8 all depend on the full Davidic/priestly/atoning content Kristus carries, not the stripped-down Qur’anic al-Masih title.

Son Of God

Approved rendering: Anak Allah
Transliteration: AH-nahk ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: kekasih Allah (God’s beloved one), wakil Allah (God’s representative)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ / ὁ Υἱός
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Never substitute a euphemism. Hebrews 1:1-5’s citation of Psalm 2:7 (‘this day have I begotten thee’) intensifies the tawhid collision beyond even the Romans occurrences; teach directly, never avoid.

Lord

Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: TOO-hahn
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: tuan (master/sir, non-divine)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Applied to Christ at Hebrews 1:10, 2:3, 7:14, 13:20; never render as tuan, which removes the exclusive divine claim.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: ROHKH KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: Jibril (the archangel Gabriel), roh halus (a generic nature/subtle spirit in traditional Malay animist belief)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα αἰώνιον
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 9:14’s ‘eternal Spirit’ (through whom Christ offered himself) must be taught as this same divine Person, not a separate spirit-being, the archangel Jibril, nor one of many roh in traditional Malay animist belief.

Father

Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: BAH-pah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Pencipta (Creator, as a substitute to avoid relational language)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 12:9’s ‘Father of spirits’ must retain the relational-adoptive sense already established, never implying literal divine offspring, which tawhid forbids.

Resurrection

Approved rendering: Kebangkitan
Transliteration: keh-bahng-KIT-ahn
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: diangkat naik ke syurga (being raised up to heaven, without dying)
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 13:20 (‘brought again from the dead’) and 11:19 (Abraham’s resurrection-faith regarding Isaac) both presuppose a real, historical death; must never be rendered with a no-death-ascension sense, echoing Qur’an 4:157’s denial of Christ’s death. Enoch’s translation (11:5) must be explicitly distinguished as a unique OT exception, never conflated with this doctrine.

Incarnation

Approved rendering: Penjelmaan
Transliteration: pen-jel-MAHN
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan yang menyamar sebagai manusia (God disguising himself as a human)
Original: θεολογικal name for Heb 2:14, 10:5 (σῶμα κατηρτίσω μοι)
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 2:14 (‘flesh and blood’) and 10:5 (‘a body hast thou prepared me’) are Hebrews’ own incarnation proof-texts; must never be read as episodic avatar-style appearance (penjelmaan dewa) or disguise.

Salvation

Approved rendering: Keselamatan
Transliteration: keh-seh-lah-MAH-tahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: masuk syurga (entering paradise, as the whole content)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Hebrews 1:14, 2:3, 2:10, 5:9, 6:9, 9:28. Hebrews 9:28 frames it as a present, secured reality awaiting final consummation at Christ’s return, not a deferred hope.

Righteousness

Approved rendering: Kebenaran
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: amal soleh (righteous deeds, as the ground itself)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Hebrews 1:9, 5:13, 7:2, 11:7, 11:33, 12:11. Must never collapse into amal soleh; must be kept distinct from ‘dead works’ (nekra erga, a NEW Hebrews term below), which are explicitly not a righteous-works category either.

Intercession

Approved rendering: Perantaraan
Transliteration: peh-rahn-tah-RAH-ahn
Doctrine: Intercession of Christ
Rejected alternatives: syafaat (the mainstream Sunni doctrine of the Prophet Muhammad’s intercession on the Day of Judgment, formally taught in Malaysian Islamic education)
Original: ἐντυγχάνω
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 7:25 and 9:24 are arguably the strongest single NT proof-texts for teaching Christ’s unique, sufficient, ongoing intercession against syafaat Nabi Muhammad. Keep distinct from the new term ‘Pengantara’ (mediator, the office/person), which names a related but different concept.

Imputed Righteousness

Approved rendering: Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn yahng dee-per-hee-TOONG-kahn
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Rejected alternatives: kebenaran yang diusahakan (earned/worked-for righteousness)
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην (concept, cf. Heb 11:7 Noah)
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Hebrews 11’s repeated pattern of faith being reckoned as the ground of standing before God, not amal soleh.

High Priest

Approved rendering: Imam Besar
Transliteration: ee-MAHM beh-SAHR
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: Imam sahaja (without ‘Besar’, understates the office and its uniqueness), Ketua Imam (chief priest, a different Levitical office not equivalent to Christ’s unique high priesthood)
Original: ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Priesthood

Occurs at Hebrews 2:17, 3:1, 4:14-15, 5:5-10, 6:20, 7:26-28, 8:1, 9:11, 9:25. ‘Imam’ is the everyday Malay-Islamic term for a mosque prayer leader, a purely liturgical, non-atoning, non-mediatorial role open to any qualified Muslim man. Every occurrence must be paired with explicit teaching that Christ’s high priesthood involves once-for-all atoning sacrifice and perpetual intercession, functions no masjid imam performs or claims. The single highest-frequency Critical term in the book.

Blood

Approved rendering: Darah
Transliteration: DAH-rah
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: Darah korban alone without explicit atonement teaching (risks reducing to qurban-style commemorative framing)
Original: αἷμα
Category: Sacrifice

The single most load-bearing term in the curriculum. Occurs at Hebrews 9:12-14, 9:18-22, 9:25, 10:19, 10:29, 11:28, 12:24, 13:11-12, 13:20. Malay readers most readily associate ‘darah/korban’ imagery with Hari Raya Haji qurban, framed as commemorative obedience, not substitutionary sin-atoning blood applied once for all. This distinction must be taught explicitly at every occurrence.

Sacrifice

Approved rendering: Korban
Transliteration: KOR-bahn
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: Persembahan sahaja (too generic, loses the sacrificial-death specificity)
Original: θυσία
Category: Sacrifice

Occurs at Hebrews 5:1, 7:27, 8:3, 9:9, 9:23, 9:26, 10:1, 10:11-12, 10:26, 11:4. Shared vocabulary with Hari Raya Haji qurban observance. Must always be taught as (a) Christ offering himself, (b) truly atoning, not commemorative, (c) unrepeatable.

Once For All

Approved rendering: Sekali untuk selama-lamanya
Transliteration: seh-KAH-lee OON-took seh-lah-mah lah-MAH-nyah
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: Sekali sahaja (the distinct, weaker Greek hapax; must not be conflated with ephapax)
Original: ἐφάπαξ
Category: Sacrifice

The decisive theological keyword carrying the entire once-for-all atonement doctrine (Heb 7:27, 9:12, 10:10). Must be rendered identically at every occurrence and distinguished from the repeatable nature of qurban and the Levitical rites.

Mercy Seat

Approved rendering: Tempat Pendamaian
Transliteration: TEHM-paht pen-dah-mah-ee-AHN
Doctrine: Propitiation and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: Tempat pendamaian sahaja without OT background (risks generic ‘reconciliation’ reading, losing the specific blood-application referent)
Original: ἱλαστήριον
Category: Sacrifice

Hebrews 9:5. The precise OT locus of atonement, a constructed Malay compound with no pre-existing single-word equivalent; must not be flattened into generic ‘reconciliation,’ and must connect forward to Christ’s own once-for-all fulfillment of this image in 9:11-28.

Propitiation

Approved rendering: Mengadakan pendamaian bagi dosa
Transliteration: meng-ah-DAH-kahn pen-dah-mah-ee-AHN BAH-gee DOH-sah
Doctrine: Propitiation and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: Berdamai sahaja (generic reconciliation, loses the wrath-bearing substitution sense)
Original: ἱλάσκομαι
Category: Sacrifice

Hebrews 2:17. Establishes wrath-bearing substitution as early as ch. 2; must not be flattened into generic reconciliation language divorced from substitution.

Bear Sins

Approved rendering: Menanggung dosa
Transliteration: meh-NAHNG-goong DOH-sah
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: Memikul dosa (weaker, more generic ‘carrying a burden’ sense without substitutionary force)
Original: ἀναφέρω ἁμαρτίας
Category: Sacrifice

The central substitutionary-atonement term of the whole book (Heb 9:28, cf. 7:27). Must be taught with full doctrinal weight, distinguished from qurban’s commemorative, non-substitutionary framing.

Learned Obedience

Approved rendering: Belajar taat melalui penderitaan-Nya
Transliteration: beh-LAH-jahr tah-AHT meh-lah-LOO-ee pen-deh-ree-tah-AHN nyah
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: Belajar taat kerana kesilapan-Nya (implying prior disobedience, explicitly rejected)
Original: ἔμαθεν ἀφ᾽ ὧν ἔπαθεν τὴν ὑπακοήν
Category: Priesthood

Hebrews 5:8. Must never imply prior disobedience or moral imperfection in Christ; describes the reality of his incarnate human experience, not moral growth from a sinful or deficient state.

Made Perfect Christ

Approved rendering: Disempurnakan
Transliteration: dee-sem-poor-NAH-kahn
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: Disucikan (implying moral purification from a flawed state, explicitly rejected)
Original: τελειόω / τελειωθείς
Category: Priesthood

Occurs at Hebrews 2:10, 5:9, 7:28. Risk of collision with the Sufi/Islamic insan kamil (‘perfect man’) concept and risk of misreading as implying prior moral imperfection in Christ; must be taught as vocational/functional completion, never moral perfecting of a previously flawed nature.

New Covenant

Approved rendering: Perjanjian Baru
Transliteration: per-jahn-jee-AHN BAH-roo
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: Perjanjian Baru without disambiguating note (risks confusion with the New Testament canon)
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

Ambiguous with the standard Malay name for the New Testament canon as a whole. Occurs at Hebrews 8:8-13 (full Jeremiah 31 citation), 9:15, 12:24; every occurrence requires context-disambiguation between the covenant-concept and the book-collection.

Mediator

Approved rendering: Pengantara
Transliteration: peng-ahn-TAH-rah
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: Syafaat-adjacent phrasing (must be kept distinct from the intercession doctrine and from the Islamic doctrine of syafaat)
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant

Occurs at Hebrews 8:6, 9:15, 12:24. Directly touches the tawhid-adjacent conviction that no one stands between Allah and a worshipper apart from Allah’s own mercy. Must be kept distinct from Perantaraan (the ongoing act of intercession); both must be explicitly taught against the syafaat framework.

Firstborn

Approved rendering: Anak Sulung
Transliteration: AH-nahk SOO-loong
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Angels
Rejected alternatives: Anak pertama (implies mere birth-order among several sons, risking an Arian-adjacent misreading)
Original: πρωτότοκος
Category: Christology

Occurs at Hebrews 1:6, 12:23. ‘Anak Sulung’ naturally reads as merely ‘the first of several sons’; must be taught alongside Anak Allah with explicit clarification that this is a title of supreme rank and worship-worthiness, not birth order among many divine offspring.

Throne Applied To Son

Approved rendering: Takhta
Transliteration: TAHKH-tah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Softened honorific address avoiding a direct ‘ya Allah’-style address to the Son (explicitly rejected; the divine address must not be diluted)
Original: θρόνος
Category: Christology

Hebrews 1:8, quoting Psalm 45 (‘Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever’). One of the most direct deity-of-Christ proof-texts in the book; must not be softened or the divine address diluted into an honorific.

Author Finisher Of Faith

Approved rendering: Pengasas dan penyempurna iman kita
Transliteration: peng-AH-sahs dahn peh-nyem-POOR-nah ee-MAHN KEE-tah
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ἀρχηγὸς καὶ τελειωτὴς τῆς πίστεως
Category: Christology

Hebrews 12:2. A summary christological title for the whole book’s argument, tying together Iman, Pengasas, and Disempurnakan; must retain its full doctrinal weight.

Christs Changelessness

Approved rendering: Yesus Kristus, sama semalam, hari ini, dan selama-lamanya
Transliteration: YEH-soos KRIS-toos SAH-mah seh-MAH-lahm
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ‘Ajaran-Nya tetap relevan’ (his teaching remains relevant — a reduction to mere moral influence, explicitly rejected)
Original: Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς ἐχθὲς καὶ σήμερον ὁ αὐτός, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας
Category: Christology

Hebrews 13:8. A compact, memorable deity-of-Christ/eternality statement; must be rendered with full doctrinal weight, never softened.

Sat Down Right Hand

Approved rendering: Duduk di sebelah kanan Allah
Transliteration: DOO-dook dee seh-beh-LAH kah-NAHN ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: ἐκάθισεν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology

Occurs at Hebrews 1:3, 8:1, 10:12, 12:2. Contrasted with priests who never sit at their unfinished, repeated duties; ties directly to Christ’s lordship and to the once-for-all doctrine.

Body Prepared

Approved rendering: “Engkau telah menyediakan tubuh bagi-Ku”
Transliteration: EHNG-kow teh-LAH meh-nyeh-dee-AH-kahn TOO-booh BAH-gee-koo
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: σῶμα κατηρτίσω μοι
Category: Christology

Hebrews 10:5. A key OT proof-text (Psalm 40) for the Incarnation doctrine; must reinforce, not contradict, the insistence on a permanent, non-episodic assumption of true human nature.

Apostasy Fall Away

Approved rendering: Meninggalkan iman kepada Allah yang hidup (gugur daripada iman)
Transliteration: meh-ning-GAHL-kahn ee-MAHN keh-PAH-dah ahl-LAHH yahng HEE-doop
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Rejected alternatives: Murtad as the default running-text rendering (reserved only for explicit theologian-supervised comparative footnotes, given active Malaysian state Islamic administration and Syariah-court apostasy processes)
Original: ἀφίστημι / παραπίπτω
Category: Apostasy

Occurs at Hebrews 3:12, 6:6. THE single highest legal-plus-doctrinal-risk term in this curriculum, structurally parallel to the baseline’s treatment of Allah. Murtad is Malaysia’s specific state-regulated legal category for a Muslim exiting Islam; default to the descriptive paraphrase in all running text, reserving ‘murtad’ only for theologian-supervised comparative footnotes. Route every occurrence to combined human theologian AND legal-sensitivity review.

Sin Willfully

Approved rendering: Sengaja berbuat dosa
Transliteration: seng-AH-jah ber-BOO-aht DOH-sah
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτάνειν
Category: Apostasy

Hebrews 10:26. Central to the most severe warning passage in the book; route with the murtad-adjacent warnings in chapters 3, 6, and 12 for consistent, careful teaching.

Regard Covenant Blood Common

Approved rendering: Menganggap darah perjanjian sebagai perkara biasa
Transliteration: meng-AHNG-gahp DAH-rah per-jahn-jee-AHN seh-BAH-gai per-KAH-rah BEE-ah-sah
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: κοινὸν ἡγήσασθαι
Category: Apostasy

Hebrews 10:29. Measures apostasy’s severity by contempt for Christ’s atoning blood; reinforces the weight of the Darah doctrine.

Insult Spirit Of Grace

Approved rendering: Menghina Roh kasih kurnia
Transliteration: meng-HEE-nah ROHKH KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ἐνυβρίζειν τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτος
Category: Apostasy

Hebrews 10:29. Apostasy is ultimately an offense against the Holy Spirit himself, not merely a change of religious opinion.

No Place Of Repentance

Approved rendering: Tidak menemui jalan untuk bertaubat
Transliteration: TEE-dahk meh-neh-MOO-ee JAH-lahn oon-took ber-tow-BAHT
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: μετανοίας τόπον οὐχ εὗρεν
Category: Apostasy

Hebrews 12:17. The most severe possible statement of apostasy’s finality in the book (Esau); route to human theologian review together with the chapters 3, 6, 10 apostasy passages.

Assurance Substance

Approved rendering: Keyakinan/dasar
Transliteration: keh-yah-KEE-nahn DAH-sahr
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ὑπόστασις
Category: Perseverance

Occurs at Hebrews 3:14, 11:1. The programmatic term defining faith itself; ties directly to the Critical assurance_of_salvation doctrine, contrasting with the probabilistic hope of much popular Islamic eschatology.

Evidence Conviction

Approved rendering: Bukti
Transliteration: BOOK-tee
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: ἔλεγχος
Category: Faith

Hebrews 11:1. Paired with hypostasis (assurance_substance) in the defining verse of the OT-saints chapter.

Abraham Offered Isaac

Approved rendering: Abraham telah mempersembahkan Ishak
Transliteration: AH-brah-hahm teh-LAH mem-per-sem-BAH-kahn ISH-ahk
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Rejected alternatives: Silent substitution of Ismail to avoid conflict with mainstream Malaysian tradition (explicitly rejected; the text must render Isaac faithfully)
Original: προσενήνοχεν Ἀβραὰμ τὸν Ἰσαάκ
Category: Faith

Hebrews 11:17. Mainstream Sunni Islamic tradition in Malaysia identifies the son nearly sacrificed as Ismail, not Isaac — the foundational narrative behind Hari Raya Haji qurban. Hebrews follows the Genesis account naming Isaac; must be flagged for human theologian review and presented as a factual textual difference, never a polemical correction.

Boldness Confidence

Approved rendering: Keyakinan
Transliteration: keh-yah-KEE-nahn
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Rejected alternatives: Harapan yang berhati-hati (cautious/hedged hope, softening the present-tense confidence Hebrews asserts, explicitly rejected)
Original: παρρησία
Category: Access/Worship

Occurs at Hebrews 3:6, 4:16, 10:19, 10:35. Stands in real tension with the more common devotional posture of humble uncertainty regarding final standing before Allah found in much popular Malay-Muslim piety; ties directly to the Critical assurance_of_salvation doctrine.

Full Assurance Of Faith

Approved rendering: Keyakinan penuh iman
Transliteration: keh-yah-KEE-nahn PEH-nooh ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: πληροφορία πίστεως
Category: Perseverance

Hebrews 10:22. Direct link to the Critical Assurance of Salvation doctrine; contrasts with the probabilistic hope characteristic of much popular Islamic eschatology.

Blood Of Eternal Covenant

Approved rendering: Darah perjanjian yang kekal
Transliteration: DAH-rah per-jahn-jee-AHN yahng KEH-kahl
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Original: αἷμα διαθήκης αἰωνίου
Category: Sacrifice

Hebrews 13:20. The final summary statement of the book’s covenant theology; must be rendered consistently with Perjanjian Baru (8:8-13; 9:15) and Penebusan yang kekal (9:12) as part of one unified covenant argument threading through the entire book.

Sanctify Through Blood

Approved rendering: Menguduskan umat-Nya melalui darah-Nya sendiri
Transliteration: meng-goo-DOOS-kahn OO-maht nyah meh-lah-LOO-ee DAH-rah nyah SEN-dee-ree
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: ἁγιάσῃ διὰ τοῦ ἰδίου αἵματος τὸν λαόν
Category: Sacrifice

Hebrews 13:12. A fitting capstone statement for the whole curriculum’s core atonement doctrines; combines Pengudusan and Darah with full doctrinal weight.

High Risk Terms

Faith

Approved rendering: Iman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: kepercayaan (generic belief/trust)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 11 gives this term its most extensive OT roll-call demonstration; must be taught as the same personal-trust category defined in Romans, not a lesser Old-Covenant faith or generic Islamic iman.

Grace

Approved rendering: Kasih kurnia
Transliteration: KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat (mercy, an Arabic-loan term operating within a deeds-and-mercy Islamic judgment framework)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Hebrews 2:9, 4:16, 10:29, 12:15, 12:28, 13:9. Must be kept distinct from rahmat’s deeds-still-matter framework.

Holy

Approved rendering: Kudus
Transliteration: KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci (ritually/physically clean)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs throughout the tabernacle/priesthood material (chs. 7, 9, 13) and moral exhortation (12:14). Never suci, which carries ritual-cleanliness rather than moral-holiness connotations.

Saints

Approved rendering: Orang kudus
Transliteration: OH-rahng KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali (Sufi saints venerated at keramat sites in traditional Malay Islam)
Original: ἅγιοι / λαός (holy people)
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 6:10, 13:24 refer to believers corporately; must not be rendered with wali-adjacent Sufi veneration overtones.

Sanctification

Approved rendering: Pengudusan
Transliteration: peng-goo-DOO-sahn
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: penyucian (ritual purification)
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἁγιάζω
Category: Sanctification

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 2:11, 9:13, 10:10, 10:14, 12:14, 13:12. Note 9:13’s usage is deliberately limited/external (flesh-level) and must be distinguished in teaching from the fuller conscience-level sanctification of 9:14 and 10:10.

Adoption

Approved rendering: Pengangkatan sebagai anak
Transliteration: peng-ahng-KAH-tahn seh-BAH-gai AH-nahk
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: anak angkat (bare, without doctrinal qualifier)
Original: υἱοθεσία (concept; cf. υἱοί, 2:10, 12:5-8)
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 2:10-13 and 12:5-11 develop this family-of-God theme extensively through the discipline passage; teaching material must clarify legal-relational status with full inheritance rights, not literal divine offspring.

Called

Approved rendering: Dipanggil
Transliteration: dee-PAHNG-gil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dijemput (invited, as to a social event)
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 3:1, 9:15, 11:8 all use this concept; must convey sovereign summons, not takdir-style fate.

Calling

Approved rendering: Panggilan
Transliteration: pahng-GIL-ahn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: jemputan
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 3:1 (‘partakers of the heavenly calling’).

Apostle

Approved rendering: Rasul
Transliteration: RAH-sool
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: utusan (a lower-weight, purely secular ‘envoy/messenger’)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 3:1’s ‘Apostle and High Priest of our confession’ is a notable and doctrinally significant extension of Rasul to Christ’s own unique sent status, distinct from human apostles and from the Islamic prophet-messenger category the word also names.

Covenant

Approved rendering: Perjanjian
Transliteration: per-jahn-jee-AHN
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: kontrak (bare commercial contract)
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. HIGH RISK BEYOND BASELINE: in Hebrews 9:16-17 diathēkē also carries a legal ‘last will/testament’ sense that Malay ‘perjanjian’ cannot convey; a translator’s note is required at that passage since the wordplay does not transfer. ‘Perjanjian Baru’ is also ambiguous with the standard Malay name for the New Testament canon; disambiguate at every occurrence (8:8-13, 9:15, 12:24).

Election

Approved rendering: Pilihan Allah
Transliteration: pee-LEE-hahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: takdir (fate/predetermined decree)
Original: ἐκλογή (concept, cf. κλητοί κληρονομίαν, 9:15)
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Hebrews 9:15’s ‘they which are called might receive the promise of eternal inheritance’; never takdir’s fatalistic connotations.

Providence

Approved rendering: Pemeliharaan Allah
Transliteration: peh-meh-lee-hah-RAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Providence and Covenant Faithfulness
Rejected alternatives: takdir (fate/decree)
Original: concept (cf. Heb 13:5-8, ‘I will never leave thee’)
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 13:5-6’s covenant-faithfulness promise and 13:8’s affirmation of Christ’s changelessness both depend on this personal, Father-hearted sense; never takdir’s impersonal fatalism.

Glory

Approved rendering: Kemuliaan
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur (divine light, associated with Nur Muhammad devotion in the historic Malay Sufi tradition)
Original: δόξα
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Hebrews 1:3, 2:9-10, 3:3. Avoid nur, which specifically evokes the pre-existent light of Muhammad in Malay Sufi devotional literature — a competing pre-existence and glory claim directly relevant to the new term ‘radiance_of_glory’ (apaugasma) below.

Law

Approved rendering: Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: HOO-koom tow-RAHT
Doctrine: Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: Syariah / Hukum Syariat (Islamic religious law, an operative parallel legal system in Malaysia)
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Central to Hebrews 7, 8, 9, 10’s argument that the Law’s sacrificial system was provisional; never Syariah.

Sin

Approved rendering: Dosa
Transliteration: DOH-sah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: kesilapan (mistake/error)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs throughout Hebrews, especially the atonement material (chs. 2, 9, 10) and the apostasy warnings (chs. 3, 6, 10, 12).

Abba

Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: AH-bah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: concept (cf. Bapa/adoption family, ch. 12)
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Not directly cited in Hebrews, but the underlying family-of-God intimacy is developed in Hebrews 12:5-11’s discipline passage. Retain the transliteration convention established in the Romans package for any future cross-referenced use.

Power Of God

Approved rendering: Kuasa Allah
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: kuasa ghaib (occult/supernatural power, associated with traditional Malay bomoh shamanic practice)
Original: δύναμις
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Hebrews 1:3 (upholding all things), 7:16 (‘power of an indestructible life’), 11:19 (God’s power to raise the dead). Never kuasa ghaib.

Obedience Of Faith

Approved rendering: Ketaatan iman
Transliteration: keh-tah-AH-tahn ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ketaatan agama (generic religious dutifulness/submission)
Original: ὑπακοή (concept, cf. Heb 5:8-9, 11:8)
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 5:8-9 (Christ ‘learned obedience’) and 11:8 (Abraham ‘obeyed… by faith’) both depend on this category; must not be taught as ketaatan agama earning standing.

Priest

Approved rendering: Imam
Transliteration: ee-MAHM
Doctrine: Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Original: ἱερεύς
Category: Priesthood

Occurs at Hebrews 5:6, 7:1-3, 7:11, 7:15, 7:20, 8:4, 10:11. Same collision as Imam Besar, lower stakes since not applied to Christ’s unique office in every instance.

Priesthood

Approved rendering: Keimamatan
Transliteration: keh-ee-MAH-mah-tahn
Doctrine: Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Original: ἱερωσύνη
Category: Priesthood

Abstract-noun form of the Imam collision. Central to Hebrews 7’s argument that the priestly office has changed (7:12).

Order Of Melchizedek

Approved rendering: Peraturan/susunan Melkisedek
Transliteration: peh-rah-TOO-rahn mel-kee-SEH-dek
Doctrine: The Priesthood of Melchizedek
Original: τάξις Μελχισέδεκ
Category: Priesthood

Core to Hebrews 5:6, 6:20, 7:11, 7:17’s argument that Christ’s priesthood is categorically different, not merely better within, the Levitical system.

Without Genealogy

Approved rendering: Tanpa salasilah
Transliteration: TAHN-pah sah-lah-SEE-lah
Doctrine: Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: tanpa keturunan (could misleadingly suggest childlessness rather than lack of recorded ancestral record)
Original: ἀγενεαλόγητος
Category: Priesthood

Hebrews 7:3. Runs counter to Malay culture’s strong positive valuation of salasilah diraja (royal genealogical legitimacy); this is a point of deliberate contrast, not resonance — Christ’s priestly authority rests on the power of an indestructible life, not ancestral succession, requiring more, not less, cultural unpacking than the seed_of_david argument.

Veil

Approved rendering: Tabir
Transliteration: TAH-bir
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: Tirai (generic ‘curtain’, loses the specific sacred-barrier sense)
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Priesthood

Occurs at Hebrews 6:19, 9:3, 10:20. In 10:20 explicitly identified with Christ’s own flesh — a key incarnation/atonement cross-reference requiring careful teaching linkage to Penjelmaan.

Once

Approved rendering: Sekali sahaja
Transliteration: seh-KAH-lee sah-HAH-jah
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: Sekali untuk selama-lamanya (the stronger ephapax; must remain visibly distinguishable)
Original: ἅπαξ
Category: Sacrifice

Occurs at Hebrews 6:4, 9:7, 9:26-28, 10:2, 12:26-27. Distinct Greek word (hapax) from ephapax; keep the Malay renderings distinguishable in translator notes even though both may gloss as ‘once’ in English.

Redemption Eternal

Approved rendering: Penebusan yang kekal
Transliteration: peh-neh-BOO-sahn yahng KEH-kahl
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: Keselamatan sahaja (loses the specific ransom-price/redemption sense)
Original: αἰωνία λύτρωσις
Category: Sacrifice

Hebrews 9:12. No Islamic soteriological parallel for a ransom-price paid by a mediator; requires positive doctrinal explanation, not just word substitution.

Put Away Sin

Approved rendering: Menghapuskan dosa
Transliteration: meng-hah-POOS-kahn DOH-sah
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: Menutup dosa (mere covering, understates Hebrews’ definitive-removal claim)
Original: ἀθέτησις ἁμαρτίας
Category: Sacrifice

Hebrews 9:26. Must be distinguished from the Levitical ‘covering’ (kapporet) imagery; Hebrews’ point is definitive removal, going beyond ritual covering.

Made Perfect Believers

Approved rendering: Disempurnakan
Transliteration: dee-sem-poor-NAH-kahn
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: τελειόω
Category: Sanctification

Occurs at Hebrews 10:1, 10:14, 11:40, 12:23. Distinct application from the Christ-specific sense above; teach redemptive-historical continuity/fulfillment, not the OT saints’ deficiency.

Law Fleshly Vs Indestructible Life

Approved rendering: Hukum berdasarkan keturunan jasmani / kuasa hidup yang tidak berkesudahan
Transliteration: HOO-koom ber-dah-SAHR-kahn keh-too-ROO-nahn jahs-MAH-nee
Doctrine: Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Original: νόμος ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης / δύναμις ζωῆς ἀκαταλύτου
Category: Priesthood

Hebrews 7:16. Core to the argument that Christ’s priesthood rests on his own indestructible, resurrection life, not legal descent; conceptually dense and requires careful unpacking, no compact Malay idiom exists.

Angels

Approved rendering: Malaikat
Transliteration: mah-LAI-kaht
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Angels
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Christology

Occurs throughout Hebrews 1-2 and at 13:2. Shared with a pillar of Islamic faith (Jibril, Mikail, Israfil, Izrail); a genuinely constructive bridge (both traditions hold angels as created, non-worshipped beings), but teaching must guard against reducing Christ to merely a superior angel and against missing that Hebrews 1’s argument is a direct deity claim, not a rank comparison within one category of creatures.

Radiance Of Glory

Approved rendering: Cahaya kemuliaan Allah
Transliteration: CHAH-hah-yah keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nur (Sufi Nur Muhammad pre-existent-light devotional association, explicitly avoided per the baseline Kemuliaan entry)
Original: ἀπαύγασμα
Category: Christology

Hebrews 1:3. The Son perfectly radiates the Father’s own glory, full deity, not reflected borrowed light; must avoid nur-vocabulary.

Exact Representation

Approved rendering: Gambaran tepat keperibadian Allah
Transliteration: gahm-BAH-rahn teh-PAHT keh-per-ee-bah-dee-AHN ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Contoh yang baik daripada Allah (‘a good example of God’, softens the exact-representation claim, explicitly rejected)
Original: χαρακτήρ
Category: Christology

Hebrews 1:3. The Son perfectly and exactly represents God’s own being; must not be softened to ‘a good example of God’s character.‘

Birthright

Approved rendering: Hak kesulungan
Transliteration: hahk keh-soo-LOONG-ahn
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: πρωτοτόκια
Category: Christology

Hebrews 12:16. Esau’s contempt for his birthright is a warning example against apostasy for temporal gain; ties to the Firstborn term family.

Apostle And High Priest

Approved rendering: Rasul dan Imam Besar pengakuan iman kita
Transliteration: RAH-sool dahn ee-MAHM beh-SAHR
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Moses
Original: ἀπόστολος καὶ ἀρχιερεὺς τῆς ὁμολογίας ἡμῶν
Category: Christology

Hebrews 3:1. Notable extension of Rasul to Christ himself, not only to human apostles; requires careful teaching distinct from the Islamic prophet-messenger category the word also names.

Dead Works

Approved rendering: Perbuatan yang mati
Transliteration: per-BOO-ah-tahn yahng MAH-tee
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Rejected alternatives: Amal soleh yang tidak sempurna (implying merely imperfect good deeds rather than any works attempted apart from Christ, explicitly rejected)
Original: νεκρὰ ἔργα
Category: Apostasy

Occurs at Hebrews 6:1, 9:14. Dangerously close in surface form to amal soleh (righteous deeds), the works-ledger category the baseline explicitly rejects; must be taught as any works — including religious ones — attempted apart from Christ’s finished sacrifice, not synonymous with grateful good works.

Crucify Afresh

Approved rendering: Menyalibkan semula
Transliteration: meh-nyah-LIB-kahn seh-MOO-lah
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ἀνασταυρόω
Category: Apostasy

Hebrews 6:6. The severity of apostasy is likened to re-crucifying Christ; must be handled with pastoral care given its severity.

Illegitimate Children

Approved rendering: Anak tak sah taraf
Transliteration: AH-nahk tahk sahh TAH-rahf
Doctrine: Divine Discipline and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: Anak haram (a harsher, more stigmatizing colloquial term, explicitly avoided)
Original: νόθοι
Category: Perseverance

Hebrews 12:8. Genuinely stigmatizing terminology in Malay culture; recommend softer descriptive phrasing (‘anak yang tidak diakui’) in devotional contexts while preserving the doctrinal contrast tied to the adoption doctrine.

Translated Taken Up Enoch

Approved rendering: Diangkat (tanpa mengalami maut)
Transliteration: dee-AHNG-kaht TAHN-pah meng-AH-lah-mee mah-OOT
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Rejected alternatives: Diangkat ke syurga tanpa mati (phrased to closely echo the Qur’an’s no-death account of Jesus’ ascension; must be framed as a unique OT exception, not a template)
Original: μετατίθημι
Category: Faith

Hebrews 11:5. Must be explicitly and carefully distinguished from the Qur’an’s no-death account of Jesus (4:157); teaching must clarify Enoch’s case is a unique, unrepeated exception, never used to suggest Christ’s death-then-resurrection pattern could likewise have been a no-death ‘taking up.‘

Better Provision

Approved rendering: Allah telah menyediakan sesuatu yang lebih baik…supaya tanpa kita mereka tidak disempurnakan
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH teh-LAH meh-nyeh-dee-AH-kahn seh-soo-AH-too yahng LEH-bih BAH-eek
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Rejected alternatives: Phrasing implying OT saints’ faith was deficient or illegitimate on its own terms (explicitly rejected)
Original: κρείττονός τινος…ἵνα μὴ χωρὶς ἡμῶν τελειωθῶσιν
Category: Faith

Hebrews 11:40. Teach as redemptive-historical unity/fulfillment, not a claim that the OT saints’ faith or standing before God was deficient on its own terms.

Throne Of Grace

Approved rendering: Takhta kasih kurnia
Transliteration: TAHKH-tah KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: θρόνος τῆς χάριτος
Category: Access/Worship

Hebrews 4:16. The boldness of direct approach implied here contrasts with typical devotional distance from Allah’s throne (‘Arsy) in popular piety; must be taught as a distinctive, audacious New Covenant privilege, not softened into generic reverent petition.

New Living Way

Approved rendering: Jalan yang baharu dan hidup
Transliteration: JAH-lahn yahng bah-HAH-roo dahn HEE-doop
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: ὁδὸς πρόσφατος καὶ ζῶσα
Category: Access/Worship

Hebrews 10:20. A distinctive New Covenant claim of direct access; must preserve the directness of approach central to the Access-to-God doctrine.

Living Active Word

Approved rendering: Firman Allah yang hidup dan berkuasa
Transliteration: FIR-mahn ahl-LAHH yahng HEE-doop dahn ber-KOO-ah-sah
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ ζῶν καὶ ἐνεργής
Category: Covenant

Hebrews 4:12. Ties directly to the Critical inspiration_of_scripture doctrine and its collision with tahrif; this claim of a living, active word must be taught alongside, not instead of, direct engagement with the tahrif objection.

Church Of Firstborn

Approved rendering: Gereja anak-anak sulung
Transliteration: geh-REH-jah AH-nahk AH-nahk SOO-loong
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Phrasing implying multiple independent ‘firstborn’ sons alongside Christ’s own unique Sonship (explicitly rejected)
Original: ἐκκλησία πρωτοτόκων
Category: Church

Hebrews 12:23. Must clarify this is a corporate title for all believers united to Christ, not a claim of many independent ‘firstborn’ sons alongside Christ’s own unique Sonship.

Medium Risk Terms

Prophet

Approved rendering: Nabi
Transliteration: NAH-bee
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ahli nujum (fortune-teller/astrologer)
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 1:1 opens the letter contrasting God’s fragmentary speech ‘by the prophets’ with his final speech ‘by his Son’ — a direct argument for Christ’s superiority over the prophetic office, including the Qur’anic Nabi Isa category.

Prophecy

Approved rendering: Nubuat
Transliteration: noo-boo-AHT
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ramalan (fortune-telling/prediction)
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the extensive OT citation method of Hebrews 1, 3, 4, 8, 10.

Church

Approved rendering: Gereja
Transliteration: geh-REH-jah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: jemaah (a term also used broadly for a mosque congregation or generic religious assembly)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Hebrews 2:12 (quoting Psalm 22) and 12:23 (‘church of the firstborn’).

Kingdom Of God

Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: keh-rah-JAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: pentadbiran Allah (God’s administration)
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom

Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 1:8 (‘the sceptre of thy kingdom’) and 12:28 (‘receiving a kingdom which cannot be moved’); the latter must be taught as deliberate contrast to any earthly, changeable political kerajaan, given Kerajaan’s everyday meaning of ‘government’ in Malay.

Gentiles

Approved rendering: Bangsa bukan Yahudi
Transliteration: BAHNG-sah BOO-kahn yah-HOO-dee
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: kafir (unbeliever/infidel, an Islamic religious-legal category with strong pejorative force)

Inherited from Romans package. Minority/contextual use in Hebrews; retained for consistency with the wider curriculum family.

Peace

Approved rendering: Damai sejahtera
Transliteration: DAH-mai seh-jah-TEH-rah
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ketenangan (inner calm)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Hebrews 7:2 (Melchizedek, ‘king of peace’), 12:14, 13:20.

David

Approved rendering: Daud
Transliteration: dah-OOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Referenced at Hebrews 4:7 (Psalm 95’s Davidic authorship) and background to 11:32.

Israel

Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: iss-rah-EL
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Hebrews 8:8-10 (Jeremiah 31 citation) and 11:22. Handle with the same pastoral awareness given contemporary geopolitical sensitivity.

Seed Of David

Approved rendering: Keturunan Daud
Transliteration: keh-too-ROO-nahn dah-OOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: concept (background to ch. 7’s priest-king argument)
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Provides the contrast background for Hebrews 7’s argument that Christ’s priesthood, unlike the Levitical line, does not depend on ancestral descent (see new term without_genealogy below, which runs in deliberate tension with this term’s positive resonance).

Melchizedek

Approved rendering: Melkisedek
Transliteration: mel-kee-SEH-dek
Doctrine: The Priesthood of Melchizedek
Rejected alternatives: raja-imam misteri (a descriptive paraphrase, rejected in favor of standard Alkitab proper-name transliteration)
Original: Μελχισέδεκ
Category: Priesthood

Proper name transliterated directly, per standard Alkitab convention (as with Daud, Musa). Absent from the Qur’an entirely, unlike Daud, Musa, or Isa; risk is unfamiliarity, not doctrinal collision. Occurs at Hebrews 5:6, 5:10, 6:20, 7:1-17; requires mandatory Genesis 14 background teaching at first occurrence.

Tabernacle

Approved rendering: Kemah Suci
Transliteration: KEH-mah SOO-chee
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: Kemah sahaja (bare ‘tent’, without ‘Suci’, loses the sacred sense entirely)
Original: σκηνή
Category: Priesthood

Occurs at Hebrews 8:2, 8:5, 9:2-3, 9:6, 9:8, 9:11, 9:21, 13:10. Must always pair with ‘Suci’ and supply OT cultus background, since readers lack narrative familiarity with the Mosaic tabernacle.

Sanctuary Holy Place

Approved rendering: Tempat Kudus
Transliteration: TEHM-paht KOO-doos
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: Tempat Maha Kudus (reserved for the innermost chamber only, must not be substituted here)
Original: ἅγια
Category: Priesthood

Occurs at Hebrews 9:1-2, 9:8, 9:12, 9:24-25, 10:19, 13:11. Must be distinguished carefully from Tempat Maha Kudus per the Greek referent in each occurrence, not the English gloss, since English ‘holy place(s)’ sometimes marks either compartment.

Holy Of Holies

Approved rendering: Tempat Maha Kudus
Transliteration: TEHM-paht MAH-hah KOO-doos
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: Tempat Kudus (reserved for the outer chamber, must not be substituted here)
Original: Ἅγια Ἁγίων
Category: Priesthood

Hebrews 9:3. The innermost chamber, entered only once yearly under the Old Covenant; requires OT background teaching to distinguish from Tempat Kudus.

Sacrifice Of Praise

Approved rendering: Korban puji-pujian
Transliteration: KOR-bahn poo-jee poo-jee-AHN
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: Korban sahaja (without ‘puji-pujian’, risks confusion with Christ’s own atoning Korban)
Original: θυσία αἰνέσεως
Category: Sacrifice

Hebrews 13:15. A non-atoning, responsive offering of worship/thanksgiving; must be clearly distinguished from the atoning Korban of Christ himself.

Offering

Approved rendering: Persembahan
Transliteration: per-sem-BAH-hahn
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: προσφορά
Category: Sacrifice

Standard cultic-offering vocabulary; occurs at Hebrews 10:10, 10:14, 10:18.

Without Blemish

Approved rendering: Tanpa cacat cela
Transliteration: TAHN-pah CHAH-chaht CHEH-lah
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: ἄμωμος
Category: Sacrifice

Hebrews 9:14. Genuine resonance with qurban’s unblemished-animal requirement, but the category shift (a person, not an animal, being the unblemished offering) must be taught explicitly.

Sprinkle

Approved rendering: Memercikkan
Transliteration: meh-mer-CHIK-kahn
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: Membasuh (washing, risks conflating with wudu’-style repeated ablution)
Original: ῥαντίζω
Category: Sacrifice

Occurs at Hebrews 9:13, 9:19-21, 10:22, 12:24. Risk of assimilation to ritual ablution; must be taught as pointing to atoning application and, ultimately, the deeper conscience-level cleansing of 9:14, not an end in itself.

Remission

Approved rendering: Pengampunan
Transliteration: peng-ahm-POO-nahn
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: Diperbenarkan sahaja (would overstate this specific term beyond its forgiveness sense at this point in the text)
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Sacrifice

Hebrews 9:22, 10:18. Must not let readers assume forgiveness alone exhausts the fuller doctrine of Diperbenarkan (justification) taught elsewhere in this curriculum family.

Altar

Approved rendering: Mazbah
Transliteration: MAHZ-bah
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: θυσιαστήριον
Category: Sacrifice

Established Alkitab term (Heb 13:10); reuse Korban conceptually.

Outside The Camp

Approved rendering: Di luar perkhemahan
Transliteration: dee LOO-ahr per-kheh-MAH-hahn
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς
Category: Sacrifice

Hebrews 13:11-13. Typological; requires Leviticus 16 background teaching to be meaningful.

Better Covenant

Approved rendering: Perjanjian yang lebih baik
Transliteration: per-jahn-jee-AHN yahng LEH-bih BAH-eek
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κρείττων διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

Occurs at Hebrews 7:22, 8:6. Structural ‘better’ (kreittōn) keyword; keep consistent with kreittōn’s other recurrences throughout the book (covenant, hope, promises, sacrifices, country, resurrection).

Testator

Approved rendering: Yang membuat perjanjian/wasiat
Transliteration: yahng mem-BOO-aht per-jahn-jee-AHN wah-SEE-aht
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Original: διαθέμενος
Category: Covenant

Hebrews 9:16-17. Supports the diathēkē covenant/will wordplay; requires a translator’s note since Malay ‘perjanjian’ lacks the ‘last will’ sense that drives the Greek argument.

Guarantee

Approved rendering: Penjamin
Transliteration: pen-JAH-min
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Original: ἔγγυος
Category: Covenant

Hebrews 7:22. Positive bridge via the Malay commercial-law guarantor concept.

Unchangeable Priesthood

Approved rendering: Tidak berpindah/kekal
Transliteration: TEE-dahk ber-PIN-dah KEH-kahl
Doctrine: Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Original: ἀπαράβατος
Category: Priesthood

Hebrews 7:24. Christ’s priesthood does not pass to a successor, unlike the Levitical priests who died.

Made Old

Approved rendering: Menjadikan lama/usang
Transliteration: men-jah-DEE-kahn LAH-mah OO-sahng
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Original: παλαιόω
Category: Covenant

Hebrews 8:13. Describes the Sinai covenant’s declared obsolescence at the very announcement of the New Covenant.

Shadow

Approved rendering: Bayangan
Transliteration: bah-YAHNG-ahn
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Original: σκιά
Category: Covenant

Occurs at Hebrews 8:5, 10:1. Contrasted with eikōn/reality; requires the full shadow-vs-substance argument to be taught across chapters 8-10.

Image Reality

Approved rendering: Rupa/gambar sebenar
Transliteration: ROO-pah gahm-bahr seh-beh-NAHR
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Original: εἰκών
Category: Covenant

Hebrews 10:1. Completes the shadow/reality contrast begun at 8:5.

Pattern Copy

Approved rendering: Contoh/gambaran
Transliteration: CHOHN-toh gahm-BAH-rahn
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Original: ὑπόδειγμα
Category: Covenant

Occurs at Hebrews 8:5, 9:23. Must be taught alongside skia as part of a single ‘copy vs. reality’ argument running through chapters 8-10.

Figure Antitype

Approved rendering: Bayangan/tiruan yang benar
Transliteration: bah-YAHNG-ahn tee-ROO-ahn yahng beh-NAHR
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: ἀντίτυπος
Category: Covenant

Hebrews 9:24. Technical typological term with no natural single Malay equivalent; requires brief explanatory gloss on first use.

Reformation Time

Approved rendering: Zaman pembaharuan
Transliteration: ZAH-mahn pem-bah-hah-ROO-ahn
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Original: διόρθωσις
Category: Covenant

Hebrews 9:10. The old cultic system was provisional, imposed only until Christ.

Heir

Approved rendering: Waris
Transliteration: WAH-ris
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Christology

Occurs at Hebrews 1:2, 6:17, 11:7. Positive cultural bridge with warisan/adoption doctrine.

Inheritance

Approved rendering: Warisan
Transliteration: wah-REE-sahn
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Christology

Occurs at Hebrews 1:4 (background), 9:15, 11:8. Positively resonant with adoption doctrine — inheritance flows naturally from adoption in Malay family law and custom.

Founder Pioneer

Approved rendering: Pengasas
Transliteration: peng-AH-sahs
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Original: ἀρχηγός
Category: Christology

Occurs at Hebrews 2:10, 12:2. Non-collision-prone but unfamiliar as a Malay religious title; requires brief explanation on first use.

Unbelief

Approved rendering: Ketidakpercayaan
Transliteration: keh-tee-dahk-per-chah-YAH-ahn
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Apostasy

Hebrews 3:12, 3:19. The root cause that kept the wilderness generation from entering God’s rest; taught in direct contrast with Iman.

Rebellion Provocation

Approved rendering: Pemberontakan
Transliteration: pem-beh-rohn-TAH-kahn
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: παραπικρασμός
Category: Apostasy

Hebrews 3:8, 3:15. A named historical instance of unbelief-driven rebellion (Israel at Meribah), held up as warning.

Repentance

Approved rendering: Pertaubatan
Transliteration: per-tow-BAH-tahn
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Rejected alternatives: Taubat treated as a repeatable ritual act (must be taught as a singular foundational reorientation in Hebrews, unlike the repeatable Islamic tawbah)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Apostasy

Hebrews 6:1, 6:6, 12:17. Genuinely resonant with the Islamic tawbah vocabulary — but Islamic tawbah operates as a repeatable act of turning back after each sin, whereas Hebrews presents repentance as a singular foundational reorientation never to be relaid as a ‘foundation’ again.

Forerunner

Approved rendering: Perintis
Transliteration: peh-RIN-tis
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: πρόδρομος
Category: Perseverance

Hebrews 6:20. Christ has entered the heavenly sanctuary ahead of believers, as their forerunner.

Oath

Approved rendering: Sumpah
Transliteration: SOOM-pah
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ὅρκος
Category: Perseverance

Hebrews 6:16-17, 7:20-21. Oaths carry real weight in Malay/Islamic custom too, a positive resonance point, but must be taught that God’s oath is uniquely self-guaranteeing (‘he sware by himself,’ 6:13), unlike ordinary human oath-taking.

Strangers Pilgrims

Approved rendering: Orang asing dan pengembara
Transliteration: OH-rahng AH-sing dahn peng-em-BAH-rah
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Rejected alternatives: Jemaah haji-style phrasing (avoid conflation with the specifically Islamic haj pilgrimage category)
Original: ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι
Category: Faith

Hebrews 11:13. Positive resonance with pilgrimage imagery; avoid conflation with the specifically Islamic haj category.

Discipline

Approved rendering: Didikan
Transliteration: dee-DEE-kahn
Doctrine: Divine Discipline and Sonship
Original: παιδεία
Category: Perseverance

Hebrews 12:5-11. Positive resonance with the Bapa/adoption family already established as culturally comfortable — discipline as a mark of true fatherly love fits naturally into Malay family values.

Draw Near

Approved rendering: Menghampiri
Transliteration: meng-hahm-PEE-ree
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: προσέρχομαι
Category: Access/Worship

Occurs at Hebrews 4:16, 7:25, 10:1, 10:22, 11:6, 12:18-22. Direct access without further priestly mediation for the individual believer.

Bodies Washed

Approved rendering: Tubuh dibasuh dengan air yang bersih
Transliteration: TOO-booh dee-bah-SOOH deng-ahn AH-ir yahng ber-SIH
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: Berwudhu’-style repeated ablution framing (explicitly rejected; this points to a once-for-all reality symbolized in baptism)
Original: λελουσμένοι τὸ σῶμα ὕδατι καθαρῷ
Category: Access/Worship

Hebrews 10:22. Baptismal allusion; risk of assimilation to ritual ablution; must be taught as pointing to a once-for-all spiritual reality symbolized in baptism, not a repeated ritual washing.

Sympathize

Approved rendering: Bersimpati/turut merasai
Transliteration: ber-sim-PAH-tee TOO-root meh-rah-SAH-ee
Doctrine: Humanity of Christ
Original: συμπαθέω
Category: Priesthood

Hebrews 4:15. A strong positive bridge term emphasizing Christ’s genuine humanity and compassion.

Rest

Approved rendering: Perhentian
Transliteration: per-hen-TEE-ahn
Doctrine: Sabbath Rest Typology
Rejected alternatives: Cuti/rehat (mere this-worldly respite, understates the eschatological-relational sense)
Original: κατάπαυσις
Category: Covenant

Occurs at Hebrews 3:11, 3:18, 4:1, 4:3-11. Could be read as merely a this-worldly respite rather than the eschatological, relational rest in God’s presence Hebrews intends; needs explicit unpacking.

Sabbath Rest

Approved rendering: Perhentian Sabat
Transliteration: per-hen-TEE-ahn SAH-baht
Doctrine: Sabbath Rest Typology
Rejected alternatives: A call to literal calendrical Sabbath observance (explicitly rejected; this is typological/eschatological fulfillment)
Original: σαββατισμός
Category: Covenant

Hebrews 4:9. Must not be reduced to a call to observe a literal weekly Sabbath day as a legal requirement; the point is typological/eschatological fulfillment.

Heavenly Jerusalem

Approved rendering: Yerusalem Syurgawi
Transliteration: yeh-roo-SAH-lem shoor-GAH-wee
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἐπουρανίῳ
Category: Eschatology

Hebrews 12:22. Same contemporary geopolitical sensitivity flagged for ‘Israel’ in the baseline; handle with the same pastoral awareness.

Unshakeable Kingdom

Approved rendering: Tidak tergoncang
Transliteration: TEE-dahk ter-goh-CHAHNG
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: ἀσάλευτος (βασιλεία)
Category: Kingdom

Hebrews 12:27-28. Ties to Kerajaan Allah’s double meaning as Malaysia’s ordinary word for ‘government’; teach as a deliberate contrast to any earthly, changeable political kerajaan.

Never Leave Forsake

Approved rendering: Aku tidak sekali-kali akan meninggalkan engkau atau membiarkan engkau
Transliteration: AH-koo TEE-dahk seh-KAH-lee kah-lee ah-KAHN meh-ning-GAHL-kahn EHNG-kow
Doctrine: Providence and Covenant Faithfulness
Original: Οὐ μή σε ἀνῶ οὐδ᾽ οὐ μή σε ἐγκαταλίπω
Category: Perseverance

Hebrews 13:5. Grounds contentment and courage in God’s unfailing covenant faithfulness; ties to the assurance/providence doctrines.

Great Shepherd

Approved rendering: Gembala besar domba-domba
Transliteration: gem-BAH-lah beh-SAHR DOHM-bah DOHM-bah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ὁ ποιμὴν τῶν προβάτων ὁ μέγας
Category: Christology

Hebrews 13:20. A positive, resonant pastoral image, grounded in the resurrection.

Devil

Approved rendering: Iblis
Transliteration: IB-lis
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Original: διάβολος
Category: Christology

Hebrews 2:14. Iblis is the same named figure recognized in Islamic tradition (the being who refused to bow to Adam); a rare point of direct narrative overlap, but the NT’s specific claim that Christ’s death strips the devil of his power over death is a distinctly Christian resolution not paralleled in the Qur’anic Iblis narrative.

Low Risk Terms

Fellowship

Approved rendering: Persekutuan
Transliteration: per-seh-koo-TOO-ahn
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: persaudaraan (brotherhood, generic/ethnic)
Original: κοινωνία / κοινωνέω
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Hebrews 10:24-25 (not forsaking the assembling of ourselves) and 13:16 (‘to communicate/share’).

Thanksgiving

Approved rendering: Kesyukuran
Transliteration: keh-shoo-KOO-rahn
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία (concept; cf. θυσία αἰνέσεως, 13:15)
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Hebrews 13:15’s ‘sacrifice of praise’ (see new term sacrifice_of_praise below).

Exhort

Approved rendering: Menasihati
Transliteration: meh-NAH-see-HAH-tee
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Hebrews 3:13, 10:25, 13:19, 13:22.

Transgression

Approved rendering: Pelanggaran
Transliteration: peh-lahng-GAH-rahn
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: παράβασις
Category: Sin

Hebrews 2:2, 9:15. Legal/technical companion term to Dosa.

Tithe

Approved rendering: Persepuluhan
Transliteration: per-seh-poo-LOO-hahn
Doctrine: The Priesthood of Melchizedek
Original: δεκάτη
Category: Priesthood

Hebrews 7:2-9. Standard term; Abraham’s tithe to Melchizedek demonstrates Melchizedek’s, and so Christ’s, superiority to Levi.

Anchor

Approved rendering: Sauh
Transliteration: SAH-ooh
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ἄγκυρα
Category: Perseverance

Hebrews 6:19. A natural, positive maritime metaphor well understood in the Malay Archipelago’s seafaring culture.

Testify Commend

Approved rendering: Diperakui/disaksikan
Transliteration: dee-peh-rah-KOO-ee dee-sahk-SEE-kahn
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: μαρτυρέω
Category: Faith

Occurs throughout Hebrews 11. Scripture’s own testimony to the OT saints’ genuine faith.

Cloud Of Witnesses

Approved rendering: Awan saksi
Transliteration: AH-wahn SAHK-see
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: νέφος μαρτύρων
Category: Perseverance

Hebrews 12:1. A vivid, positive image encouraging perseverance.

Root Of Bitterness

Approved rendering: Akar kepahitan
Transliteration: AH-kahr keh-pah-HEE-tahn
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ῥίζα πικρίας
Category: Perseverance

Hebrews 12:15. A natural, non-collision Malay idiom.

Assembling Together

Approved rendering: Perhimpunan/berhimpun bersama
Transliteration: per-him-POO-nahn ber-HIM-poon ber-SAH-mah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Mutual Encouragement
Original: ἐπισυναγωγή
Category: Church

Hebrews 10:25. Ties to Gereja and Persekutuan as the practice that embodies both doctrines.

Festal Gathering

Approved rendering: Perhimpunan raya
Transliteration: per-him-POO-nahn RAH-yah
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: πανήγυρις
Category: Eschatology

Hebrews 12:22-23. The joyful heavenly assembly believers now belong to.

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