Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Revelation (Apocalipsa) — English–Greek–Romanian
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across the full book of Revelation into a single reference table for Phase 2 translation memory construction. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [Romans TM — reuse exactly] and their recorded Romanian rendering is carried over unchanged; only new terms specific to Revelation receive newly assigned risk tiers here. Risk tiers (Critical/High/Medium/Low) and review routing follow the same conventions as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Review routing convention: Critical and High → Human theologian review. Medium → Native speaker review. Low → Automated review.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English Term | Original (Translit.) | Romanian Rendering | Risk | Related Doctrine(s) | Revelation Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός (theos) | Dumnezeu | Critical | Sovereignty of God over History | Governs “the One seated on the throne” language throughout. |
| Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | Domnul | Critical | Return and Reign of Christ | Climaxes in “King of kings and Lord of lords” (19:16). |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς (Iesous) | Iisus | Critical | Return and Reign of Christ | Use “Iisus” per Orthodox Synodal convention throughout. |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ (huios theou) | Fiul lui Dumnezeu | Critical | Sovereignty; Deity of Christ | Must not be confused with generic “fiu” applied to believers (21:7). |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον (pneuma hagion) | Duhul Sfânt | Critical | Church as Bride | Speaks corporately with the Bride, “Come!” (22:17). |
| Father | πατήρ (pater) | Tată | Critical | Sovereignty of God | Cf. 21:7, believers as sons. |
| Holy | ἅγιος (hagios) | sfânt | High | Worship of the Lamb | Trisagion (4:8); direct liturgical asset. |
| Saints | ἅγιοι (hagioi) | sfinți | Critical | Judgment/Vindication of the Saints | Corporate-believer sense required at every occurrence (6:9-10; 8:3-4; 11:18; 13:7,10; 17:6; 18:24; 19:8; 20:9). |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις (anastasis) | înviere | Critical | Return and Reign; New Heaven/Earth | ”First resurrection” (20:5-6) and final abolition of death (21:4) both draw on this Critical term. |
| Church | ἐκκλησία (ekklesia) | Biserică | Medium | Church as Bride of Christ | The seven churches (ch. 2-3); corporate Bride imagery (19:7; 21:2,9). |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ (basileia tou theou) | împărăția lui Dumnezeu | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | ”The kingdom of the world has become our Lord’s” (11:15). |
| Glory | δόξα (doxa) | slavă | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | God’s glory as the New Jerusalem’s light (21:11,23). |
| Covenant | διαθήκη (diatheke) | legământ | High | Sovereignty of God; Church as Bride | Ark of the covenant (11:19); covenant-formula echo (21:3,7). |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ (Israel) | Israel | Low | Symbolic/Apocalyptic Interpretation | Twelve tribes named on New Jerusalem’s gates (21:12). |
| Messiah/Christ | Χριστός (Christos) | Hristos / Mesia | Critical | Return and Reign of Christ | ”Christ” (Hristos) used as proper name-title throughout; “Mesia” as needed for explicit messianic-promise teaching. |
| David | Δαυίδ (David) | David | Low | Return and Reign of Christ | ”Key of David” (3:7); “Root of David” (5:5; 22:16). |
| Gentiles/Nations | ἔθνη (ethne) | neamuri | Medium | Sovereignty of God; New Heaven/Earth | Both judged (ch. 11, 20) and, finally, blessed (21:24-26). |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | apostol | Low | Church as Bride of Christ | ”Twelve apostles of the Lamb” (21:14). |
| Election/Calling | κλῆσις/ἐκλογή | chemare/alegere | High | Perseverance under Persecution | Underlies “called, chosen, and faithful” (17:14). |
| Providence | (cf. πρόνοια) | pronia lui Dumnezeu | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | Governs the entire judgment-cycle structure (seals, trumpets, bowls). |
B. New Terms Introduced by Revelation
| # | English Term | Original (Translit.) | Romanian Rendering | Risk | Related Doctrine(s) | Key Passages | Collision/Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Revelation/Apocalypse | ἀποκάλυψις (apokalypsis) | Apocalipsa / descoperire | Low | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 1:1 | Popular Romanian usage drifts toward “catastrophe”; teach the literal “unveiling” sense. |
| 2 | Witness/testimony | μάρτυς / μαρτυρία (martys/martyria) | martor / mărturie | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 1:2,5,9; 2:13; 6:9; 11:3-7; 17:6 | Romanian distinguishes martor (witness), martir (martyr), mucenic (martyr-saint); use martor/mărturie consistently, flag death-for-testimony occurrences. |
| 3 | Almighty | παντοκράτωρ (pantokrator) | Atotputernicul | Low | Sovereignty of God over History | 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 19:6; 21:22 | Strong cultural asset: “Pantocrator” is the standard Christ-icon title in every Orthodox church dome. |
| 4 | Son of Man | υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου (huios anthropou) | Fiul Omului | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 1:13 | Complementary, not competing, with “Fiul lui Dumnezeu.” |
| 5 | Tribulation | θλῖψις (thlipsis) | necaz | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:9; 2:9-10; 7:14 | Standard rendering; maintain consistency. |
| 6 | Endurance/Perseverance | ὑπομονή (hypomone) | răbdare | Medium | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 1:9; 2:2-3,19; 3:10; 13:10; 14:12 | Teach as active faithful endurance, not passive resignation. |
| 7 | Mystery | μυστήριον (mysterion) | taină | Critical | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 1:20; 10:7; 17:5,7 | Collides with “Sfintele Taine” (the Sacraments); disambiguate every occurrence. |
| 8 | Hades | ᾅδης (Hades) | Hades (transliterated) | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 1:18; 6:8; 20:13-14 | Keep distinct from popular “iad” (final damnation); Hades is the intermediate state, finally itself cast into the lake of fire. |
| 9 | Overcomer/Conqueror | νικάω / ὁ νικῶν (nikao) | a birui / biruitorul | Medium | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 2:7,11,17,26; 3:5,12,21; 21:7 | Strong asset: echoes Paschal hymnody (“Hristos a înviat, biruind moartea”). |
| 10 | Repent | μετανοέω (metanoeo) | a se pocăi | High | Judgment of the Wicked; Perseverance | 2:5,16,21-22; 3:3,19 | Collides with the Sacrament of Confession (Taina Pocăinței); teach as the broader biblical call the sacrament ordinarily serves, not a narrowing to the rite. |
| 11 | Synagogue of Satan | συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ | sinagoga Satanei | Critical | Perseverance under Persecution | 2:9; 3:9 | Requires explicit note against anti-Judaic misreading; names a specific local conflict, not ethnic Judaism. |
| 12 | Morning Star | ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός (aster ho proinos) | luceafărul de dimineață | Critical | Return and Reign of Christ | 2:28; 22:16 | ”Luceafăr” also denotes Lucifer in Romanian religious/literary tradition (cf. Eminescu); disambiguate every occurrence. |
| 13 | Key of David | κλεὶς Δαυίδ | cheia lui David | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 3:7 | Cross-reference baseline david/covenant. |
| 14 | Elders (heavenly) | πρεσβύτεροι (presbyteroi) | bătrâni | Medium | Worship of the Lamb | 4:4,10; 5:8,14; 11:16; 19:4 | Distinguish from the church’s own ordained presbiter/preot office. |
| 15 | Living Creatures | ζῷα (zoa) | făpturi vii | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 4:6-9; 5:6-14 | Keep lexically distinct from “fiară” (beast). |
| 16 | Worthy | ἄξιος (axios) | vrednic | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 4:11; 5:2,4,9,12 | Strong asset: “Axios!” shouted at Orthodox ordinations. |
| 17 | Lamb | ἀρνίον (arnion) | Miel / Mielul | High | Worship of the Lamb; Return and Reign | 5:6 and 28+ occurrences | Resonates with liturgical “Agneț”; teach connection and distinction (person of Christ, not only Eucharistic elements). |
| 18 | Slain | ἐσφαγμένον (esphagmenon) | înjunghiat | Medium | Worship of the Lamb | 5:6,9,12 | Echoes liturgical rubric “Se junghie Mielul”; perfect tense = completed-but-abiding sacrifice. |
| 19 | Redeem/Purchase | ἀγοράζω (agorazo) | a răscumpăra | Medium | Judgment/Vindication; Worship of the Lamb | 5:9; 14:3-4 | Not a literal transaction with a third party; emphasizes costliness of Christ’s self-giving. |
| 20 | Altar | θυσιαστήριον (thysiasterion) | altar / jertfelnic | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked; Prayer | 6:9; 8:3-5 | Resonates with the church’s own altar; do not let martyrs’ cry default to a call for their own intercession as primary remedy. |
| 21 | Avenge/Vindicate | ἐκδικέω (ekdikeo) | a face dreptate | High | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 6:10; 19:2 | Avoid “răzbunare” (personal revenge); prefer righteous-justice framing. |
| 22 | Seal (verb/noun) | σφραγίζω / σφραγίς (sphragizo/sphragis) | a pecetlui / pecete | Medium | Sovereignty of God; New Heaven/Earth | 5:1; 6:1-12; 7:2-8; 9:4 | Asset resonance with Chrismation (“pecetea darului Duhului Sfânt”). |
| 23 | 144,000 | ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες | o sută patruzeci și patru de mii | Medium | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 7:4; 14:1,3 | Requires explicit literal-vs-symbolic interpretive note. |
| 24 | Washed in the Blood of the Lamb | πλύνω…ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ἀρνίου | spălat în sângele Mielului | High | Judgment/Vindication; Worship of the Lamb | 7:14 | Cross-reference baseline grace/imputed_righteousness. |
| 25 | Serve (cultic) | λατρεύω (latreuo) | a sluji | High | Worship of the Lamb | 7:15; 22:3 | Shares root with “idolatru”; the whole book turns on to whom this service is directed. |
| 26 | Incense/Prayers of the Saints | θυμίαμα…προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων | tămâie…rugăciunile sfinților | Medium | Prayer and Intercession | 8:3-4 | Text itself supplies the interpretive key (incense = prayer); strong liturgical asset. |
| 27 | Abyss | ἄβυσσος (abyssos) | adânc / abis | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 9:1-11; 11:7; 20:1-3 | Standard; keep consistent across occurrences. |
| 28 | Abaddon/Apollyon | Ἀβαδδών / Ἀπολλύων | Abadon / Apolion | Low | Sovereignty of God over History | 9:11 | Proper noun; gloss as “Nimicitorul” (the Destroyer). |
| 29 | Little Scroll | βιβλαρίδιον (biblaridion) | cărticică | Low | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 10:2,9-10 | Ezekiel 3 background; explanatory, not doctrinal, note. |
| 30 | Two Witnesses | οἱ δύο μάρτυρες | cei doi martori | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 11:3-12 | Same martor/martir/mucenic disambiguation as #2; witness-to-martyrdom-to-vindication pattern. |
| 31 | Temple of God | ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (naos tou theou) | templul lui Dumnezeu | Medium | Church as Bride of Christ | 11:1-2,19; 21:22 | Symbolic ecclesiology, not a physical building reference. |
| 32 | Kingdom Declaration | ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου ἐγένετο τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν | Împărăția lumii a ajuns a Domnului nostru | High | Return and Reign of Christ; Sovereignty of God | 11:15 | Central doxological climax; render unqualified. |
| 33 | Ark of the Covenant | κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης | chivotul legământului | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 11:19 | Minor note distinguishing from “chivot” as Eucharistic reservation vessel. |
| 34 | The Woman | γυνή (gyne) | femeia | High | Church as Bride of Christ | 12:1-17 | Primary sense: corporate Israel/Church; secondary Marian devotional resonance may be noted, not made controlling. |
| 35 | Dragon | δράκων (drakon) | balaur | High | Assurance of Final Victory over Evil | 12:3-17; 13:2,4,11; 16:13; 20:2 | Romanian folklore’s “balaur” is morally ambiguous; anchor firmly to text’s own gloss (“the ancient serpent, the devil and Satan,” 12:9). |
| 36 | Michael | Μιχαήλ (Michael) | Mihail | Low | Assurance of Final Victory over Evil | 12:7 | Cultural asset: major Orthodox feast day and iconographic tradition. |
| 37 | The Accuser | ὁ κατήγορος (ho kategoros) | pârâtorul | Low | Assurance of Final Victory over Evil | 12:10 | Standard; “Satan” itself means “adversary/accuser.” |
| 38 | Beast (sea/earth) | θηρίον (therion) | fiară | High | Sovereignty of God over History; Judgment of the Wicked | 13:1-18; 16:13; 19:20; 20:10 | Keep distinct from “balaur” and “făpturi vii”; teach symbolic-political (Daniel 7) reading against speculative modern identification. |
| 39 | Mark (of the beast) | χάραγμα (charagma) | semn / pecete | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked; Worship of the Lamb | 13:16-17; 14:9,11; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4 | Acute Romanian cultural weight (CNP/biometric-ID refusal movements); teach first-century meaning without endorsing or dismissing contemporary application speculation. |
| 40 | Number of the Beast (666) | ἀριθμὸς τοῦ θηρίου, ἑξακόσιοι ἑξήκοντα ἕξ | numărul fiarei, șase sute șaizeci și șase | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked | 13:18 | Same cultural-risk note as #39; likely gematria (Nero), not a literal barcode digit sequence. |
| 41 | Eternal Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον αἰώνιον | evanghelia cea veșnică | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 14:6 | Reuses baseline “evanghelie” exactly. |
| 42 | Harvest/Sickle | θερισμός / δρέπανον | seceriș / seceră | Low | Judgment of the Wicked | 14:14-19 | Standard agrarian imagery, natural fit in Romanian cultural context. |
| 43 | Winepress of God’s Wrath | ληνὸς τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ | teascul mâniei lui Dumnezeu | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 14:19 | Teach divine wrath as righteous judicial response, not capricious anger. |
| 44 | Song of Moses and the Lamb | ᾆσμα Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῦ ἀρνίου | cântarea lui Moise și a Mielului | Low | Sovereignty of God; Worship of the Lamb | 15:3 | Exodus-typology should be taught explicitly. |
| 45 | Bowl | φιάλη (phiale) | cupă | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 15:7; 16:1-21 | Avoid “potir” (liturgical chalice) to prevent collision with Eucharistic imagery. |
| 46 | Armageddon | Ἁρμαγεδών (Harmageddon) | Armaghedon | Medium | Assurance of Final Victory over Evil | 16:16 | Symbolic use of a real place-name; discourage speculative geopolitical mapping. |
| 47 | Great Harlot | πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη | desfrânata cea mare | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 17:1,5,15-16 | Prefer literary “desfrânata” over vulgar “curva” for register. |
| 48 | Babylon the Great | Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη | Babilon(ul) cel mare | Medium | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 17:5,18; 18:2,10,21 | Symbolic (Rome/worldly power), not a literalistic geographic prophecy. |
| 49 | Drunk with the Blood of the Saints | μεθύω ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος τῶν ἁγίων | îmbătată de sângele sfinților | High | Judgment/Vindication of the Saints | 17:6 | Reuses baseline “sfinți” Critical note. |
| 50 | Lament/Dirge | θρῆνος (threnos) | tânguire / bocet | Low | Judgment of the Wicked | 18:9-19 | Cultural asset: matches Romanian “bocet” funeral-lament genre. |
| 51 | In a Single Hour | ἐν μιᾷ ὥρᾳ | într-un ceas | Low | Sovereignty of God over History | 18:10,17,19 | Emphasizes suddenness of judgment on entrenched power. |
| 52 | Hallelujah | ἀλληλουϊά (allelouia) | Aliluia | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 19:1,3,4,6 | Per baseline convention (with “Amin”); constant liturgical asset. |
| 53 | Marriage of the Lamb | γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου | nunta Mielului | High | Church as Bride of Christ | 19:7,9; 21:2,9 | Primary sense: corporate Church-Christ union; individual sacrament of marriage is a secondary, illuminating resonance only. |
| 54 | Faithful and True | πιστὸς καὶ ἀληθινός | Credincios și Adevărat | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 19:11; 21:5; 22:6 | Must render identically across all three occurrences. |
| 55 | The Word of God (title) | ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ | Cuvântul lui Dumnezeu | Critical | Return and Reign of Christ | 19:13 | Cross-reference baseline Incarnation/Logos note (John 1:1,14). |
| 56 | King of Kings and Lord of Lords | βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων | Împăratul împăraților și Domnul domnilor | Critical | Return and Reign of Christ | 17:14; 19:16 | Render with full, unqualified force; extends baseline “Domnul” Critical note. |
| 57 | Worship/Bow Down | προσκυνέω (proskyneo) | a se închina | Critical | Worship of the Lamb | 4:10; 5:14; 7:11; 11:16; 14:7; 15:4; 19:4,10; 22:8-9 | Central risk term: same verb used for icon veneration in ordinary Orthodox devotional life. Every divine-object occurrence needs a note distinguishing worship due to God/Lamb alone from timitic veneration of icons/saints (7th Ecumenical Council distinction), anchored to the text’s own internal correction (19:10; 22:8-9). |
| 58 | Millennium (Thousand Years) | χίλια ἔτη (chilia ete) | mia de ani | High | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 20:2-7 | Romanian Orthodox tradition generally reads this non-literally (amillennial/recapitulationist); present the text’s claims clearly without silently imposing either that or a literal premillennial reading. |
| 59 | First Resurrection | ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη | prima înviere | Critical | Return and Reign of Christ; New Heaven/Earth | 20:5-6 | Cross-reference baseline “înviere” Critical note; retain full doctrinal weight regardless of millennial framework taught. |
| 60 | Great White Throne | θρόνος λευκὸς μέγας | tron mare și alb | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 20:11 | Final universal judgment scene. |
| 61 | Book of Life | βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς | cartea vieții | Low | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 20:12,15; 21:27 | Standard biblical registry image. |
| 62 | According to Their Works | κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν | după faptele lor | High | Judgment of the Wicked; Grace | 20:12-13; 22:12 | Must be cross-referenced with baseline grace/works framework; works as evidence, not alternative basis, of salvation. |
| 63 | Second Death | ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος | moartea a doua | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 2:11; 20:6,14; 21:8 | Keep distinct from popular devotional “iad/gheenă”; Revelation’s own precise post-judgment technical term. |
| 64 | Lake of Fire | ἡ λίμνη τοῦ πυρός | iazul de foc | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 19:20; 20:10,14-15; 21:8 | Same distinction from “iad/gheenă” as #63; final, not intermediate, state. |
| 65 | New (qualitative) | καινός (kainos) | nou | High | New Heaven and New Earth | 21:1,2,5 | Preserve renewal/transfiguration sense (consonant with Orthodox cosmic-transfiguration theology), not annihilation-and-replacement. |
| 66 | New Jerusalem/Holy City | Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή / πόλις ἁγία | noul Ierusalim / cetatea sfântă | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth; Church as Bride | 21:2,10; 3:12 | Corporate people of God, not a rebuilt geopolitical city. |
| 67 | Bride | νύμφη (nymphe) | mireasă | Medium | Church as Bride of Christ | 19:7; 21:2,9; 22:17 | Corporate-Church sense primary; individual-marriage sacramental resonance secondary. |
| 68 | Tabernacle/Dwell | σκηνή / σκηνόω (skene/skenoo) | cort / a locui | High | New Heaven and New Earth; Incarnation | 7:15; 21:3 | Cross-reference baseline Incarnation note (John 1:14); consummation of the Incarnation’s tabernacling presence. |
| 69 | Wipe Away (tears) | ἐξαλείφω (exaleipho) | a șterge | Low | New Heaven and New Earth | 21:4 | Complete, permanent removal, not temporary alleviation. |
| 70 | Death (as abolished power) | θάνατος (thanatos) | moarte | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth; Assurance of Final Victory | 21:4; 6:8; 20:14 | Cross-reference baseline “înviere” Critical note as the doctrinal completion of resurrection. |
| 71 | It Is Done | Γέγοναν (gegonan) | S-a împlinit | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 21:6 | Echoes, without equating to, Christ’s “S-a sfârșit” (John 19:30). |
| 72 | Alpha and Omega | Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ | Alfa și Omega | Critical | Deity of Christ; Sovereignty of God | 1:8; 21:6; 22:13 | Identical title applied to both Father and Christ; direct deity-of-Christ assertion at every occurrence. |
| 73 | Water of Life, Freely Given | ὕδωρ τῆς ζωῆς…δωρεάν | apa vieții…în dar | High | Grace; New Heaven and New Earth | 21:6; 22:1,17 | ”În dar,” not “gratuit”; preserve baseline grace/merit contrast. |
| 74 | Overcomer’s Inheritance | ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει | cel ce biruiește va fi de-a moștenire | Medium | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 21:7 | Cross-reference baseline “înfiere” (adoption/inheritance). |
| 75 | Vice List (Rev 21:8) | δειλοῖς, ἀπίστοις, φονεῦσι, πόρνοις, φαρμακοῖς, εἰδωλολάτραις, ψευδέσιν | fricoșilor, necredincioșilor, ucigașilor, desfrânaților, vrăjitorilor, idolatrilor, mincinoșilor | High–Critical (mixed; see individual entries) | Judgment of the Wicked | 21:8 | See full individual treatment in 07_semantic_analysis.md; “idolatrilor” and “vrăjitorilor” carry the highest live cultural risk. |
| 76 | Sorcerers | φαρμακοῖς (pharmakois) | vrăjitorilor | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 9:21; 21:8; 22:15 | Live cultural relevance given persistent Romanian folk-magic practice (vrăjitorie, descântece). |
| 77 | Idolaters | εἰδωλολάτραις (eidololatrais) | idolatrilor | Critical | Worship of the Lamb; Judgment of the Wicked | 21:8; 22:15 | Teach the Seventh Ecumenical Council’s icon-veneration distinction explicitly; do not assume icon devotion automatically exempt without explanation, nor treat this verse as a blanket verdict on icons. |
| 78 | Curse (removed) | κατάρα (katara) | blestem | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | 22:3 | Genesis 3 reversal; explicit cross-reference recommended. |
| 79 | Throne of God and of the Lamb (shared) | θρόνος τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἀρνίου | tronul lui Dumnezeu și al Mielului | Critical | Deity of Christ; Return and Reign | 22:1,3 | Singular “tronul,” not plural, preserves the shared-throne assertion of co-equal deity. |
| 80 | I Am Coming Soon | ἔρχομαι ταχύ | Vin degrabă | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ; Assurance of Final Victory | 22:7,12,20 | Confident imminence, not a specific predictable timetable. |
| 81 | Reward/Wage | μισθός (misthos) | răsplată | High | Judgment of the Wicked; Grace | 22:12 | Same grace/works cross-reference as #62. |
| 82 | Blessed | μακάριος (makarios) | fericit | Low | New Heaven and New Earth | 1:3; 22:7,14 | Beatitudes echo; forms inclusio framing the whole book. |
| 83 | Add to / Take Away From (the book) | προστίθημι / ἀφαιρέω | a adăuga / a scoate | Low | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 22:18-19 | Canon-integrity warning; standard rendering. |
C. Risk Tier Summary
| Risk Tier | Count (New Terms, Section B) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 12 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 23 | Human theologian (mandatory) |
| Medium | 30 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 18 | Automated review |
Total new terms cataloged: 83 (Section B) + 19 reused baseline terms (Section A) = 102 glossary entries covering Revelation 1-22.
D. Cross-Cutting Risk Themes Requiring Special Attention in Phase 2
- Worship vocabulary (προσκυνέω, λατρεύω, εἰδωλολάτρης): The single highest-density risk cluster in the book, given the identical Romanian verb (“a se închina”) spanning both worship-of-God-alone and icon-veneration senses in ordinary usage. Every occurrence requires explicit disambiguation.
- Apocalyptic-cultural-political vocabulary (χάραγμα, ἀριθμὸς τοῦ θηρίου/666, θηρίον): Carries documented real-world social consequences in the Romanian context (ID/biometric resistance movements) and must be handled with pastoral precision rather than either speculative endorsement or dismissive silence.
- Folkloric collision terms (δράκων/“balaur,” ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός/“Luceafăr”): Romanian literary and folk tradition supplies alternate, non-biblical connotations for these exact lexical items; both require anchoring notes at every occurrence.
- Liturgical-asset terms (παντοκράτωρ, ἄξιος, ἀλληλουϊά, ἅγιος ἅγιος ἅγιος, θυμίαμα, σφραγίζω, ἀρνίον/ἐσφαγμένον): Should be actively taught as reinforcing rather than merely coinciding with lived Orthodox liturgical practice — a genuine curricular asset unique to this language package.
- Grace/works tension (κατὰ τὰ ἔργα, μισθός): Must be consistently cross-referenced with the baseline Romans package’s existing Critical
graceandimputed_righteousnessnotes so Revelation’s judgment-according-to-works language is never taught as contradicting justification by faith. - Sacramental-term collisions (μυστήριον/“taină,” μετανοέω/“a se pocăi,” σφραγίζω/“pecete,” φιάλη vs. “potir”): Each shares vocabulary with a specific named Orthodox Sacrament or liturgical vessel; each requires a disambiguating note preventing unintended sacramental over-reading or, conversely, unwarranted collision avoidance that would erase a genuine and useful resonance.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: har
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favoare doar în sens legal, fără nicio participare reală a credinciosului
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: governs the greeting ‘har și pace’ (1:4) and the free gift of the water of life (21:6; 22:17, ‘în dar’); cross-reference the new ‘water_of_life_freely’ entry below so the identical grace-not-merit logic is preserved at the book’s climax.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: dreptate
Transliteration: dikaiosyne
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: dreptate câștigată exclusiv prin efort moral propriu
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: 19:8’s ‘righteous deeds of the saints’ (fine linen) must be taught as the fruit of grace already received, not a rival works-based righteousness.
Justification
Approved rendering: îndreptățire
Transliteration: dikaiosis
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: transformare treptată exclusiv, fără niciun aspect de declarație
Original: δικαίωσις (implied)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: cross-reference with 20:12-13’s judgment ‘according to works’ so the two doctrines are taught as complementary, not contradictory.
Salvation
Approved rendering: mântuire
Transliteration: soteria
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: the great multitude’s doxology ‘Mântuirea este a Dumnezeului nostru’ (7:10; 19:1) is a climactic communal confession; preserve the baseline’s Orthodox theosis-sensitivity note.
Saints
Approved rendering: sfinți
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: sfinți canonizați, venerați prin icoane și moaște, invocați ca mijlocitori
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation intensifies stakes: saints are repeatedly the specific martyred and persecuted people of God (5:8; 6:9-10; 8:3-4; 11:18; 13:7,10; 14:12; 16:6; 17:6; 18:24; 19:8; 20:9) — the exact category Orthodox popular piety associates with canonized mucenici. The corporate-not-canonized note is required at EVERY occurrence, not only once.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: înviere
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: ‘the first resurrection’ (20:5-6) and the final abolition of death (21:4) both draw on this Critical term; retain full doctrinal precision regardless of the millennial framework taught.
Lord
Approved rendering: Domnul
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: climaxes in ‘King of kings and Lord of lords’ (17:14; 19:16) — render with full, unqualified force.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Fiul lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: fiu al lui Dumnezeu în sensul generic aplicat oricărui credincios
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation 21:7 requires this same disambiguation: the lowercase generic ‘fiu’ given to the overcomer must never be rendered with this reserved capitalized phrase — see the new ‘generic_son’ entry below.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesia
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / Μεσσίας
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: use ‘Hristos’ as the standard proper-name-title throughout narrative text (11:15; 12:10; 20:4,6); reserve ‘Mesia’ for explicit doctrinal teaching on messianic fulfillment.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Iisus
Transliteration: Iesous / Yeshua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isus (Protestant/Cornilescu spelling)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Use ‘Iisus’ per Orthodox Synodal convention throughout; never mix with ‘Isus’ in the same document.
God
Approved rendering: Dumnezeu
Transliteration: theos / Elohim / YHWH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: governs ‘the One seated on the throne’ language throughout (4:2-11 etc.).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duhul Sfânt
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: speaks to the churches (2:7 etc.) and joins the Bride’s invitation, ‘Come!’ (22:17).
Father
Approved rendering: Tată
Transliteration: pater
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: source of the overcomer’s inheritance (21:7).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: dreptate imputată
Transliteration: elogisthē autō eis dikaiosynēn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: îndreptățire doar ca transformare ontologică, fără niciun aspect juridic sau declarat
Original: (cf. ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην, Rom 4:3, background concept)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: apply to 7:14’s ‘washed in the blood of the Lamb’ and 19:8’s white-robes/fine-linen imagery to keep the credited, not self-achieved, nature of the redeemed’s purity clear.
Mystery
Approved rendering: taină
Transliteration: mysterion
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Rejected alternatives: Sfintele Taine (Orthodox sacramental Mysteries) ca referent implicit
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Symbolic-Apocalyptic
NEW term. A previously hidden divine reality now disclosed (1:20; 10:7; 17:5,7). ‘Taină’ is also the fixed Romanian term for the Orthodox Sacraments; every occurrence must carry a note clarifying that Revelation’s ‘taină’ denotes a hidden apocalyptic truth now unveiled, not a reference to the sacramental Mysteries.
Synagogue Of Satan
Approved rendering: sinagoga Satanei
Transliteration: synagoge tou Satana
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: verdict asupra poporului evreu ca atare (interpretare antiiudaică)
Original: συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. John’s polemical name for a specific local group opposing the churches at Smyrna and Philadelphia (2:9; 3:9). Requires an explicit contextual note at every occurrence naming a specific first-century local conflict, not a verdict on the Jewish people, given Romania’s own historical experience with antisemitism.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: luceafărul de dimineață
Transliteration: aster ho proinos
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Luceafăr fără disambiguizare (risc de identificare cu Lucifer)
Original: ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός
Category: Christology
NEW term. A triumphant messianic self-designation of Christ (2:28; 22:16). ‘Luceafăr’ also carries a double cultural loading in Romanian: Eminescu’s national poem, and a traditional name for Lucifer (Isaiah 14:12 tradition). Every occurrence requires an explicit disambiguating note; prefer ‘steaua cea strălucitoare de dimineață’ in didactic material.
Mark Of The Beast
Approved rendering: semn / pecete
Transliteration: charagma
Doctrine: False Worship and Idolatry
Rejected alternatives: identificare directă cu CNP, pașaportul biometric sau un sistem tehnologic contemporan specific
Original: χάραγμα
Category: Judgment
NEW term. An engraved mark of total socio-economic allegiance to the beast’s system (13:16-17; 14:9,11; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4). Carries documented real-world social consequences in Romania (ID/biometric refusal movements); teach the first-century meaning without endorsing or dismissing contemporary application speculation.
Number Of The Beast
Approved rendering: numărul fiarei, șase sute șaizeci și șase
Transliteration: arithmos tou theriou, hexakosioi hexekonta hex
Doctrine: False Worship and Idolatry
Rejected alternatives: secvență literală de cod-bare sau cifre de identificare
Original: ἀριθμὸς τοῦ θηρίου, ἑξακόσιοι ἑξήκοντα ἕξ
Category: Judgment
NEW term. Almost certainly a gematria (most plausibly Nero Caesar), a symbol of idolatrous power’s fundamental incompleteness (13:18); same acute cultural-risk note as ‘mark_of_the_beast.‘
Word Of God Title
Approved rendering: Cuvântul lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: ho logos tou theou
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW term. A direct title identifying the returning Rider with the eternal Logos of John 1:1,14 (19:13); cross-reference the baseline Incarnation/Logos note — the one who ‘tabernacled’ among humanity in weakness now returns as conquering King, the same Person, the same title.
King Of Kings Lord Of Lords
Approved rendering: Împăratul împăraților și Domnul domnilor
Transliteration: basileus basileon kai kyrios kyrion
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: frazare atenuată sau parțială a supremației exclusive
Original: βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων
Category: Christology
NEW term. The definitive title of absolute, unrivaled supremacy (17:14; 19:16); extends the baseline ‘Domnul’ Critical note; render with full, unqualified dignity exactly as required for ‘Iisus este Domnul.‘
Worship Bow Down
Approved rendering: a se închina
Transliteration: proskyneo
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: închinare nedistinsă de cinstirea (venerarea) icoanelor și sfinților fără nota de clarificare
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Worship
NEW term, the single highest-density risk term in the book. Identical to the verb Romanian speakers use for venerating icons and relics. Every occurrence applied to God/Lamb (4:10; 5:14; 7:11; 11:16; 14:7; 15:4; 19:4,10; 22:9) requires a note distinguishing latreutic worship (God/Lamb alone) from timitic veneration (icons/saints, Seventh Ecumenical Council), anchored to the text’s own internal safeguard at 19:10 and 22:8-9.
First Resurrection
Approved rendering: prima înviere
Transliteration: he anastasis he prote
Doctrine: The Millennial Reign and Eschatological Timeline
Original: ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Distinguished from the general resurrection at final judgment (20:5-6,12-13); cross-reference the baseline ‘înviere’ Critical entry — full doctrinal weight must be retained regardless of millennial framework taught.
Second Death
Approved rendering: moartea a doua
Transliteration: ho thanatos ho deuteros
Doctrine: The Book of Life and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: iad/gheenă (colapsează termenul tehnic precis al cărții într-un termen devoțional general)
Original: ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος
Category: Judgment
NEW term, a fixed eschatological technical term (2:11; 20:6,14; 21:8) for final, definitive separation from God following resurrection and judgment. Keep distinct from the everyday devotional ‘iad/gheenă.‘
Alpha And Omega
Approved rendering: Alfa și Omega
Transliteration: Alpha kai to O
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: traducerea literelor grecești prin litere românești, care ar distruge imaginea totalității alfabetului grec
Original: Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ
Category: God
NEW term. Self-designation of absolute eternality applied identically to the Father (1:8; 21:6) and to the risen Christ (22:13); a note is required at both occurrences that this identical application affirms, rather than divides, Christ’s co-equal deity.
Generic Son
Approved rendering: fiu
Transliteration: huios
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Fiul lui Dumnezeu (frază rezervată exclusiv lui Hristos)
Original: υἱός
Category: Christology
NEW term. Believers as God’s sons/children by adoption (21:7), distinct from the unique, eternal Sonship of Christ; never render with the capitalized phrase reserved for Christ.
Idolaters
Approved rendering: idolatrilor
Transliteration: eidololatrais
Doctrine: False Worship and Idolatry
Rejected alternatives: verdict general asupra venerării icoanelor, fără distincția celui de-al Șaptelea Sinod Ecumenic
Original: εἰδωλολάτραις
Category: Worship
NEW term. Those who render worship to an idol/image in place of God (21:8; 22:15); requires the explicit teaching note distinguishing this condemnation from Orthodox icon veneration — neither a blanket verdict on icons nor an automatic exemption.
Throne Of God And Lamb
Approved rendering: tronul lui Dumnezeu și al Mielului
Transliteration: thronos tou theou kai tou arniou
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: tronurile (plural), care ar distruge afirmația tronului unic, comun
Original: θρόνος τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Christology
NEW term. God and the Lamb pictured sharing one single throne (22:1,3); the singular ‘tronul’ must be preserved to keep the shared, co-equal-deity image intact.
Gematria
Approved rendering: valoare numerică simbolică a literelor (gematrie)
Transliteration: gematria
Doctrine: False Worship and Idolatry
Rejected alternatives: barcod literal sau șir de cifre de identificare
NEW constructed phrase for a concept with no popular-register Romanian equivalent. Applies specifically to the number of the beast (13:18); use the descriptive phrase in general curriculum material, reserving the transliterated technical term ‘gematrie’ for advanced/footnote material, to responsibly de-escalate speculative modern-ID readings.
Veneration Vs Worship Distinction
Approved rendering: cinstire (venerare) — pentru icoane și sfinți — față de închinarea cuvenită doar lui Dumnezeu și Mielului
Transliteration: n/a — Seventh Ecumenical Council distinction (timetikē proskynēsis vs. latreia)
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: presupunerea tacită că verbul ‘a se închina’ distinge deja, prin el însuși, cele două sensuri
NEW constructed explanatory pair, not an existing spontaneous lexical contrast in ordinary Romanian. General readers will not supply this distinction unaided from the single verb ‘a se închina’; every Critical/High occurrence of προσκυνέω applied to God/the Lamb must be accompanied by this explicit constructed contrast, anchored to the text’s own internal correction (19:10; 22:8-9) and to the Seventh Ecumenical Council’s formal theological distinction.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evanghelie
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: ‘evanghelia cea veșnică’ (14:6) reuses this term exactly; the eternal, unchanging gospel is proclaimed even amid final judgment — teach as continuity, not a new gospel.
Faith
Approved rendering: credință
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: evlavie religioasă generală
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: faith is tested specifically by the threat of martyrdom throughout the book (2:13,19; 13:10; 14:12), not merely intellectual doubt.
Calling
Approved rendering: chemare
Transliteration: klesis
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: chemare monahală (specifically a call to monastic life)
Original: κλητός / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: avoid the monastic-vocation narrowing when this term describes the general call of every believer standing with the Lamb (17:14).
Holy
Approved rendering: sfânt
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package; baseline risk was Medium, elevated to High in Revelation given the term’s foundational role in the Trisagion acclamation (4:8) and its extension into ‘sfinți’ throughout the book.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sfințire
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package exactly.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: întrupare
Transliteration: ho logos sarx egeneto
Doctrine: Incarnation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: directly underlies the ‘tabernacle/dwell’ (skene/skenoo) doctrine at 7:15 and 21:3 — the consummation of what the Incarnation began.
Covenant
Approved rendering: legământ
Transliteration: diatheke
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contract legal
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: the ark of the covenant appears in the opened heavenly temple (11:19); the covenant formula ‘they will be his people, God himself will be with them’ is fulfilled (21:3,7).
Election
Approved rendering: alegere
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: predestinare dublă în sens calvinist strict
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: underlies ‘called, chosen, and faithful’ (17:14).
Intercession
Approved rendering: mijlocire
Transliteration: hyperentynchanei / enteuxis
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: mijlocirea exclusivă a sfinților și a Maicii Domnului
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: cross-reference the martyrs’ cry (6:9-11) and the incense/prayers of the saints (8:3-4) — direct prayer to God by his whole people, not a specialized mediating class; do not let this default to saint or Marian mediation as the primary model.
Witness Testimony
Approved rendering: martor / mărturie
Transliteration: martys / martyria
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: mucenic (canonization-coded, premature), martir (flattens legal/observational nuance)
Original: μάρτυς / μαρτυρία
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. Romanian has three distinct items in this field: martor (witness), martir (martyr, general), mucenic (martyr-saint, Orthodox liturgical). Use martor/mărturie consistently for lexical fidelity; flag every death-for-testimony occurrence (2:13; 6:9; 11:7-8; 17:6) so the developing mucenic resonance is taught, not silently substituted.
Hades
Approved rendering: Hades
Transliteration: Hades
Doctrine: The Book of Life and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: iad (colapsează starea intermediară cu starea finală)
Original: ᾅδης
Category: Eschatology
NEW term, retained untranslated. The intermediate abode of the dead over which Christ holds ‘the keys’ (1:18), personified alongside Death (6:8) and finally itself cast into the lake of fire (20:13-14). Do not collapse into the everyday devotional word ‘iad,’ which typically denotes the final state of damnation.
Repent
Approved rendering: a se pocăi
Transliteration: metanoeo
Doctrine: Repentance and the Call to Holiness
Original: μετανοέω
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. A decisive reorientation of life and allegiance (2:5,16,21-22; 3:3,19). ‘Pocăință’ shares its root with the Sacrament of Confession; teach Revelation’s call as the broader biblical call to reoriented allegiance, of which the sacramental rite is the church’s ordained means, not a narrowing of the call to the rite itself.
Lamb
Approved rendering: Miel / Mielul
Transliteration: arnion
Doctrine: Atonement and Redemption through the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: doar elementele euharistice, fără referire la Persoana înviată și înălțată
Original: ἀρνίον
Category: Christology
NEW term, THE central Christological title of the book (28+ occurrences). Resonates with the liturgical ‘Agneț’ and the Proskomedia rubric ‘Se junghie Mielul lui Dumnezeu’; teach both the connection and the distinction — the Lamb of Revelation is the risen, enthroned Person, of whom the Eucharist is a real participation, not merely a memorial image.
Avenge Vindicate
Approved rendering: a face dreptate
Transliteration: ekdikeo
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: a se răzbuna (răzbunare personală, vendetă)
Original: ἐκδικέω
Category: Judgment
NEW term. The martyrs’ cry, ‘How long…will you…avenge our blood?’ (6:10; cf. 19:2). Avoid ‘a se răzbuna’ to preserve righteous judicial judgment rather than personal vindictiveness.
Washed In Blood Of Lamb
Approved rendering: spălat în sângele Mielului
Transliteration: plyno…en to haimati tou arniou
Doctrine: Grace and Works in Final Judgment
Original: πλύνω…ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Cleansing accomplished by Christ’s sacrificial death, applied by faith (7:14). Cross-reference baseline ‘har’/‘dreptate imputată’ so cleansing is understood as Christ’s accomplished work received by faith, not a moral achievement of the sufferers.
Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: a sluji
Transliteration: latreuo
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: slujire generică fără distincție de obiect
Original: λατρεύω
Category: Worship
NEW term. Cultic service/worship, the redeemed’s eternal vocation (7:15; 22:3). Shares its root with ‘idolatru’; the entire question at stake throughout Revelation is to whom this service is rightly directed.
Two Witnesses
Approved rendering: cei doi martori
Transliteration: hoi dyo martyres
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: οἱ δύο μάρτυρες
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. Two prophetic figures killed for their testimony and bodily raised (11:3-12); same martor/martir/mucenic disambiguation as ‘witness_testimony,’ intensified by the vivid witness-to-death-to-vindication pattern.
Kingdom Declaration
Approved rendering: Împărăția lumii a ajuns a Domnului nostru
Transliteration: he basileia tou kosmou egeneto tou kyriou hemon
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου ἐγένετο τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW term. The decisive declaration of ultimate sovereignty passing to God and Christ (11:15); one of the book’s central doxological climaxes, must render with full, unqualified force.
The Woman
Approved rendering: femeia
Transliteration: gyne
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Rejected alternatives: identificare exclusivă și controlantă cu Maica Domnului (Theotokos)
Original: γυνή
Category: Symbolic-Apocalyptic
NEW term. A corporate-symbolic figure most consistently identified with the covenant people of God across both testaments (12:1-17). Present the corporate Israel/Church reading as primary without dismissing the Marian devotional resonance outright, teaching it as secondary.
Dragon
Approved rendering: balaur
Transliteration: drakon
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Defeat of Satan
Rejected alternatives: balaur de basm, moral ambiguu, fără ancorare la 12:9
Original: δράκων
Category: Judgment
NEW term. The ultimate cosmic antagonist, explicitly identified by the text as ‘the ancient serpent…the devil and Satan’ (12:9). ‘Balaur’ is a morally ambiguous Romanian folklore figure; every occurrence should carry a note anchoring it firmly to the text’s own gloss.
Beast
Approved rendering: fiară
Transliteration: therion
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Rejected alternatives: identificare speculativă cu o figură sau instituție modernă specifică
Original: θηρίον
Category: Judgment
NEW term. Symbolic composite figures representing oppressive political power and false religious authority (13:1,11; 16:13; 19:20; 20:10); keep lexically distinct from ‘balaur’ and ‘făpturi vii’; teach the symbolic-political (Daniel 7) reading against speculative modern identification.
Bowl
Approved rendering: cupă
Transliteration: phiale
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Judgment
Rejected alternatives: potir (fixed liturgical term for the Eucharistic chalice)
Original: φιάλη
Category: Judgment
NEW term. A cultic vessel for pouring out the seven final judgments (15:7; ch. 16). Never render as ‘potir,’ which would create a jarring collision between the cup of judgment and the cup of salvation offered at the altar.
Drunk With Blood Of Saints
Approved rendering: îmbătată de sângele sfinților
Transliteration: methyo ek tou haimatos ton hagion
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: μεθύω ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος τῶν ἁγίων
Category: Judgment
NEW term. Hyperbolic image of a persecuting power’s guilt in the martyrdom of believers (17:6); reuses the ‘saints’ Critical corporate-not-canonized note.
Marriage Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: nunta Mielului
Transliteration: gamos tou arniou
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Rejected alternatives: reducere la o validare tipologică a căsătoriei individuale, fără sensul corporativ eclezial primar
Original: γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Church
NEW term. The consummation of Christ’s union with his redeemed people, corporately pictured as his Bride (19:7,9; 21:2,9). Teach corporate sense as primary; the individual sacrament of marriage is a secondary, illuminating resonance only.
Millennium
Approved rendering: mia de ani
Transliteration: chilia ete
Doctrine: The Millennial Reign and Eschatological Timeline
Rejected alternatives: impunerea tacită a unei singure scheme interpretative (amilenistă sau premilenistă) ca doctrină stabilită
Original: χίλια ἔτη
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. A thousand-year period of Christ’s/the saints’ reign and Satan’s restraint (20:2-7), the book’s most contested interpretive question. Romanian Orthodox tradition generally reads this non-literally (amillennial/recapitulationist); present the text’s own claims without silently imposing either reading.
According To Works
Approved rendering: după faptele lor
Transliteration: kata ta erga auton
Doctrine: Grace and Works in Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: temei alternativ, bazat pe merit, al mântuirii, opus harului
Original: κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν
Category: Judgment
NEW term. Final judgment rendered on the basis of deeds (20:12-13; cf. 22:12); cross-reference the baseline grace/works framework so this is taught as evidence of, not an alternative basis for, salvation.
Lake Of Fire
Approved rendering: iazul care arde cu foc și pucioasă
Transliteration: he limne tou pyros
Doctrine: The Book of Life and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: iad/gheenă (aceeași notă ca la moartea a doua)
Original: ἡ λίμνη τοῦ πυρός
Category: Judgment
NEW term. The lake burning with fire and sulfur, the place of the second death (19:20; 20:10,14-15; 21:8); the final, not intermediate, state.
New Qualitative
Approved rendering: nou
Transliteration: kainos
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Rejected alternatives: anihilare totală și înlocuire a creației, fără nicio continuitate
Original: καινός
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. New in kind/quality, not merely chronologically new (21:1,2,5); preserve the renewal/transfiguration sense, consonant with Orthodox cosmic-transfiguration theology, against a reading implying annihilation-and-replacement.
Tabernacle Dwell
Approved rendering: cort / a locui (în mijlocul lor)
Transliteration: skene / skenoo
Doctrine: The Tabernacling Presence of God with His People
Rejected alternatives: simpla ‘locuire alături de’, fără legătura cu întruparea
Original: σκηνή / σκηνόω
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Directly echoes John 1:14’s ‘the Word tabernacled among us’ (7:15; 21:3); must be cross-referenced with the baseline Incarnation note so the theological line from Incarnation to Consummation is not lost.
Water Of Life Freely
Approved rendering: apa vieții…în dar
Transliteration: hydor tes zoes…dorean
Doctrine: Grace and Works in Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: gratuit (registru comercial, tranzacțional)
Original: ὕδωρ τῆς ζωῆς…δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
NEW term. The life-giving water offered without cost, sharing its root with δωρεά, ‘gift’ (21:6; 22:1,17); ‘în dar’ must be preserved precisely to maintain the grace/merit contrast already Critical in the baseline.
Sorcerers
Approved rendering: vrăjitorilor
Transliteration: pharmakois
Doctrine: False Worship and Idolatry
Original: φαρμακοῖς
Category: Judgment
NEW term. Those who practice sorcery/occult potion-magic (9:21; 21:8; 22:15); live cultural relevance given persistent Romanian folk-magical practice (descântece, vrăjitorie).
Reward Wage
Approved rendering: răsplată
Transliteration: misthos
Doctrine: Grace and Works in Final Judgment
Original: μισθός
Category: Judgment
NEW term. Recompense according to deeds, paired with Christ’s imminent return (22:12); same grace/works cross-reference as ‘according_to_works.‘
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: chemat
Transliteration: kletos
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: underlies ‘called, chosen, and faithful’ (17:14), those who stand with the Lamb.
Adoption
Approved rendering: înfiere
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: cross-referenced with 21:7, ‘the overcomer will inherit these things… and I will be his God and he will be my son’ — inheritance flows from sonship, not achievement.
Church
Approved rendering: Biserică
Transliteration: ekklesia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Biserica ca singura instituție vizibilă legitimă, în sens exclusivist
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: distinguish the seven historical local congregations (ch. 2-3) from the singular corporate Bride-image later in the book (19:7; 21:2,9).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: împărăția lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: ‘the kingdom of the world has become our Lord’s’ (11:15) — one of the book’s central doxological climaxes; render unqualified.
Sin
Approved rendering: păcat
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package exactly.
Glory
Approved rendering: slavă
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: becomes the New Jerusalem’s very light source (21:11,23).
Providence
Approved rendering: pronia lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: soartă, destin
Original: πρόνοια (implied; cf. τὰ δεῖ γενέσθαι, 1:1)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: governs the entire seal-trumpet-bowl judgment-cycle structure (ch. 6-16); avoid fatalistic framing of these catastrophic sequences.
Mission
Approved rendering: misiune
Transliteration: apostolē / pempō
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: ‘the eternal gospel’ still proclaimed to every nation even amid final judgment (14:6); frame as witness/proclamation, not confrontational ‘evanghelizare.‘
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Fiul Omului
Transliteration: huios anthropou
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW term. Messianic title from Daniel 7:13-14 for the exalted, enthroned judge-ruler (1:13; 14:14). Must be taught as complementary to, not lesser than, ‘Fiul lui Dumnezeu’ — jointly affirming full humanity/judgment-authority and full deity.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: necaz
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. Distress from external persecution, the shared condition of the seven churches (1:9; 2:9-10; 7:14); maintain consistency across all occurrences.
Endurance Perseverance
Approved rendering: răbdare
Transliteration: hypomone
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: resemnare pasivă, fatalistă
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. Active, patient, faithful endurance under pressure (1:9; 2:2-3,19; 3:10; 13:10; 14:12); teach as active faithful endurance consonant with the baseline’s synergistic grace framework, not passive resignation.
Overcomer
Approved rendering: a birui / cel ce biruiește
Transliteration: nikao / ho nikon
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: νικάω / ὁ νικῶν
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. Addressed to each of the seven churches (ch. 2-3) and to every believer who perseveres (21:7). Strong cultural asset: ‘a birui’ echoes the Paschal hymnographic pattern (‘Hristos a înviat, biruind moartea’); teach believers’ perseverance as participation in Christ’s own victory, not a separate human achievement.
Key Of David
Approved rendering: cheia lui David
Transliteration: kleis Dauid
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: κλεὶς Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Messianic authority over the house of David (Isaiah 22:22), held by Christ (3:7); cross-reference the inherited ‘david’/‘covenant’ entries.
Elders Heavenly
Approved rendering: bătrâni
Transliteration: presbyteroi
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: preoți/presbiteri (oficiul bisericesc ordinat)
Original: πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Worship
NEW term. A heavenly representative body of worship-leaders (4:4,10; 5:8,14; 11:16; 19:4); must be clearly distinguished from the church’s own ordained office of presbiter/preot.
Slain
Approved rendering: înjunghiat
Transliteration: esphagmenon
Doctrine: Atonement and Redemption through the Lamb
Original: ἐσφαγμένον
Category: Christology
NEW term. Perfect participle: the Lamb bears the marks of sacrifice permanently while risen and enthroned (5:6,9,12); echoes the liturgical rubric ‘Se junghie Mielul.‘
Redeem Purchase
Approved rendering: a răscumpăra
Transliteration: agorazo
Doctrine: Atonement and Redemption through the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: o tranzacție literală cu un terț (ex. Satan) ca destinatar al plății
Original: ἀγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW term. The Lamb’s blood as the purchase-price securing people from every tribe, tongue, people, nation (5:9; 14:3-4); emphasizes costliness of Christ’s self-giving, not a literal payment to a third party.
Altar
Approved rendering: altar / jertfelnic
Transliteration: thysiasterion
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: θυσιαστήριον
Category: Prayer
NEW term. The heavenly altar beneath which martyred souls cry out for justice (6:9), associated with incense/prayers (8:3-5); do not let this become license to appeal primarily to the martyrs’ own intercession as the remedy.
Seal
Approved rendering: a pecetlui / pecete
Transliteration: sphragizo / sphragis
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: σφραγίζω / σφραγίς
Category: Symbolic-Apocalyptic
NEW term. God’s protective ownership-mark on his people (7:2-8) and the seals on the scroll (5:1; 6:1-12). Asset: resonates with Chrismation (‘pecetea darului Duhului Sfânt’); teach as illuminating, not equating.
One Hundred Forty Four Thousand
Approved rendering: o sută patruzeci și patru de mii
Transliteration: hekaton tesserakonta tessares chiliades
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
NEW term. A symbolic, complete number (12x12x1000) representing the full number of God’s sealed people (7:4; 14:1,3). Requires an explicit literal-vs-symbolic interpretive note.
Incense Prayers Of Saints
Approved rendering: tămâie…rugăciunile sfinților
Transliteration: thymiama…hai proseuchai ton hagion
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: θυμίαμα…αἱ προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων
Category: Prayer
NEW term. Incense explicitly interpreted by the text itself as the prayers of God’s people ascending before his throne (8:3-4). Strong asset given constant liturgical use of tămâie; keep ‘sfinților’ tied to the corporate-believer sense, not exclusively canonized saints.
Abyss
Approved rendering: adânc / abis
Transliteration: abyssos
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: ἄβυσσος
Category: Judgment
NEW term. The confined abode of demonic forces awaiting judgment (9:1-11; 11:7; 20:1-3); keep consistent across occurrences.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: templul lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: naos tou theou
Doctrine: The Tabernacling Presence of God with His People
Original: ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Church
NEW term. The measured, protected sanctuary symbolizing the true worshiping community amid persecution (11:1-2,19; cf. 21:22); symbolic ecclesiology, not a specific physical building.
Ark Of Covenant
Approved rendering: chivotul legământului
Transliteration: kibotos tes diathekes
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
NEW term. The OT covenant-symbol appearing in the opened heavenly temple (11:19); ‘chivot’ can also denote the vessel holding the reserved Eucharist, but the explicit qualifier ‘of the covenant’ sufficiently disambiguates.
Eternal Gospel
Approved rendering: evanghelia cea veșnică
Transliteration: euangelion aionion
Doctrine: Mission and Witness to the Nations
Original: εὐαγγέλιον αἰώνιον
Category: Faith
NEW compound term reusing baseline ‘evanghelie’ exactly (14:6); ‘veșnică’ is a straightforward modifier requiring no special caution.
Winepress Of Wrath
Approved rendering: teascul mâniei lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: lenos tou thymou tou theou
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Judgment
Original: ληνὸς τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Judgment
NEW term. OT judgment-imagery of crushed grapes for decisive divine judgment (14:19); teach ‘mânia lui Dumnezeu’ as righteous judicial response, not capricious anger.
Armageddon
Approved rendering: Armaghedon
Transliteration: Harmageddon
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: Ἁρμαγεδών
Category: Symbolic-Apocalyptic
NEW term, transliterated proper noun used symbolically (16:16); requires a brief geographic-symbolic gloss discouraging speculative modern geopolitical mapping.
Great Harlot
Approved rendering: desfrânata cea mare
Transliteration: porne he megale
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: curva (registru colocvial-vulgar)
Original: πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη
Category: Judgment
NEW term. Standard OT-prophetic figure for a corrupt political-religious system’s idolatrous unfaithfulness (17:1,5,15-16); prefer the literary ‘desfrânata’ to preserve dignified register.
Babylon The Great
Approved rendering: Babilon(ul) cel mare
Transliteration: Babylon he megale
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Rejected alternatives: profeție geografică literalistă despre Babilonul mesopotamian antic sau viitor
Original: Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη
Category: Judgment
NEW term. Symbolic name (most plausibly Rome originally, and by extension any epoch’s dominant idolatrous world-power) (17:5,18; 18:2,10,21); requires explicit symbolic-not-literalistic interpretive teaching.
Faithful And True
Approved rendering: Credincios și Adevărat
Transliteration: pistos kai alethinos
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: πιστὸς καὶ ἀληθινός
Category: God
NEW term. Certifies the reliability of Christ and God’s promised renewal (19:11; 21:5; 22:6); must render identically across all three occurrences.
Great White Throne
Approved rendering: tron mare și alb
Transliteration: thronos leukos megas
Doctrine: The Book of Life and Final Judgment
Original: θρόνος λευκὸς μέγας
Category: Judgment
NEW term. The final, universal judgment-seat scene (20:11).
New Jerusalem
Approved rendering: noul Ierusalim / cetatea sfântă
Transliteration: Ierousalem kaine / polis hagia
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Rejected alternatives: un Ierusalim geopolitic reconstruit
Original: Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή / πόλις ἁγία
Category: Church
NEW term. The eschatological, glorified people of God pictured as a city descending from heaven (21:2,10; 3:12); corporate people of God, not a rebuilt geopolitical city.
Bride
Approved rendering: mireasă
Transliteration: nymphe
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Rejected alternatives: citire exclusiv individuală prin Taina Cununiei, fără sensul corporativ primar
Original: νύμφη
Category: Church
NEW term. The redeemed Church in her final, glorified state, identified with the New Jerusalem (19:7; 21:2,9; 22:17); corporate sense primary, individual sacramental resonance secondary only.
Death Abolished
Approved rendering: moarte
Transliteration: thanatos
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: θάνατος
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Death personified as an enemy/power (6:8), finally and permanently abolished (21:4; cf. 20:14); cross-reference the baseline ‘înviere’ Critical entry as this doctrine’s eschatological completion.
It Is Done
Approved rendering: S-a împlinit
Transliteration: gegonan
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: Γέγοναν
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Perfect-tense declaration that God’s redemptive plan for history is accomplished fact (21:6); echoes, without flattening into identity with, Christ’s ‘S-a sfârșit’ (John 19:30).
Overcomers Inheritance
Approved rendering: cel ce biruiește va moșteni aceste lucruri
Transliteration: ho nikon kleronomesei
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει
Category: Salvation
NEW term. The overcomer receives all these things as inheritance, tied to son-status (21:7); cross-reference baseline ‘înfiere’ so inheritance-by-sonship, not achievement, is clear.
Cowardly Unbelieving
Approved rendering: fricoșilor / necredincioșilor
Transliteration: deiloi kai apistoi
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: δειλοί καὶ ἄπιστοι
Category: Judgment
NEW term. The fearful/cowardly and the unbelieving, named first in the vice-list of the excluded (21:8); ‘necredincioșilor’ must be read as the antonym of baseline ‘credință,’ keeping the perseverance-under-persecution connection explicit.
Curse Removed
Approved rendering: blestem
Transliteration: katara
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: κατάρα
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. The Genesis 3 curse, definitively and finally reversed (22:3); make the Genesis cross-reference explicit.
Coming Soon
Approved rendering: Vin degrabă
Transliteration: erchomai tachy
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ἔρχομαι ταχύ
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. The book’s repeated closing note of confident eschatological expectation (22:7,12,20); preserve confident imminence without implying a specific predictable timetable.
Tree And River Of Life
Approved rendering: râul apei vieții / pomul vieții
Transliteration: potamos hydatos zoes / xylon zoes
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς / ξύλον ζωῆς
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Direct Edenic imagery signaling full restoration and surpassing of what was lost at the Fall (22:1-2,14,19; cf. Genesis 2:9-10); make the Genesis connection explicit.
Symbolic Prophetic Language
Approved rendering: limbaj simbolic-profetic
Transliteration: n/a — constructed interpretive-genre label
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Rejected alternatives: apocalipsă folosit fără notă, cu deriva populară spre ‘catastrofă’
NEW constructed working phrase filling a genuine lexical gap: Romanian lacks a settled lay-register genre term distinguishing apocalyptic symbolism from literal predictive prophecy. Introduce at 1:1 and reuse consistently at every major symbol cluster (beasts, numbers, colors, geography) as a recurring interpretive rubric.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: the New Jerusalem’s foundations bear the names of the ‘twelve apostles of the Lamb’ (21:14).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: neamuri
Transliteration: ethne
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: păgâni (pejorative)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: both judged (11:18; 20:8) and, finally, blessed, walking in the New Jerusalem’s light (21:24-26) — teach as completion, not contradiction, of earlier judgment material.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: Christ is called the ‘Root’ and ‘offspring’ of David (5:5; 22:16) and holds the ‘key of David’ (3:7).
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Revelation extension: the twelve tribes are named on the New Jerusalem’s twelve gates (7:4-8; 21:12).
Apocalypse Revelation
Approved rendering: Apocalipsa / descoperire
Transliteration: apokalypsis
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Scripture
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Symbolic-Apocalyptic
NEW term. Gives the book its title (1:1). Everyday Romanian usage of ‘apocalipsă’ has drifted toward ‘catastrophe/disaster’; teach the literal ‘unveiling, disclosure’ sense explicitly at first occurrence so the book’s genre is not reduced to a doom-narrative.
Almighty
Approved rendering: Atotputernicul
Transliteration: pantokrator
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: παντοκράτωρ
Category: God
NEW term. Strong cultural asset: ‘Pantocrator’ is the fixed title of the central dome icon of Christ in every Orthodox church building (1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 19:6; 21:22); teach the connection explicitly as reinforcing divine sovereignty.
Living Creatures
Approved rendering: făpturi vii
Transliteration: zoa
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: fiare (would collide with the rendering chosen for θηρίον)
Original: ζῷα
Category: Worship
NEW term. Composite angelic worship-beings from Ezekiel 1 and Isaiah 6 (4:6-9; 5:6-14); keep lexically distinct from ‘fiară’ to avoid confusing worshipping creatures with Antichrist figures.
Worthy
Approved rendering: vrednic
Transliteration: axios
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ἄξιος
Category: Worship
NEW term. Fitness/merit to receive honor or open the sealed scroll (4:11; 5:2,4,9,12). Strong cultural asset: ‘Vrednic!’ (‘Axios!’) is the acclamation shouted at Orthodox ordinations.
Abaddon Apollyon
Approved rendering: Abadon / Apolion
Transliteration: Abaddon / Apollyon
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: Ἀβαδδών / Ἀπολλύων
Category: Judgment
NEW term, proper name meaning ‘Destroyer’ in Hebrew and Greek (9:11); gloss as ‘Nimicitorul.‘
Little Scroll
Approved rendering: cărticică
Transliteration: biblaridion
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: βιβλαρίδιον
Category: Symbolic-Apocalyptic
NEW term. A small scroll John consumes, sweet in the mouth, bitter in the stomach (10:2,9-10), echoing Ezekiel 3.
Michael
Approved rendering: Mihail
Transliteration: Michael
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Defeat of Satan
Original: Μιχαήλ
Category: Judgment
NEW term. The archangel leading heaven’s forces against the dragon (12:7); cultural asset via the major Orthodox feast day (November 8).
The Accuser
Approved rendering: pârâtorul
Transliteration: ho kategoros
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Defeat of Satan
Original: ὁ κατήγορος
Category: Judgment
NEW term. Satan’s characteristic accusing activity, silenced by Christ’s victory (12:10).
Harvest Sickle
Approved rendering: seceriș / seceră
Transliteration: therismos / drepanon
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: θερισμός / δρέπανον
Category: Judgment
NEW term. Standard eschatological-judgment imagery for the final ingathering (14:14-19); natural fit in Romanian rural/agrarian cultural context.
Song Of Moses And Lamb
Approved rendering: cântarea lui Moise și a Mielului
Transliteration: asma Moyseos kai tou arniou
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ᾆσμα Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Worship
NEW term. Fuses Exodus-deliverance and Lamb-worship (15:3), presenting final deliverance as fulfillment of the Exodus pattern; teach the typology explicitly.
Lament
Approved rendering: tânguire / bocet
Transliteration: threnos
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: θρῆνος
Category: Judgment
NEW term. A formal funeral-lament genre sung ironically by Babylon’s former beneficiaries (18:9-19); cultural asset matching the recognized Romanian ‘bocet’ genre.
In A Single Hour
Approved rendering: într-un ceas
Transliteration: en mia hora
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: ἐν μιᾷ ὥρᾳ
Category: Judgment
NEW term. Emphasizes the sudden, swift reversal of worldly power’s apparent permanence (18:10,17,19).
Hallelujah
Approved rendering: Aliluia
Transliteration: allelouia
Doctrine: Doxological Worship Expressions
Original: ἀλληλουϊά
Category: Worship
NEW term, per baseline convention alongside ‘Amin’; fixed liturgical exclamation, heaven’s response to Babylon’s fall and the coming marriage of the Lamb (19:1,3,4,6).
Book Of Life
Approved rendering: cartea vieții
Transliteration: biblion tes zoes
Doctrine: The Book of Life and Final Judgment
Original: βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Judgment
NEW term. A registry of those belonging to God (20:12,15; 21:27); standard biblical image.
Wipe Away Tears
Approved rendering: a șterge
Transliteration: exaleipho
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ἐξαλείφω
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Total, permanent removal of grief, not temporary alleviation (21:4).
Blessed
Approved rendering: fericit
Transliteration: makarios
Doctrine: Doxological Worship Expressions
Original: μακάριος
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Divine favor and flourishing, forming an inclusio with 1:3 (22:7,14); echoes the Beatitudes.
Add Take Away
Approved rendering: a adăuga / a scoate
Transliteration: prostithemi / aphaireo
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Scripture
Original: προστίθημι / ἀφαιρέω
Category: Symbolic-Apocalyptic
NEW term. A formal covenant-document integrity warning applied to this book (22:18-19), echoing Deuteronomy 4:2.
Referenced passages