Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 1 Corinthians for Romanian
This glossary lists every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from every chapter of 1 Corinthians. Terms already present in the Romans baseline translation_memory.json are marked REUSE and carry forward their exact recorded Romanian rendering and risk tier (never lowered; may be elevated with a contextual note). Terms newly required by 1 Corinthians are marked NEW and are proposed here for formal addition to translation memory in a later pipeline step.
Table 1 — Reused Baseline Terms (Romans → 1 Corinthians)
| Term | Romanian Rendering | Baseline Risk | 1 Corinthians Chapters | 1 Corinthians-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evanghelie | High | 1, 4, 9, 15 | 15:1-11 core creedal definition; must retain High risk, no change |
| grace | har | Critical | 1, 3, 15, 16 | 15:10 grace/effort synergy — escalate to mandatory theologian review |
| faith | credință | High | 2, 12, 13, 15 | 13:2,13 ranked against love; 15:2,11,14,17 argumentative anchor |
| salvation | mântuire | Critical | 1, 15 | 15:2 present-tense “being saved” supports Orthodox process framing; retain caution re: decisive gospel content |
| apostle | apostol | Low | 1, 4, 9, 12, 15 | 15:5-9 witness list; no elevated risk |
| called / calling | chemat / chemare | Medium / High | 1, 7 | 7:17-24 introduces NEW “state-in-life” sense — see Table 2 sub-note |
| holy | sfânt | Medium | 1, 3, 6, 7 | 3:17, 6:19 body/temple holiness |
| saints | sfinți | Critical | 1, 6, 15, 16 | 6:2-3 (judge the world), 16:1 (collection) — mandatory all-believers note every occurrence |
| sanctification | sfințire | High | 1, 6 | 6:11 washed-sanctified-justified triad — see “washed,” Table 2 |
| justification | îndreptățire | Critical | 6 | 6:11 triad; must not read as sequential Orthodox process stages alone |
| resurrection | înviere | Critical | 15 | Central chapter of the entire epistle; doctrinal asset + precision task |
| lord | Domnul | Critical | 1, 8, 11, 12, 16 | 12:3 “Iisus este Domnul” parallels Romans 10:9 exactly — verbatim consistency required |
| father | Tată | Critical | 1, 4, 8 | 4:15 Paul’s spiritual fatherhood — distinct sense from God’s Fatherhood, needs note |
| peace | pace | Medium | 1, 7, 14 | standard usage, no elevated risk |
| spiritual_gifts | daruri duhovnicești | Medium | 1, 7, 12, 14 | 12:8-10 full NT taxonomy; reinforce whole-congregation distribution |
| fellowship | părtășie | Low → escalate to High at 10:16 | 1, 10 | 10:16 Eucharistic participatory sense — package decision required, see notes |
| church | Biserică | Medium | 1, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16 | 15:9 universal-body sense; 11:22 local sense — both present |
| law | lege | High | 7, 9 | 9:20-21 standard usage |
| sin | păcat | Medium | 15 | 15:3, 15:17 (substitutionary atonement context) |
| gentiles | neamuri | Low | 1, 10, 12 | standard usage |
| glory | slavă | Medium | 10, 11 | 10:31 practical ethic; asset via doxological familiarity |
| power_of_god | puterea lui Dumnezeu | Medium | 1, 2 | 1:18,24 paired with the Cross |
| messiah | Mesia | Critical | — | not directly used as running title in 1 Corinthians (see “Christ/Hristos,” Table 2) |
| prophet / prophecy | proroc / prorocie | Low | 12, 13, 14 | 14:1-5 extended ecclesiological treatment |
| election | alegere | High | — | not directly thematized in 1 Corinthians; retained for consistency |
| intercession | mijlocire | High | — | not directly thematized; retained for consistency |
| jesus | Iisus | Critical | throughout | consistent spelling per baseline convention |
| god | Dumnezeu | Critical | throughout | — |
| holy_spirit | Duhul Sfânt | Critical | 2, 3, 6, 12 | 6:19, 12:4-13 central to spiritual gifts doctrine |
| abba | Avva | Medium | — | not present in 1 Corinthians; precedent used for “Maranatha,” Table 2 |
| exhort | îndemna | Low | — | general usage where applicable |
Table 2 — New Terms Introduced by 1 Corinthians
| Term (EN gloss) | Greek (transliteration) | Romanian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Category | Chapters | Rendering Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christ (as running name/title) | Χριστός (Christos) | Hristos | Critical | Messianic Promise / Christology | throughout | Formalizes the proper-name form already fixed in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md; register in translation memory alongside “Iisus” and “Mesia” |
| tradition (received/delivered) | παράδοσις / παραλαμβάνω / παραδίδωμι (paradosis / paralambanō / paradidōmi) | predanie / tradiție / a preda–a primi | High | Inspiration of Scripture / Apostolic Authority | 11:2, 15:1,3 | ”Predanie” resonates with Sfânta Predanie (Holy Tradition); note the closed, fixed apostolic gospel content (15:3-4) vs. later ecclesiastical tradition-formation |
| appeared (resurrection witness) | ὤφθη (ōphthē) | s-a arătat | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 15:5,6,7,8 | Must use identical verb at every occurrence to preserve witness-list parallelism |
| divisions / factions | σχίσμα / ἔρις / ζῆλος (schisma / eris / zēlos) | dezbinări (NOT “schisme”) | Critical | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 1, 3 | ”Schismă” evokes the 1054 East-West Schism; avoid for intra-congregational rivalry |
| wisdom | σοφία (sophia) | înțelepciune | High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 2, 3 | Avoid “Sofia”-personification / Sophiology associations in teaching notes |
| foolishness | μωρία (mōria) | nebunie | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1 | Standard; paradox with “wisdom” must be preserved |
| cross / word of the cross | σταυρός / ὁ λόγος τοῦ σταυροῦ (stauros / ho logos tou staurou) | cruce / cuvântul crucii | High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1 | Asset-under-different-emphasis, like “resurrection”; preserve foolishness/weakness paradox, not only victory/glory association |
| mystery | μυστήριον (mystērion) | taină | Critical | Inspiration of Scripture / Revealed Truth | 2, 4, 13, 14, 15 | Direct lexical overlap with Sfintele Taine (the Sacraments); mandatory note distinguishing “revealed truth” (Paul) from “Sacrament” (Orthodox theology) |
| natural man / spiritual man | ψυχικὸς / πνευματικὸς ἄνθρωπος (psychikos / pneumatikos anthrōpos) | omul firesc / omul duhovnicesc | High | Faith / Sanctification | 2 | ”Duhovnicesc” must not narrow to monastic-elder spirituality only |
| temple (of the congregation/body) | ναός (naos) | templu | Medium | Church as God’s People / Sanctification | 3, 6 | Distinguish from “biserică” (parish building); anchor OT Temple typology |
| fire will test (works) | πῦρ δοκιμάσει (pyr dokimasei) | focul va încerca (lucrarea) | High | Christian Unity versus Factionalism / Judgment | 3 | Disambiguate from purgatorial/toll-house post-mortem purification categories |
| steward (of the mysteries) | οἰκονόμος (oikonomos) | iconom / ispravnic | High | Apostleship / Church Discipline | 4 | ”Iconom” is an actual Orthodox clerical title; avoid narrowing Paul’s sense to ordained clergy only |
| sexual immorality | πορνεία (porneia) | desfrânare | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5, 6, 7, 10 | Preferred over coarser “curvie” for formal register |
| leaven | ζύμη (zymē) | aluat | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | Requires Passover/Exodus background note |
| hand over to Satan | παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᾷ (paradounai tō Satana) | dat pe mâna Satanei | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | Corrective, restoration-aimed discipline, not damnation or exorcism ritual |
| washed | ἀπολούω (apolouō) | spălat / spălare | High | Sanctification / Salvation | 6 | Part of washed-sanctified-justified triad (6:11); avoid strictly sequential-only reading |
| marriage | γάμος (gamos) | căsătorie | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | Standard |
| unmarried / single | ἄγαμος (agamos) | necăsătorit | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | Standard |
| virgin | παρθένος (parthenos) | fecioară | High | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | Risk of involuntary Marian (“Fecioara Maria”) association; translator note required at first occurrence |
| calling as state in life | κλῆσις (klēsis) | chemare (extended sense) | High | Divine Calling | 7 | Distinct from salvific calling; do not conflate with monastic-vocation caution nor read as fatalistic social passivity |
| idol meat | εἰδωλόθυτον (eidōlothyton) | carne jertfită idolilor | High | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | Requires Greco-Roman temple-market background; focus teaching on the liberty/love principle |
| idol / idolatry | εἴδωλον / εἰδωλολατρία (eidōlon / eidōlolatria) | idol / închinarea la idoli | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10, 12 | Standard |
| conscience | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | conștiință | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | Do not flatten into mere “opinion” |
| knowledge | γνῶσις (gnōsis) | cunoaștere / cunoștință | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 13 | Avoid anachronistic Gnosticism-heresy reading |
| liberty / right | ἐξουσία (exousia) | libertate / drept | High | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 9, 10 | Must retain self-limitation-by-love framing; risk of license-only reading if isolated |
| Lord’s table / table of demons | τράπεζα Κυρίου / δαιμονίων (trapeza Kyriou / daimoniōn) | masa Domnului / masa demonilor | High | The Lord’s Supper / Christian Liberty | 10 | Preserve exclusive-allegiance antithesis; do not soften “demons” |
| Lord’s Supper | κυριακὸν δεῖπνον (kyriakon deipnon) | Cina Domnului | Critical | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | Package decision: neither bare-memorial nor full Orthodox sacramental-transformation framework asserted beyond the text; mandatory theologian review every occurrence |
| unworthy manner | ἀναξίως (anaxiōs) | în chip nevrednic | High | The Lord’s Supper / Church Discipline | 11 | Tied to self-examination (11:28), not general works-worthiness |
| discern the body | διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα (diakrinōn to sōma) | a deosebi trupul | High | The Lord’s Supper / Spiritual Gifts and the Body | 11 | Double reference: Eucharistic elements and the ecclesial body (ch.12) |
| head / headship | κεφαλή (kephalē) | cap | High | Order in Worship | 11 | Preserve source/authority lexical ambiguity; present as an honest interpretive question |
| head covering | κατακαλύπτω (katakalyptō) | acoperirea capului | Medium | Order in Worship | 11 | Living cultural resonance in Orthodox practice; teach transcultural-command-vs-custom question openly |
| body of Christ / members | σῶμα Χριστοῦ / μέλη (sōma Christou / melē) | trupul lui Hristos / mădulare | High | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | Deliberate literary echo of ch.11’s “body” language |
| tongues | γλῶσσαι (glōssai) | limbi | High | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12, 13, 14 | Present-day Pentecostal/Orthodox denominational sensitivity in Romania; teach Paul’s own balanced ranking, not contemporary alignment |
| baptism / baptized | βαπτίζω / βάπτισμα (baptizō / baptisma) | botez | Critical | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ / Sacramental Life | 1, 10, 12, 15 | New to translation memory; 15:29 (“baptized for the dead”) requires explicit note as a unique, non-normative, disputed reference |
| love | ἀγάπη (agapē) | dragoste | Critical | Love as the Greater Way | 12, 13, 14 | Structural and theological climax of the epistle; must retain full operational definition (13:4-7) and ranking above gifts |
| interpretation (of tongues) | ἑρμηνεία / διερμηνεύω (hermēneia / diermēneuō) | tălmăcire / interpretare | Medium | Order in Worship | 12, 14 | Paired necessarily with “tongues” |
| decently and in order | εὐσχημόνως καὶ κατὰ τάξιν (euschēmonōs kai kata taxin) | cu bună-cuviință și în bună rânduială | Low | Order in Worship | 14 | Strong positive resonance with Orthodox liturgical “rânduială” |
| women should keep silent | γυναῖκες σιγάτωσαν (gynaikes sigatōsan) | femeile să tacă | High | Order in Worship | 14 | Textually/interpretively disputed scope; preserve interpretive openness in teaching notes |
| firstfruits | ἀπαρχή (aparchē) | pârgă / cel dintâi rod | Medium | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Requires Levitical offering background |
| last Adam | ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ (eschatos Adam) | Adamul cel de pe urmă | Critical | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Full Adam-Christ covenantal-head typology; do not reduce to poetic parallel |
| natural body / spiritual body | σῶμα ψυχικόν / πνευματικόν (sōma psychikon / pneumatikon) | trup firesc / trup duhovnicesc | Critical | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Real transformed physical body, not disembodied “spiritual” existence |
| imperishable / incorruption | ἀφθαρσία (aphtharsia) | nestricăciune | High | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Resonates with “moaște neputrezite” (incorrupt relics); clarify future-universal vs. present-exceptional scope |
| immortality | ἀθανασία (athanasia) | nemurire | Medium | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Standard |
| sting of death / victory | κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου / νῖκος (kentron tou thanatou / nikos) | boldul morții / biruință | Medium | Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Doxological climax; match Orthodox Paschal liturgical triumphal tone |
| Maranatha | Μαρὰν ἀθά (Maran atha) | Maran-ata (+ gloss “Domnul nostru, vino!”) | Medium | Resurrection of Christ and Believers / Eschatology | 16 | Retain transliteration per the “Avva” precedent in the baseline |
| holy kiss | φίλημα ἅγιον (philēma hagion) | sărutare sfântă | Low | Christian Fellowship | 16 | Living liturgical resonance (“sărutarea păcii”); cultural asset |
Table 3 — Chapters Explicitly Reviewed with No New Terminology
None. Every chapter of 1 Corinthians (1–16) introduces at least one load-bearing term new to this Language Package or a materially new sense of a baseline term, as documented in 07_semantic_analysis.md. No chapter is silently omitted; each is accounted for above or in the semantic analysis chapter sections.
Summary Risk Counts (New Terms Only, Table 2)
| Risk Tier | Count |
|---|---|
| Critical | 8 |
| High | 20 |
| Medium | 13 |
| Low | 3 |
| Total new terms | 44 |
Notes for Phase 1 Step 2 and Beyond
- All Critical and High new terms above require formal addition to an updated
translation_memory.jsonandbible_term_registry.json, each withdoctrine_riskclassification consistent with the baseline’s four-tier framework, before Phase 2 translation may begin on any 1 Corinthians segment. - The following terms represent genuine package-level decisions requiring explicit resolution before Phase 2, flagged throughout this document: “mystery” (taină) vs. sacramental Taină; “Lord’s Supper” (Cina Domnului) vs. Orthodox Eucharistic terms; “fellowship” (părtășie) escalation at 10:16; “tongues” (limbi) given Romania’s Pentecostal/Orthodox denominational landscape; “divisions” (dezbinări, not schisme).
- A corresponding
doctrine_risk_registry.jsonextension is required to formally register the following new doctrines named in the curriculum parameters: Christian Unity versus Factionalism, The Cross as Wisdom and Power, Church Discipline and Holiness, Marriage and Singleness, Christian Liberty and Idol Meat, The Lord’s Supper, Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ, Love as the Greater Way, Order in Worship — alongside the carried-forward Resurrection of Christ and Believers doctrine, which extends the baseline’s “resurrection_of_christ” entry to include believers’ own future bodily resurrection (ch.15).
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: har
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favoare doar în sens legal, fără nicio participare reală a credinciosului
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 15:10 (‘not I, but the grace of God with me’ after ‘I worked harder than any of them’) is the clearest NT statement of the grace-and-effort question the baseline already flags; both real human labor and its total grace-enablement must be preserved. Escalate to mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: dreptate
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: dreptate câștigată exclusiv prin efort moral propriu
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Present at 1:30 (‘Christ became to us wisdom from God, righteousness and sanctification and redemption’) and in the 6:11 triad.
Justification
Approved rendering: îndreptățire
Transliteration: dikaiōsis
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: transformare treptată exclusiv, fără niciun aspect de declarație
Original: δικαίωσις (ἐδικαιώθητε)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 6:11’s washed-sanctified-justified triad must not be read as three strictly sequential Orthodox process-stages; each verb names the same decisive change of status from a different angle.
Salvation
Approved rendering: mântuire
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία (σῴζεσθε)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 15:2’s present-tense ‘sunteți mântuiți’ (are being saved) supports the Orthodox ongoing-process (theosis) framing, but must remain anchored to the fixed historical gospel content of vv.3-4, not dissolved into an undefined process.
Saints
Approved rendering: sfinți
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: sfinți canonizați, venerați prin icoane și moaște, invocați ca mijlocitori
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 1:2 calls a deeply divided, morally compromised congregation ‘sfinți,’ and 6:2 extends this corporate designation to a future role judging the world. Mandatory all-believers translator note at every occurrence, made more urgent here than in Romans since the addressees are visibly imperfect.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: înviere
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 15 is the fullest NT argument for bodily resurrection, both Christ’s (vv.1-11) and believers’ (vv.12-58). The perfect-tense ἐγήγερται (v.4) stresses a permanent accomplished state. Doctrinal asset via Învierea’s liturgical centrality, but precision (not persuasion) is the translation task.
Lord
Approved rendering: Domnul
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 12:3’s ‘Iisus este Domnul’ must be verbatim-identical to the Romans 10:9 rendering; 8:6’s ‘one Lord’ must retain exclusive supremacy against a pluralistic reading.
Father
Approved rendering: Tată
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 4:15 applies ‘father’ to Paul’s own spiritual fatherhood over the church through the gospel — a distinct, derivative sense that must not be merged with God’s own unique Fatherhood.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesia
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In 1 Corinthians, Χριστός functions overwhelmingly as a running proper name (‘Hristos’); see the new ‘christ’ entry below formalizing that running-name usage alongside the retained title sense ‘Mesia.‘
Jesus
Approved rendering: Iisus
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isus (Protestant/Cornilescu spelling)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Retain ‘Iisus’ (Orthodox Synodal spelling) as the primary rendering throughout; note ‘Isus’ only as the expected Evangelical/Cornilescu-tradition variant.
God
Approved rendering: Dumnezeu
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duhul Sfânt
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Central to 1 Corinthians 2:10-16 (the Spirit reveals the things of God), 6:19 (the body as the Spirit’s temple), and 12:4-13 (the Spirit’s distribution of gifts and baptism into one body). Avoid trinitarian phrasing presuming the Filioque as settled.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: dreptate imputată
Transliteration: elogisthē autō eis dikaiosynēn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: îndreptățire doar ca transformare ontologică, fără niciun aspect juridic sau declarat
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Echoed rather than directly re-argued in 1 Corinthians (1:30, 6:11’s justification clause); retained as the constructed compound phrase this Romanian audience needs, since Orthodox theology has no native equivalent forensic category.
Christ
Approved rendering: Hristos
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise / Christology
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW formal registration for this package. Χριστός functions in 1 Corinthians overwhelmingly as a proper name/near-name for Jesus (60+ occurrences) alongside its titular sense. ‘Hristos’ was already fixed as the proper-name standard in the Romans package’s AI translation requirements document; this entry formalizes it in translation memory alongside ‘Iisus’ and ‘Mesia.’ Consistent spelling is Critical given the term’s density throughout this epistle.
Appeared
Approved rendering: s-a arătat
Transliteration: ōphthē
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: a fost văzut (varying the verb across occurrences)
Original: ὤφθη
Category: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW. A technical term for a self-disclosing resurrection appearance, not a chance sighting. Must be rendered with the identical verb ‘s-a arătat’ at every occurrence in 15:5,6,7,8 to preserve Paul’s deliberate parallel witness-list structure.
Divisions
Approved rendering: dezbinări
Transliteration: schisma / eris / zēlos
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Rejected alternatives: schisme
Original: σχίσμα / ἔρις / ζῆλος
Category: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
NEW. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never ‘schisme,’ which inescapably evokes the Marea Schismă of 1054 (East-West rupture) and Romania’s own Old Calendarist schisms, importing a weight of formal church-dividing rupture foreign to Paul’s description of intra-congregational party rivalry (1:10-17; 3:3-4; 11:18).
Mystery
Approved rendering: taină
Transliteration: mystērion
Doctrine: Mystery and Revealed Truth
Rejected alternatives: taină echivalată direct și fără nuanță cu o Sfântă Taină (Sacrament)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Revealed Truth
NEW. The only natural Romanian rendering, ‘taină,’ is also the exact and exclusive term for the Orthodox Sacraments (Sfintele Taine). Every occurrence (2:1,7; 4:1; 13:2; 14:2; 15:51) requires a translator note distinguishing Paul’s sense (a formerly hidden truth now disclosed) from the Sacramental sense (an ongoing, hiddenly efficacious mystery) — nearly opposite semantic directions.
Lords Supper
Approved rendering: Cina Domnului
Transliteration: kyriakon deipnon
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: Sfânta Împărtășanie / Sfânta Euharistie (impune teologia Prezenței Reale și a consacrării preoțești dincolo de afirmația explicită a textului), cina cea de taină (rezervat în tradiția Sinodală pentru Cina cea de Taină din Evanghelii, nu pentru practica congregațională continuă descrisă de Pavel)
Original: κυριακὸν δεῖπνον
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW, the single highest-stakes terminological decision in this package. This package selects ‘Cina Domnului’ to teach the text’s own decisive content — participatory union in Christ’s body and blood (10:16), self-examining worthy reception (11:27-29), real disciplinary consequences (11:30) — without asserting or denying the fuller Orthodox sacramental-transformation framework most readers will supply regardless. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence in ch.11.
Baptism
Approved rendering: botez
Transliteration: baptizō / baptisma
Doctrine: Baptism
Rejected alternatives: botezul pentru cei morți (15:29) tratat ca practică normativă sau recomandată
Original: βαπτίζω / βάπτισμα
Category: Spiritual Gifts and Sacramental Life
NEW, not previously registered in the Romans baseline. Carries the full weight of Botezul as one of the Sfintele Taine. Every occurrence (1:13-17; 10:2; 12:13; 15:29) carries theological weight; 15:29 requires an explicit note that Paul cites it descriptively/ad hominem, never as endorsed or normative.
Love
Approved rendering: dragoste
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Rejected alternatives: iubire (registru romantic modern)
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Love as the Greater Way
NEW. Matches both Orthodox Synodal and Cornilescu-tradition convention. Must retain the full operational definition of 13:4-7 and its explicit ranking above tongues, prophecy, knowledge, faith, and sacrificial giving (13:1-3,13) — the letter’s structural and theological climax.
Last Adam
Approved rendering: Adamul cel de pe urmă
Transliteration: eschatos Adam
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: paralelă poetică, fără sens de cap federal/reprezentativ
Original: ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ
Category: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW. Full Adam-Christ covenantal-head typology (15:45; cf. Romans 5:12-21); must not be reduced to a merely poetic parallel.
Natural Spiritual Body
Approved rendering: trup firesc / trup duhovnicesc
Transliteration: sōma psychikon / sōma pneumatikon
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: trup duhovnicesc citit ca stare dezîntrupată/fantomatică
Original: σῶμα ψυχικόν / σῶμα πνευματικόν
Category: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW. Must be taught as a real, transformed, still-physical body fully suited to and animated by the Spirit (15:44), not a disembodied ghost-state; a key point of contact with Orthodox theosis language about the glorified body.
Died For Our Sins
Approved rendering: a murit pentru păcatele noastre
Transliteration: apethanen hyper tōn hamartiōn hēmōn
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers / Atonement
Rejected alternatives: a murit din cauza păcatului în general, fără forța substitutivă a lui hyper
Original: ἀπέθανεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν
Category: Resurrection of Christ and Believers / Atonement
NEW. Must preserve the substitutionary force of ὑπέρ (15:3); a vague ‘died because of sin in general’ rendering would flatten the atonement’s substitutionary character. Flag alongside the Romans baseline’s atonement/propitiation escalation rule.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evanghelie
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 15:1-11 gives the gospel its fullest fixed creedal content (Christ died, was buried, was raised, appeared); must not be diluted into a generalized uplifting message. See also 1:17, 9:16-23.
Faith
Approved rendering: credință
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: evlavie religioasă generală
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 15:2,14,17 ties faith’s validity directly to the historicity of the resurrection; 13:2,13 ranks faith below love without diminishing its salvific necessity.
Calling
Approved rendering: chemare
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: chemare monahală (specifically a call to monastic life)
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. See ‘calling_state_in_life’ below for 1 Corinthians 7’s distinct ‘state at conversion’ sense, which doubles the monastic-vocation risk given ch.7’s celibacy discussion.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sfințire
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Central to the 6:11 washed-sanctified-justified triad; see ‘washed’ below for the newly introduced verb in that sequence.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: părtășie
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: comuniune (carries stronger Orthodox Eucharistic/liturgical association)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk Low), ESCALATED to High for this curriculum. The baseline chose ‘părtășie’ over ‘comuniune’ to avoid unwanted Eucharistic overtones for Romans’ general fellowship sense; 1 Corinthians 10:16 is the one place where the referent IS the Eucharistic cup and bread. Retain ‘părtășie’ for glossary consistency but add a mandatory translator note teaching the full participatory/Eucharistic weight at 10:16 specifically.
Law
Approved rendering: lege
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 9:20-21’s missionary-adaptation argument (‘to those under the law I became as one under the law’) must not be rendered as discarding moral obligation, only ceremonial-cultural adaptation for the gospel’s sake.
Covenant
Approved rendering: legământ
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contract legal
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 11:25 (‘this cup is the new covenant in my blood’) directly grounds the Lord’s Supper doctrine — render ‘legământ’ consistently, not a commercial ‘contract’ sense.
Election
Approved rendering: alegere
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: predestinare dublă în sens calvinist strict
Original: ἐκλογή (ἐξελέξατο)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 1:27-28 (‘God chose what is foolish… what is weak… what is low and despised’) applies election language to God’s paradoxical choice of the socially insignificant Corinthian believers.
Intercession
Approved rendering: mijlocire
Transliteration: hyperentynchanei / enteuxis
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: mijlocirea exclusivă a sfinților și a Maicii Domnului
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not directly thematized as a running term in 1 Corinthians; retained for cross-curriculum consistency, since the letter’s arguments (e.g., ch.15 on Christ’s resurrection) presuppose the same direct, Spirit/Christ-centered model of mediation the baseline establishes.
Tradition
Approved rendering: predanie / tradiție
Transliteration: paradosis / paralambanō / paradidōmi
Doctrine: Apostolic Tradition and the Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: a trata paradosis exclusiv ca warrant pentru autoritate egală a fiecărei tradiții ecleziastice ulterioare
Original: παράδοσις / παραλαμβάνω / παραδίδωμι
Category: Scripture and Apostolic Authority
NEW. ‘Predanie’ overlaps with Sfânta Predanie (Holy Tradition), a pillar of Orthodox authority alongside Scripture — a genuine asset for Paul’s historicity argument (11:2; 15:1,3), but requires a note that this is specifically the closed, fixed apostolic gospel deposit received within years of the events (15:3-4), not a warrant for extending equal authority to every later ecclesiastical development.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: înțelepciune
Transliteration: sophia
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: Sofia (personificarea Înțelepciunii divine, asociată sofiologiei ruse contestate)
Original: σοφία
Category: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
NEW. Standard rendering is lexically safe, but translator commentary must avoid ‘Sofia’-personification imagery (Sergei Bulgakov’s contested Sophiology), a strand foreign to and not implied by Paul’s argument (1:24,30; chs.1-3).
Cross
Approved rendering: cruce / cuvântul crucii
Transliteration: stauros / ho logos tou staurou
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: cruce redusă doar la simbol al biruinței/slavei, fără paradoxul nebuniei/slăbiciunii inițiale
Original: σταυρός / ὁ λόγος τοῦ σταυροῦ
Category: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
NEW. Culturally resonant as an asset (Sfânta Cruce is intensely venerated, almost always as victory/glory), but Paul’s rhetorical point in 1:18-25 requires the cross’s foolishness and weakness to the world to be preserved before its power is disclosed — the culturally available glory-association must not pre-empt this paradox.
Natural Spiritual Man
Approved rendering: omul firesc / omul duhovnicesc
Transliteration: psychikos anthrōpos / pneumatikos anthrōpos
Doctrine: Spiritual Discernment: The Natural and the Spiritual Man
Rejected alternatives: omul duhovnicesc rezervat unei elite monahale sau duhovnicilor
Original: ψυχικὸς ἄνθρωπος / πνευματικὸς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Faith and Sanctification
NEW. ‘Omul duhovnicesc’ must not narrow to a specially devout/monastic-adjacent spirituality; every Spirit-indwelt believer, not an elite, discerns spiritual truth (2:6-16). ‘Omul firesc’ names a genuinely Spirit-less condition, not merely an untrained one.
Fire Will Test
Approved rendering: focul va încerca (lucrarea)
Transliteration: pyr dokimasei
Doctrine: Church as God’s People / Judgment and Ministry
Rejected alternatives: citire purgatorială sau de tip vămile văzduhului aplicată direct textului
Original: πῦρ δοκιμάσει
Category: Judgment and Ministry
NEW. A future eschatological testing of ministry works (3:13-15), not of the believer’s own salvation. Must be distinguished in translator notes from purgatorial/post-mortem sin-purification categories.
Steward
Approved rendering: iconom / ispravnic
Transliteration: oikonomos
Doctrine: Apostolic Ministry and Surrendered Rights
Rejected alternatives: iconom folosit exclusiv ca titlu clerical, excluzând sensul lui Pavel de administrator general al Evangheliei
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Apostleship and Ministry
NEW. ‘Iconom’ is an actual Orthodox clerical rank (‘iconom stavrofor’), reinforcing accountable trusteeship but risking narrowing ‘stewards of the mysteries’ (4:1) to ordained clergy specifically. Recommend the more neutral ‘ispravnic’/‘administrator’ as primary running rendering.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: desfrânare
Transliteration: porneia
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: curvie (registru arhaic/colocvial)
Original: πορνεία
Category: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW. ‘Desfrânare’ preferred over the coarser, older ‘curvie’ for this package’s formal register requirement, across chs. 5, 6, 7, and 10.
Hand Over To Satan
Approved rendering: dat pe mâna Satanei
Transliteration: paradounai tō Satana
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: interpretare ca ritual de exorcizare sau ca pronunțare a osândei finale
Original: παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᾷ
Category: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW. A severe, corrective disciplinary formula (5:5) aimed at the offender’s ultimate restoration (‘that his spirit may be saved’), not damnation or exorcism. Requires a careful translator note given the phrase’s potential for pastoral misuse.
Washed
Approved rendering: spălat / spălare
Transliteration: apolouō
Doctrine: Sanctification (Washed, Sanctified, Justified)
Rejected alternatives: citire strict secvențială a triadei spălat-sfințit-îndreptățit ca etape separate ale unui proces unic spre îndumnezeire
Original: ἀπολούω
Category: Sanctification and Salvation
NEW, not previously registered in the Romans baseline. Part of the washed-sanctified-justified sequence (6:11); three overlapping metaphors for one decisive change of status, not strictly sequential stages.
Virgin
Approved rendering: fecioară
Transliteration: parthenos
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Rejected alternatives: Fecioară cu majusculă (ar evoca exclusiv pe Maica Domnului, ‘Sfânta Fecioară Maria’)
Original: παρθένος
Category: Marriage and Singleness
NEW. Lowercase ‘fecioară’ is lexically unavoidable but risks involuntary Marian association. Mandatory translator note at first occurrence (7:25) clarifying the generic sense; maintain lowercase consistently thereafter.
Calling State In Life
Approved rendering: chemare
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: chemare monahală, pasivitate socială fatalistă
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Divine Calling
NEW extended sense of ‘chemare.’ Refers to one’s social/legal condition at conversion (7:17-24), distinct from the salvific calling sense. Must not be conflated with the baseline’s monastic-vocation caution (doubly tempting here given ch.7’s celibacy discussion) nor read as endorsing fatalistic passivity, since Paul permits seeking a change where possible (7:21).
Idol Meat
Approved rendering: carne jertfită idolilor
Transliteration: eidōlothyton
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἰδωλόθυτον
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW. No living Romanian cultural parallel to Greco-Roman temple-market meat exists; requires background explanation. Load-bearing teaching content is the liberty-limited-by-love principle (8:7-13), not the historical practice.
Liberty Right
Approved rendering: libertate / drept
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Rejected alternatives: libertate izolată de limitarea prin dragoste, citită ca licență
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW. Central to this doctrine; must always be held together with its self-limitation by love (8:9-13; 9:1-23; 10:23-33) — an unqualified rendering risks a license-oriented reading.
Lords Table
Approved rendering: masa Domnului / masa demonilor
Transliteration: trapeza Kyriou / trapeza daimoniōn
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: masa demonilor diluată eufemistic drept simplă practică păgână
Original: τράπεζα Κυρίου / τράπεζα δαιμονίων
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW. Preserve the exclusive-allegiance antithesis exactly (10:21); do not soften ‘demons’ (δαιμόνια) into a generic euphemism for pagan deities.
Unworthy Manner
Approved rendering: în chip nevrednic
Transliteration: anaxiōs
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: vrednicie generală prin fapte, deconectată de autocercetarea din 11:28
Original: ἀναξίως
Category: The Lord’s Supper
NEW. Tied directly to the self-examination context of 11:28; must not be detached into a general works-based worthiness framework.
Discern The Body
Approved rendering: a deosebi trupul
Transliteration: diakrinōn to sōma
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper / Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα
Category: The Lord’s Supper and Spiritual Gifts
NEW. Carries a deliberate double reference — the Eucharistic elements and fellow believers as Christ’s body — further developed in ch.12’s body metaphor. Translator notes should make this literary connection explicit.
Head Headship
Approved rendering: cap
Transliteration: kephalē
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Rejected alternatives: rezolvarea unilaterală a ambiguității sursă/autoritate în favoarea uneia dintre cele două lecturi
Original: κεφαλή
Category: Order in Worship
NEW. Preserves the same lexical ambiguity (source/origin vs. authority/preeminence) as the Greek — a genuine, scholarly-unresolved question. Romania’s traditional gender-role expectations may make a hierarchical reading feel unremarkable; present the interpretive question honestly rather than resolving it unilaterally (11:3-10).
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: trupul lui Hristos / mădulare
Transliteration: sōma Christou / melē
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα Χριστοῦ / μέλη
Category: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW. Deliberately echoes the ‘body’ language already used for the Lord’s Supper in ch.11 (‘discerning the body’); translator notes should make this literary wordplay explicit.
Tongues
Approved rendering: limbi
Transliteration: glōssai
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: citire ca alineere la o poziție denominațională contemporană (penticostală/carismatică sau ortodoxă)
Original: γλῶσσαι
Category: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW. Romania has one of Europe’s largest Pentecostal/Charismatic minorities for whom glossolalia is a marked, identity-bearing practice, while Orthodox tradition neither practices nor generally esteems it. Present Paul’s own balanced argument (a genuine gift, ranked below prophecy, subordinate to intelligibility and love) without importing contemporary Romanian denominational alignment.
Women Keep Silent
Approved rendering: femeile să tacă
Transliteration: gynaikes sigatōsan
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Rejected alternatives: rezolvarea unilaterală a sferei disputate (tăcere totală vs. o practică specifică de întrerupere prin întrebări)
Original: γυναῖκες σιγάτωσαν
Category: Order in Worship
NEW. Textually and interpretively disputed (manuscript placement variation; scope debated); translator notes must preserve interpretive openness rather than resolving the scope question unilaterally (14:34-35).
Imperishable Incorruption
Approved rendering: nestricăciune
Transliteration: aphtharsia
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: nestricăciune echivalată cu moaștele neputrezite ca semn prezent excepțional
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW. Overlaps strikingly with the Orthodox devotional category of incorrupt relics (‘moaște neputrezite’); a translator note must clarify Paul describes a future, universal, resurrection-transformed body for all believers (15:42,50,53-54), not a present, exceptional sign granted to a few.
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: chemat
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 1:1-2,9 use it in the same salvific/vocational sense as Romans; see the new entry ‘calling_state_in_life’ below for 7:17-24’s distinct extended sense.
Holy
Approved rendering: sfânt
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied to the whole factional, imperfect Corinthian congregation (1:2), underscoring holiness as conferred status, not present moral consistency.
Peace
Approved rendering: pace
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Standard usage in greetings and exhortations (1:3, 7:15, 14:33).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: daruri duhovnicești
Transliteration: charismata / pneumatika
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: harisme rezervate în special stareților și duhovnicilor
Original: χαρίσματα / πνευματικά
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 12:8-10 gives the fullest NT taxonomy of gifts; reinforce whole-congregation distribution (‘to each one,’ 12:7,11) against a monastic-elder or clergy-only reading.
Church
Approved rendering: Biserică
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Biserica ca singura instituție vizibilă legitimă, în sens exclusivist
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians uses both the universal sense (15:9, ‘I persecuted the church of God’) and the local congregational sense (11:18,22); apply the baseline’s exclusivist-institutional caution to both.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: împărăția lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used both ethically (4:20, 6:9-10, excluding the unrighteous) and eschatologically (15:24,50, Christ delivering the kingdom to the Father).
Sin
Approved rendering: păcat
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 15:3,17 ties sin directly to Christ’s substitutionary death and to the argument’s stakes (‘if Christ has not been raised… you are still in your sins’); see ‘died_for_our_sins’ below for the substitutionary construction.
Glory
Approved rendering: slavă
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 10:31 (‘do all to the glory of God’) and 11:7,15 (the head-covering argument) both draw on Orthodox liturgical familiarity with ‘slavă’ as an asset.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: puterea lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: dynamis theou
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 1:18,24 pairs it directly with the cross’s paradox; 2:5 grounds faith ‘not in the wisdom of men but in the power of God.‘
Abba
Approved rendering: Avva
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not present in 1 Corinthians; retained solely as the established precedent for retaining an Aramaic liturgical transliteration paired with a Romanian gloss, directly applied below to ‘maranatha’ (16:22).
Foolishness
Approved rendering: nebunie
Transliteration: mōria
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: μωρία
Category: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
NEW. The paradox with ‘wisdom’ (1:18-25) must be preserved without softening either pole.
Temple
Approved rendering: templu
Transliteration: naos
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: biserică (ar limita metafora la clădirea locală de cult)
Original: ναός
Category: Church as God’s People
NEW. ‘Templu’ in Romanian Orthodox usage most often evokes the Jerusalem Temple rather than the local parish building, reducing confusion with a physical structure — a modest asset — but requires an OT Temple-typology note (3:16-17; 6:19).
Leaven
Approved rendering: aluat
Transliteration: zymē
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ζύμη
Category: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW. Requires an explicit OT Passover/Exodus background note (5:6-8); the paschal lamb typology in the same passage is well-supported by Orthodox Holy Week liturgical richness.
Marriage
Approved rendering: căsătorie
Transliteration: gamos
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: γάμος
Category: Marriage and Singleness
NEW. Standard rendering, no lexical ambiguity.
Unmarried
Approved rendering: necăsătorit
Transliteration: agamos
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: ἄγαμος
Category: Marriage and Singleness
NEW. Commended by Paul as equally legitimate to marriage (7:7-8); should not be read against a cultural backdrop treating celibacy as automatically spiritually superior or inferior.
Idol Idolatry
Approved rendering: idol / închinarea la idoli
Transliteration: eidōlon / eidōlolatria
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Rejected alternatives: închinarea la idoli diluată eufemistic drept ‘zei păgâni’ generici
Original: εἴδωλον / εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW. 10:14’s ‘flee idolatry’ must not soften ‘demons’ (10:20-21) into a generic euphemism — Paul’s point is a real, exclusive spiritual-allegiance question.
Conscience
Approved rendering: conștiință
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Rejected alternatives: conștiință redusă la simplă opinie personală
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW. The weaker believer’s conscience carries real moral weight the stronger believer is called to protect (8:7-13).
Knowledge
Approved rendering: cunoaștere / cunoștință
Transliteration: gnōsis
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Rejected alternatives: citire anacronică ca erezie gnostică ulterioară
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW. 8:1’s ‘knowledge puffs up’ critiques prideful, love-less correctness, not a specific later heretical movement.
Head Covering
Approved rendering: acoperirea capului
Transliteration: katakalyptō / akatakalyptos
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Rejected alternatives: citirea practicii ca poruncă transculturală fixă, fără a recunoaște întrebarea interpretativă
Original: κατακαλύπτω / ἀκατακάλυπτος
Category: Order in Worship
NEW. Has living resonance in Romanian Orthodox parish culture (many women still wear a headscarf in church) — an asset for comprehension — but the text’s own applicability question (transcultural command vs. custom) must be taught as genuinely open.
Interpretation
Approved rendering: tălmăcire / interpretare
Transliteration: hermēneia / diermēneuō
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: ἑρμηνεία / διερμηνεύω
Category: Order in Worship
NEW. Paired necessarily with ‘tongues’; a tongue without interpretation is restricted from public worship (14:27-28).
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: pârgă / cel dintâi rod
Transliteration: aparchē
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW. Requires an OT background note (Leviticus 23); Christ’s resurrection guarantees and previews believers’ future bodily resurrection as organically linked, not merely analogous (15:20,23).
Immortality
Approved rendering: nemurire
Transliteration: athanasia
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀθανασία
Category: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW. Standard rendering, paired with ‘nestricăciune’ in the chapter’s doxological climax (15:53-54).
Sting Of Death Victory
Approved rendering: boldul morții / biruință
Transliteration: kentron tou thanatou / nikos
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου / νῖκος
Category: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW. A doxological climax (15:55-57); render with full triumphal force, matching the tone of the Orthodox Paschal liturgy (‘Hristos a înviat, cu moartea pre moarte călcând’) — a strong cultural asset.
Maranatha
Approved rendering: Maran-ata
Transliteration: Maran atha
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Eschatology
Rejected alternatives: traducere integrală, fără păstrarea transliterării
Original: Μαρὰν ἀθά
Category: Resurrection of Christ and Believers / Eschatology
NEW. Retain the transliteration ‘Maran-ata,’ paired with a mandatory gloss (‘Domnul nostru, vino!’), directly parallel to the baseline’s established ‘Avva’ treatment (16:22).
Buried
Approved rendering: a fost înmormântat
Transliteration: etaphē
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: fuzionarea cu ‘a murit,’ omițând înmormântarea ca verigă distinctă
Original: ἐτάφη
Category: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW. Each of the four creedal clauses (died/buried/raised/appeared, 15:3-8) is a distinct evidentiary link and must not be merged.
In Vain
Approved rendering: în zadar
Transliteration: eikē / kenos
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers / Faith
Original: εἰκῇ / κενός
Category: Faith
NEW. Must be rendered consistently across 15:2,10,14,17,58 to preserve Paul’s argumentative chain that the resurrection’s reality determines whether faith and labor have real effect.
Untimely Born
Approved rendering: ca unuia născut înainte de vreme
Transliteration: ektrōma
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ‘ca ultimul’ (bland rendering losing the vivid, self-deprecating metaphor)
NEW. 15:8 — a vivid, self-abasing metaphor for Paul’s own violent, unexpected apostolic calling; requires a translator note explaining the image since it has no natural idiomatic Romanian equivalent.
Preach
Approved rendering: propovăduim / vestim
Transliteration: kēryssomen
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: spunem (too soft; loses the authoritative-herald sense)
NEW. 15:11 — official, authoritative public proclamation, not private teaching or discussion.
Five Hundred Witnesses
Approved rendering: peste cinci sute de frați deodată
Transliteration: epanō pentakosiois adelphois ephapax
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW. 15:6 — the numeral and simultaneity (‘deodată’) must be preserved precisely; this detail rules out hallucination/private-vision theories by scale.
Fallen Asleep
Approved rendering: au adormit
Transliteration: ekoimēthēsan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW. 15:6 — the standard NT euphemism for believers’ death, embedding resurrection hope in the word itself. Resonates with Orthodox funeral/memorial vocabulary (‘adormirea’), a cultural and doctrinal asset.
Athletic Discipline
Approved rendering: alergare / a-și înfrâna trupul
Transliteration: agōn / trechō / hypōpiazō
Doctrine: Apostolic Ministry and Surrendered Rights
Rejected alternatives: absorbție totală în ascetismul monahal ca referent principal
NEW. 9:24-27 — positive resonance with Orthodox ascetic vocabulary (nevoință, înfrânare) is an asset, but must retain Paul’s specific point (self-discipline in gospel service), not be read as primarily commending monastic asceticism.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 15:5-9 lists apostolic resurrection witnesses; Paul’s self-description as ‘least of the apostles’ (15:9) is humility language, not a lowered office.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: mulțumire
Transliteration: eucharistia
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Standard usage (1:4, 14:16-18); 15:57’s doxological climax should match Orthodox Paschal liturgical triumphal tone.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: neamuri
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: păgâni (pejorative)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 1:23, 5:1, 10:20, 12:2 use it descriptively of pagan cultural practice.
Prophet
Approved rendering: proroc
Transliteration: prophētēs
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 12:28-29, 14:29-32 apply it to the ongoing congregational gift of prophecy, not only the OT prophetic office.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: prorocie
Transliteration: prophēteia
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 13:2,8-9 and 14:1-5,22-25 give prophecy extended ecclesiological treatment, ranked above tongues for intelligibility and edification.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Corinthians 10:18 (‘consider the practice of Israel’) references OT sacrificial-fellowship practice as an analogy for the Lord’s Supper.
Exhort
Approved rendering: îndemna
Transliteration: parakaleō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1:10, 4:16, 16:15-16 use it in the unity-appeal and leadership-submission contexts.
Decently And In Order
Approved rendering: cu bună-cuviință și în bună rânduială
Transliteration: euschēmonōs kai kata taxin
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: εὐσχημόνως καὶ κατὰ τάξιν
Category: Order in Worship
NEW. ‘Rânduială’ is itself the established Orthodox liturgical term for a service’s fixed order (typikon-derived); resonates naturally and positively, requiring no disambiguation.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: sărutare sfântă
Transliteration: philēma hagion
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Christian Fellowship
NEW. Retains living liturgical resonance in Orthodox practice (‘sărutarea păcii’ at the Divine Liturgy); no disambiguation required beyond noting the connection (16:20).
Third Day
Approved rendering: a treia zi
Transliteration: tē hēmera tē tritē
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ
Category: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW. Standard, already embedded in Orthodox liturgical creed (‘a treia zi a înviat’).
Stand Firm
Approved rendering: stați neclintiți
Transliteration: hestēkate
Doctrine: Gospel
NEW, minor. 15:1 — the perfect tense conveys a settled position on the gospel, contrasted with the instability of the Corinthians’ factionalism.
Hold Fast
Approved rendering: a ține cu tărie
Transliteration: katechete
Doctrine: Gospel
NEW, minor. 15:2 — firm retention of the gospel message; the condition-marker distinguishing genuine from vain faith.
Reward
Approved rendering: răsplată
Transliteration: misthos
Doctrine: Apostolic Ministry and Surrendered Rights
NEW, minor. 9:17-18.
Least Unworthy
Approved rendering: cel mai neînsemnat / nevrednic
Transliteration: elachistos / ouk hikanos
Doctrine: Gospel
NEW, minor. 15:9 — Paul’s self-abasement setting up the grace-statement of 15:10.
The Twelve
Approved rendering: cei doisprezece
Transliteration: tois dōdeka
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW, minor. 15:5 — the fixed apostolic college as an institutional title, not a strict headcount.
James
Approved rendering: Iacov
Transliteration: Iakōbō
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW proper name, per Orthodox Synodal Bible convention. 15:7 — a further named, checkable resurrection witness.
Apollos
Approved rendering: Apolo
Transliteration: Apollōs
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
NEW proper name, per Orthodox Synodal Bible convention (1:12; 3:4-6,22; 4:6; 16:12).
Cephas
Approved rendering: Chifa
Transliteration: Kēpha
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW proper name, per Orthodox Synodal Bible convention; pair with ‘Petru’ in a footnote where helpful (1:12; 3:22; 9:5; 15:5).
Stephanas
Approved rendering: Stefana
Transliteration: Stephanas
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
NEW proper name (1:16; 16:15,17).
Fortunatus
Approved rendering: Fortunat
Transliteration: Fortounatos
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
NEW proper name (16:17).
Achaicus
Approved rendering: Ahaic
Transliteration: Achaikos
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
NEW proper name (16:17).
Crispus
Approved rendering: Crisp
Transliteration: Krispos
Doctrine: Baptism
NEW proper name (1:14).
Gaius
Approved rendering: Gaiu
Transliteration: Gaios
Doctrine: Baptism
NEW proper name (1:14).
Sosthenes
Approved rendering: Sosten
Transliteration: Sōsthenēs
Doctrine: Apostleship
NEW proper name (1:1).
Erastus
Approved rendering: Erast
Transliteration: Erastos
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
NEW proper name (not in 1 Corinthians itself but registered for cross-Pauline-corpus consistency; retained per standard proper-name handling).
Referenced passages