Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians (English → Romanian)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md into a single per-term reference table for Phase 2 translation memory extension. It is organized in two parts:
- Part A — terms already established in the baseline Romans
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.jsonthat recur in 2 Corinthians. These renderings are reused exactly, without modification, per the hard rule that the baseline is the language authority. - Part B — new terms required by 2 Corinthians’ distinctive vocabulary, not present in the Romans baseline, each assigned a risk tier using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework.
All Critical and High risk terms in Part B require human theologian review before Phase 2 translation of any segment containing them, per the baseline’s routing convention.
Part A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English Term | Romanian Rendering | Risk (baseline) | Chapters in 2 Corinthians | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| grace | har | Critical | 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13 | Extended sense in chs. 8–9 (grace-in-giving); core soteriological sense reused unchanged elsewhere. |
| faith | credință | High | 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 13 | Unchanged. |
| righteousness | dreptate | Critical | 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 | Climactic use at 5:21 (“dreptatea lui Dumnezeu”). |
| justification (conceptual background) | îndreptățire | Critical | 5 (conceptual) | 2 Corinthians does not use δικαίωσις directly but 5:21’s imputation logic is the same doctrinal family; cross-reference required. |
| salvation | mântuire | Critical | 1, 2, 6, 7 | Unchanged; ties to Orthodox theosis-framework caution already documented in baseline. |
| apostle | apostol | Low (baseline) → risk escalates only in compounds (see Part B “false apostles,” “super-apostles”) | 1, 8, 9, 11, 12 | Base term unchanged; escalation is compound-specific. |
| called / calling | chemat / chemare | Medium/High | 1 | Salutation language; unchanged. |
| holy | sfânt | Medium | 1, 6, 7, 13 | Unchanged. |
| saints | sfinți | Critical | 1, 8, 9, 13 | 2 Corinthians 8–9’s “collection for the saints” reuses the baseline’s Critical corporate-sainthood note; every occurrence still requires the all-believers clarifying note, not a canonized-only reading. |
| sanctification | sfințire | High | 7 | Contextual to “holiness perfected in the fear of God” (7:1). |
| resurrection | înviere | Critical | 1, 4, 5, 13 | Unchanged; 5:15 reuses the doctrinal precision requirement exactly. |
| lord | Domnul | Critical | 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 | Unchanged; 5:11’s “fear of the Lord” and 13:14’s benediction both load-bearing. |
| son_of_god / sonship | Fiul lui Dumnezeu | Critical | 1, 11 | Unchanged (1:19; contextual background to 11:31’s “God the Father of the Lord Jesus”). |
| incarnation | întrupare | High | 8 | Ties to 8:9’s “he became poor” kenotic language. |
| peace | pace | Medium | 13 | Closing benediction language (13:11). |
| spiritual_gifts | daruri duhovnicești | Medium | 1 (background) | Minor; not a major theme in 2 Corinthians as in Romans 12. |
| thanksgiving | mulțumire | Low | 1, 2, 4, 8, 9 | Frequent, unchanged. |
| fellowship | părtășie | Low (baseline default) | 6, 8, 13 | See Part B “trinitarian fellowship (κοινωνία, 13:14)” for a documented tension with liturgical usage requiring a specific ruling. |
| church | Biserică | Medium | 1, 8, 11, 12 | Unchanged; plural “Bisericile” (churches) throughout. |
| covenant | legământ | High | 3 | Base term reused; qualified compound “new covenant” documented separately in Part B. |
| sin | păcat | Medium | 5, 11 | Base term reused; 5:21’s compound “made him sin” documented separately in Part B as Critical. |
| glory | slavă | Medium | 1, 3, 4, 8 | Unchanged; especially load-bearing in ch. 3’s “glory to glory.” |
| power_of_god | puterea lui Dumnezeu | Medium | 4, 6, 12, 13 | Base term reused; 12:9’s paradoxical compound documented separately in Part B as Critical. |
| god | Dumnezeu | Critical | all chapters | Unchanged. |
| holy_spirit | Duhul Sfânt | Critical | 1, 3, 5, 13 | Unchanged; Filioque-neutrality caution from baseline applies directly to 13:14’s benediction. |
| father | Tată | Critical | 1, 6, 11, 13 | Unchanged. |
| jesus | Iisus | Critical | all chapters | Unchanged; Orthodox Synodal spelling standardized per baseline. |
| exhort | a îndemna | Low | 5, 6 | Root-family overlap with “comfort” and “appeal” — see Part B disambiguation note. |
| christ (Hristos, proper name) | Hristos | Critical (treated as inseparable from Iisus/lord/son_of_god cluster) | all chapters | Standard Orthodox Synodal form; unchanged. |
Part B — New Terms Introduced by 2 Corinthians
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Romanian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Alternatives Rejected | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reconciliation (noun) | καταλλαγή / katallagē | împăcare | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5 | ”iertare doar” (forgiveness alone, too narrow); “pace doar interioară” (inner peace only, loses the relational-restoration sense) | Must be taught as a real change in humanity’s relationship to God, God-initiated through Christ; must be coordinated with baseline har and îndreptățire as one integrated argument, not a separate, unrelated concept. |
| reconcile (verb) | καταλλάσσω / katallassō | a împăca | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5 | same as above | Paired term with “împăcare”; must be rendered identically at every occurrence (5:18, 19, 20). |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις / kainē ktisis | făptură nouă | Critical | New Creation in Christ | 5 | none (established rendering across Romanian Bible traditions) | Lexically settled; doctrinal risk is emphasis — decisive, already-accomplished status (per Paul’s grammar) vs. Orthodox theosis’s ongoing-process framing. Both must be taught together. |
| ministry (of reconciliation) | διακονία / diakonia | slujire | High | Reconciliation with God / general ministry | 5, 8 | ”misiune” (too generic, loses the entrusted-task nuance) | Distinguish from λειτουργία (ch. 9), which carries a stronger Divine-Liturgy collision risk. |
| ambassador | πρεσβεύω / presbeuō | sol / a face solie | High | Reconciliation with God / Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5 | ”reprezentant” (too weak; loses the sovereign-delegation nuance) | Established Bible-tradition rendering; doctrinal risk is about delegated authority, not lexical ambiguity. |
| impute / not counting (trespasses) | λογίζομαι (μὴ λογιζόμενος) / logizomai | a (nu) socoti (păcatele) în seamă | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5 | ”a șterge complet, ca și cum nu ar fi existat” (erases the substitutionary ground in v.21) | Directly related to baseline “imputed_righteousness” (dreptate imputată); constructs the negative/forensic counterpart of that Critical baseline term. |
| made [him] sin | ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν / hamartian epoiēsen | l-a făcut păcat pentru noi | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5 | ”l-a pedepsit pentru păcat” (weakens the identification to mere punishment); “a păcătuit” (heretical misreading — Christ himself sinning) | Genuine conceptual gap requiring explicit translator note at every occurrence, comparable to baseline’s “dreptate imputată” construction. |
| love (of Christ) | ἀγάπη / agapē | dragoste | Medium | Reconciliation with God / general | 5 | ”iubire romantică” (wrong register) | Standardize “dragoste” over “iubire” across this curriculum for consistency with Synodal register. |
| according to the flesh | κατὰ σάρκα / kata sarka | după trup | High | New Creation in Christ / general Pauline anthropology | 5, 10, 12 | none available (Romanian lacks a distinct σάρξ/σῶμα pair) | Requires a standing translator note every occurrence: idiom means “by worldly/external standards,” not a statement about the physical body. |
| new covenant | διαθήκη καινή / diathēkē kainē | legământul cel nou | Critical | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3 | ”legea nouă” (collapses covenant into law, losing relational-covenant sense) | Extends baseline legământ (High) to Critical given the direct old/new contrast central to this doctrine. |
| the letter [of the law] | γράμμα / gramma | litera | High | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3 | none | Requires explicit distinction from Scripture’s ongoing authority (baseline “Inspiration of Scripture,” Medium) and from Duhul Sfânt (Critical, unchanged). |
| veil | κάλυμμα / kalymma | văl | Medium | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3 | none | Low collision; avoid conflation with unrelated Orthodox liturgical veil imagery. |
| transformed/transfigured | μεταμορφούμεθα / metamorphoumetha | transformați / schimbați din slavă în slavă | Critical | The New Covenant versus the Old / Sanctification | 3 | ”schimbați la Față” (directly imports the unique, unrepeatable Transfiguration feast title onto believers — rejected) | Shares its root with Schimbarea la Față (Transfiguration), a major Orthodox feast; must be taught as genuinely connected to, but distinct from, Christ’s unique Taboric Transfiguration. Human theologian review required at every occurrence. |
| treasure in jars of clay | θησαυρὸς ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν / thēsauros en ostrakinois skeuesin | comoară în vase de lut | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry / Power in Weakness | 4 | none | Vivid, low-risk image. |
| outer man / inner man | ὁ ἔξω / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος | omul de afară / omul dinăuntru | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4 | none | Standard theological vocabulary. |
| earthly tent / building from God | σκῆνος / οἰκοδομὴ ἐκ Θεοῦ | locuință pământească / clădire de la Dumnezeu | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 5 (vv.1-10) | none | Standard vocabulary. |
| groan | στενάζω / stenazō | a suspina | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 5 (vv.1-10) | none | Cross-reference Romans 8:23 groaning theme already implicit in baseline. |
| guarantee/down payment (of the Spirit) | ἀρραβών / arrabōn | arvună | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry / Assurance | 1, 5 | ”garanție legală” (too commercial/legalistic, loses the pledge-of-relationship sense) | Established Romanian word; doctrinal risk tied to baseline “Assurance of Salvation” (High) tension with Orthodox theosis’s provisional confidence. |
| judgment seat of Christ | βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ / bēma tou Christou | scaunul de judecată al lui Hristos | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5 (vv.1-10) | none | Must be distinguished from the final Judgment (Judecata de Obște) central to Orthodox eschatology; concerns believers’ evaluation for reward, not re-litigated salvation. |
| unequal yoke | ἑτεροζυγέω / heterozygeō | a se înjuga nepotrivit | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (separation) | 6 | none | Warn against over-broad application to all non-believer relationships. |
| temple of the living God | ναὸς Θεοῦ ζῶντος / naos Theou zōntos | templul Dumnezeului celui viu | High | New Creation in Christ / Church | 6 | none | Collision risk: Orthodox reverence for the physical church building as consecrated sacred space; teach alongside, not against, that reverence. |
| godly grief | κατὰ Θεὸν λύπη / kata Theon lypē | întristare după Dumnezeu | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 7 | none | Distinguish from worldly grief; produces genuine repentance. |
| repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | pocăință | Critical | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 7 | ”regret” (too weak, loses reorientation-toward-God sense) | MAJOR COLLISION: tightly associated with the sacrament of Confession (Taina Pocăinței) in Orthodox practice; teach the New Testament sense as consistent with, not reducible to, the sacramental rite. Human theologian review required at every occurrence. |
| worldly grief | τοῦ κόσμου λύπη / tou kosmou lypē | întristarea lumii | Low | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 7 | none | Standard vocabulary. |
| equality/fairness (in giving) | ἰσότης / isotēs | egalitate | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8 | ”egalitarism economic forțat” (imports a specific modern ideology, rejected) | Voluntary, grace-motivated reciprocity, not enforced redistribution. |
| cheerful giver | ἱλαρὸς δότης / hilaros dotēs | dătător voios / cu bucurie | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9 | none | Standard vocabulary. |
| sowing and reaping (giving) | σπείρω / θερίζω | a semăna / a secera | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9 | none | Caution against prosperity-gospel misreading in teaching notes. |
| service/ministration (collection) | λειτουργία / leitourgia | slujire | Critical | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9 | ”liturghie” (imports the Divine Liturgy directly — rejected) | MAJOR COLLISION: direct etymological root of Liturghie (the Divine Liturgy); must not be rendered in a way suggesting the collection is itself a sacramental rite. Human theologian review required. |
| weapons not of the flesh | ὅπλα οὐ σαρκικά / hopla ou sarkika | arme care nu sunt firești/trupești | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 10 | none | Coordinate with 5:16’s flesh/body flattening note. |
| taking every thought captive | αἰχμαλωτίζοντες πᾶν νόημα | luând în robie orice gând | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 10 | none | Standard image. |
| boasting in the Lord | καυχάσθω ἐν Κυρίῳ | a se fălí în Domnul | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5, 10 | none | The qualifier “în Domnul” is load-bearing and must never be dropped. |
| false apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι / pseudapostoloi | apostoli mincinoși | Critical | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11 | none | Requires positive criteria for genuine apostolic/ministerial authority to be taught alongside. |
| angel of light | ἄγγελος φωτός / angelos phōtos | înger de lumină | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11 | none | Collision risk with Orthodox Palamite Uncreated Light (Taboric Light) theology; must not cast blanket suspicion on that category. Human theologian review required. |
| super-apostles | ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι / hyperlian apostoloi | apostoli “de soi” / apostoli aleși | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11 | ”cei mai mari apostoli” (flat rendering, loses Paul’s sarcasm — rejected as primary, retained only inside quotation marks) | Ironic tone must be preserved via notation. |
| pure virgin (betrothed to Christ) | παρθένος ἁγνή / parthenos hagnē | virgină curată | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship (fidelity) | 11 | none | Corporate, covenantal image (the church’s fidelity), not an individual Marian purity teaching; distinguish explicitly. |
| thorn in the flesh | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί / skolops tē sarki | ghimpe / țepușă în trup | Medium | Power in Weakness | 12 | none | Standard translatable idiom. |
| messenger of Satan | ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ / angelos Satana | trimis al Satanei / înger al Satanei | Medium | Power in Weakness | 12 | none | Distinguish from “angel of light” (ch. 11) — disguise-deception vs. instrument-of-affliction, both under God’s providence. |
| weakness | ἀσθένεια / astheneia | slăbiciune | High | Power in Weakness | 4, 11, 12, 13 | none | Anchors the whole doctrine; must retain Paul’s paradoxical, positive theological valence. |
| power made perfect in weakness | ἡ δύναμίς μου ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται | puterea Mea se desăvârșește în slăbiciune | Critical | Power in Weakness | 12 | ”puterea lucrează chiar dacă sunt slab” (mere concession — rejected; loses the “perfected/completed through” force) | The letter’s theological climax; must preserve full paradoxical force. |
| examine yourselves | δοκιμάζετε ἑαυτούς / dokimazete heautous | cercetați-vă pe voi înșivă | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 13 | none | Resonates with pre-Confession self-examination practice; do not restrict this general exhortation exclusively to the sacramental rite. |
| Christ in you | Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν / Christos en hymin | Hristos în voi | High | New Creation in Christ | 13 | none | Coordinate with 5:17’s “în Hristos” and baseline “Christian Identity in Christ” (High). |
| trinitarian fellowship (κοινωνία, benediction) | κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος / koinōnia tou Hagiou Pneumatos | PENDING RULING: “părtășia Duhului Sfânt” (baseline-consistent) vs. “împărtășirea Sfântului Duh” (established Orthodox liturgical wording of this exact verse) | Critical | Reconciliation with God / Church | 13 | — | Direct tension between the baseline’s general preference for “părtășie” (to avoid Eucharistic overtones) and this verse’s status as the Orthodox Liturgy’s own verbatim greeting, which uses “împărtășire.” Requires a documented human theologian ruling, applied identically at every citation of 2 Corinthians 13:14 across the curriculum. |
| sincerity / simplicity | εἰλικρίνεια / ἁπλότης | sinceritate / curăție | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1, 2 | none | Root concern of the whole letter’s apologetic; establish clearly in ch. 1. |
| seal | σφραγίζω / sphragizō | a pecetlui | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry / Assurance | 1 | none | Standard vocabulary. |
| aroma/fragrance of Christ | εὐωδία Χριστοῦ / euōdia Christou | mireasma lui Hristos | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2 | none | Cultural asset (Orthodox incense resonance); keep the specific referent (gospel proclamation) clear. |
| letters of recommendation | ἐπιστολαὶ συστατικαί | scrisori de recomandare | Low | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2, 3 | none | Standard vocabulary. |
| comfort/consolation | παράκλησις / paraklēsis | mângâiere | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1, 7 | none | Same root as “exhort”/“appeal” — requires contextual disambiguation across the whole curriculum. |
| affliction | θλῖψις / thlipsis | necaz / suferință | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1, 4 | none | Standard vocabulary. |
| fear of the Lord | φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου / phobos tou Kyriou | frica de Domnul | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5 | none | Reverential awe, not terror; “Domnul” reused exactly per baseline. |
| conscience | συνείδησις / syneidēsis | conștiință | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1, 5 | none | Standard modern vocabulary. |
Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference Summary
| Doctrine | Primary New Terms | Overall Doctrine Risk |
|---|---|---|
| Reconciliation with God | împăcare, a împăca, l-a făcut păcat pentru noi, a (nu) socoti în seamă, sol/solie | Critical |
| New Creation in Christ | făptură nouă, în Hristos (reused), Hristos în voi, templul Dumnezeului celui viu | Critical |
| Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | mângâiere, necaz, comoară în vase de lut, arvună, locuință pământească, omul de afară/dinăuntru | High |
| The New Covenant versus the Old | legământul cel nou, litera, văl, transformați (din slavă în slavă) | Critical |
| Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | sinceritate/curăție, mireasma lui Hristos, scaunul de judecată al lui Hristos, întristare după Dumnezeu, pocăință, cercetați-vă pe voi înșivă | Critical |
| Generosity and Grace in Giving | har (extended sense), egalitate, dătător voios, slujire (λειτουργία collision) | Critical |
| Power in Weakness | ghimpe/țepușă în trup, trimis al Satanei, slăbiciune, puterea se desăvârșește în slăbiciune | Critical |
| Genuine versus False Apostleship | apostoli mincinoși, apostoli “de soi”, înger de lumină, virgină curată | Critical |
Note: Seven of the eight curriculum doctrines carry an overall Critical risk designation once their constituent terms are assessed — a notably higher concentration than the Romans baseline. This reflects 2 Corinthians’ dense combination of (a) genuine Reformed/Orthodox conceptual gaps (reconciliation, imputation, “made sin”), (b) direct etymological collisions with core Orthodox liturgical vocabulary (λειτουργία/Liturghie, μεταμορφόω/Schimbarea la Față, μετάνοια/Taina Pocăinței, κοινωνία/împărtășire in the 13:14 benediction), and (c) polemical vocabulary (false apostles, super-apostles, angel of light) requiring careful doctrinal framing for a contemporary Romanian audience. All Critical-tier terms above require human theologian review before Phase 2 translation, per the baseline’s escalation rules.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: har
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace / Generosity as an Expression of Grace
Rejected alternatives: favoare doar în sens legal, fără nicio participare reală a credinciosului
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL extension: chapters 8-9 apply χάρις to the Corinthians’ and Macedonians’ generous giving itself (8:1,6-7,19; 9:8,14), not only to salvation. Must retain both senses while keeping visible the theological link that grace received produces grace given; Orthodox Palamite participatory theology applies equally to this extended sense.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: dreptate
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation / Substitutionary Exchange
Rejected alternatives: dreptate câștigată exclusiv prin efort moral propriu
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 5:21’s ‘dreptatea lui Dumnezeu’ is one of the New Testament’s clearest imputation texts; must integrate a real, decisive received status with the ongoing transformation Orthodox theology emphasizes.
Justification
Approved rendering: îndreptățire
Transliteration: dikaiōsis
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: transformare treptată exclusiv, fără niciun aspect de declarație
Original: δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. The noun δικαίωσις does not itself occur in 2 Corinthians, but 5:21’s ‘made sin / become righteousness’ exchange presupposes the identical forensic-transformative tension the baseline documents. Cross-reference to Romans 3-5 required in teaching notes.
Salvation
Approved rendering: mântuire
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:6, 6:2, 7:10. At 7:10, salvation is named as the fruit of godly grief/repentance, especially prone to being read through an Orthodox sacramental-penitential lens; preserve salvation as received decisively by faith without flatly contradicting the theosis framework.
Saints
Approved rendering: sfinți
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: sfinți canonizați, venerați prin icoane și moaște, invocați ca mijlocitori
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:1, 8:4, 9:1,12, 13:13 (‘the collection for the saints’); every occurrence still requires the baseline’s clarifying note that the term applies to every believer, not exclusively to canonized, icon-venerated figures.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: înviere
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 4:14 and 5:15 (Christ ‘was raised’) both require the same doctrinal precision the baseline mandates; never diluted into vague spiritual renewal.
Lord
Approved rendering: Domnul
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Load-bearing at 5:11 (‘the fear of the Lord’) and throughout the letter; exclusive, supreme lordship must never be diluted to ‘a lord’ among others.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Fiul lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: fiu al lui Dumnezeu în sensul generic aplicat oricărui credincios
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Background at 1:19 and implicit in 11:31’s ‘God the Father of the Lord Jesus.’ Must remain distinct from the adoptive ‘fii ai lui Dumnezeu’ language.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: părtășie (general occurrences); PENDING RULING for 2 Corinthians 13:14 — see trinitarian_fellowship_koinonia entry
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship / Trinitarian Benediction
Rejected alternatives: comuniune (carries stronger Orthodox Eucharistic/liturgical association)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package as Low-risk ‘părtășie,’ chosen specifically to avoid Eucharistic overtones. RISK ESCALATED TO CRITICAL in this curriculum because 2 Corinthians 13:14’s ‘fellowship of the Holy Spirit’ is used verbatim as the priest’s greeting before the Anaphora in the Romanian Orthodox Divine Liturgy, where the established liturgical wording is ‘împărtășirea Sfântului Duh.’ At 6:14 and 8:4, the baseline’s plain ‘părtășie’ remains unchanged and Low/Medium risk; only the 13:14 citation is escalated and pending a documented ruling (see dedicated entry below).
God
Approved rendering: Dumnezeu
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duhul Sfânt
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification / Trinitarian Benediction
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Load-bearing at 1:22 and 5:5 (the Spirit as guarantee) and 13:14 (the Trinitarian benediction); baseline’s Filioque-neutrality caution applies directly.
Father
Approved rendering: Tată
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:3, 6:18, 11:31, 13:14.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Iisus
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isus (Protestant/Cornilescu spelling)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in every chapter; ‘Isus’ remains the noted Evangelical/Cornilescu-tradition variant only, never mixed within one document.
Christ
Approved rendering: Hristos
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: re-rendering as ‘Mesia’ at every occurrence, which loses the fixed proper-name/title function ‘Hristos’ carries in running Romanian Bible text
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW registry entry for this package, though implicit in the baseline’s ‘messiah’ (Mesia) and ‘jesus’ (Iisus) entries. Functions in running text as the fixed title/name ‘Iisus Hristos’ throughout all 13 chapters; consistent, unchanged spelling required.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: împăcare
Transliteration: katallagē
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: reconciliere (bureaucratic/diplomatic-legal register, loses relational warmth), iertare (forgiveness alone, too narrow — names only guilt-removal, not full relational restoration)
Original: καταλλαγή
Category: Salvation
Anchor term of the curriculum (5:18-21). No native rival religious term competes for this space, but the doctrinal risk is substantive: must be taught as a real, God-initiated relational restoration, coordinated with the Critical baseline terms ‘har’ and ‘îndreptățire’ as one integrated argument.
Reconcile
Approved rendering: a împăca
Transliteration: katallassō
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: καταλλάσσω
Category: Salvation
Verb form paired with ‘împăcare’; occurs at 5:18, 19 (participle), and as an imperative at 5:20 (‘be reconciled to God’). Render with the same root at every occurrence. NEVER use a reciprocal-sounding construction (‘Dumnezeu și oamenii s-au împăcat’) — Paul’s grammar is asymmetrical: God alone acts, humanity is reconciled.
New Creation
Approved rendering: făptură nouă
Transliteration: kainē ktisis
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: creație nouă (unfamiliar neologism, philosophy-textbook register), zidire nouă (risks being heard as general creation-theology language rather than the specific new-humanity-in-Christ referent)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
Established rendering across Romanian Orthodox Synodal and Cornilescu/Evangelical traditions alike. Doctrinal risk is emphasis: Paul’s grammar (perfect tense γέγονεν) asserts a decisive, already-secured new status, while Orthodox theosis theology will naturally read this as the beginning of a lifelong process. Both/and teaching required.
Not Counting Trespasses
Approved rendering: a nu socoti (păcatele) în seamă
Transliteration: mē logizomenos
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: a șterge complet, ca și cum nu ar fi existat (erases the substitutionary ground of v.21)
Original: μὴ λογιζόμενος
Category: Salvation
5:19. Negative forensic counterpart of the baseline’s Critical ‘dreptate imputată,’ built on the same λογίζομαι root. Must not be flattened into a subjective ‘God chose not to be angry’ reading.
Made Sin
Approved rendering: l-a făcut păcat pentru noi
Transliteration: hamartian epoiēsen
Doctrine: Substitutionary Exchange
Rejected alternatives: l-a pedepsit pentru păcat (weakens the identification to mere punishment), a păcătuit (heretical misreading — Christ himself sinning)
Original: ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν
Category: Salvation
5:21. Genuine conceptual gap comparable to the baseline’s ‘dreptate imputată.’ Requires an explicit translator note at every occurrence to avoid implying Christ actually sinned.
Word Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: cuvântul împăcării
Transliteration: ton logon tēs katallagēs
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God / Gospel
Original: τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Salvation
5:19. Names the content of apostolic proclamation; must be rendered identically to ‘împăcare’ elsewhere in the passage.
Knew No Sin
Approved rendering: care nu a cunoscut păcatul
Transliteration: ton mē gnonta hamartian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Substitutionary Exchange
Original: τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν
Category: Christology
5:21. Christ’s sinlessness is a load-bearing Christological claim, not an incidental biographical detail; coordinate with the baseline’s Critical Deity/Sonship of Christ doctrines.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: legământul cel nou
Transliteration: diathēkē kainē
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: legea nouă (collapses covenant into law, losing the relational-covenant sense)
Original: διαθήκη καινή
Category: Covenant
3:6. Extends the baseline’s High-risk ‘legământ’ to Critical given the direct old/new contrast central to this doctrine. Must not be flattened into a mere renewal of the Mosaic covenant. Never substitute ‘Testament’ (canon-title sense) for this term — see canon_title_testament entry below.
Transformed Transfigured
Approved rendering: transformați / schimbați din slavă în slavă
Transliteration: metamorphoumetha
Doctrine: Transformation into Christ’s Glory
Rejected alternatives: schimbați la Față (directly imports the unique, unrepeatable Transfiguration feast title onto believers)
Original: μεταμορφούμεθα
Category: Sanctification
3:18. CRITICAL CULTURAL COLLISION: shares its verb root with Schimbarea la Față (Christ’s Transfiguration), one of the Twelve Great Feasts and the paradigmatic icon of Palamite theosis. Must be taught as genuinely connected to, yet distinct from, Christ’s unique Transfiguration. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Repentance
Approved rendering: pocăință
Transliteration: metanoia
Doctrine: Godly Repentance versus Worldly Grief
Rejected alternatives: regret (too weak, loses the God-oriented reorientation sense), metanoia (unfamiliar Greek loan; would create a larger devotional gap than it solves, since Romanian readers have no existing association with it)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Repentance
7:9-10. MAJOR COLLISION: tightly bound in Orthodox practice to Taina Pocăinței/Spovedania (formal sacramental Confession with a priest and prescribed canon). Must teach the New Testament sense as a genuine, continual inward reorientation available to every believer, consistent with but not reducible to the sacramental rite. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Ministration Leitourgia
Approved rendering: slujire
Transliteration: leitourgia
Doctrine: The Collection as Sacred Service
Rejected alternatives: liturghie (directly imports the Divine Liturgy, the Church’s central Eucharistic rite — rejected)
Original: λειτουργία
Category: Apostleship
9:12. MAJOR CULTURAL COLLISION: λειτουργία is the direct etymological root of Romanian ‘Liturghie.’ Must render generically (‘slujire,’ matching διακονία) with an explicit translator note on the etymological connection so the collection is never confused with a sacramental rite. Human theologian review required.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: apostoli mincinoși
Transliteration: pseudapostoloi
Doctrine: Discernment of Genuine versus False Apostles
Rejected alternatives: pseudo-apostoli (clinically technical register, loses Paul’s plain moral force)
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
11:13. Requires positive criteria for genuine apostolic/ministerial authority to be taught alongside. NEVER frame using the pejorative label ‘sectă/sectanți’ (used in contemporary Romanian discourse against minority Christian groups) as a stand-in for this concept — forbidden as a framing device anywhere in this curriculum.
Power Made Perfect In Weakness
Approved rendering: puterea Mea se desăvârșește în slăbiciune
Transliteration: hē dynamis mou en astheneia teleitai
Doctrine: Power Made Perfect in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: puterea lucrează chiar dacă sunt slab (mere concession — rejected; loses the ‘perfected/completed through’ force)
Original: ἡ δύναμίς μου ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται
Category: Power in Weakness
12:9. The letter’s theological climax; a fixed, non-paraphrasable unit. Must not be softened into mere concession.
Trinitarian Fellowship Koinonia
Approved rendering: PENDING RULING: “părtășia Duhului Sfânt” (baseline-consistent) vs. “împărtășirea Sfântului Duh” (established Orthodox liturgical wording of this exact verse)
Transliteration: koinōnia tou Hagiou Pneumatos
Doctrine: The Trinitarian Benediction
2 Corinthians 13:14. This exact verse is recited verbatim as the priest’s greeting before the Anaphora in the Romanian Orthodox Divine Liturgy, where κοινωνία is rendered ‘împărtășirea Sfântului Duh,’ not the baseline’s general ‘părtășie’ (chosen elsewhere specifically to avoid Eucharistic overtones). HARD BLOCKER: no Phase 2 translation of any segment containing 2 Corinthians 13:14 may proceed until a human theologian documents a ruling here, to be applied identically at every citation of this verse across the curriculum.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evanghelie
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in 2 Corinthians 4:3-4 (the gospel ‘veiled’ to those perishing, blinded by ‘the god of this age’) and 11:4 (‘a different gospel’); also the conceptual referent of 5:19’s ‘word of reconciliation.’ Must not be softened into a generic uplifting message.
Faith
Approved rendering: credință
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: evlavie religioasă generală
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 1:24, 4:13, 5:7, 8:7, 10:15, 13:5.
Calling
Approved rendering: chemare
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: chemare monahală (specifically a call to monastic life)
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Background presence only; the caution against defaulting to ‘chemare monahală’ still applies wherever this root is invoked in teaching material tied to this curriculum.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sfințire
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 7:1 (‘perfecting holiness in the fear of God’); Orthodox theosis framing may be acknowledged per baseline while keeping Spirit-driven transformation central.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: întrupare
Transliteration: ho logos sarx egeneto
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (cf. 2 Cor 8:9)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 8:9 (‘though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor’) is a kenotic restatement grounding the ethic of generous giving; ensure the incarnation’s redemptive purpose is not lost beneath a purely economic reading of ‘poverty and riches.‘
Covenant
Approved rendering: legământ
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: contract legal
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Base term reused unchanged; the qualified compound ‘new covenant’ is documented as its own Critical-risk entry below given the direct old/new contrast central to this curriculum.
Ministry Diakonia
Approved rendering: slujire
Transliteration: diakonia
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God / General Ministry
Rejected alternatives: misiune (too generic, loses the entrusted-task nuance)
Original: διακονία
Category: Apostleship
5:18 (‘the ministry of reconciliation’) and 8:4. Contextual risk is conflation with the Orthodox category of ordained clerical ‘slujire’ rather than the broader New Testament sense of any believer’s Spirit-appointed service. Distinguish from λειτουργία (see ministration_leitourgia below).
Ambassador
Approved rendering: sol / a face solie
Transliteration: presbeuō
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority / Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: reprezentant (too weak, loses the sovereign-delegation nuance)
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Apostleship
5:20. Established Romanian Bible-tradition rendering (Cornilescu and Synodal alike); the doctrinal point is delegated divine authority, not independent human authority.
In Christ
Approved rendering: în Hristos
Transliteration: en Christō
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ / New Creation in Christ
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: Salvation
5:17. Ground of new-creation identity; must not be softened into inherited communal/national religious identity, per the baseline’s ‘Christian Identity in Christ’ caution.
Christ In You
Approved rendering: Hristos în voi
Transliteration: Christos en hymin
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν
Category: Salvation
13:5. Coordinated with ‘în Hristos’; the presence of Christ himself, not correct belief or external credentials, is the true test of genuine faith.
According To The Flesh
Approved rendering: după trup
Transliteration: kata sarka
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ / General Pauline Anthropology
Original: κατὰ σάρκα
Category: Anthropology
5:16, 10:2-3, 11:18, 12:16. Romanian ‘trup’ flattens the σάρξ/σῶμα distinction. Requires a standing translator note at every occurrence: the idiom means ‘by worldly/external standards,’ not a statement about the physical body.
The Letter
Approved rendering: litera
Transliteration: gramma
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: γράμμα
Category: Covenant
3:6 (‘the letter kills, but the Spirit gives life’). Requires explicit distinction from Scripture’s ongoing authority (baseline’s Medium ‘Inspiration of Scripture’) and from Duhul Sfânt (Critical, unchanged).
Sincerity Simplicity
Approved rendering: curăție și sinceritate
Transliteration: haplotēs kai eilikrineia
Doctrine: Sincerity of Ministry
Original: ἁπλότης καὶ εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Faith
1:12, 2:17. Root apologetic theme of the whole letter, established in ch.1 and intensified in chs.2-4, 10-13.
Comfort Consolation
Approved rendering: mângâiere
Transliteration: paraklēsis
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: consolare (too formal/distant, lacks the devotional warmth ‘mângâiere’ already carries)
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Ministry
1:3-7, 7:6-7,13. Shares its root family with ‘exhort’ (a îndemna) and ‘appeal’ (5:20); context must disambiguate consistently throughout the curriculum.
Guarantee Down Payment
Approved rendering: arvună
Transliteration: arrabōn
Doctrine: Assurance via the Spirit’s Guarantee
Rejected alternatives: garanție legală (too commercial/legalistic, loses the pledge-of-relationship sense)
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Eschatology
1:22, 5:5. Established, precise Romanian word; the doctrine (the Spirit as present guarantee of a certain future inheritance) must be taught alongside the baseline’s High-risk ‘Assurance of Salvation,’ given Orthodox theosis theology’s more provisional confidence.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: scaunul de judecată al lui Hristos
Transliteration: to bēma tou Christou
Doctrine: The Judgment Seat of Christ
Rejected alternatives: amvon / vimă (imports an unrelated church-furniture association)
Original: τὸ βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Apostleship
5:10. Risk of conflation with the general, final Judgment (Judecata de Obște) central to Orthodox eschatology; clarify this concerns believers’ works evaluated for reward, not a re-litigation of salvation.
Temple Of Living God
Approved rendering: templul Dumnezeului celui viu
Transliteration: naos Theou zōntos
Doctrine: Corporate Holiness and Separation
Original: ναὸς Θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: Church
6:16. Collision risk: Orthodox devotion attaches strong sacred weight to the physical church building as consecrated ‘lăcaș sfânt.’ Teach the corporate-believer application alongside, not against, that reverence.
Godly Grief
Approved rendering: întristare după Dumnezeu
Transliteration: hē kata Theon lypē
Doctrine: Godly Repentance versus Worldly Grief
Original: ἡ κατὰ Θεὸν λύπη
Category: Repentance
7:9-10. Distinguishes grief leading to genuine repentance and life from grief leading only to death.
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: înger de lumină
Transliteration: angelos phōtos
Doctrine: Discernment of Genuine versus False Apostles
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Apostleship
11:14. Collision risk with Orthodox Palamite Uncreated (Taboric) Light theology; must warn against demonic counterfeit without casting blanket suspicion on that whole genuine mystical category. Human theologian review required.
Weakness
Approved rendering: slăbiciune
Transliteration: astheneia
Doctrine: Power Made Perfect in Weakness
Original: ἀσθένεια
Category: Power in Weakness
4:10, 11:30, 12:5,9-10, 13:4,9. Anchors the entire doctrine; must consistently carry Paul’s paradoxical, positive theological valence — a boast-worthy locus of God’s power — not merely a regrettable limitation.
Apostolic Authority
Approved rendering: autoritate apostolică
Transliteration: N/A — systematic-theology phrase, no single Greek lexical anchor
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
chs. 10-13. ‘Autoritate’ carries strong institutional-hierarchical connotation in contemporary Romanian religious discourse (Sfântul Sinod, Patriarhie, episcopal authority). Always pair with a qualifying phrase (‘primită de la Domnul’ / ‘dată de Hristos’); never present as a bare institutional/hierarchical claim. Paul’s credentials are suffering, sincerity, and fruit — not ecclesiastical rank.
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: chemat
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Background presence in the 2 Corinthians 1:1 salutation (‘Pavel, apostol al lui Hristos Iisus prin voia lui Dumnezeu’); lower prominence than in Romans.
Holy
Approved rendering: sfânt
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
Peace
Approved rendering: pace
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package. Closing benediction language (13:11).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: daruri duhovnicești
Transliteration: charismata
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: harisme rezervate în special stareților și duhovnicilor
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Minor background presence only (1:11); not a major theme in 2 Corinthians as in Romans 12.
Church
Approved rendering: Biserică
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Biserica ca singura instituție vizibilă legitimă, în sens exclusivist
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Plural ‘Bisericile’ used throughout, especially chs. 1, 8, 11-12.
Sin
Approved rendering: păcat
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability / Substitutionary Exchange
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Base term Medium risk; the compound at 5:21 (‘made him sin’) is documented separately below as Critical (see made_sin).
Glory
Approved rendering: slavă
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Transformation into Christ’s Glory
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Especially load-bearing in chapter 3’s ‘from glory to glory’ (3:18) and 4:17’s ‘eternal weight of glory’; cultural asset per baseline liturgical resonance.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: puterea lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: dynamis theou
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation / Power in Weakness
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Base term Medium risk; the paradoxical compound at 12:9 is documented separately below as Critical (see power_made_perfect_in_weakness).
Love Of Christ
Approved rendering: dragostea lui Hristos
Transliteration: agapē tou Christou
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: iubire romantică (wrong register)
Original: ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: God
5:14. Standardize ‘dragoste’ over ‘iubire’ across this curriculum. Must not be rendered as mere emotional sentiment; συνέχει (‘controls/compels’) conveys active constraint.
Veil
Approved rendering: văl
Transliteration: kalymma
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
3:13-16. Low collision risk; avoid importing unrelated Orthodox liturgical veil imagery (the iconostasis or altar curtain) as the primary referent.
Trespasses
Approved rendering: greșeli / fărădelegi
Transliteration: paraptōmata
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: παραπτώματα
Category: Sin
5:19. Near-synonym of ‘păcat’; may preserve Paul’s stylistic variation or be rendered consistently with ‘păcat.‘
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: frica de Domnul
Transliteration: phobos tou Kyriou
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: God
5:11. Reverential awe, not terror; ‘Domnul’ reused exactly per baseline.
Conscience
Approved rendering: conștiință
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Faith
1:12, 4:2, 5:11. Must be read as morally accountable inner judgment before God, not merely subjective ‘opinion.‘
Affliction
Approved rendering: necaz / suferință
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Ministry
1:4-8, 4:17. Standard vocabulary, paired repeatedly with ‘mângâiere.‘
Treasure In Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: comoară în vase de lut
Transliteration: thēsauros en ostrakinois skeuesin
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: θησαυρὸς ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν
Category: Ministry
4:7. Vivid, translatable image; introduces the letter’s climax fully realized at 12:9-10. Ensure ‘lut/pământ’ conveys ordinary fragility, not merely poverty.
Outer Inner Man
Approved rendering: omul de afară / omul dinăuntru
Transliteration: ho exō / esō anthrōpos
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ὁ ἔξω / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Ministry
4:16. Standard theological vocabulary; grounds the letter’s theology that physical decay coexists with ongoing inward renewal.
Earthly Tent Building From God
Approved rendering: locuință pământească / clădire de la Dumnezeu
Transliteration: skēnos / oikodomē ek Theou
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: σκῆνος / οἰκοδομὴ ἐκ Θεοῦ
Category: Eschatology
5:1. Standard vocabulary; coordinates with the Critical ‘resurrection’ entry to keep the hope embodied and historical, not merely spiritual.
Groan
Approved rendering: a suspina
Transliteration: stenazō
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: στενάζω
Category: Eschatology
5:2,4. Continuous with Romans 8:23’s groaning-in-hope theme already implicit in the baseline.
Seal
Approved rendering: a pecetlui
Transliteration: sphragizō
Doctrine: Assurance via the Spirit’s Guarantee
Original: σφραγίζω
Category: Eschatology
1:22. God’s sealing of believers by the Spirit as a mark of ownership, paired with ‘arvună.‘
Unequal Yoke
Approved rendering: a se înjuga nepotrivit
Transliteration: heterozygeō
Doctrine: Corporate Holiness and Separation
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Church
6:14. Must not be read as a blanket prohibition on all relationships with non-believers, but a specific warning against compromising allegiances.
Pure Virgin
Approved rendering: virgină curată
Transliteration: parthenos hagnē
Doctrine: Discernment of Genuine versus False Apostles
Original: παρθένος ἁγνή
Category: Church
11:2. Corporate, covenantal image (the church’s fidelity to Christ), not an individual physical-virginity teaching; moderate collision risk with Theotokos veneration as the supreme personal ascetic ideal must be explicitly distinguished.
Equality Fairness
Approved rendering: egalitate
Transliteration: isotēs
Doctrine: Generosity as an Expression of Grace
Rejected alternatives: egalitarism economic forțat (imports a specific modern ideology)
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Generosity
8:13-14. Paul’s ἰσότης is a voluntary, grace-motivated reciprocity between churches, not enforced redistribution.
Weapons Not Of Flesh
Approved rendering: arme care nu sunt firești / trupești
Transliteration: hopla ou sarkika
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare of Apostolic Ministry
Original: ὅπλα οὐ σαρκικά
Category: Apostleship
10:4. Coordinate with the ‘according to the flesh’ flattening note (Romanian ‘trup’ covers both σάρξ and σῶμα).
Taking Thoughts Captive
Approved rendering: luând în robie orice gând
Transliteration: aichmalōtizontes pan noēma
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare of Apostolic Ministry
Original: αἰχμαλωτίζοντες πᾶν νόημα
Category: Apostleship
10:5. Standard military image; must not be read as suppressing thought itself.
Boasting In The Lord
Approved rendering: a se fălí în Domnul
Transliteration: kauchasthō en Kyriō
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority / Spiritual Warfare of Apostolic Ministry
Original: καυχάσθω ἐν Κυρίῳ
Category: Apostleship
10:17, reusing the καύχημα root from 5:12. The qualifier ‘în Domnul’ is load-bearing and must never be dropped.
Boast Ground For Boasting
Approved rendering: motiv de fală / laudă
Transliteration: kauchēma
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καύχημα
Category: Apostleship
5:12, 9:3, 11:10. Romanian ‘fală/mândrie’ can carry a negative connotation not always present in Paul’s legitimate-boasting sense; context must clarify which sense is active.
Super Apostles
Approved rendering: apostoli “de soi” / apostoli aleși
Transliteration: hyperlian apostoloi
Doctrine: Discernment of Genuine versus False Apostles
Rejected alternatives: cei mai mari apostoli (flat rendering, loses Paul’s sarcasm — retained only inside quotation marks)
Original: ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
11:5, 12:11. The ironic, sarcastic tone must be preserved via quotation-mark notation.
Thorn In The Flesh
Approved rendering: ghimpe / țepușă în trup
Transliteration: skolops tē sarki
Doctrine: Paul’s Visions and the Thorn in the Flesh
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Power in Weakness
12:7. Standard translatable idiom; paradigm case of the ‘Power in Weakness’ doctrine.
Messenger Of Satan
Approved rendering: trimis al Satanei / înger al Satanei
Transliteration: angelos Satana
Doctrine: Paul’s Visions and the Thorn in the Flesh
Original: ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ
Category: Power in Weakness
12:7. Must be distinguished from the ‘angel of light’ deceptive-disguise motif of ch.11: one is a disguise of deception, the other an instrument of affliction, both under God’s providence.
Examine Yourselves
Approved rendering: cercetați-vă pe voi înșivă
Transliteration: dokimazete heautous
Doctrine: Self-Examination and Genuine Faith
Original: δοκιμάζετε ἑαυτούς
Category: Apostleship
13:5. Resonates with the Orthodox devotional practice of self-examination before Confession (Spovedanie), a supportive cultural asset, provided this general exhortation is not restricted exclusively to the sacramental rite.
Aroma Of Christ
Approved rendering: mireasma lui Hristos
Transliteration: euōdia Christou
Doctrine: Sincerity versus Peddling God’s Word
Original: εὐωδία Χριστοῦ
Category: Apostleship
2:15. Cultural asset: resonates with Orthodox liturgical use of incense (tămâie); keep the specific referent — gospel proclamation — clear.
Generosity Virtue
Approved rendering: dărnicie / generozitate
Transliteration: N/A
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: milostenie (strong ascetic/monastic individual-almsgiving connotation, risks narrowing Paul’s ecclesial-solidarity collection into personal devotional charity), pomană (FORBIDDEN — denotes ritualized, funerary/memorial commemorative giving for the dead, parastas; must never be used anywhere in this curriculum’s giving vocabulary)
General virtue term for the whole ‘Generosity and Grace in Giving’ doctrine, distinct from the specific-collection term below.
Collection For Saints
Approved rendering: strângere de ajutoare / colectă
Transliteration: N/A
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving / The Collection as Sacred Service
Rejected alternatives: milostenie (individual almsgiving connotation), pomană (FORBIDDEN — funerary/memorial ritual connotation)
8:1-9:15. Neutral, descriptive term specifically for Paul’s inter-church collection for the Jerusalem saints, distinct from the general virtue term ‘dărnicie/generozitate.‘
Canon Title Testament
Approved rendering: Testament (Vechiul Testament / Noul Testament)
Transliteration: N/A
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Reserved exclusively for the canon-division book title. Never substitute for ‘legământ’/‘legământul cel nou’ when translating διαθήκη as covenant-reality (ch. 3); everyday usage of ‘Noul Testament’ for the book risks flattening the New Covenant’s relational-theological claim into a claim about one book superseding another.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package. Base term remains Low risk; risk escalates only in the compounds ‘apostoli mincinoși’ (false_apostles) and ‘apostoli de soi’ (super_apostles), per the baseline’s compound-specific escalation principle.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: mulțumire
Transliteration: eucharistia
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Frequent throughout chs. 1, 2, 4, 8, 9.
Exhort
Approved rendering: a îndemna
Transliteration: parakaleō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Shares its root with ‘mângâiere’ (comfort) and ‘appeal/entreat’ (5:20); context must disambiguate the active sense in each occurrence.
Worldly Grief
Approved rendering: întristarea lumii
Transliteration: hē tou kosmou lypē
Doctrine: Godly Repentance versus Worldly Grief
Original: ἡ τοῦ κόσμου λύπη
Category: Repentance
7:10. The negative counterpart to godly grief, producing death rather than repentance.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: dătător voios / cu bucurie
Transliteration: hilaros dotēs
Doctrine: Generosity as an Expression of Grace
Original: ἱλαρὸς δότης
Category: Generosity
9:7. Standard vocabulary.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: a semăna / a secera
Transliteration: speirō / therizō
Doctrine: Generosity as an Expression of Grace
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Generosity
9:6. Standard agricultural idiom; teaching notes should caution against a prosperity-gospel ‘automatic material payback’ misreading.
Letters Of Recommendation
Approved rendering: scrisori de recomandare
Transliteration: epistolai systatikai
Doctrine: Sincerity versus Peddling God’s Word
Original: ἐπιστολαὶ συστατικαί
Category: Apostleship
3:1. Standard vocabulary; sets up chapter 3’s contrast between human-written credentials and the Spirit-written credential of transformed lives.
Referenced passages