Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Jude (Malay Destination Language)
Per-Term Glossary Table with Translation Risks, Phase 1 Step 1
Book: Jude (single chapter, 25 verses)
Destination language: Malay
Baseline authority: Terms marked “per baseline TM” reuse the Romans Language Package’s translation_memory.json rendering exactly, unchanged. Terms marked “NEW” are introduced by this Jude curriculum and require Phase 1 Step 2+ ratification before entering an updated translation memory.
Reused Baseline Terms (Unchanged, Cited for Cross-Reference)
| English Term | Malay Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link | Jude Occurrence(s) | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jesus | Yesus | Critical | Lordship/Deity of Christ | 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 (and possibly 1:5, textual variant) | Per baseline TM; never Isa |
| Christ | Kristus | Critical | Messianic Promise | 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Per baseline TM; never Al-Masih |
| God | Allah | Critical | Deity of Christ / God | 1:1, 1:4, 1:21, 1:25 | Per baseline TM; single most legally sensitive term |
| Lord | Tuhan | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:4, 1:5 (variant), 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Per baseline TM; never Tuan |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | Sanctification / God | 1:19 (implied absence), 1:20 | Per baseline TM |
| Father | Bapa | Critical | Adoption | 1:1 | Per baseline TM |
| Faith | Iman | High | Faith | 1:3, 1:20 | Per baseline TM; sense shifts toward “the apostolic deposit” in 1:3 |
| Grace | Kasih kurnia | High | Grace | 1:4 | Per baseline TM; contrasted with ἀσέλγεια |
| Holy | Kudus | High | Sanctification | 1:14, 1:20 | Per baseline TM |
| Called | Dipanggil / Panggilan | High | Divine Calling | 1:1 | Per baseline TM |
| Salvation | Keselamatan | Critical | Salvation | 1:3, 1:23 | Per baseline TM |
| Glory | Kemuliaan | High | Deity of Christ | 1:8 (contrast), 1:24, 1:25 | Per baseline TM |
| Apostle | Rasul | High | Apostleship | 1:17 | Per baseline TM |
| Eternal life | Hidup yang kekal | Critical | Assurance of Salvation | 1:21 | Per baseline TM |
| Peace | Damai sejahtera | Medium | Peace with God | 1:2 | Per baseline TM |
| Fellowship (love feast concept) | Persekutuan (cf. jamuan kasih below) | Low | Christian Fellowship | 1:12 | Baseline Persekutuan cited for contrast with new term “jamuan kasih” |
| Providence/Election caution | (avoid “takdir”) | High | Providence / Election | 1:4 | Baseline forbidden-substitution rule reused for “marked out beforehand” |
New Terms Introduced by Jude (Require Ratification)
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Malay Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link | Jude Occurrence(s) | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Servant/bondservant | δοῦλος (doulos) | Hamba | Medium-High | Contending for the Faith; Christ’s Lordship | 1:1 | ”abdi” (archaic, obscure) | Resonates with “hamba Allah” devotional self-designation; must specify Christ as owner-Master |
| Mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | Rahmat | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:2, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23 | ”belas kasihan” (safer but breaks established Alkitab greeting convention) | Islamic Ar-Rahman/Ar-Rahim collision; must teach as certain, Christ-secured mercy vs. deeds-weighed rahmat framework |
| Kept (thematic) | τηρέω (tēreō) — τετηρημένοις, τετήρηκεν, τετήρηται, τηρήσατε, φυλάξαι | dipelihara / disimpan / dikurung / peliharalah / menjaga (context-sensitive) | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21, 1:24 | Using unrelated synonyms per occurrence, losing the thematic thread | Central thematic keyword of the whole letter; translators must track all 5 occurrences as a unit |
| Contend earnestly | ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι (epagōnizesthai) | Berjuang mempertahankan (iman) | High | Contending for the Faith | 1:3 | ”berjihad” (explicitly Islamic holy-struggle term, forbidden); “berdebat” (too weak) | “Berjuang” risks jihad-adjacent resonance; must clarify doctrinal/verbal defense only |
| Once for all delivered | ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ (hapax paradotheisē) | disampaikan sekali untuk selama-lamanya | High | Contending for the Faith; Inspiration of Scripture | 1:3 | Omitting “hapax” force entirely | Closed-canon, non-repeatable revelation claim; collides with successive-revelation frameworks |
| Ungodly | ἀσεβής (asebēs) | Fasik | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 1:15 (x4), 1:18 | ”jahat” (too generic); “kafir” (too legally loaded, per baseline gentiles precedent) | Established Alkitab term but collides with the specific Islamic fiqh category of fāsiq |
| Marked out beforehand | προγεγραμμένοι (progegrammenoi) | telah lama ditetapkan (untuk dihukum) | High | Providence; Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | ”ditakdirkan” (forbidden, per baseline takdir caution) | Sovereign foreordination, not impersonal fatalism |
| Sensuality/licentiousness | ἀσέλγεια (aselgeia) | hawa nafsu yang tidak terkawal | Medium-High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | ”kecabulan” alone (narrower, misses grace-inversion link) | Must be paired with Kasih kurnia in the same clause to preserve the grace-to-license inversion |
| Master (Sovereign) | δεσπότης (despotēs) | Penguasa | Critical | Deity/Lordship of Christ | 1:4 | ”tuan” (forbidden per baseline, non-divine) | Paired with Tuhan (κύριος) as a double confession of Christ’s exclusive deity |
| Deny | ἀρνούμενοι (arnoumenoi) | mengingkari | Critical | Deity/Lordship of Christ | 1:4 | — | Object is Christ’s Master-and-Lord identity, not a generic “unbelief” |
| Textual variant: Jesus/Lord (Exodus) | Ἰησοῦς/κύριος (Iēsous/kyrios) | Yesus or Tuhan (base-text dependent) | Critical | Deity of Christ; pre-existence | 1:5 | Silent harmonization without flagging | Modern critical text often reads “Jesus” — a striking pre-existence claim requiring explicit translator-note flagging |
| Own domain/position | ἀρχή (archē, of angels) | kedudukan asal (mereka) | Critical | OT Warnings as Types (Angels) | 1:6 | ”makhluk halus” (vague euphemism, avoid) | Directly contradicts standard Islamic angelology (angels cannot sin); must retain “malaikat” plainly |
| Proper dwelling | οἰκητήριον (oikētērion) | tempat kediaman asal (mereka) | Medium | OT Warnings as Types (Angels) | 1:6 | — | Paired with ἀρχή above |
| Strange flesh | σαρκὸς ἑτέρας (sarkos heteras) | daging/manusia yang bukan sejenis | High | OT Warnings as Types (Sodom) | 1:7 | Flattening exegetical ambiguity to one reading only | Present the interpretive range; legally sensitive contemporary-application context in Malaysia |
| Glorious ones | δόξας (doxas, concrete) | makhluk-makhluk mulia | Medium | (angelology, false teachers’ blasphemy) | 1:8 | Confusing with Kemuliaan (God’s own glory) | Distinct from the abstract δόξα/Kemuliaan baseline term |
| Lordship/authority (disputed referent) | κυριότητα (kyriotēta) | kuasa pemerintahan (or Tuhan, if Christological) | High | Lordship of Christ (possible) | 1:8 | — | Referent (Christ vs. angelic authorities) needs theologian determination |
| Archangel | ἀρχάγγελος (archangelos) | penghulu malaikat | Medium | OT Warnings as Types (Angels) | 1:9 | — | Michael/Mikail resonance; differing narrative details from Islamic tradition |
| The devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | Iblis | Medium | (spiritual conflict) | 1:9 | — | Shared vocabulary with Islamic Iblis tradition; clarify NT portrait is fuller |
| Way of Cain | Κάϊν (Kain) | Kain | Low-Medium | OT Warnings as Types | 1:11 | — | Qur’an narrates unnamed sons of Adam |
| Error of Balaam | Βαλαάμ (Balaam) | Bileam | Medium | OT Warnings as Types | 1:11 | — | Resonance with tafsir figure Balʿam ibn Baʿura |
| Rebellion of Korah | Κόρε (Korē) | Korah | Medium-High | OT Warnings as Types | 1:11 | — | Strong resonance with Qur’anic Qarun; differing emphasis (authority-rebellion vs. arrogance/wealth) |
| Hidden reefs/blemishes | σπιλάδες (spilades) | batu karang tersembunyi | Low-Medium | (false teachers’ corruption of fellowship) | 1:12 | ”noda” (alternative, recorded) | Genuine Greek lexical ambiguity, not primarily doctrinal |
| Love feasts | ἀγάπαι (agapai) | jamuan kasih | Medium | Christian Fellowship | 1:12 | Generic “kenduri” (loses Christ-centered sense) | Distinguish from generic potluck/communal-meal culture |
| Wandering stars | ἀστέρες πλανῆται (asteres planētai) | bintang-bintang sesat | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:13 | — | Metaphor for false teachers’ departure from a fixed, faithful course |
| Enoch (prophecy source) | Ἑνώχ (Henōch) | Henokh | Critical | Inspiration of Scripture; OT Warnings as Types | 1:14 | Omitting the “seventh from Adam” note | Canon question (1 Enoch quotation) + Idris-identification/ascension-tradition collision |
| Holy myriads | ἁγίαις μυριάσιν (hagiais myriasin) | berjuta-juta malaikat-Nya yang kudus | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:14 | — | Reuses Kudus (baseline) |
| Judgment (final) | κρίσις (krisis) | penghakiman | Medium-High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:15 | — | Executed personally by Christ at his coming, not a deferred generic weighing |
| Lusts/desires | ἐπιθυμίας (epithymias) | hawa nafsu | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16, 1:18 | — | Standard moral vocabulary; keep consistent |
| Scoffers | ἐμπαῖκται (empaiktai) | pengejek-pengejek | Low-Medium | (apostolic forewarning) | 1:18 | — | Cross-reference 2 Peter 3:3 |
| Last time | ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου χρόνου (ep’ eschatou chronou) | pada zaman akhir | Medium | (eschatological warning) | 1:18 | — | Resonance with separate Islamic “akhir zaman” eschatology framework |
| Cause divisions | ἀποδιορίζοντες (apodiorizontes) | menyebabkan perpecahan | Medium | Church as God’s People (baseline link) | 1:19 | — | Mark of false teachers specifically, not a general unity teaching |
| Worldly/natural/soulish, devoid of Spirit | ψυχικοί, πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες (psychikoi, pneuma mē echontes) | manusia duniawi (yang tidak memiliki Roh) | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers; contrast with Roh Kudus | 1:19 | ”semangat” (folk-animist life-force connotation, avoid) | Must distinguish universal human ruh (Islamic anthropology) from the Holy Spirit’s indwelling, which only believers possess |
| Building yourselves up | ἐποικοδομοῦντες (epoikodomountes) | membina diri kamu | Low-Medium | Mutual Edification (baseline link) | 1:20 | — | Reflexive, community-context construction metaphor |
| Doubting/wavering | διακρινομένους (diakrinomenous) | yang ragu-ragu / yang bimbang | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:22 | — | Distinguish from hardened false teachers; still within reach of rescue |
| Snatching from the fire | ἁρπάζοντες ἐκ πυρός (harpazontes ek pyros) | merampas (mereka) daripada api | Medium-High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | — | Links back to v. 7’s eternal fire; urgent rescue imagery |
| Garment stained by the flesh | ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα (espilōmenon chitōna) | pakaian yang dinodai (oleh tabiat berdosa) | Medium-High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | — | Moral-relational contagion, not ritual najis-style pollution |
| Without stumbling | ἀπταίστους (aptaistous) | tidak tersandung / tidak jatuh | Medium | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | — | Moral/spiritual preservation, not merely physical |
| Present blameless before his glory | στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης / ἀμώμους | membawa kamu berdiri di hadapan kemuliaan-Nya, tidak bercacat cela | Medium-High (blameless), High (glory, per baseline) | Kept by God and Presented Blameless; Deity of Christ | 1:24 | — | Sacrificial “unblemished offering” background; result of God’s work, not accumulated merit |
| Great joy/exultation | ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει (en agalliasei) | dengan sukacita yang meluap-luap | Low-Medium | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | — | Celebratory doxological register |
| Only God our Savior | μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν (monō theō sōtēri hēmōn) | Allah yang esa, Penyelamat kita | Critical | Deity of Christ; Doxology | 1:25 | — | Monotheistic resonance with tawhid, but structurally mediated “through Jesus Christ” — Trinitarian implications require theologian review alongside v. 4 and v. 5 |
| Glory, majesty, dominion, authority | δόξα μεγαλωσύνη κράτος ἐξουσία | kemuliaan, kebesaran, kuasa, dan kekuasaan | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | — | Resonance with Islamic divine-attribute vocabulary; addressee must remain unambiguous |
| Before all time, now, forever | πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ νῦν καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας | sebelum segala zaman, sekarang, dan selama-lamanya | Medium | Doxology; Deity of Christ (pre-existence) | 1:25 | — | Links pedagogically to Christ’s pre-existence claims elsewhere in the letter |
Risk Summary for Jude New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 7 (Hamba’s Master δεσπότης; deny/ἀρνούμενοι; textual variant Ἰησοῦς/κύριος 1:5; ἀρχή of angels 1:6; Enoch 1:14; μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι 1:25; plus inherited baseline Critical terms reused throughout) | Human theologian |
| High | 11 (δοῦλος-adjacent Hamba is Medium-High; ἔλεος/Rahmat; τηρέω thematic; ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι; ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ; ἀσεβής/Fasik; προγεγραμμένοι; κυριότητα; σαρκὸς ἑτέρας; ψυχικοί/πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες; plus reused baseline High terms) | Human theologian |
| Medium-High | 6 (ἀσέλγεια; Korah/Qarun resonance; κρίσις; ἁρπάζοντες ἐκ πυρός; ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα; ἀμώμους/glory presentation) | Human theologian (pastoral/legal sensitivity) or native speaker per case |
| Medium | 14 | Native speaker review |
| Low–Low/Medium | 6 | Automated or light native speaker review |
Total new terms requiring theologian-level review before Phase 2 translation: 24. Total new terms suitable for native-speaker-only review: 14. Total new terms suitable for automated review: 6.
This glossary must be merged into an updated translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in Phase 1 Step 2 before any Phase 2 segment translation of Jude begins. All reused baseline terms remain governed by the existing Romans Language Package entries without modification.
Critical Risk Terms
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: YEH-soos
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isa (the Qur’anic name, deliberately avoided by established Alkitab convention)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: The Alkitab (Malay Bible) deliberately uses Yesus rather than the Qur’anic Isa, precisely to keep the full Christian identity of Jesus distinct from the Qur’anic prophet-Isa and to avoid the appearance of an Islamic-vocabulary (‘Insider Movement’-style) translation approach. This Language Package follows that established, deliberate convention. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: Jude 1:5 contains a well-attested early-manuscript textual variant reading Ἰησοῦς rather than κύριος as the one who saved Israel from Egypt and later destroyed the unbelieving generation; see jesus_lord_exodus_variant below. This variant must never be silently harmonized.
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: KRIS-toos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: Al-Masih (the Qur’anic title, deliberately avoided in favor of the Greek-derived Alkitab convention)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: Established Alkitab usage (Yesus Kristus) deliberately uses Kristus rather than the Qur’anic Al-Masih title. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: paired with Yesus throughout (1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25) and central to the closing doxology’s Trinitarian mediating clause ‘through Jesus Christ our Lord’ (1:25).
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tuhan (used for ‘Lord’ in this Language Package; reserving Allah for ‘God’ keeps the two terms distinct as Alkitab does)
Original: θεός
Category: God
CRITICAL: Malay Christians have used Allah for God since 1629; single most legally and politically sensitive term in Malaysia. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: the closing doxology’s ‘the only God, our Savior’ (1:25, monō theō sōtēri hēmōn) is a genuine tawhid-resonance point that must never be excerpted apart from its immediately following Trinitarian mediating clause ‘through Jesus Christ our Lord.‘
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: TOO-hahn
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: tuan (master/sir, non-divine)
Established Alkitab term (Tuhan Yesus). Tuan denotes a human master/sir and must not substitute. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: 1:4 pairs Tuhan with the new term Penguasa (despotēs) in a double-barreled confession of Christ’s exclusive deity — ‘our only Master and Lord’; both must be taught as one joint, non-reducible confession.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: ROHKH KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: Jibril (the archangel Gabriel), roh halus (a generic nature/subtle spirit in traditional Malay animist belief)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL: Two converging risks — Ruh al-Qudus explained in Islamic commentary as the archangel Jibril, and traditional animist belief in many roh (spirits). [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: 1:19-20 sets up a deliberate polemical contrast between false teachers ‘devoid of the Spirit’ (πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες, see worldly_devoid_of_spirit) and believers ‘praying in the Holy Spirit.’ Roh Kudus must never be conflated with the universal human ruh every person is taught to possess in standard Islamic anthropology (Qur’an 15:29, 32:9); this is a distinct, additional risk beyond the baseline’s original two.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: BAH-pah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Pencipta (Creator, as a substitute to avoid relational language)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
CRITICAL: Calling God ‘Father’ can register as implying literal offspring, which tawhid forbids. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: 1:1 addresses believers as ‘beloved in God the Father,’ opening the letter’s relational vocabulary; teach the adoptive, relational sense directly.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Keselamatan
Transliteration: keh-seh-lah-MAH-tahn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: masuk syurga (entering paradise, as the whole content)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: Must not be diluted into a vague synonym for hoping to enter syurga. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: 1:3 describes ‘our common salvation’ (a present, shared possession); 1:23 uses the cognate verb σῴζετε (‘save others’) for an active, present, human-participated rescue of the wavering — both senses must be preserved as present realities, not deferred hopes.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: Kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Transliteration: keh-beh-NAH-rahn yahng dee-per-hee-TOONG-kahn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: kebenaran yang diusahakan (earned/worked-for righteousness)
Righteousness credited by faith, not achieved through amal soleh. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: this baseline caution is directly reused in teaching notes for the new term present_blameless (1:24, ἀμώμους) — the believer’s final blameless presentation before God’s glory is God’s own preserving and presenting work, never an accumulated merit ledger.
Master Sovereign
Approved rendering: Penguasa
Transliteration: peng-GWAH-sah
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: tuan (forbidden per baseline; a merely human, non-divine master/sir)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Renders δεσπότης (despotēs), paired with Tuhan (κύριος) in Jude 1:4’s double-barreled confession of Christ as ‘our only Master and Lord.’ Must be taught alongside Tuhan as one joint, non-reducible confession of Christ’s exclusive deity, not two separable honorific titles for a merely exalted human figure — the single most direct, repeated collision with tawhid across the letter.
Deny
Approved rendering: Mengingkari
Transliteration: meng-ing-KAH-ree
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: ἀρνούμενοι
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Renders ἀρνούμενοι (arnoumenoi) in Jude 1:4. The object of denial is specifically Christ’s exclusive Master-and-Lord identity, paralleling the Romans 10:9 confession safeguard; must never be softened to a generic ‘unbelief’ unmoored from that specific christological content.
Jesus Lord Exodus Variant
Approved rendering: Yesus / Tuhan (bergantung kepada teks asas)
Transliteration: YEH-soos / TOO-hahn
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types: Israel
Rejected alternatives: Silent harmonization to ‘the Lord’ without flagging the variant
Original: Ἰησοῦς / κύριος (Jude 1:5 textual variant)
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Textual-critical fork in Jude 1:5: the earliest/best manuscripts favored by most modern critical editions read Ἰησοῦς (‘Jesus’) as the one who saved Israel out of Egypt and later destroyed unbelievers, where other manuscripts read κύριος (‘the Lord’). Must be resolved explicitly per the underlying base text/English translation followed and flagged for theologian review regardless of outcome, on par with the baseline’s Romans 9:5 caution — this is a direct pre-existence and active-lordship claim if ‘Jesus’ is retained.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: Hidup yang kekal
Transliteration: HEE-doop yahng KEH-kahl
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation
Original: ζωὴν αἰώνιον
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Renders ζωὴν αἰώνιον (zōēn aiōnion) in Jude 1:21 — believers confidently ‘wait for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ that leads to eternal life.’ The confident, present-tense expectation of a certain future outcome must not be softened into a merely hoped-for, undetermined outcome pending an unrevealed Judgment Day verdict.
Angels Own Domain
Approved rendering: Kedudukan asal mereka
Transliteration: keh-doo-DOO-kahn AH-sahl meh-REH-kah
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types: Angels
Rejected alternatives: makhluk halus (vague euphemism for ‘subtle/unseen being,’ would misrepresent the text)
Original: ἀρχή (of angels)
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. Renders ἀρχή (archē, of angels) in Jude 1:6. Mainstream Islamic theology teaches angels (malaikat) are created incapable of disobedience (ma’sum) — directly contradicting Jude’s premise of angels who actively chose to abandon their assigned position. Malaikat must be retained plainly and this doctrinal collision taught explicitly, never softened or euphemized.
Enoch
Approved rendering: Henokh
Transliteration: HEH-nokh
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: Omitting the ‘seventh from Adam’ genealogical note to avoid the canon question
Original: Ἑνώχ
Category: Scripture
NEW TERM (proper name). Renders Ἑνώχ (Henōch) in Jude 1:14-15. Two converging risks: (1) Jude quotes material corresponding to 1 Enoch 1:9, a text outside the Protestant/Alkitab canon, as genuine prophecy — a canon/inspiration question requiring careful teaching, not avoidance; (2) mainstream Islamic tradition identifies the Qur’anic prophet Idris (Quran 19:56-57, 21:85) with Enoch, including an ascension motif that could be misheard as paralleling the forbidden no-death-ascension reading of Isa (Qur’an 4:157). Teaching material must keep Jude’s use of Enoch narrowly focused on his prophetic word about final judgment, without inviting conflation with the Idris-ascension tradition.
Only God Our Savior
Approved rendering: Allah yang esa, Penyelamat kita
Transliteration: ahl-LAHH yahng EH-sah, peh-nyeh-lah-MAHT KEE-tah
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν
Category: God
NEW COMPOUND TERM. Renders μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν (monō theō sōtēri hēmōn) in Jude 1:25. The monotheistic emphasis (μόνος) resonates genuinely with tawhid, but the immediately following mediating clause ‘through Jesus Christ our Lord’ attributes the doxology’s glory to the one God specifically through Christ’s agency — a Trinitarian structure that must be taught carefully so the opening monotheism is not misread as excluding Christ’s own deity, already affirmed in 1:4 and implicit in the 1:5 variant. Route to theologian review as a unit with those two passages; never excerpt this phrase apart from its following clause.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: Iman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: kepercayaan (generic belief/trust)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Iman is shared with Islamic vocabulary; the object of faith must always be stated. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: 1:3 and 1:20 shift the typical Romans sense (personal trust) toward the objective, fixed body of apostolic doctrine (‘the faith once for all delivered,’ ‘your most holy faith’); this distinct but related sense must be flagged so Iman is not misread as bare subjective belief alone in these two verses.
Grace
Approved rendering: Kasih kurnia
Transliteration: KAH-sih KOOR-nee-ah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat (mercy, an Arabic-loan term operating within a deeds-and-mercy Islamic judgment framework)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Kasih kurnia conveys unearned favor apart from merit, distinct from rahmat. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: 1:4 describes false teachers who ‘pervert the grace of our God into sensuality’ — Kasih kurnia must appear tightly paired in the same clause with the new term sensuality (hawa nafsu yang tidak terkawal) so this grace-to-license inversion is unmistakable.
Called
Approved rendering: Dipanggil
Transliteration: dee-PAHNG-gil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dijemput (invited, as to a social event)
Original: κλητοῖς
Category: Salvation
Context-sensitive sovereign summons, not an optional invitation. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: 1:1 addresses believers as ‘those who are called’ (κλητοῖς), immediately following ‘kept for Jesus Christ’ (see kept_thematic) — the letter’s opening establishes both doctrines together.
Calling
Approved rendering: Panggilan
Transliteration: pahng-GIL-ahn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: jemputan
Noun form for the act/state of being called by God. [Inherited from Romans package.] Referenced in Jude via the Divine Calling doctrine (1:1) though the noun form itself does not separately recur in the letter’s 25 verses.
Holy
Approved rendering: Kudus
Transliteration: KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci (ritually/physically clean)
Kudus = set apart for God, morally pure, not ritual cleanliness. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: reused in 1:14 (‘holy myriads,’ berjuta-juta malaikat-Nya yang kudus) and 1:20 (‘your most holy faith,’ iman kamu yang paling kudus) — both must retain the moral-relational sense, not a ritual-purity reading.
Saints
Approved rendering: Orang kudus
Transliteration: OH-rahng KOO-doos
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali (Sufi saints venerated at keramat sites in traditional Malay Islam)
Orang kudus = all believers corporately, not a Sufi-style venerated elite. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: 1:3 — the faith was ‘once for all delivered to the saints’ (τοῖς ἁγίοις), i.e. to the whole believing community, not a specially graced few.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: Pengudusan
Transliteration: peng-goo-DOO-sahn
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: penyucian (ritual purification)
The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy, not ceremonial cleansing. [Inherited from Romans package.] Referenced by Jude’s Sanctification doctrine (1:20, 1:24) as the theological category for believers ‘building themselves up’ and being ‘kept.‘
Glory
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur (divine light, associated with Nur Muhammad devotion in the historic Malay Sufi tradition)
God’s radiant honor and majesty; avoid nur. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: 1:8 uses a distinct, concrete plural form (δόξας, ‘glorious ones’ = angelic powers, rendered as the new term glorious_ones/makhluk-makhluk mulia) that must NOT be confused with this abstract Kemuliaan entry; 1:24-25 use Kemuliaan properly of God’s own glory in the closing doxology.
Apostle
Approved rendering: Rasul
Transliteration: RAH-sool
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: utusan (a lower-weight, purely secular ‘envoy/messenger’)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Established Alkitab usage; every use must be accompanied by explicit teaching distinguishing a NT apostle from the Islamic prophet-messenger category. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: 1:17 explicitly qualifies ‘the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ’ — this qualifying phrase must always be retained in Malay.
Providence
Approved rendering: Pemeliharaan Allah
Transliteration: peh-meh-lee-hah-RAH-ahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: takdir (fate/decree)
God’s personal, purposive care; takdir carries fatalistic connotations. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: the baseline’s forbidden-takdir rule is directly load-bearing for the new term marked_out_beforehand (1:4, προγεγραμμένοι) — that new term must use ditetapkan (purposively determined), never a takdir-derived form.
Election
Approved rendering: Pilihan Allah
Transliteration: pee-LEE-hahn ahl-LAHH
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: takdir (fate/predetermined decree)
God’s sovereign, personal choosing, relational and purposive rather than fatalistic. [Inherited from Romans package.] Referenced in Jude alongside Divine Calling (1:1) as the same category of sovereign, non-fatalistic divine action.
Servant Of Christ
Approved rendering: Hamba
Transliteration: HAHM-bah
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: abdi (archaic, obscure)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Renders δοῦλος (doulos) in Jude 1:1, Jude’s self-designation. ‘Hamba Allah’ is a common devotional Malay-Muslim self-designation (echoing Arabic ʿabd Allāh), giving genuine cultural resonance, but must always retain the qualifying phrase ‘hamba Yesus Kristus’ — bondservant of Christ specifically as owner-Master (see master_sovereign) — never a bare, deity-unspecified ‘hamba.‘
Lordship Authority Disputed
Approved rendering: Kuasa pemerintahan
Transliteration: KOO-ah-sah peh-meh-rin-TAH-hahn
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: κυριότητα
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Renders κυριότητα (kyriotēta) in Jude 1:8, whose referent is debated between Christ’s own lordship and angelic ranks/authorities generally. Use kuasa pemerintahan when the referent is angelic ranks, but tie to Tuhan if theologian review determines the referent is Christ himself — the referent decision materially changes the risk tier from Medium to Critical.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: Hawa nafsu yang tidak terkawal
Transliteration: HAH-wah NAHF-soo yahng TEE-dahk ter-KAH-wahl
Doctrine: Grace Perverted to License
Rejected alternatives: kecabulan alone (narrower, misses the grace-inversion link)
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Renders ἀσέλγεια (aselgeia) in Jude 1:4. Must be paired tightly with Kasih kurnia (grace) in the same clause so the false teachers’ grace-to-license inversion is unmistakable, extending the baseline’s grace-versus-merit contrast rule into a grace-versus-license contrast.
Mercy
Approved rendering: Rahmat
Transliteration: RAHH-maht
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: belas kasihan (theologically safer fallback, breaks established Alkitab epistolary-greeting convention)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Renders ἔλεος (eleos), a major keyword recurring in Jude 1:2, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23. Deeply established Islamic devotional vocabulary (Ar-Rahman, Ar-Rahim), generally operating within a deeds-weighing framework undetermined until the Last Day. Jude anchors mercy to a certain, confidently awaited outcome secured through Christ specifically. Requires explicit fencing distinguishing this from the contingent Islamic rahmat framework at EVERY occurrence, not just the first.
Kept Thematic
Approved rendering: dipelihara / disimpan / dikurung / peliharalah / menjaga (kontekstual)
Transliteration: dee-peh-lee-HAH-rah / dee-SIM-pahn / dee-KOO-rung / peh-lee-HAH-rah-lah / men-JAH-gah
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: Using unrelated synonyms per occurrence with no cross-reference tracking
Original: τηρέω (τετηρημένοις, τετήρηκεν, τετήρηται, τηρήσατε, φυλάξαι)
Category: Salvation
NEW THEMATIC TERM. Renders τηρέω (tēreō) across all its forms: τετηρημένοις (1:1, believers kept for Christ), τετήρηκεν (1:6, angels kept for judgment), τετήρηται (1:13, judgment reserved), τηρήσατε (1:21, believers commanded to keep themselves), φυλάξαι (1:24, God able to keep believers from stumbling). No single Malay word spans all five valences; translators must track all occurrences as a unit via cross-reference so the letter’s central ‘kept’ theme is not lost to fragmented, unrelated vocabulary choices.
Contend Earnestly
Approved rendering: Berjuang mempertahankan
Transliteration: ber-JOO-ahng mem-per-tah-HAHN-kahn
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: berjihad (explicitly Islamic holy-struggle term, forbidden), berdebat (merely argue/debate, too weak)
Original: ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. Renders ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι (epagōnizesthai) in Jude 1:3. ‘Berjuang’ risks jihad-adjacent resonance with perjuangan agama/berjuang di jalan Allah in Malay-Muslim discourse. Never allow ‘berjuang’ to stand unpaired with ‘mempertahankan’; teaching material must clarify this is verbal/doctrinal defense and holy living, never physical or coercive struggle, given Malaysia’s legal restrictions on interreligious conflict.
Once For All Delivered
Approved rendering: Disampaikan sekali untuk selama-lamanya
Transliteration: dee-sahm-PAI-kahn seh-KAH-lee OON-took seh-lah-mah-lah-MAH-nyah
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: Omitting the hapax force entirely (e.g. bare ‘disampaikan’)
Original: ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. Renders ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ (hapax paradotheisē) in Jude 1:3. No single Malay word carries hapax’s ‘one single time, unrepeatable’ force. Directly tied to the closed-canon principle; collides with the Islamic framework of successive prophetic revelation culminating in a final messenger. Must always appear in full, never abbreviated in doctrinally load-bearing sentences.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: Fasik
Transliteration: FAH-sik
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: jahat (too generic), kafir (too legally loaded, per baseline gentiles precedent)
Original: ἀσεβής (ἀσεβεῖς, ἀσεβείας, ἠσέβησαν)
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders ἀσεβής (asebēs), Jude’s dominant descriptor for the false teachers (1:4, fourfold in 1:15, 1:18). Established Alkitab term (e.g. Mazmur 1:1) but also a specific Islamic fiqh category (fāsiq: a Muslim who commits grave, persistent sin without necessarily leaving the faith, distinct from kafir). Must be taught as denial of Christ’s lordship and doctrinal apostasy — a more severe category than the narrower fiqh sense. The fourfold repetition in 1:15 is a deliberate rhetorical device and must be preserved, not varied for style.
Marked Out Beforehand
Approved rendering: Telah lama ditetapkan (untuk dihukum)
Transliteration: teh-LAH LAH-mah dee-teh-TAHP-kahn
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: ditakdirkan (forbidden, per baseline’s takdir caution)
Original: πάλαι προγεγραμμένοι
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders πάλαι προγεγραμμένοι (palai progegrammenoi) in Jude 1:4. Must use ditetapkan (purposively determined) rather than any term evoking impersonal fatalism; never ‘ditakdirkan,’ which would collapse God’s purposive foreordination into folk-fatalistic decree.
Judgment
Approved rendering: Penghakiman
Transliteration: peng-hah-KEE-mahn
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: κρίσις
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders κρίσις (krisis) in Jude 1:6 and 1:15. Must be distinguished from a generic, deferred ‘weighing of deeds’ framework by stressing this judgment is executed personally at Christ’s own coming, upon a specific named charge.
Destroyed
Approved rendering: Membinasakan
Transliteration: mem-bee-nah-SAH-kahn
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: kesusahan (hardship, too weak)
Original: ἀπώλεσεν / φθείρονται
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders ἀπώλεσεν (apōlesen, Jude 1:5) and φθείρονται (phtheirontai, Jude 1:10). Must retain the sense of decisive judicial destruction, not merely hardship, to preserve the warning’s force.
Strange Flesh
Approved rendering: Manusia (atau makhluk) yang bukan sejenis dengan mereka
Transliteration: mah-NOO-see-ah yahng BOO-kahn seh-JEH-nis
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types: Sodom
Rejected alternatives: Flattening exegetical ambiguity to one reading only
Original: σαρκὸς ἑτέρας
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders σαρκὸς ἑτέρας (sarkos heteras) in Jude 1:7. Scholarly interpretation divides between same-sex relations and desire directed at non-human (angelic) visitors. Teaching notes should present the interpretive range rather than flattening it. Given Malaysia’s dual civil/Syariah legal framework around related contemporary topics, must remain strictly expository of the ancient text’s own argument, never a contemporary legal-policy pronouncement.
Worldly Devoid Of Spirit
Approved rendering: Manusia duniawi (yang tidak memiliki Roh)
Transliteration: mah-NOO-see-ah doo-nee-AH-wee
Doctrine: False Teachers Devoid of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: semangat (folk-animist life-force connotation, would compound rather than resolve the ambiguity)
Original: ψυχικοί, πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders ψυχικοί, πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες (psychikoi, pneuma mē echontes) in Jude 1:19. Standard Islamic anthropology teaches every human possesses a God-given ruh (Qur’an 15:29, 32:9), a universal endowment. This term concerns the Holy Spirit’s regenerating indwelling presence specifically, not the universal human spirit/soul; must be taught as two categorically distinct senses so readers do not conclude the text denies these people’s basic humanity or ensoulment.
Korah
Approved rendering: Korah
Transliteration: KOH-rah
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: Κόρε
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (proper name). Established Alkitab form for the third OT type in Jude 1:11. Closely parallels the Qur’anic figure Qarun (Quran 28:76-82, also swallowed by the earth) — a strong resonance point, but the Qur’anic account foregrounds arrogance over wealth, while Jude/Numbers foregrounds rebellion against divinely appointed spiritual authority. This distinction must be taught explicitly so the two narratives are not simply equated.
Snatching From Fire
Approved rendering: Merampas (mereka) daripada api
Transliteration: meh-RAHM-pahs meh-REH-kah dah-ree-PAH-dah AH-pee
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες
Category: Mercy and Rescue
NEW TERM. Renders ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες (ek pyros harpazontes) in Jude 1:23, echoing Zechariah 3:2. Connects the Sodom judgment-type (1:7’s eternal fire) directly to the present pastoral urgency of rescuing wavering believers; teaching material should draw out this literary link explicitly.
Stained Garment
Approved rendering: Pakaian yang dinodai (oleh tabiat berdosa)
Transliteration: pah-KAI-ahn yahng dee-noh-DAI
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: τὸν ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα
Category: Mercy and Rescue
NEW TERM. Renders τὸν ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα (ton espilōmenon chitōna) in Jude 1:23. Must be taught as moral-relational contamination from association with sin, not a ritual-purity/pollution taboo resembling najis categories in Islamic fiqh, which operate on a different conceptual system.
Present Blameless
Approved rendering: Membawa kamu berdiri di hadapan kemuliaan-Nya, tidak bercacat cela
Transliteration: mem-BAH-wah KAH-moo ber-DEE-ree
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους
Category: Preservation
NEW TERM. Renders στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους (Jude 1:24). ἀμώμους draws on OT sacrificial-animal inspection language (an unblemished offering fit for presentation to God). Reuses Kemuliaan for δόξα. Teaching material must clarify this blameless standing is the result of God’s own preserving and presenting work, never accumulated merit — reusing the baseline’s imputed-righteousness caution.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: Damai sejahtera
Transliteration: DAH-mai seh-jah-TEH-rah
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ketenangan (inner calm)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Relational, whole-life peace with God, not mere psychological calm. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: part of the triad ‘mercy, peace, and love’ multiplied to readers in the opening salutation (1:2); this greeting should be treated with the same care given to Romans 1:7’s opening greeting, as it establishes vocabulary the whole letter builds on.
Church
Approved rendering: Gereja
Transliteration: geh-REH-jah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: jemaah (a term also used broadly for a mosque congregation or generic religious assembly)
An established, unambiguous word for the Christian church, distinct from masjid and jemaah. [Inherited from Romans package.] Referenced in Jude via the doctrine ‘Church as God’s People / Fellowship and Divisions’ (1:12, 1:19), though the word Gereja itself does not appear in the letter’s text; the underlying community reality (love feasts, unity/division) does.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: Nubuat
Transliteration: noo-boo-AHT
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ramalan (fortune-telling/prediction)
God-inspired declaration, not divination. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: 1:14-15 records Enoch’s prophecy of the Lord’s coming judgment; see the new term enoch for the accompanying canon/inspiration risk this specific prophecy raises.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: iss-rah-EL
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Proper name; established Alkitab form. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: referenced by the curriculum doctrine ‘OT Warnings as Types: Israel’ (1:5); the word ‘Israel’ itself is not used verbatim in Jude 1:5’s phrase ‘a people out of the land of Egypt,’ but teaching material should supply the name for clarity since the doctrine explicitly names Israel as the type in view.
Love Feasts
Approved rendering: Jamuan kasih
Transliteration: jah-MOO-ahn KAH-sih
Doctrine: Church as God’s People / Fellowship and Divisions
Rejected alternatives: kenduri (generic communal feast, loses Christ-centered sense)
Original: ἀγάπαι
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Renders ἀγάπαι (agapai) in Jude 1:12. Must be distinguished from a generic potluck/kenduri gathering common in Malay culture, retaining its specifically Christ-centered, covenant-community sense.
Cause Divisions
Approved rendering: Menyebabkan perpecahan
Transliteration: meh-nyeh-BAHB-kahn per-peh-CHAH-hahn
Doctrine: Church as God’s People / Fellowship and Divisions
Original: ἀποδιορίζοντες
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Renders ἀποδιορίζοντες (apodiorizontes) in Jude 1:19. Presented here as a specific mark of the false teachers, not a general church-unity teaching passage.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: Melakukan percabulan yang keji
Transliteration: meh-lah-KOO-kahn per-chah-BOO-lahn yahng KEH-jee
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types: Sodom
Original: ἐκπορνεύσασαι
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders ἐκπορνεύσασαι (ekporneusasai) in Jude 1:7. Sensitive cultural-legal topic given Malaysia’s dual civil/Syariah legal framework; keep strictly to the text’s theological point as an OT judgment type, not contemporary legal commentary.
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: Api yang kekal
Transliteration: AH-pee yahng KEH-kahl
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types: Sodom
Original: πυρὸς αἰωνίου
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders πυρὸς αἰωνίου (pyros aiōniou) in Jude 1:7. Resonance point with Islamic eschatological neraka imagery; usable as a pastoral bridge but must be anchored to this specific, historical OT type rather than treated as a free-floating generic warning.
Woe
Approved rendering: Malanglah / Celakalah
Transliteration: mah-LAHNG-lah / cheh-LAH-kah-lah
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: οὐαί
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders οὐαί (ouai) in Jude 1:11, a prophetic-judgment pronouncement formula introducing the Cain/Balaam/Korah type-list. Must retain solemn, oracular weight rather than reading as a mild exclamation.
Dreamers
Approved rendering: Orang yang mengaku mendapat penglihatan (palsu)
Transliteration: OH-rahng yahng meng-AH-koo men-DAH-paht peng-lee-HAH-tahn
Doctrine: Moral Corruption and Grumbling of False Teachers
Original: ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι (enypniazomenoi) in Jude 1:8. Malay religious discourse attaches real weight to dream-visions (mimpi) as a channel of spiritual guidance; teaching notes should clarify Jude’s polemical, negative use of the term here.
Blaspheme
Approved rendering: Menghujat
Transliteration: meng-hoo-JAHT
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types: Angels
Original: βλασφημοῦσιν / βλασφημίας
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders βλασφημοῦσιν/βλασφημίας (blasphēmousin/blasphēmias) in Jude 1:9-10. Must match consistently across both verses to preserve the deliberate a fortiori contrast: Michael refused to bring a reviling accusation, yet the false teachers freely blaspheme what they do not understand.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: Pengejek-pengejek
Transliteration: peng-EH-jek peng-EH-jek
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and the Return of Christ
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders ἐμπαῖκται (empaiktai) in Jude 1:18. Those who mock the promise of Christ’s return/judgment; cross-reference 2 Peter 3:3 in teaching notes.
Last Time
Approved rendering: Pada zaman akhir
Transliteration: PAH-dah ZAH-mahn AH-khir
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and the Return of Christ
Original: ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου χρόνου
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου χρόνου (ep’ eschatou chronou) in Jude 1:18. Malay-Muslim readers carry a rich, separate framework of ‘akhir zaman’ hadith-based signs; content must stay anchored to the apostolic warning about scoffing false teachers specifically, not that separate sign-catalogue tradition.
Lusts Desires
Approved rendering: Hawa nafsu
Transliteration: HAH-wah NAHF-soo
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἐπιθυμίας
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders ἐπιθυμίας (epithymias) in Jude 1:16 and 1:18. Standard moral-vocabulary term for self-directed, ungoverned desire; must remain consistent across both occurrences and distinct from the related but separately-flagged sensuality term (1:4).
Proper Dwelling
Approved rendering: Tempat kediaman asal mereka
Transliteration: TEHM-paht keh-dee-AH-mahn AH-sahl meh-REH-kah
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types: Angels
Original: οἰκητήριον
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. Renders οἰκητήριον (oikētērion) in Jude 1:6. Must stay linked to angels_own_domain above so the ‘abandoned position + abandoned place’ pairing is not lost.
Archangel
Approved rendering: Penghulu malaikat
Transliteration: peng-HOO-loo mah-LAI-kaht
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types: Angels
Original: ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. Renders ἀρχάγγελος (archangelos) in Jude 1:9, referring to Michael. Michael/Mikail is recognized across Islamic tradition (genuine resonance), but Jude’s specific narrative (disputing with the devil over Moses’ body, drawing on Jewish apocryphal tradition) has no Qur’anic parallel and should not be conflated with Mikail’s popular association with sustenance/rain in Islamic folk tradition.
Devil
Approved rendering: Iblis
Transliteration: IB-lis
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types: Angels
Original: διάβολος
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. Renders διάβολος (diabolos) in Jude 1:9. Shared vocabulary with Islamic tradition (Iblis, the jinn who refused to bow to Adam); clarify the NT’s fuller portrait of a personal, defeated spiritual enemy without assuming full narrative equivalence with the Qur’anic account.
Holy Myriads
Approved rendering: Berjuta-juta malaikat-Nya yang kudus
Transliteration: ber-JOO-tah JOO-tah mah-LAI-kaht-nyah yahng KOO-doos
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and the Return of Christ
Original: ἁγίαις μυριάσιν
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. Renders ἁγίαις μυριάσιν (hagiais myriasin) in Jude 1:14, reusing the baseline’s Kudus. Must retain kudus’s moral-relational sense (set apart for God), not a ritual purity connotation.
Glorious Ones
Approved rendering: Makhluk-makhluk mulia
Transliteration: MAHKH-look mah-lee-ah MOO-lee-ah
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types: Angels
Original: δόξας
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. Renders δόξας (doxas, concrete/plural) in Jude 1:8 — likely angelic powers. Must be distinguished from Kemuliaan, the baseline’s abstract-noun rendering of δόξα as God’s own glory, to avoid implying the false teachers blaspheme God directly at this specific point.
Balaam
Approved rendering: Bileam
Transliteration: bee-LEH-ahm
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (proper name). Established Alkitab form for the second OT type in Jude 1:11. A figure functionally similar to Balaam (Balʿam ibn Baʿura) appears in classical tafsir on Qur’an 7:175-176 — genuine resonance, but Balaam’s specific sin here is teaching Israel to sin for profit (‘hire’), not merely generic apostasy; the distinction must be taught.
Hidden Reefs
Approved rendering: Batu karang tersembunyi
Transliteration: BAH-too KAH-rahng ter-sem-BOO-nyee
Doctrine: Church as God’s People / Fellowship and Divisions
Rejected alternatives: noda (blemish; recorded as an available alternative rendering)
Original: σπιλάδες
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Renders σπιλάδες (spilades) in Jude 1:12, genuinely ambiguous in Greek lexicography (submerged rocks/reefs vs. blemishes). Primarily a lexical-choice issue rather than a doctrinal collision; flag for native speaker review to confirm the maritime metaphor lands naturally for Malaysian/Bornean coastal-culture readers.
Wavering
Approved rendering: Yang ragu-ragu
Transliteration: yahng RAH-goo RAH-goo
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: διακρινομένους
Category: Mercy and Rescue
NEW TERM. Renders διακρινομένους (diakrinomenous) in Jude 1:22. Must be distinguished from the settled, hardened false teachers described earlier in the letter — these are strugglers still within reach of rescue.
Without Stumbling
Approved rendering: Tidak tersandung
Transliteration: TEE-dahk ter-sahn-DOONG
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἀπταίστους
Category: Preservation
NEW TERM. Renders ἀπταίστους (aptaistous) in Jude 1:24. Preservation from moral/spiritual failure, not merely physical mishap.
Glory Majesty Dominion Authority
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan, kebesaran, kuasa, dan kekuasaan
Transliteration: keh-moo-lee-AH-ahn, keh-beh-SAH-rahn, KOO-ah-sah, dahn keh-koo-AH-sah-ahn
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: δόξα μεγαλωσύνη κράτος καὶ ἐξουσία
Category: God
NEW TERM. Renders δόξα μεγαλωσύνη κράτος καὶ ἐξουσία in Jude 1:25, reusing Kemuliaan for δόξα. Genuine resonance with Islamic divine-attribute vocabulary (al-‘Azim, al-Malik, al-‘Aziz, al-Jabbar), usable pastorally provided the addressee (God the Father, through Christ) remains unambiguous.
Eternity Formula
Approved rendering: Sebelum segala zaman, sekarang, dan selama-lamanya
Transliteration: seh-BEH-loom seh-GAH-lah ZAH-mahn
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ νῦν καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας
Category: God
NEW TERM. Renders πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ νῦν καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας in Jude 1:25. Low ambiguity; link pedagogically to Christ’s pre-existence claims elsewhere in the letter (1:5 variant) as part of the letter’s cumulative deity-of-Christ argument.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: Persekutuan
Transliteration: per-seh-koo-TOO-ahn
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: persaudaraan (brotherhood, generic/ethnic)
Original: κοινωνία (implied by ἀγάπαι, love feasts)
Category: Church
Shared participation in Christ, not ethnic/bumiputera solidarity. [Inherited from Romans package.] Extended for Jude: cited for cross-reference with the new term love_feasts (jamuan kasih, 1:12), the specific communal-meal institution underlying koinōnia in this letter.
Building Up Yourselves
Approved rendering: Membina diri kamu
Transliteration: mem-BEE-nah DEE-ree KAH-moo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἐποικοδομοῦντες
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Renders ἐποικοδομοῦντες (epoikodomountes) in Jude 1:20. Reflexive, community-context construction metaphor for spiritual growth; low doctrinal ambiguity.
Grumblers Malcontents
Approved rendering: Orang yang bersungut-sungut
Transliteration: OH-rahng yahng ber-soong-oot-SOONG-oot
Doctrine: Moral Corruption and Grumbling of False Teachers
Original: γογγυσταί μεμψίμοιροι
Category: Judgment
NEW TERM. Renders γογγυσταί μεμψίμοιροι (goggystai mempsimoiroi) in Jude 1:16. Echoes the wilderness-generation grumbling motif, linking back to 1:5’s Exodus type; low doctrinal ambiguity.
Cain
Approved rendering: Kain
Transliteration: KAH-in
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: Κάϊν
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (proper name). Established Alkitab form; the first OT type in Jude 1:11’s threefold list. The Qur’an narrates the two sons of Adam (Quran 5:27-31) without naming them Cain and Abel; teaching notes should supply the proper names and the specific point (Cain’s self-willed, faithless worship and murder) in view.
Wandering Stars
Approved rendering: Bintang-bintang sesat
Transliteration: bin-TAHNG bin-TAHNG seh-SAHT
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀστέρες πλανῆται
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Renders ἀστέρες πλανῆται (asteres planētai) in Jude 1:13. Metaphor for false teachers who abandon their assigned, faithful course; low doctrinal ambiguity.
Great Joy
Approved rendering: Dengan sukacita yang meluap-luap
Transliteration: DEHN-gahn soo-kah-CHEE-tah yahng meh-loo-AHP loo-AHP
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει
Category: Preservation
NEW TERM. Renders ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει (en agalliasei) in Jude 1:24. Celebratory doxological register; ensure warmth is preserved per the baseline’s tone guidance for climactic/relational passages.
Referenced passages